DOCSLIB.ORG

Use of Propaganda in Civil War: the Biafra Experience. 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Use of Propaganda in Civil War: the Biafra Experience. 1 USE OF PROPAGANDA IN CIVIL WAR: THE BIAFRA EXPERIENCE. PATRICK EDIOMI DAVIES A Thesis in the Department of International Relations The London School of Economics and Political Science Submitted to the University of London for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D) June 1995 1 UMI Number: U105277 All rights reserved INFORMATION TO ALL USERS The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. In the unlikely event that the author did not send a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Dissertation Publishing UMI U105277 Published by ProQuest LLC 2014. Copyright in the Dissertation held by the Author. Microform Edition © ProQuest LLC. All rights reserved. This work is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ProQuest LLC 789 East Eisenhower Parkway P.O. Box 1346 Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 IH eS£ F 71 L\~L\-lo DC hOOrUftH- USE OF PROPAGANDA IN CIVIL WAR: THE BIAFRA EXPERIENCE. ABSTRACT This study examines the effect of propaganda in the Biaffan war. Nigeria, the show case of British colonial rule and Empire, and transfer to independence, was at the point of disintegration in 1967. A section of the country, the Eastern region had dared to do the unthinkable at that time, to secede. The British and Nigerian governments were determined that it would not happen. The break away region, which called itself Biafra was blockaded by land, air and sea, and starved of weapons and the means of livelihood. The only means available to it was propaganda. In the opinion of many commentators, Biafra employed propaganda admirably and effectively, sustaining the war for three years, against all odds. An investigation into the background of Biafra's successful propaganda thrust became a very compelling urge for me. But to arrive at that point, an examination is made of propaganda cultures that bear a family resemblance to that of Biafra. Because of the complete dearth of materials by media practioners, or the protagonists, or actors on the Biafran media/propaganda scene, it has been necessary to travel to and from Nigeria several times to interview the key participants. The issuance of questionnaires was unsuccessful as no one had or found time to fill them in. Data and Statistics were non existent in any cohesive form. There is still even now a reticence by the principal actors to discuss the issues involving the war. To discuss a familial pattern, or any other form of family migration which might support the argument of the success of Biafra's propaganda, three models have been examined, ie; Hitler's/Goebbels' German propaganda, (as a watershed in modem war propaganda, Mao Tse Tung's Chinese propaganda, and Ojukwu's Biafran propaganda. However, other examples like the English, American, Russian, and French civil wars and revolutions, etc; are employed in the arguments and discussions. The thesis examines psychological warfare, the origins of propaganda, modem methods and concepts, the Biafran domestic and external factors; and suggests that the exploitative propaganda tools in most civil conflicts are religion, and/or tribal/ethnic/nationalistic tendencies. The difference is that in Biafra there was a first - hunger and starvation became a massively useful propaganda weapon. 2 ABBREVIATIONS. A.G. Action Group. BBC. British Broadcasting Corporation. C.I.A. Central Intelligence Agency. C.B.I. Confederation of British Industries. C.O.R Calabar, Ogoja and Rivers State Movement. Dr. Doctor. E.N.B.C./T.V Eastern Nigeria Broadcasting Corporation and Television. Fr. Father. IBS. International Broadcasting Society. MPs. Members of Parliament. Mr. Mister. N.B.C.T.V. Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation and Television. N.C.N.C. National Council of Nigeria and Cameroun N.N.A. Nigerian National Alliance. N.P.C. Northern People’s Congress. O.A.U. Organisation of African Unity. PR. Public Relations. P.& T. Posts and Telegraphs. R.K.T Radio Television Kaduna. RTE. Irish Television. T.S. The Sunday Magazine. U.N. United Nations. U.P.G.A United Progressive Grand Alliance. W.N.B.S./T.V Western Nigeria Broadcasting Service and Television U.A.R. United Arab Republics. U.S.A. United States of America. 3 CONTENTS Page. Abstract Abbreviations. Figures/Photographs appendix Maps appenndix Tables appendix Acknowledgements 5. CHAPTERS. 