DOCSLIB.ORG

The Biafran State & the Rise of IPOB: a Crack on Nigeria's National

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Biafran State & the Rise of IPOB: a Crack on Nigeria's National Social Sciences 2020; 9(1): 40-44 http://www.sciencepublishinggroup.com/j/ss doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20200901.15 ISSN: 2326-9863 (Print); ISSN: 2326-988X (Online) The Biafran State & the Rise of IPOB: A Crack on Nigeria’s National Integration Jacob Uche Henry, Nwobi Isaac Obiora, Igboji Chikezirim David Department of History and International Relations, Faculty of Social Sciences & Humanities, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria Email address: To cite this article: Jacob Uche Henry, Nwobi Isaac Obiora, Igboji Chikezirim David. The Biafran State & the Rise of IPOB: A Crack on Nigeria’s National Integration. Social Sciences. Vol. 9, No. 1, 2020, pp. 40-44. doi: 10.11648/j.ss.20200901.15 Received : November 22, 2019; Accepted : December 17, 2019; Published : March 2, 2020 Abstract: The Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) had recently joined other secessionist agitators in the South-east region of Nigeria to demand for Biafran independence. IPOB together with several other uprisings in Nigeria have greatly challenged the possibility of achieving national integration. These challenges are often attributed to the unsolicited amalgamation of the Northern and Southern protectorates in 1914, which produced a geographical expression known today as Nigeria. Unsolicited in the sense that the colonial authorities at that time failed to seek the consent of the diverse ethnic nationalities that later became part of the federation. Indeed, it was the amalgamation of these diverse ethnic nationalities that created the present need for national integration, to help fuse together the multiple ethnicities in the new born nation. Thus, in the post-colonial years, there were policies and programs initiated by various administrations to help foster unity and true federalism among the various groups. Unfortunately, the unfolding events from 1960 leading to the civil war in 1967, and the war itself dealt a big blow on the unity of the young nation. The Nigeria-Biafra civil war which started as a result of the secession attempt of the Igbo dominated Eastern Nigeria ended in 1970, with Gowon and subsequent leaders initiating several policies and programs to rekindle the fire of national integration. Fifty nine years after the war, the unity of the country is still under serious threat. It appears that neither the 3R program of Gowon, nor the Federal Character policy of Shagari among others, have been able to effectively address the problems of federalism, which has left multiple cracks on national integration efforts. The thrust of this paper therefore, is to examine the rise of IPOB with the aim to understand why the federal government policies failed to address the increasing tempo of secessionist movements in the country. Also, the paper will analytically demonstrate how government failures contribute to the rise of IPOB and its attendant threats to national unity. Keywords: National Integration, Indigenous People of Biafra, Nigeria, Policies, Secessionists other attempts have been made in recent times including the 1. Introduction national conference of 2014 as well as the Yoruba summit The birth of Nigeria in 1914 created a heterogeneous land communiqué of 2017. However, all these seems to have with widespread diversities in terms of religion, language, amounted to nothing, as most of the agreements reached or caste, tribe, race, and regions. Hence, from creation, the issues discussed in these conferences haves not been taken achievement of national integration became very essential for serious or effectively implemented. all-round development and prosperity of the nation. With the dawn of independence in 1960, the country was However, the bunching together of the North and South in faced with the challenge of nurturing a new born nation, but the amalgamation of 1914 have so far demanded for a more regrettably it was in no time faced with series of challenges, critical review due to the inability of the various groups to ranging from political crises to ethno-religious killings, fuse properly together. Many attempts have been made since military coup d’états, and finally the civil war which was as a amalgamation; to arrive at a certain agreement on how the result of minority secession. All these have negatively nation and its populace will move forward together. One of impacted the growth and development of the country in the front-liners of these attempts is the national conference of general, and the integration of the various ethnic nationalities 1945, followed by the regional conference of 1950. Many in particular. The end of the war however, initiated a new Social Sciences 2020; 9(1): 40-44 41 effort towards achieving national unity. The military and nation in all aspects of thought and action and helps it sink civilian governments that have risen from that time till now and transcend all differences, individual, parochial, religious have made certain moves in pursuit of national unity, but the or linguistic whenever confronted with vital national failure of these moves is clearly seen in the rise of some pro- problems [3]. secessionist groups like the Oduduwa People’s Congress The great ideologist and writer Myron Weiner sees (OPC), Movement for the Emancipation of Niger Delta national integration as “avoidance of divisive movements (MEND), as well as Movement for the Actualization of the that would balkanize the nation and presence of attitudes Sovereign State of Biafra (MASSOB) and the Biafran Zionist throughout the society that give preference to national and Movement (BZM), both of which laid the foundation for the