DOCSLIB.ORG

CNS Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord PNS Consists of Nerves CNS Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord PNS Consists of Nerves 1

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
CNS Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord PNS Consists of Nerves CNS Consists of Brain and Spinal Cord PNS Consists of Nerves 1 CNS consists of brain and spinal cord PNS consists of nerves 1 As with sensory input, motor output is organized in central nervous system Peripheral Nervous system divides efferent signals somatotopically Signals to skeletal muscles (including those transmitting voluntary movements) originate and are carried in SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Signals to other effector cells and organs - viscera, smooth and cardiac muscle-containing structures, glands – originate and are carried in AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM Adult brain regions 1. Cerebral hemispheres 2. Diencephalon 3. Brain stem (midbrain, pons, and medulla) 4. Cerebellum areas of gray matter (cell bodies) in brain organized in the cerebral hemispheres and cerebellum Outer gray matter called cortex 4 Main aspects of gyral patterns similar from person to person Central sulcus identifiable 5 Precentral gyrus – frontal continuation goes towards the front. Note left right asymmetry 6 Five lobes Frontal Parietal Temporal Occipital Insula Cortical areas functionally distinct. Motor areas in frontal lobe – most posterior aspect – near primary sensory cortex. 8 Obvious difference between motor and sensory cortex across central sulcus 9 (Korbinian) Brodmann’s areas based on location and cytoarchitecture. Intuition that different cell arrangements had different functions turns out to have been correct 10 The basal ganglia are subcortical nuclei Caudate nucleus Putamen Globus pallidus Caudate nucleus + putamen = striatum Associated with subthalamic nuclei (diencephalon) and substantia nigra (midbrain) Caudate and putamen not completely separate – actually single nucleus with fibers from cortex passing through 12 Internal capsule is bunched up corona radiata 13 Corona radiate are axons to and from cortex to lower areas Association fibers are axons between areas of the same cortical hemisphere Commisural fibers are axons between areas of the two different hemispheres Internal capsules are axon bundles between cortex, basal ganglia, thalamus, brainstem and spinal cord Functions thought to be Influence muscle movements Role in cognition and emotion Regulate intensity of slow or stereotyped movements Filter out incorrect/inappropriate responses Inhibit antagonistic/unnecessary movements 16 Direct circuitry is cortex to putamen to globus pallidus (interna) to thalamus to cortex – inhibition of inhibition of excitation leads to enhanced thalamic drive of cortical activity (excitatory) Indirect circuitry is cortex to putamen to globus pallidus (externa) to subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus (interna) to thalamus to cortex - inhibition of inhibition of excitation of inhibition of excitation leads to reduced thalamic stimulation of cortex (inhibitory). 17 Corona radiate (internal capsule) include axons PROJECTING to other parts of nervous system – corticopontine, corticobulbar, corticospinal tracts Three paired structures Thalamus Hypothalamus Epithalamus Encloses third ventricle 19 Thalamus (singular) main sensory path to cortex (third order neurons) Major component of motor circuitry 20 [Repeat of slide 17] Direct circuitry is cortex to putamen to globus pallidus (interna) to thalamus to cortex – inhibition of inhibition of excitation leads to enhanced thalamic drive of cortical activity (excitatory) Indirect circuitry is cortex to putamen to globus pallidus (externa) to subthalamic nucleus to globus pallidus (interna) to thalamus to cortex - inhibition of inhibition of excitation of inhibition of excitation leads to reduced thalamic stimulation of cortex (inhibitory). 21 Controls autonomic nervous system (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size) Physical responses to emotions (limbic system) Perception of pleasure, fear, and rage Biological rhythms and drives - Suprachiasmatic nucleus (biological clock) Regulates body temperature – sweating/shivering Regulates hunger and satiety in response to nutrient blood levels or hormones Regulates water balance and thirst Regulates sleep-wake cycles Suprachiasmatic nucleus (biological clock) Controls endocrine system Controls secretions of anterior pituitary gland Produces posterior pituitary hormones Controls autonomic nervous system (e.g., blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract motility, pupil size) Corpora quadrigemina— dorsal protrusions Superior colliculi—visual reflex centers Inferior colliculi—auditory relay centers Substantia nigra—functionally linked to basal nuclei Red nucleus—relay nuclei for some descending motor pathways; part of reticular formation 11% of brain mass Dorsal to pons and medulla Input from cortex, brain stem and sensory receptors Allows smooth, coordinated movements Each hemisphere has three lobes Anterior, posterior, and flocculonodular Arbor vitae—treelike pattern of cerebellar white matter Cerebellar hemispheres connected by vermis Folia—transversely oriented gyri All fibers in cerebellum are ipsilateral Three paired fiber tracts connect cerebellum to brain stem Superior cerebellar peduncles connect cerebellum to midbrain Middle cerebellar peduncles connect pons to cerebellum Inferior cerebellar peduncles connect medulla to cerebellum Cerebellum receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction Signals from proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously "inform" cerebellum of body's position and momentum Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate muscle contraction "Blueprint" of coordinated movement sent to cerebral motor cortex and brain stem nuclei 30 Cerebellum receives impulses from cerebral cortex of intent to initiate voluntary muscle contraction Signals from proprioceptors and visual and equilibrium pathways continuously "inform" cerebellum of body's position and momentum Cerebellar cortex calculates the best way to smoothly coordinate muscle contraction "Blueprint" of coordinated movement sent to cerebral motor cortex and brain stem nuclei Role in thinking, language, and emotion May compare actual with expected output