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Late Medieval Hypocausts with Heat Storage in Estonia
Andres Tvauri LATE MEDIEVAL HYPO CAUSTS WITH HEAT STORAGE IN ESTONIA INTRODUCTION As often happens with archaeologists, the stimulus for writing this article was a discovery unexpectedly brought to light from under the ground. In autumn 2007, I had the opportunity to study a large medieval heat storage furnace (Figs. 1 and 2) constituting the central part of the hot air heating system, or hypo caust, of a former grooms’ building. It was unexpectedly unearthed in the course of construction work in the outer bailey of the medieval Order Castle of Viljandi.1 The furnace found in the Viljandi Castle was a nice but, in the context of Estonian medieval fi nds, rather ordinary discovery. In Old Livonia, roughly corresponding to the territory of present-day Estonia and Latvia, hot air heating systems in which the core was a furnace fi lled with large stones, making it possible to store heat and rid oneself of the need to con- stantly heat the furnace or the fi replace, was used in the 13th to the 16th centuries before the introduction of Dutch tile stoves in castles, monas- teries and in residential and public buildings in towns. Starting in the 1930s, such furnaces, or their archaeologically studied remains, have been found in numerous medieval buildings in Estonia. The furnace found in Viljandi induced me to look for literature about hypo causts with heat storage. With the assistance of my colleague Erki Russow, the most thorough paper on medieval hot air heating systems ever written soon landed on my desk – a thesis published by the Ger- man researcher Klaus Bingenheimer in 1998, Die Luftheizungen des Mittelalters. -
NIMEINDEKS Nimeindeksi Toimetaja: Leida Lepik Korrektuur: Eva-Leena Sepp
Tallinna ühistranspordi kaardi NIMEINDEKS Nimeindeksi toimetaja: Leida Lepik korrektuur: Eva-Leena Sepp ©REGIO 1997 Tähe 118, TARTU EE2400 tel: 27 476 343 faks: 476 353 [email protected] http://www.regio.ee Müük*Sale: Kastani 16, TARTU EE2400 tel: 27 420 003, faks: 27 420199 Laki 25, TALLINN EE0006 tel: 25 651 504, faks: 26 505 581 NB! (pts) = peatus/stop/pysäki/остановка A Asfalt-betoonitehas (pts) J4 ENDLA Adamsoni E4, F4, J7, K7 ASTANGU C6 E5, F4-5, H8,18, J8, K8 A.Adamsoni (pts) F4, J7, K7 Astangu B6, C6 Endla H6 A.AIIe G4 Astangu (pts) B6, C6 Endla (pts) J8 Aarde E4,16,17 Astla tee J2 Energia E6 Aasa F5, J8 Astri E7 Energia (pts) E6 Aasnurmika tee L2 Astri (pts) E7 Erika E3,15 Aate D7, E7 Astri tee 11 Erika (pts) E3 Aaviku J1 Asula F5 Estonian Exhibitions H4 Abaja J3 Asunduse G4, H4 "Estonia" (pts) F4, L7 Aedvilja M7 Asunduse (pts) FI4 ESTONIA PST F4 Aegna pst J3 Auli E5 F Ahju F5, L8 Auna E4, H6,16 Falgi tee F4, K7 Ahtri F4, G4, M6-7 Auru F5 Farm (pts) G2 Ahvena tee A4 Auru (pts) F5 Filmi G4 Äia F4, L6, L7 Auru põik F5 Filtri tee G5, N8 Aiandi 11 Auto C8 Flower Pavilion H4 Aiandi (pts) D5 Autobussijaam G5, N8 Forelli D5 Aianduse tee J1-2 Autobussijaam (pts) G4 Forelli (pts) D5 Aianduse tee (pts) J2 Autobussikoondis (pts) Fosforiidi N3 Aiaotsa L1 C5, D5 F.R.Faehlmanni G4, N7 Aiaotsa (pts) H2, L1,K2 В F. R.Kreutzwaldi G4, M8, N7 Aiatee I2 Balti jaam F4, K6 G Äia tee (pts) I2 Balti jaam (pts) F4 Gaasi J4 Aida L6 BEKKERI D3 Gaasi (pts) I4, J4 Airport H5 Bekkeri sadam D3 Gildi G4-5, N8 AKADEEMIA TEE C6, D6 Bensiini G4 Glehn! D6, E6 Akadeemia tee (pts) C6, D6 Betooni I4-5, J5 Glehn! park C7 Alajaama E6 Betooni (pts) I5 GONSIORI G4, M7, N7 Alasi D3 Betooni põik J5 Gonsiori G4 Aiesauna L2 Betooni põik (pts) J5 G. -
Tallinn City Guidebook