public interest as distinct from parochial interest” [4]. His rise of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB). view posits national integration as a sentiment which reflects With the return of civilian rule, and the inception of the solidarity or patriotism among the people belonging to a fourth republic, the Obasanjo led government of 1999-2007 nation. Its aim is to foster a common identity amongst the viewed national integration as one of the nation’s biggest citizens of a country making them feel they are all one. challenge, and therefore set into action power rotation In the words of Shona Khurana, “national integration is the strategy otherwise known as the zoning system in a bid to awareness of a common identity amongst the citizens of a create a political power distribution that will strengthen country. It means that while people may belong to different democracy and national integration. He strongly castes, religions and regions as well speak different implemented policies like federal character principle, fiscal languages, however, it should be recognized that unity of federalism, and concept of zoning, rotational presidency as purpose engenders progress and national cohesion” [5]. well as power sharing system. In all, these principles Also, Ogunjenite adds that national integration relates to apportioned major political positions to individuals within the building of nation-states out of disparate socio-economic, the six geopolitical zones of the country [1]. However, these religious, ethnic and geographical elements. According to policies were not improved, neither were they followed up, him, this entails the translation of diffuse and unorganized leading to the rebirth of voices clamouring for secession, the sentiments of nationalism into the spirit of citizenship loudest being that of the Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB), through the creation of state institutions that can translate and cutting up holes on the already torn fabric of national into policy and programmes in line with the aspirations of the unity. Fifty nine (59) years after independence, Nigeria is citizenry. Stated in another way, national integration means still battling with challenging issues anchoring on the efforts to weld together a plural society to enhance national question, and if not tackled immediately and development but without necessarily jeopardizing ethnic expertly, the consequences may be disintegration or another identity [6]. Thus, national integration is a serious and civil war. purposeful endeavour, the failure of which has grave consequences. It is no wonder, therefore, that 2. Conceptualizing National Integration Chukewuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu sees it also as ‘active nation-building’ which means “forging out a nation out of our National integration also referred to as nation-building, diverse ethnic groups.” He also contends that the failure to national unity, national cohesion, national loyalty or national achieve this in respect of Nigeria is that: “Today, the result is question goes beyond a particular definition, as many that tribalism and ethnicity has become a potent source of scholars and writers have variously defined this term from friction, rather than diminish in the face of an emergent, varying angles. According to Jega, national integration virile and modern nation” [7]. involves a situation in which citizens of a country increasingly see themselves as one people, bound by shared 3. The Rise of IPOB historical experiences and common values, and imbued by the spirit of patriotism and unity, which transcends IPOB, is an acronym for the Indigenous People of Biafra, traditional, primordial diverse tendencies [2]. it is a group leading the call for the secession of Biafra from National integration is the feeling of togetherness or Nigeria. Founded in 2012, the group is a reformation of the oneness towards one’s own country irrespective of their already weakened pro-secessionist groups of Movement for individual
Load more

Recommended publications
  • ENDSARS: Effecting Positive Change in Governance in Nigeria
    M a y 2 0 2 1 BEYOND #ENDSARS: Effecting Positive Change in Governance in Nigeria Rafiu Adeniran Lawal and Kola Ibrahim YOUTH AND ACCOUNTABILITY GOVERNANCE THROUGH SOCIAL MEDIA (YAGSOM) www.bbforpeace.org Table of Contents About the YAGSOM Project ii Abstract 1 Chapter 1: #ENDSARS: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY 1.1 The Economic and Political Undercurrents of Youths’ Crisis 3 1.2 Youth Profiling and Criminalization 8 1.3 Police Brutality 10 1.4 SARS and Youth Brutality 12 Chapter 2: #ENDSARS: ITS RISE, AFTERMATH AND LESSONS 2.1 Rise and Character of the #EndSARS Movement 18 2.2 State’s Response 22 2.3 Lessons 29 Chapter 3: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS 3.1 Conclusion 32 3.2 Recommendations 34 References 38 A YAGSOM Project Research/Policy Paper Series: 01 i About the YAGSOM Project The Youth and Accountability Governance through Social Media (YAGSOM) Project is aimed at combining the enormous power and potentials of Nigeria’s active youth population and politically-charged social media to promote accountability in governance. Nigerian youths are one of the most active users in Africa of social media platforms. These platforms have been used for good, bad and ugly. Nigerian youths have also used social media to make a strong political presence and raise questions about governance and accountability. The research papers and policy papers are covering issues pertaining to youth, good governance and social media in Nigeria. This project is implemented by Building Blocks for Peace Foundation, a youth-led nongovernmental organisation working on conflict prevention, peacebuilding, accountability governance and sustainable development in Nigeria.