1.INTRODUCTION 6 2. THE OLD REGIME 32 3. MODERN METHODS AND CONCEPTS 79 4. BIAFRA: THE DOMESTIC FACTOR 119 5. BIAFRA: THE EXTERNAL FACTOR 177 6. CONCLUSION 250 Bibliography 269 Appendix 287 4 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS. I thank God most sincerely for my being, for preserving me through the turmoils of Biafra - the bombs, the air raids, the shells, the bullets, and all the other enormous and countless difficulties. Gratefully, His Omnipresence has guided and guarded me, and made it possible for this thesis to be written. I am profoundly grateful to my parents for giving me life, nurturing me, giving me a sound Christian upbringing, a good education, and until their deaths, always being there. My whole hearted appreciation goes out to Professor Michael Leifer, who encouraged me, and made it possible for me to come to the London School of Economics and Political Science for this study. It is impossible to sufficiently thank Professor James Mayall for his gentlemanliness in 'breaking me in', his understanding nature and patience. He has acted as counsellor, confidant, teacher, guide, and supervisor through the upheavals of the study and research. I am indebted to Mr Auberon Waugh for giving me some of his books, and lending me other books and materials. I thank the London School of Economics and Political Science for offering me the opportunity to do this study I acknowledge with gratitude the help and assistance given by the numerous archives and libraries, High Commisions and Embassies, Organisations and individuals who have helped to make this study possible. Some of them have had to put up with incessant enquiries and demands. Lastly, and most importantly, to my indefatigable wife, Dr Chinekwu Davies, I extend my unlimited and absolute gratitude. She has held the reins during my numeruos departures from home. She has exhorted me to action when the rot has tended to set in. She, herself still bears shrapnel scars from Nigerian air raids on Biafra. I am most grateful to my children Etebom, Unyime, and Akama for their patience and support. Akama especially deserves optimum praise, for he was only one year old when I started this research, and has had to cope with my several absences from home. I dedicate this thesis to my parents, brothers and sisters, my wife and children, for their love, care, attention and support over the years. Patrick Ediomi Davies. London School of Economics and Political Science. University of London. June 1995. 5 CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1.1. Hypothesis, and, Focus of the Study. It may be helpful to start this thesis by posing certain questions - 1. What is propaganda in civil war? 2. Who makes propaganda? 3. Who receives propaganda? 4. Why propaganda? 5. What is the effect ( result) of propaganda? 6. What role did all these questions, or the answers to them play in the Biafra Case - The Role of propaganda in Biafra? However, it is necessary at this stage to state that the purpose of this thesis is not the discussion and analysis of propaganda 'per se', even though to understand the subject and object of the discussion, a study of propaganda is inevitable. The thrust of the discussion is to relate propaganda experiences to civil war as generally as can be done, and most particularly to the Biafra experience. An immediate examination of this objective indicates the dearth of material on the subject of propaganda in civil war, most especially on Biafra. Some work emerged 6 after the first and second world wars, generally in the context of studies covering the wars. The cold war period also saw a few works, eg. Propaganda and Psychological Warfare by Terence Qualters, etc. In the years between the Gulf war of 1991 and 1995, many more books have come out dealing with propaganda in war, foreign policy, and advertising. Some of these include Propaganda edited by Robert Jackal, Propaganda and Empire by John M. Mackenzie, The Third Reich by David Welch, Propaganda and Persuasion by Garth S. Jowett and Victoria O’Donnell. Weekend in Munich by Robert S. Wistrich, Goebbels by Ralf Georg Reuth, Age of Propaganda by Anthony Pratkanis and Elliot Aronson, Ireland: The Propaganda War by Liz Curtis, Another relevant work in the context of this thesis was Revolution in Statecraft by Andrew Scott. These and a lot of other materials were examined in arriving at the theme and hypothesis of this thesis. The analysis from these and other texts are discussed later in this chapter under the 'Review of relevant literature'. Nevertheless, there is a difference between propaganda in foreign policy and advertising, ( which can be conducted either in peace time or in war time), and propaganda in war. Andrew Scott for instance believes that propaganda in foreign policy is a polite way of engaging in political discourse- of achieving aims without resorting to war and its attendant ramifications. He maintains that Athens engaged in such cultural diplomacy extensively during the 5th century A.D.- a process described as an 'unhidden agenda'. * Some ex-Biafra technocrats and military have written accounts of their experiences in the war, but unfortunately none of the media people have written anything on either their roles or that of of the media. Against this background, this thesis is written on the assumption that propaganda is an important part of strategic planning in warfare, which therefore merits an academic study in its own right.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 2. the Secession of Biafra, 1967–1970