www.infinitewalks.com Click icon to follow 11 top things to do in Tallinn, Estonia Published Date : August 24, 2020 Categories : Estonia Estonia, a small country in Northern Europe borders the Baltic Sea, Russia, and Latvia. Estonia’s capital Tallinn is quite famous for it’s well preserved medieval old town and it’s cathedrals. There are many things to do in Tallinn and the city is similar to any other European city. Tallinn was in my itinerary as a part of four country cruise trip (Stockholm — Tallinn — St. Petersburg — Helsinki — Stockholm). Pm2am were the organizers and it was their inaugural cruise trip too. 11 things to do in Tallinn 1. Free walking tour To know any European city, take a walking tour, especially in the old town. The tour guide gives a brief overview of the history, architecture, how the city was affected during war times, and many more insights. They show you places that even google maps can’t locate. Tallinn offers many free walking tours like the one from traveller, freetour. You just need to be on time at the meeting point and they take care of the rest. I also did a free walking tour in Warsaw and Belgrade. www.infinitewalks.com Click icon to follow The tour typically lasts 2 – 2.5 hours depending on your group size. Don’t forget to tip the guide at the end. Travel Tip: Do the tour on your first day and ask the guide for the best local food, things to do in the city, nightlife. It allows you to plan the vacation more efficiently. -
Tallinn Yearbook 2004 Tallinn City Government Vabaduse Väljak 7, 15199 Tallinn, Estonia Phone +372 640 4141
Tallinn Yearbook 2004 Tallinn City Government Vabaduse väljak 7, 15199 Tallinn, Estonia Phone +372 640 4141 www.tallinn.ee Design: Art Industria Photos: Art Industria, Tallinn City Office Press Department Tallinn Yearbook 2004 LOCATION 59˚26’ LATITUDE ON THE GLOBE ESTONIA IS A MEMBER OF THE EUROPEAN UNION SINCE MAY 1, 2004. TALLINN, A FAMOUS HANSA TOWN, RECEIVED ITS TOWN RIGHTS IN 1248. Tallinn GEOGRAPHIC INDICATORS 24˚46’ LONGITUDE 24˚46’ km2 km2 km2 km2 CLIMATE LAND OWNERSHIP IN THE CITY Average air temperature in July + 16,3° C 82.6 km2 or 52.2% of Tallinn’s territory is Average temperature in February - 3,5° C registered in the land cadastre. 5 km2 of this total was registered during 2004. 47.8% of Tallinn’s POPULATION territory is state land that has not been reformed. 401 821 (April 1, 2005) According to information in the land register, 14.3 km2 (9.1%) of Tallinn’s area was owned by the city CITY DISTRICTS as municipal land as of December 31, 2004. 18.4 km2 or 11.6% of Tallinn’s territory was Haabersti 38 407 registered as being owned by the state. Kesklinn 45 802 Kristiine 29 874 Private land totalled 31.5% of the Tallinn’s 2 Lasnamäe 114 257 territory. Of this 17.9 km or 11.3% of the land in Mustamäe 65 793 the land cadastre was returned land. Of Tallinn’s 2 Nõmme 39 255 territory, 31.7 km or 20.1% of the land in the land Pirita 11 466 cadastre was land privatized under the right of Põhja-Tallinn 56 967 first refusal. -
Eesti Spordipoliitika Põhialuste Aastani 2030“ Elluviimise Kohta
20.09.2017 versioon ÜLEVAADE „EESTI SPORDIPOLIITIKA PÕHIALUSTE AASTANI 2030“ ELLUVIIMISE KOHTA Periood 01.09.2016–31.08.2017 Kultuuriministeerium 2017 SISUKORD SISSEJUHATUS ...................................................................................................... 3 1. HETKEOLUKORRA KIRJELDUS ....................................................................... 5 1.1. Liikumisharrastust iseloomustavad näitajad ................................................................... 5 1.2. Spordi rahastamist iseloomustavad näitajad ................................................................... 7 1.3. Saavutussporti iseloomustavad näitajad ........................................................................ 10 2. OLULISED MUUDATUSED SPORDIS .............................................................. 12 3. ÜLEVAADE SPORT 2030 ELLUVIIMISEST ...................................................... 20 3.1. Valdav osa elanikest liigub ja spordib ........................................................................... 20 3.2. Liikumine ja sport on tugeva organisatsiooniga oluline majandusharu ning tööandja . 32 3.3. Liikumine ja sport on vaimsuse, sidususe ja positiivsete väärtushinnangute kandja .... 37 3.4. Eesti on rahvusvahelisel tasemel tulemuslikult ja väärikalt esindatud.......................... 43 4. EESTI EUROOPA LIIDU NÕUKOGU EESISTUMINE SPORDIVALDKONNAS .... 49 5. VAADE TULEVIKKU ........................................................................................ 52 2 SISSEJUHATUS Spordivaldkonna pikaajaline -