    [Show full text]
  • The Politics of Architecture and Ur-Banism In
    The Politics of Architecture and Urbanism in Postcolonial Lagos, 1960–1986 DANIEL IMMERWAHR Department of History, University of California, Berkeley This is a preprint of an article to appear in the Journal of African Cultur- al Studies 19:2 (December 2007). It will be available online at http://journalsonline.tandf.co.uk/ After independence, the Nigerian government faced a number of choices about how to manage its urban environment, particularly in Lagos, Ni- geria’s capital. By favoring a program of tropical modernist architecture for its prestige buildings in Lagos and British New Town style for its housing estates there, the government sought to demonstrate both its in- dependence from European culture and its ability to perform the func- tions of a modern state. And yet, the hopes of government officials and elites for Lagos were frustrated as Lagosians, in response to new eco- nomic and demographic forces, shaped a very different sort of city from below. The Nigerian government’s retreat to Abuja and its abandonment of Lagos mark the failures of urban policymaking in Nigeria. 1. Colonial and Postcolonial Cities In the past twenty-five years, historians have devoted a good deal of attention to the spatial aspects of colonial rule. The ―colonial city‖ has emerged as an archetype fundamentally different from the metropolitan city. Anthony King‘s pioneering work (1976, 1990) emphasized the im- portance of the world economy in determining the shape of colonial ci- ties, and a number of case studies, including those of Janet Abu-Lughod (1980), Gwendolyn Wright (1991), Anja Nevanlinna (1996), and Zeynep Çelik (1997) have further explored the consequences of colonial urban policy.
    [Show full text]
  • Federalism and Political Problems in Nigeria Thes Is
    /V4/0 FEDERALISM AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA THES IS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By Olayiwola Abegunrin, B. S, Denton, Texas August, 1975 Abegunrin, Olayiwola, Federalism and PoliticalProblems in Nigeria. Master of Arts (Political Science), August, 1975, 147 pp., 4 tables, 5 figures, bibliography, 75 titles. The purpose of this thesis is to examine and re-evaluate the questions involved in federalism and political problems in Nigeria. The strategy adopted in this study is historical, The study examines past, recent, and current literature on federalism and political problems in Nigeria. Basically, the first two chapters outline the historical background and basis of Nigerian federalism and political problems. Chapters three and four consider the evolution of federal- ism, political problems, prospects of federalism, self-govern- ment, and attainment of complete independence on October 1, 1960. Chapters five and six deal with the activities of many groups, crises, military coups, and civil war. The conclusions and recommendations candidly argue that a decentralized federal system remains the safest way for keeping Nigeria together stably. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES0.0.0........................iv LIST OF FIGURES . ..... 8.............v Chapter I. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND .1....... Geography History The People Background to Modern Government II. THE BASIS OF NIGERIAN POLITICS......32 The Nature of Politics Cultural Factors The Emergence of Political Parties Organization of Political Parties III. THE RISE OF FEDERALISM AND POLITICAL PROBLEMS IN NIGERIA. ....... 50 Towards a Federation Constitutional Developments The North Against the South IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Rapporteur Report
    Rapporteur Report 25 – 29 August 2020 Introduction The Pan-African Creative Exchange - PACE Entangled 2020 - was held from 25 to 29 August, on digital platforms Zoom and Airmeet. Throughout the festival, over 3,040 unique viewers from at least 33 different countries attended the event. PACE is an initiative of the Vrystaat Arts Festival, a biennial arts market/provocation for the interdisciplinary arts in Africa. PACE is a platform to showcase the highest quality productions from Africa to national and international presenters, producers, buyers, artists and the general public. There are eight aspects to PACE including presenting full shows for tour-ready work; showcasing excerpts of tour-ready work; showcasing excerpts of work in progress; pitching new work; producers shadowing and exchange program; workshops and critical debate/round table sessions; networking programs; and key PACE events. PACE was developed in response to recent data indicating that the creative industries in Africa contribute less than 1% to the global creative economy. As increased access to and participation in culture can be linked to an increase in human development, Africa must shift its focus to support more innovative cultural programs that can creatively transform its society. Culture has also been embedded in several of the 2030 UN Sustainable Development Goals, to further assist cultural visibility for Africa. PACE was realized with the support of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (principal funder), PACE Founding Partners are NATI – Nasionale Afrikaanse Teater
    [Show full text]