    University of Calgary PRISM: University of Calgary's Digital Repository University of Calgary Press University of Calgary Press Open Access Books 2020-06 Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa Thomas, Charles G.; Falola, Toyin University of Calgary Press Thomas, C. G., & Falola, T. (2020). Secession and Separatist Conflicts in Postcolonial Africa. University of Calgary Press, Calgary, AB. http://hdl.handle.net/1880/112216 book https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 Downloaded from PRISM: https://prism.ucalgary.ca SECESSION AND SEPARATIST CONFLICTS IN POSTCOLONIAL AFRICA By Charles G. Thomas and Toyin Falola ISBN 978-1-77385-127-3 THIS BOOK IS AN OPEN ACCESS E-BOOK. It is an electronic version of a book that can be purchased in physical form through any bookseller or on-line retailer, or from our distributors. Please support this open access publication by requesting that your university purchase a print copy of this book, or by purchasing a copy yourself. If you have any questions, please contact us at [email protected] Cover Art: The artwork on the cover of this book is not open access and falls under traditional copyright provisions; it cannot be reproduced in any way without written permission of the artists and their agents. The cover can be displayed as a complete cover image for the purposes of publicizing this work, but the artwork cannot be extracted from the context of the cover of this specific work without breaching the artist’s copyright. COPYRIGHT NOTICE: This open-access work is published under a Creative Commons licence. This means that you are free to copy, distribute, display or perform the work as long as you clearly attribute the work to its authors and publisher, that you do not use this work for any commercial gain in any form, and that you in no way alter, transform, or build on the work outside of its use in normal academic scholarship without our express permission.
    [Show full text]
  • SUBSTR DESCR International Schools NAMIBIA 002747
    SUBSTR DESCR International Schools NAMIBIA 002747 University Of Namibia NEPAL 001252 Tribhuvan University NETHERLANDS 004215 A T College 002311 Acad Voor Gezondheidszorg 004215 Atc 004510 Baarns Lyceum 000109 Catholic University Tilburg 000107 Catholic University, Nijmegan 000101 Delft University Of Technology 002272 Dordrecht Polytech 004266 Eindhoven Sec Schl 000102 Eindhoven Univ Technology 002452 Enschede College 000108 Erasmus Univ Rotterdam 000100 Free Univ Amsterdam 002984 Haarlem Business School 000112 Institute Of Social Studies 000113 Int Inst Aero Survey& Space Sc 004751 Katholieke Scholengemeenschap 002461 Netherlands School Of Business 000114 Philips Int Inst Tech Studies 046294 Rijksuniversiteit Leiden 000115 Royal Tropical Institute 004152 Schola Europaea Bergensis 000104 State Univ Groningen 000105 State Univ Leiden 000106 State Univ Limburg 000110 State Univ Utrecht 002430 State University Of Utrecht 004276 Stedelijk Gymnasium 002543 Technische Hogeschool Rijswijk 003615 The British Sch /netherlands 002452 Twentse Academie Voor Fysiothe 000099 Univ Amsterdam 000103 University Of Twente 002430 University Of Utrecht 000111 Wageningen Agricultural Univ 002242 Wageningen Agricultural Univ NETHERLANDS ANTILLES 002476 Univ Netherlands Antilles NEW ZEALAND 000758 Lincoln Col Canterbury 000759 Massey Univ Palmerston 000756 The University Of Auckland 000757 Univ Canterbury 000760 Univ Otago 000762 Univ Waikato International Schools 000761 Victoria Univ Wellington NICARAGUA 000210 Univ Centroamericana 000209 Univ Na Auto Nicaragua
    [Show full text]
  • Religion, Politics and the Islamic Response