Several Lives of Tallinn's Christmas Tree
30.6.2021 https://kesklinn.sendsmaily.net/template/preview/id/7/ If you do not see this message properly, click here. Dear Tallinn City Centre Residents, International Women's Day is celebrated globally on March 8. This year is notable for Estonia, as two women currently lead the Estonian Republic: Kersti Kaljulaid as President, and Kaja Kallas as Prime Minister. A recent survey conducted by the National Statistics Board and published symbolically on March 8th shows that Estonian women are well- educated, hard-working, and in great physical shape. Our health is strongly connected to the environment we live in, which is why the webinar “Waste Sorting and Recycling in Tallinn” initiated by the City Center New Arrivals Council was particularly topical. If you missed the webinar, you can watch the recording here. In this newsletter, you will learn about the multiple lives of Tallinn’s Christmas tree, how Tallinn’s participatory budget will be implemented in the City Center, and how to furnish your life in Tallinn for under 200 euros. Happy reading! Photo by Külli Kittus Several lives of Tallinn's Christmas tree https://kesklinn.sendsmaily.net/template/preview/id/7/ 1/6 30.6.2021 https://kesklinn.sendsmaily.net/template/preview/id/7/ The gorgeous spruce that has adorned Town Hall square in Tallinn’s Old Town since the end of November last year has lived several lives: first as a Christmas tree, then as the heart of a maze inspired by cornflowers, and finally — for a dignified end — the tree helped celebrate Estonia’s 103rd birthday in blue, black, and white tricolor. -
London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government
London School of Economics and Political Science Department of Government Historical Culture, Conflicting Memories and Identities in post-Soviet Estonia Meike Wulf Thesis submitted for the degree of PhD at the University of London London 2005 UMI Number: U213073 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U213073 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 Ih c s e s . r. 3 5 o ^ . Library British Library of Political and Economic Science Abstract This study investigates the interplay of collective memories and national identity in Estonia, and uses life story interviews with members of the intellectual elite as the primary source. I view collective memory not as a monolithic homogenous unit, but as subdivided into various group memories that can be conflicting. The conflict line between ‘Estonian victims’ and ‘Russian perpetrators* figures prominently in the historical culture of post-Soviet Estonia. However, by setting an ethnic Estonian memory against a ‘Soviet Russian’ memory, the official historical narrative fails to account for the complexity of the various counter-histories and newly emerging identities activated in times of socio-political ‘transition’. -
U.S. Department of Transportation Federal
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF ORDER TRANSPORTATION JO 7340.2E FEDERAL AVIATION Effective Date: ADMINISTRATION July 24, 2014 Air Traffic Organization Policy Subject: Contractions Includes Change 1 dated 11/13/14 https://www.faa.gov/air_traffic/publications/atpubs/CNT/3-3.HTM A 3- Company Country Telephony Ltr AAA AVICON AVIATION CONSULTANTS & AGENTS PAKISTAN AAB ABELAG AVIATION BELGIUM ABG AAC ARMY AIR CORPS UNITED KINGDOM ARMYAIR AAD MANN AIR LTD (T/A AMBASSADOR) UNITED KINGDOM AMBASSADOR AAE EXPRESS AIR, INC. (PHOENIX, AZ) UNITED STATES ARIZONA AAF AIGLE AZUR FRANCE AIGLE AZUR AAG ATLANTIC FLIGHT TRAINING LTD. UNITED KINGDOM ATLANTIC AAH AEKO KULA, INC D/B/A ALOHA AIR CARGO (HONOLULU, UNITED STATES ALOHA HI) AAI AIR AURORA, INC. (SUGAR GROVE, IL) UNITED STATES BOREALIS AAJ ALFA AIRLINES CO., LTD SUDAN ALFA SUDAN AAK ALASKA ISLAND AIR, INC. (ANCHORAGE, AK) UNITED