  • Solicitor's Address to Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) in Suit No
    Solicitor’s Address to Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) in Suit No FHC/OW/CS/192/2013- Client Care Letter - Emeka Emekesri, Esq. Solicitor for Indigenous People of Biafra To: All Indigenous People of Biafra (IPOB) In Suit No FHC/OW/CS/192/2013 In the Federal High Court Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria. 1. Introduction: The Case between Indigenous People of Biafra and Federal Republic of Nigeria & The Attorney-General of the Federation: (1) We write in our capacity as Solicitors for Indigenous People of Biafra in the above-named case. Pursuant to the requirements of the Rules of Professional Conduct (RPC) under the Nigerian Legal System and in the discharge of our obligation to give our clients regular updates in their case, we have deemed it necessary at this stage of the proceedings to give a detailed report to our clients on the Biafra v Nigeria case. In view of the fact that our clients are a nation whose children are scattered all over the world, we request the Government of Indigenous People of Biafra under the command of the Supreme Council of Elders to disseminate this information to all the Biafrans in the world. We hereby give permission for the publication of this message in pamphlets to be given to all Indigenous People of Biafra in all parts of the world where they live. (2) We refer to our clients as Biafrans by indigenous identity. We write the word as BIAFRANS and not in inverted commas, “Biafrans”, because the Biafrans are still in existence. We have made it clear to the Nigerian Government that what Biafra lost after the war of 1967 – 1970 was their sovereignty and not their identity as a people.
    [Show full text]
  • Hvotl Structures and Residential Property Investments in Suburban Lagos, Nigeria
    I Transnational Journal ot' Science and Technology April2014, vol.4 No.2 ISSN 185 7-8047 HVOTL STRUCTURES AND RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY INVESTMENTS IN SUBURBAN LAGOS, NIGERIA Akinjare, Omolade Adedoyin Department of Estate Management, School of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Oni, Ayotunde Olawande Department of Estate Management, School of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Iroham, Chukwuemeka Osmond Department of Estate Management, School of Environmental Sciences, College of Science and Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Ogun State, Nigeria Abstract High Voltage Overhead Transmission Lines (HVOTLs) otherwise referred to as power­ lines, have been ascertained to influence diminution in property value. This study epicenters on the impact of power-lines on the rent of residential properties in suburban Lagos. Questionnaires were distributed to registered Estate Surveying firms, residents within 200m of a I Okm double tracked power-line in Alimosho, Lagos while an indepth interview of the manager and field officers of the Alimosho PHCN sub-station was conducted. Averagely, a response rate of 66 .5% was achieved and collated data were analysed accordingly. Findings revealed that the rents payable for homes within 1OOm proximity to the power line did not suffer value diminution. Finally, the study recommended the PHCN to call to order, all residents breaching the 25m ROW in suburban Lagos, to foster
    [Show full text]
  • Article 15 Communication to the Icc Office of the Prosecutor Regarding the Targeting of the Pro-Biafran Independence Movement in Nigeria
    ARTICLE 15 COMMUNICATION TO THE ICC OFFICE OF THE PROSECUTOR REGARDING THE TARGETING OF THE PRO-BIAFRAN INDEPENDENCE MOVEMENT IN NIGERIA * * * I. INTRODUCTION 1. This communication is hereby filed to the Office of the Prosecutor (the ‘OTP’) of the International Criminal Court (the ‘ICC’) pursuant to Article 15 of the Rome Statute (the ‘Statute’) by Professor Göran Sluiter1 and Andrew Ianuzzi2 on behalf of the Indigenous People of Biafra (‘IPOB’), a movement dedicated to the self-determination of the former Republic of Biafra in South-Eastern Nigeria, as well as on behalf of 17 individual citizens of Nigeria3 (the ‘Victims’) (collectively, with the IPOB, the ‘Petitioners’). 2. The Petitioners submit that, based on the information set out herein, there is reason to believe that crimes against humanity within the jurisdiction of the ICC—in particular: murder, unlawful imprisonment, torture, enforced disappearance, other inhumane acts, and persecution—have been committed in the context of politically- and ethnically-motivated state violence against, primarily, IPOB members and the Igbo people of South-Eastern Nigeria. Due to the absence of domestic criminal proceedings with respect to those potentially bearing the greatest responsibility for these crimes—in particular, but not limited to, Nigeria’s current president Muhammadu Buhari—and in the light of the gravity of the acts committed, the Petitioners further submit that the case would be admissible under Article 17 of the Statute. Moreover, based on the available information, there is no reason to believe that the opening of a preliminary 1 Professor Sluiter holds a chair in international criminal law at the Faculty of Law at the University of Amsterdam and is a partner at the Amsterdam law firm of Prakken d’Oliveira Human Rights Lawyers.