    Religion, Politics, and the Islamic Response: A Comparative Intellectual Critique, with Special Reference to Nigeria1 ®Lamin Sanneh Yale University Divinity School New Haven, Connecticut, USA Restricted Circulation: Working Draft Only Religion, Politics, and the Islamic Response The relationship between religion and politics, between church and state, has been a well rehearsed issue in Muslim thought and practice, because Islam emerged fully into history as a dual tradition of church and state, and because as such Muslims have been less sanguine than Europeans about making a rigid sepa- ration between the secular and the sacred, or between public ethics and private morality. By virtue of such history and by rea- son of the subsequent Western secular expansion in the Muslim world, there is continuing reaction among contemporary Muslims to the normative messianic claims of national secular govern- ments. Some of that reaction has roots that long pre-date colo- nial rule and colonialism’s contemporary effects on Islamist movements. MUSLIM AFRICA: RELIGION AND THE LIMITS OF STATE POWER Our understanding of church-state issues, already deeply formed from what we know of the Western experience, will nevertheless benefit with a further look at what transpired in the contrasting Muslim situation. It is important for more than reasons of history to recognize that even before the rise of the modern national sec- ular state in the West there was debate in other parts of the world about how religious masters and political leaders regarded each other’s sphere of authority and what the implications might be of practice in one sphere for practice in the other sphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Ph.D Thesis-A. Omaka; Mcmaster University-History
    MERCY ANGELS: THE JOINT CHURCH AID AND THE HUMANITARIAN RESPONSE IN BIAFRA, 1967-1970 BY ARUA OKO OMAKA, BA, MA A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Ph.D. Thesis – A. Omaka; McMaster University – History McMaster University DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY (2014), Hamilton, Ontario (History) TITLE: Mercy Angels: The Joint Church Aid and the Humanitarian Response in Biafra, 1967-1970 AUTHOR: Arua Oko Omaka, BA (University of Nigeria), MA (University of Nigeria) SUPERVISOR: Professor Bonny Ibhawoh NUMBER OF PAGES: xi, 271 ii Ph.D. Thesis – A. Omaka; McMaster University – History ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1. AJEEBR`s sponsored advertisement ..................................................................122 2. ACKBA`s sponsored advertisement ...................................................................125 3. Malnourished Biafran baby .................................................................................217 Tables 1. WCC`s sickbays and refugee camp medical support returns, November 30, 1969 .....................................................................................................................171 2. Average monthly deliveries to Uli from September 1968 to January 1970.........197 Map 1. Proposed relief delivery routes ............................................................................208 iii Ph.D. Thesis – A. Omaka; McMaster University – History ABSTRACT International humanitarian organizations played a prominent role
    [Show full text]
  • An Eden with No Snake in It: Pure Comedy and Chaste Camp in The
    An Eden With No Snake in It: Pure Comedy and Chaste Camp in the English Novel by Joshua Gibbons Striker Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Victor Strandberg, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Katherine Hayles, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Kathy Psomiades ___________________________ Michael Moses Dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 ABSTRACT An Eden With No Snake in It: Pure Comedy and Chaste Camp in the English Novel by Joshua Gibbons Striker Department of English Duke University Date:_______________________ Approved: ___________________________ Victor Strandberg, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Katherine Hayles, Co-Supervisor ___________________________ Kathy Psomiades ___________________________ Michael Moses An abstract of a dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of English in the Graduate School of Duke University 2019 Copyright by Joshua Gibbons Striker 2019 Abstract In this dissertation I use an old and unfashionable form of literary criticism, close reading, to offer a new and unfashionable account of the literary subgenre called camp. Drawing on the work of, among many others, Susan Sontag, Rita Felski, and Peter Lamarque, I argue that P.G. Wodehouse, E.F. Benson, and Angela Thirkell wrote a type of pure comedy I call chaste camp. Chaste camp is a strange beast. On the one hand it is a sort of children’s literature written for and about adults; on the other hand it rises to a level of literary merit that children’s books, even the best of them, cannot hope to reach.