STATES ALASKA ISLAND AAL AMERICAN AIRLINES INC. UNITED STATES AMERICAN AAM AIM AIR REPUBLIC OF MOLDOVA AIM AIR AAN AMSTERDAM AIRLINES B.V. NETHERLANDS AMSTEL AAO ADMINISTRACION AERONAUTICA INTERNACIONAL, S.A. MEXICO AEROINTER DE C.V. AAP ARABASCO AIR SERVICES SAUDI ARABIA ARABASCO AAQ ASIA ATLANTIC AIRLINES CO., LTD THAILAND ASIA ATLANTIC AAR ASIANA AIRLINES REPUBLIC OF KOREA ASIANA AAS ASKARI AVIATION (PVT) LTD PAKISTAN AL-AAS AAT AIR CENTRAL ASIA KYRGYZSTAN AAU AEROPA S.R.L. ITALY AAV ASTRO AIR INTERNATIONAL, INC. PHILIPPINES ASTRO-PHIL AAW AFRICAN AIRLINES CORPORATION LIBYA AFRIQIYAH AAX ADVANCE AVIATION CO., LTD THAILAND ADVANCE AVIATION AAY ALLEGIANT AIR, INC. (FRESNO, CA) UNITED STATES ALLEGIANT AAZ AEOLUS AIR LIMITED GAMBIA AEOLUS ABA AERO-BETA GMBH & CO., STUTTGART GERMANY AEROBETA ABB AFRICAN BUSINESS AND TRANSPORTATIONS DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF AFRICAN BUSINESS THE CONGO ABC ABC WORLD AIRWAYS GUIDE ABD AIR ATLANTA ICELANDIC ICELAND ATLANTA ABE ABAN AIR IRAN (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC ABAN OF) ABF SCANWINGS OY, FINLAND FINLAND SKYWINGS ABG ABAKAN-AVIA RUSSIAN FEDERATION ABAKAN-AVIA ABH HOKURIKU-KOUKUU CO., LTD JAPAN ABI ALBA-AIR AVIACION, S.L. -
City Break 100 Free Offers & Discounts for Exploring Tallinn!
City Break 100 free offers & discounts for exploring Tallinn! Tallinn Card is your all-in-one ticket to the very best the city has to offer. Accepted in 100 locations, the card presents a simple, cost-effective way to explore Tallinn on your own, choosing the sights that interest you most. Tips to save money with Tallinn Card Sample visits with Normal 48 h 48 h Tallinn Card Adult Tallinn Price Card 48-hour Tallinn Card - €32 FREE 1st Day • Admission to 40 top city attractions, including: Sightseeing tour € 20 € 0 – Museums Seaplane Harbour (Lennusadam) € 10 € 0 – Churches, towers and town wall – Tallinn Zoo and Tallinn Botanic Garden Kiek in de Kök and Bastion Tunnels € 8,30 € 0 – Tallinn TV Tower and Seaplane Harbour National Opera Estonia -15% € 18 € 15,30 (Lennusadam) • Unlimited use of public transport 2nd Day • One city sightseeing tour of your choice Tallinn TV Tower € 7 € 0 • Ice skating in Old Town • Bicycle and boat rental Estonian Open Air Museum with free audioguide € 15,59 € 0 • Bowling or billiards Tallinn Zoo € 5,80 € 0 • Entrance to one of Tallinn’s most popular Public transport (Day card) € 3 € 0 nightclubs • All-inclusive guidebook with city maps Bowling € 18 € 0 Total cost € 105,69 € 47,30 DISCOUNTS ON *Additional discounts in restaurants, cafés and shops plus 130-page Tallinn Card guidebook • Sightseeing tours in Tallinn and on Tallinn Bay • Day trips to Lahemaa National Park, The Tallinn Card is sold at: the Tallinn Tourist Information Centre Naissaare and Prangli islands (Niguliste 2), hotels, the airport, the railway station, on Tallinn-Moscow • Food and drink in restaurants, bars and cafés and Tallinn-St. -
Estonian Art 1/2013 (32)
Estonian 1/2013Art 1 Evident in Advance: the maze of translations Merilin Talumaa, Marie Vellevoog 4 Evident in Advance, or lost (and gained) in translation(s)? Daniele Monticelli 7 Neeme Külm in abstract autarchic ambience Johannes Saar 9 Encyclopaedia of Erki Kasemets Andreas Trossek 12 Portrait of a woman in the post-socialist era (and some thoughts about nationalism) Jaana Kokko 15 An aristocrat’s desires are always pretty Eero Epner 18 Collecting that reassesses value at the 6th Tallinn Applied Art Triennial Ketli Tiitsar 20 Comments on The Art of Collecting Katarina Meister, Lylian Meister, Tiina Sarapu, Marit Ilison, Kaido Ole, Krista Leesi, Jaanus Samma 24 “Anu, you have Estonian eyes”: textile artist Anu Raud and the art of generalisation Elo-Hanna Seljamaa Insert: An Education Veronika Valk 27 Authentic deceleration – smart textiles at an exhibition Thomas Hollstein 29 Fear of architecture Karli Luik 31 When the EU grants are distributed, the muses are silent Piret Lindpere 34 Great expectations Eero Epner’s interview with Mart Laidmets 35 Thoughts on a road about roads Margit Mutso 39 The meaning of crossroads in Estonian folk belief Ülo Valk 42 Between the cult of speed and scenery Katrin Koov 44 The seer meets the maker Giuseppe Provenzano, Arne Maasik 47 The art of living Jan Kaus 49 Endel Kõks against the background of art-historical anti-fantasies Kädi Talvoja 52 Exhibitions Estonian Art is included All issues of Estonian Art are also available on the Internet: http://www.estinst.ee/eng/estonian-art-eng/ in Art and Architecture Complete (EBSCO). Front cover: Dénes Farkas. -
