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Master Thesis MASTER THESIS Titel der Master Thesis / Title of the Master’s Thesis „Belgium’s Rexist Past: the Problem of Constructing Identity in Belgium“ verfasst von / submitted by Frederick Julian Keith Vincent angestrebter akademischer Grad / in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Advanced International Studies (M.A.I.S.) Wien 2018 / Vienna 2018 Studienkennzahl lt. Studienblatt A 992 940 Postgraduate programme code as it appears on the student record sheet: Universitätslehrgang lt. Studienblatt Internationale Studien / International Studies Postgraduate programme as it appears on the student record sheet: Betreut von / Supervisor: Professor Thomas Row Abstract: This thesis uses the enigmatic Rexist Party as a vehicle into a discussion regarding Belgian national identity, evaluating the actions of the Rexists and any perceivable legacy within the collective memory. The concept of Belgian national identity has proved hard to distinguish throughout time; in the aftermath of the terrorist attacks that rocked Belgium in the early 21st Century, some have gone so far as to say that there is no Belgian identity whatsoever. Traditionally, suggestions for a national identity have centred around the institutions pivotal to Belgian administrative, political, and social life. The topic has been discussed frequently over time, and especially during periods of war. During the build-up to the Second World War the Rexist Party entered this debate and, despite their best efforts, met with opposition on all sides. Addressing Rexism’s interactions with the institutional, political and social spheres in turn, this thesis argues that Belgium’s home-grown Rexist fascism, so often overlooked by Belgians, did indeed leave an impact on the Belgian national identity. Whilst not necessarily concrete, the impact of the Rexists can be felt across numerous facets of Belgian life, especially given the larger-than-life role of the party’s founder, Léon Degrelle. In this regard, the party ultimately serves as a cautionary tale for those attempting to forcibly create a Belgian identity, with the party’s name becoming a by- word for authoritarianism and fascism in Belgium. The thesis takes advantage of the existing literature (both primary and secondary), alongside parliamentary records and propaganda material, in order to assess the relative place of the Rexists in history. Such analysis is vital for those wishing to understand an episode of Belgian history that has been overlooked and downplayed for numerous reasons over the past half a century. Abstrakt: Die vorliegende Arbeit nimmt die enigmatische Rexistische Partei als Beispiel für eine übergeordnete Debatte über belgische nationale Identität, bewertet die Handlungen der Rexisten und beleuchtet das Bestehen eines kollektiven Gedächtnisses. Das Konzept der belgischen nationalen Identität lies sich im Laufe der Zeit schwer bestimmen. Nach den terroristischen Anschlägen, die Belgien im frühen 21. Jahrhundert erschütterten wurde die belgische Identität gar in Frage gestellt. Traditionell hat sich die Idee einer nationalen Identität auf die Institutionen konzentriert, die für das administrative, politische und soziale Leben in Belgien von zentraler Bedeutung waren. Das Thema wurde mit der Zeit, insbesondere während Kriegszeiten, vielfach diskutiert. Während der Vorkriegsjahre des Zweiten Weltkrieges trat die Rexistische Partei daher in die Debatte ein und stieß trotz aller Bemühungen auf Widerstand von allen Seiten. Im Bezug auf diesen Austausch der Rexisten mit dem institutionellen, politischen und sozialen Umfeld, argumentiert die vorliegende Thesis, dass Belgiens autochthoner Rexist-Faschismus, tatsächlich die belgische nationale Identität beeinflusst hat. Der Wirkungsgrad der Rexisten ist zwar nicht unbedingt auf den ersten blick zu sehen, lässt sich jedoch in zahlreichen Facetten des belgischen Lebens erkennen, insbesondere angesichts der überzeichneten Rolle des Parteigründers, Léon Degrelle. In dieser Hinsicht dient die Partei letztendlich als ein warnendes Beispiel für diejenigen, die versuchen, gewaltsam eine belgische Identität zu schaffen, wobei der Name der Partei der Definition von Autoritarismus und Faschismus in Belgien nahe kommt. Die Arbeit nutzt die vorhandene (primäre und sekundäre) Literatur, sowie parlamentarische Aufzeichnungen und Propagandamaterial, um den relativen Platz der Rexisten in der Geschichte festzustellen. Diese Analyse wird vor allem diejenigen interessieren, die einen Abschnitt der belgischen Geschichte verstehen wollen, der in den letzten 50 Jahren aus verschiedensten Gründen übersehen und bagatellisiert wurde. Contents: List of Acronyms and Abbreviations 1. Introduction.....................................................................................................1 i. The enigma of Belgian identity..................................................1 ii. Introduction of the case study....................................................1 iii. Working definition of legacy.....................................................3 iv. Definitions of identity...............................................................5 v. Les Lieux de Mémoire................................................................5 vi. A structural overview................................................................7 vii. Systemic tensions in Belgium....................................................8 viii. Flashpoints in Belgian history...................................................9 2. Chapter 0: An Historical Introduction........................................................13 i. Foundations of Rexism............................................................13 ii. The years of occupation...........................................................15 iii. Fall of Rexism.........................................................................17 iv. Rexism: tenets and beliefs.......................................................18 v. The life of Degrelle..................................................................22 vi. The legend of Degrelle............................................................24 3. Chapter 1: The Institutional Legacy............................................................26 i. The institutions of Belgium.....................................................26 ii. The Monarchy and Leopold III................................................27 iii. Rexism and the Crown............................................................32 iv. The Belgian Army...................................................................36 v. The Army, Degrelle, and the Walloon Legion.........................37 vi. The Belgian Catholic Church..................................................41 vii. Rexism and the Church............................................................43 viii. The Lionisation of Van Roey...................................................47 4. Chapter 2: The Political Legacy...................................................................50 i. Belgian politics: the structures and the parties.........................50 ii. The novelty of Rex..................................................................52 iii. Outline of the Plenum database...............................................55 iv. Pre-war legacy of Rexism and Degrelle...................................56 v. Post-war legacy of Degrelle....................................................60 vi. Post-war legacy of the Rexist Party.........................................62 vii. The wider political world........................................................66 5. Chapter 3: The Social Legacy.......................................................................68 i. The people of Belgium............................................................68 ii. Rexism and the institutional social legacy...............................69 iii. Rex and collaboration: the Belgian Information Centre..........73 iv. Rexism and its legacy in Belgian propaganda..........................75 v. Regional variations on the social legacy..................................78 vi. Les Lieux de Mémoire: Rexism................................................81 vii. The relevance of Rexism today................................................85 6. Conclusion.....................................................................................................87 7. Bibliography..................................................................................................95 A. News From Belgium...........................................................................95 B. Plenum.be............................................................................................99 C. Bibliography – Other.........................................................................102 8. Appendices...................................................................................................113 A. Illustrations.......................................................................................113 B. Tables and Graphs.............................................................................115 Pledge of Honesty Vita List of Acronyms and Abbreviations: ACJB Association Catholique de la Jeunesse Belge / Catholic Association of Belgian Youth CD&V Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams / Christian Democratic and Flemish Party CEDADE Círculo Español de Amigos de Europa / Spanish Circle of Friends of Europe CFS Congo Free State MVBN Militärverwaltung in Belgien und Nordfrankreich / Military Administration in Belgium
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