    [Show full text]
  • Uncertainty and Civil War Onset
    Uncertainty and Civil War Onset Iris Malone∗ Abstract Why do some armed groups escalate their campaigns to civil war, while others do not? Only 25% of the 960 armed groups formed between 1970 and 2012 became violent enough to surpass the 25-battle death threshold, often used to demarcate \civil conflict.” I develop a new theory that argues this variation occurs because of an information problem. States decide how much counterinsurgency effort to allocate for repression on the basis of observable characteristics about an armed group's initial capabilities, but two scenarios make it harder to get this decision right, increasing the risk of civil war. I use fieldwork interviews with intelligence and defense officials to identify important group characteristics for civil war and apply machine learning methods to test the predictive ability of these indicators. The results show that less visible armed groups in strong states and strong armed groups in weak states are most likely to lead to civil war onset. These findings advance scholarly understanding about why civil wars begin and the effect of uncertainty on conflict. ∗Department of Political Science, 100 Encina Hall West, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305. ([email protected], web.stanford.edu/~imalone). 1 Introduction Why do some armed groups escalate their campaigns to civil war, while most do not? Using an original dataset, I show that only 25% of the 960 armed groups formed between 1970 and 2012 became violent enough to surpass the 25-battle death threshold, often used to demarcate \civil conflict.”1 Only 8% of armed groups surpassed the higher \civil war" threshold of 1000 fatalities per year.
    [Show full text]
  • Social-Property Relations, Class-Conflict and The
    Historical Materialism 19.4 (2011) 129–168 brill.nl/hima Social-Property Relations, Class-Conflict and the Origins of the US Civil War: Towards a New Social Interpretation* Charles Post City University of New York [email protected] Abstract The origins of the US Civil War have long been a central topic of debate among historians, both Marxist and non-Marxist. John Ashworth’s Slavery, Capitalism, and Politics in the Antebellum Republic is a major Marxian contribution to a social interpretation of the US Civil War. However, Ashworth’s claim that the War was the result of sharpening political and ideological – but not social and economic – contradictions and conflicts between slavery and capitalism rests on problematic claims about the rôle of slave-resistance in the dynamics of plantation-slavery, the attitude of Northern manufacturers, artisans, professionals and farmers toward wage-labour, and economic restructuring in the 1840s and 1850s. An alternative social explanation of the US Civil War, rooted in an analysis of the specific path to capitalist social-property relations in the US, locates the War in the growing contradiction between the social requirements of the expanded reproduction of slavery and capitalism in the two decades before the War. Keywords origins of capitalism, US Civil War, bourgeois revolutions, plantation-slavery, agrarian petty- commodity production, independent-household production, merchant-capital, industrial capital The Civil War in the United States has been a major topic of historical debate for almost over 150 years. Three factors have fuelled scholarly fascination with the causes and consequences of the War. First, the Civil War ‘cuts a bloody gash across the whole record’ of ‘the American .