    [Show full text]
  • THE NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM UMUAHIA DARC 00 Fmt F 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page Ii DARC 00 Fmt F 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page Iii
    DARC 00 fmt f 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page i THE NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM UMUAHIA DARC 00 fmt f 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page ii DARC 00 fmt f 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page iii THE NATIONAL WAR MUSEUM UMUAHIA National Commission for Museums and Monuments (NCMM) Development Alternatives and Resource Center (DARC) Edited by Dr. Chijioke Onuora DARC 00 fmt f 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page iv Lead Consultant Dr. Chijioke Onuora Subject Matter Expert Professor Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie Research Assistant Mr. Iheanyi Onwuegbucha Photography Dr. Chijioke Onuora, Mr. Iheanyi Onwuegbucha & Mr. Mudi Yahaya Project Management Development Alternatives and Resource Center, DARC National Commission for Museums and Monuments, NCMM Publishers DARC Editorial Coordination NCMM, DARC, Carolina Academic Press Editing Dr. Onuora Art Direction Dr. Onuora and Mudi Yahaya Production Manager DARC and Carolina Academic Press This publication would not have been possible without the support of: National Commission for Museums and Monuments, NCMM Development Alternatives and Resource Center, DARC Copyright © 2016 Development Alternatives and Resource Center All Rights Reserved ISBN: 978-1-61163-880-6 DARC 2A Akin Ademokoya Close Off Okupe Estate Road, Maryland, Lagos, Nigeria Printed in the United States of America DARC 00 fmt f 5/17/16 8:21 AM Page v TABLE OF CONTENTS Foreword vii Preface ix Acknowledgements xi Introduction xiii Chapter One · The Traditional Warfare Gallery 3 The Evolution of Weapons 3 The Evolution of Weapons in the Great Battles of Africa and Europe over the Years 3 Ancient Weapons
    [Show full text]
  • Cultivating Biafran Agenda in Nigeria: Evaluation of the Influence of Radio Biafra’S Rhetoric of Ethnic Marginalization on Rural Dwellers in the South-East
    Vol. 13(1),pp. 23-37, January-March 2021 DOI: 10.5897/JMCS2020.0698 Article Number: 5AFCFC065922 ISSN: 2141-2545 Copyright © 2021 Journal of Media and Communication Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournlas.org/JMCS Studies Full Length Research Paper Cultivating Biafran agenda in Nigeria: Evaluation of the influence of radio Biafra’s rhetoric of ethnic marginalization on rural dwellers in the South-east IKEGBUNAM Peter C.* and AGUDOSY Fabian I. Department of Mass Communication, Faculty of Social Sciences, Chukwuemeka Odumegwu Ojukwu University, Igbariam Campus, Anambra State, Nigeria. Received 6 April, 2020; Accepted 21 October, 2020 The systematic exclusion of the Igbos from key national leadership positions in Nigeria made the rise of secession-seeking groups and demand for self-government inevitable in the region. IPOB is one of these secession seeking groups which uses its radio station to communicate its agenda. Following its stirring rhetoric and extremist views, much has been heard of the place of radio Biafra in the ongoing IPOB agitation in the south east. Owing to radio’s ability to cultivate social and political realities in the minds of people, rhetoric of marginalization which forms the basis of radio Biafra’s broadcast may not leave people free from thinking of what is being communicated and what could be done to actualize the desired self-freedom which the station cultivates. Against this background, this study examined respondents’ level of exposure to radio Biafra’s broadcast, their perception of the broadcast messages and whether the messages persuade them into believing the course being preached from the station.