Aviation Human Factors Industry News January 11, 2007 NTSB
Aviation Human Factors Industry News January 11, 2007 Vol. III, Issue 02 NTSB Updates Status Of Recent Investigations # 1: US National Transportation Safety Board said it will investigate a Friday morning runway incursion incident at Denver International Airport in which a Frontier Airlines A319 was forced to execute a missed approach in order to avoid a Key Lime Air Swearingen Metroliner that "inadvertently" entered the runway. The aircraft missed each other by 50 ft., NTSB said. The Airport Movement Area Safety System alerted the tower at the same time that the Frontier pilots spotted the Metroliner. # 2: Holidays Saw 12 Fatal GA Accidents. National Transportation Safety Board Chairman Mark V. Rosenker said last week that, during the recent 12-day holiday period between December 22, 2006 and January 2, 2007, he dispatched regional air safety investigators to 12 fatal general aviation accidents. These accidents resulted in a total of 31 fatalities. Pilots in Mo. crash went on a joy ride WASHINGTON — Federal crash investigators Tuesday blamed a pair of joking pilots who flouted safety rules for a 2004 crash in Missouri that highlighted shortcomings in training and safety oversight at regional airlines. Capt. Jesse Rhodes, 31, and co-pilot Peter Cesarz, 23, died when Pinnacle Airlines Flight 3701 crashed 2½ miles short of an airport in Jefferson City, Mo., on Oct. 14, 2004, after losing power in both engines. The pilots of the Bombardier CRJ-200, who were moving the jet from Little Rock to Minneapolis with no passengers aboard, repeatedly violated company safety rules, the National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) said. -
The 8Th European Interdistrict ZONTA Seminar February 8 – 10, 2019 in Tartu, Estonia
The 8th European Interdistrict ZONTA Seminar February 8 – 10, 2019 in Tartu, Estonia AIRPORTS Tallinn Lennart Meri Airport has direct connections with many airports in Europe. You can take a direct flight from Amsterdam, Berlin, Brussels, Copenhagen, Frankfurt, London, Vienna, Milan, Oslo, Paris, etc. More information about direct connections https://www.tallinn-airport.ee/en/flight-info/destinations/ Tallinn Lennart Meri Airport www.tallinn-airport.ee From the Riga Airport you can fly to 74 direct destinations in the world. The flight from Riga to Tallinn takes 50 minutes. http://www.riga-airport.com/ There are some coach connections from Riga to Tartu https://luxexpress.eu/en/marsruti/riga-tartu https://ecolines.net/international/en/bus/riga(bus-station)-tartu Tartu Ülenurme Airport http://www.tartu-airport.ee/eng You can fly to Tartu via Helsinki by Finnair https://www.finnair.com/us/gb/destinations/europe/estonia/tartu TRANSPORT CONNECTION FROM SWEDEN Tallinn Airport has direct connections with Gothenburg and Stockholm. The Stockholm-Tallinn ferry route connects Sweden with Estonia and is currently operated by 2 ferry companies. The Tallink Silja service runs up to 7 times per week with a sailing duration of around 15 hours 30 minutes while the St Peter Line service runs up to 1 time per week with a duration from 62 hr 30 min. Tallink ferries arrive to D-terminal (Lootsi 13) https://www.tallinksilja.com/stockholm-tallinn TRANSPORT CONNECTION FROM TALLINN AIRPORT TO TARTU Bus and tram stops are only meters away from the airport arrival entrances. You have a bus ticket Tallinn-Tartu There is a very good Tallinn-Tartu coach connection.