    [Show full text]
  • Civil War 1968-1970
    Copyright by Roy Samuel Doron 2011 The Dissertation Committee for Roy Samuel Doron Certifies that this is the approved version of the following dissertation: Forging a Nation while losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968-1970 Committee: Toyin Falola, Supervisor Okpeh Okpeh Catherine Boone Juliet Walker H.W. Brands Forging a Nation while losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968-1970 by Roy Samuel Doron B.A.; M.A. Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of The University of Texas at Austin in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Texas at Austin August 2011 Forging a Nation while losing a Country: Igbo Nationalism, Ethnicity and Propaganda in the Nigerian Civil War 1968-1970 Roy Samuel Doron, PhD The University of Texas at Austin, 2011 Supervisor: Toyin Falola This project looks at the ways the Biafran Government maintained their war machine in spite of the hopeless situation that emerged in the summer of 1968. Ojukwu’s government looked certain to topple at the beginning of the summer of 1968, yet Biafra held on and did not capitulate until nearly two years later, on 15 January 1970. The Ojukwu regime found itself in a serious predicament; how to maintain support for a war that was increasingly costly to the Igbo people, both in military terms and in the menacing face of the starvation of the civilian population. Further, the Biafran government had to not only mobilize a global public opinion campaign against the “genocidal” campaign waged against them, but also convince the world that the only option for Igbo survival was an independent Biafra.
    [Show full text]
  • EVELYN WAUGH STUDIES Vol
    EVELYN WAUGH STUDIES Vol. 48, No. 2 Fall 2017 CONTENTS Paul Pennyfeather and the Victorian Governess: 2 The Rejection of Nineteenth-Century Idealism in Decline and Fall Ellen O’Brien Put Out More Flags and Literary Tradition 13 Robert Murray Davis REVIEWS Fictional Counterparts 19 Commando General: The Life of Major General Sir Robert Laycock KCMG CB DSO, by Richard Mead. Reviewed by Donat Gallagher A Slow Build 25 Evelyn Waugh’s Satire: texts and Contexts, by Naomi Milthorpe. NEWS A Personal Note I Owe It All to Brideshead 29 David Bittner Evelyn Waugh Studies 2 Paul Pennyfeather and the Victorian Governess: The Rejection of Nineteenth-Century Idealism in Decline and Fall Ellen O’Brien Much has been written on the disputed use of satire in Evelyn Waugh’s first novel.1 While critics have offered various readings of the satirical elements in Decline and Fall (1928), the novel also invites discussion of the role of parody, farce, black humour, burlesque, the bildungsroman, the picaresque and the anti-hero in creating an amusing but damning representation of society between the wars. This difficulty identifying a clear style is possibly due to the elusive nature of Waugh’s moral critique, which is so subtle as to be “everywhere felt but nowhere expressed” (Heath 77). His satirical target has been variously described as the “the beastliness of undergraduate societies and the leniency of college authorities toward wealthy and aristocratic members… the morals and outlook of ‘smart’ society,” the mismanagement of private boarding schools, the prison system, and modern religion, (Nichols 51) and more broadly as “inconsistency, hypocrisy, cruelty and folly… a satirical engagement with contemporary anxieties about English cultural decline in the years following the Great War” (Milthorpe 2, 20).
    [Show full text]
  • Purple Hibiscus
    1 A GLOSSARY OF IGBO WORDS, NAMES AND PHRASES Taken from the text: Purple Hibiscus by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Appendix A: Catholic Terms Appendix B: Pidgin English Compiled & Translated for the NW School by: Eze Anamelechi March 2009 A Abuja: Capital of Nigeria—Federal capital territory modeled after Washington, D.C. (p. 132) “Abumonye n'uwa, onyekambu n'uwa”: “Am I who in the world, who am I in this life?”‖ (p. 276) Adamu: Arabic/Islamic name for Adam, and thus very popular among Muslim Hausas of northern Nigeria. (p. 103) Ade Coker: Ade (ah-DEH) Yoruba male name meaning "crown" or "royal one." Lagosians are known to adopt foreign names (i.e. Coker) Agbogho: short for Agboghobia meaning young lady, maiden (p. 64) Agwonatumbe: "The snake that strikes the tortoise" (i.e. despite the shell/shield)—the name of a masquerade at Aro festival (p. 86) Aja: "sand" or the ritual of "appeasing an oracle" (p. 143) Akamu: Pap made from corn; like English custard made from corn starch; a common and standard accompaniment to Nigerian breakfasts (p. 41) Akara: Bean cake/Pea fritters made from fried ground black-eyed pea paste. A staple Nigerian veggie burger (p. 148) Aku na efe: Aku is flying (p. 218) Aku: Aku are winged termites most common during the rainy season when they swarm; also means "wealth." Akwam ozu: Funeral/grief ritual or send-off ceremonies for the dead. (p. 203) Amaka (f): Short form of female name Chiamaka meaning "God is beautiful" (p. 78) Amaka ka?: "Amaka say?" or guess? (p.