    [Show full text]
  • AP® Comparative Government and Politics Nigeria Briefing Paper
    AP® Comparative Government and Politics Nigeria Briefing Paper Paul J. Kaiser University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, Pennsylvania connect to college success™ www.collegeboard.com The College Board: Connecting Students to College Success The College Board is a not-for-profit membership association whose mission is to connect students to college success and opportunity. Founded in 1900, the association is composed of more than 4,700 schools, colleges, universities, and other educational organizations. Each year, the College Board serves over three and a half million students and their parents, 23,000 high schools, and 3,500 colleges through major programs and services in college admissions, guidance, assessment, financial aid, enrollment, and teaching and learning. Among its best-known programs are the SAT®, the PSAT/NMSQT®, and the Advanced Placement Program® (AP®). The College Board is committed to the principles of excellence and equity, and that commitment is embodied in all of its programs, services, activities, and concerns. Permission to Reprint Statement The College Board intends this publication for noncommercial use by teachers for course and exam preparation; permission for any other use must be sought from the College Board. Teachers may reproduce this publication, in whole or in part, in limited print quantities for noncommercial, face-to-face teaching purposes and distribute up to 50 print copies from a teacher to a class of middle or high school students, with each student receiving no more than one copy. This permission does not apply to any third-party copyrights contained within this publication. When educators reproduce this publication for noncommercial, face-to-face teaching purposes, the following source line must be included: Nigeria Briefing Paper.
    [Show full text]
  • Legislature-Executive Relations in the Presidential System: a Study of Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria, 1999-2011
    Legislature-Executive Relations in the Presidential System: A Study of Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria, 1999-2011 By ONI, Samuel Olorunmaiye CUGP070188 A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Political Science and International Relations, School of Social Sciences, College of Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Award of Ph.D Degree in Political Science May, 2013 i CERTIFICATION This is to certify that this study titled “Legislature-Executive Relations in the Presidential System: A Study of Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria, 1999-2011” was carried out by Oni Samuel O. under our supervision and that the thesis has not been submitted for the award of any degree in this or any other university. Professor Remi Anifowose Department of Political Science Signature and Date University of Lagos (Supervisor) Professor Kayode Soremekun Department of Political Science Signature and Date & International Relations College of Development Studies Co-Supervisor ii DECLARATION It is hereby declared that this thesis titled “Legislature-Executive Relations in the Presidential System: A Study of Lagos and Ogun States, Nigeria, 1999-2011” was undertaken me, Oni Samuel O. The thesis is based on my original study in the Department of Political Science and International Relations, School of Social Sciences, College of Development Studies, Covenant University, Ota. The views of other researchers have been acknowledged. It is further restated that this work has not been submitted for the award of degree in this or any other institution. Oni Samuel O. Researcher Signature and Date The above declaration is attested to by: Professor Remi Anifowose Supervisor Signature and Date Professor Kayode Soremekun Co-Supervisor Signature and Date Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Use of Propaganda in Civil War: the Biafra Experience. 1
    USE OF PROPAGANDA IN CIVIL WAR: THE BIAFRA EXPERIENCE. PATRICK EDIOMI DAVIES A Thesis in the Department of International Relations The London School of Economics and Political Science Submitted to the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) June 1995 1 UMI Number: U105277 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U105277 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 IH eS£ F 71 L\~L\-lo DC hOOrUftH- USE OF PROPAGANDA IN CIVIL WAR: THE BIAFRA EXPERIENCE. ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of propaganda in the Biaffan war. Nigeria, the show case of British colonial rule and Empire, and transfer to independence, was at the point of disintegration in 1967. A section of the country, the Eastern region had dared to do the unthinkable at that time, to secede. The British and Nigerian governments were determined that it would not happen. The break away region, which called itself Biafra was blockaded by land, air and sea, and starved of weapons and the means of livelihood.
    [Show full text]