    [Show full text]
  • South – East Zone
    South – East Zone Abia State Contact Number/Enquires ‐08036725051 S/N City / Town Street Address 1 Aba Abia State Polytechnic, Aba 2 Aba Aba Main Park (Asa Road) 3 Aba Ogbor Hill (Opobo Junction) 4 Aba Iheoji Market (Ohanku, Aba) 5 Aba Osisioma By Express 6 Aba Eziama Aba North (Pz) 7 Aba 222 Clifford Road (Agm Church) 8 Aba Aba Town Hall, L.G Hqr, Aba South 9 Aba A.G.C. 39 Osusu Rd, Aba North 10 Aba A.G.C. 22 Ikonne Street, Aba North 11 Aba A.G.C. 252 Faulks Road, Aba North 12 Aba A.G.C. 84 Ohanku Road, Aba South 13 Aba A.G.C. Ukaegbu Ogbor Hill, Aba North 14 Aba A.G.C. Ozuitem, Aba South 15 Aba A.G.C. 55 Ogbonna Rd, Aba North 16 Aba Sda, 1 School Rd, Aba South 17 Aba Our Lady Of Rose Cath. Ngwa Rd, Aba South 18 Aba Abia State University Teaching Hospital – Hospital Road, Aba 19 Aba Ama Ogbonna/Osusu, Aba 20 Aba Ahia Ohuru, Aba 21 Aba Abayi Ariaria, Aba 22 Aba Seven ‐ Up Ogbor Hill, Aba 23 Aba Asa Nnetu – Spair Parts Market, Aba 24 Aba Zonal Board/Afor Une, Aba 25 Aba Obohia ‐ Our Lady Of Fatima, Aba 26 Aba Mr Bigs – Factory Road, Aba 27 Aba Ph Rd ‐ Udenwanyi, Aba 28 Aba Tony‐ Mas Becoz Fast Food‐ Umuode By Express, Aba 29 Aba Okpu Umuobo – By Aba Owerri Road, Aba 30 Aba Obikabia Junction – Ogbor Hill, Aba 31 Aba Ihemelandu – Evina, Aba 32 Aba East Street By Azikiwe – New Era Hospital, Aba 33 Aba Owerri – Aba Primary School, Aba 34 Aba Nigeria Breweries – Industrial Road, Aba 35 Aba Orie Ohabiam Market, Aba 36 Aba Jubilee By Asa Road, Aba 37 Aba St.
    [Show full text]
  • Rethinking the Somali State
    Rethinking the Somali State MPP Professional Paper In Partial Fulfillment of the Master of Public Policy Degree Requirements The Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs The University of Minnesota Aman H.D. Obsiye May 2017 Signature below of Paper Supervisor certifies successful completion of oral presentation and completion of final written version: _________________________________ ____________________ ___________________ Dr. Mary Curtin, Diplomat in Residence Date, oral presentation Date, paper completion Paper Supervisor ________________________________________ ___________________ Steven Andreasen, Lecturer Date Second Committee Member Signature of Second Committee Member, certifying successful completion of professional paper Table of Contents Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 3 Methodology .......................................................................................................................... 5 The Somali Clan System .......................................................................................................... 6 The Colonial Era ..................................................................................................................... 9 British Somaliland Protectorate ................................................................................................. 9 Somalia Italiana and the United Nations Trusteeship .............................................................. 14 Colonial
    [Show full text]