and adjust accordingly 31 Motor pathways (somatic and autonomic) with nuclei embedded in white matter Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival Contains fiber tracts connecting higher and lower neural centers Nuclei associated with 10 of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves 32 Deliver efferent impulses from brain to spinal cord Two groups Direct pathways—pyramidal tracts Indirect pathways—all others 33 Motor pathways involve two neurons: Upper motor neurons Pyramidal cells in primary motor cortex – yellow in picture Lower motor neurons Ventral horn motor neurons – blue in picture Innervate skeletal muscles 34 Impulses from pyramidal neurons in precentral gyri pass through pyramidal (corticospinal)l tracts Descend without synapsing 35 Axons synapse with interneurons or ventral horn motor neurons Direct pathway regulates fast and fine (skilled) movements 36 Complex and multisynaptic Includes brain stem motor nuclei, and all motor pathways except pyramidal pathways 37 These pathways regulate Axial muscles maintaining balance and posture Muscles controlling coarse limb movements Head, neck, and eye movements that follow objects in visual field 38 Reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts—maintain balance Rubrospinal tracts—control flexor muscles Superior colliculi and tectospinal tracts mediate head movements in response to visual stimuli 39 40 41 42 Cerebellum and basal nuclei are ultimate planners and coordinators of complex motor activities Complex motor behavior depends on complex patterns of control Segmental level Projection level Precommand level 43 Precommand Level Neurons in cerebellum and basal nuclei Regulate motor activity - Precisely start or stop movements - Coordinate movements with posture Block unwanted movements - Monitor muscle tone Perform unconscious planning and discharge in advance of willed movements Cerebellum - acts on motor pathways through projection areas of brain stem - acts on motor cortex via thalamus to fine-tune motor activity Basal nuclei - inhibit various motor centers under resting conditions 44 Projection Level consists of Upper motor neurons that initiate direct (pyramidal) system to produce voluntary skeletal muscle movements Brain stem motor areas that oversee indirect (extrapyramidal) system to control reflex and CPG-controlled motor actions Projection motor pathways send information to lower motor neurons, and keep higher command levels informed of what is happening 45 Segmental level Lowest level of motor hierarchy Reflexes and automatic movements Central pattern generators (CPGs): segmental circuits that activate networks of ventral horn neurons to stimulate specific groups of muscles Controls locomotion and specific, oft-repeated motor activity 46 Components of a reflex arc (neural path) 1. Receptor—site of stimulus action 2. Sensory neuron—transmits afferent impulses to CNS 3. Integration center—either monosynaptic or polysynaptic region within CNS 4. Motor neuron—conducts efferent impulses from integration center to effector organ 5. Effector—muscle fiber or gland cell that responds to efferent impulses by contracting or secreting 47 Inborn (intrinsic) reflex - rapid, involuntary, predictable motor response to stimulus Example – maintain posture, control visceral activities Can be modified by learning and conscious effort Learned (acquired) reflexes result from practice or repetition, Example – driving skills 48 Visceral reflex arcs have same components as somatic reflex arcs But visceral reflex arc has two
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Post-Stroke Movement Disorders: Report of 56 Patients F Alarco´N, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜As, N Cevallos
    1568 J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 on 15 October 2004. Downloaded from PAPER Post-stroke movement disorders: report of 56 patients F Alarco´n, J C M Zijlmans, G Duen˜as, N Cevallos ............................................................................................................................... J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2004;75:1568–1574. doi: 10.1136/jnnp.2003.011874 Background: Although movement disorders that occur following a stroke have long been recognised in short series of patients, their frequency and clinical and imaging features have not been reported in large series of patients with stroke. Methods: We reviewed consecutive patients with involuntary abnormal movements (IAMs) following a stroke who were included in the Eugenio Espejo Hospital Stroke Registry and they were followed up for at least one year after the onset of the IAM. We determined the clinical features, topographical correlations, See end of article for authors’ affiliations and pathophysiological implications of the IAMs. ....................... Results: Of 1500 patients with stroke 56 developed movement disorders up to one year after the stroke. Patients with chorea were older and the patients with dystonia were younger than the patients with other Correspondence to: Dr. F Alarco´n, Department IAMs. In patients with isolated vascular lesions without IAMs, surface lesions prevailed but patients with of Neurology, Eugenio deep vascular lesions showed a higher probability of developing abnormal movements. One year after Espejo Hospital, P.O. Box onset of the IAMs, 12 patients (21.4%) completely improved their abnormal movements, 38 patients 17-07-9515, Quito, Ecuador, South America; (67.8%) partially improved, four did not improve (7.1%), and two patients with chorea died.
    [Show full text]
  • Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: a Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy
    691 Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Multiple Sclerosis: A Study of Pulse-Technique Efficacy Val M. Runge1 Forty-two patients with the clinical diagnosis of multiple sclerosis were examined by Ann C. Price1 proton magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at 0.5 T. An extensive protocol was used to Howard S. Kirshner2 facilitate a comparison of the efficacy of different pulse techniques. Results were also Joseph H. Allen 1 compared in 39 cases with high-resolution x-ray computed tomography (CT). MRI revealed characteristic abnormalities in each case, whereas CT was positive in only 15 C. Leon Partain 1 of 33 patients. Milder grades 1 and 2 disease were usually undetected by CT, and in all A. Everette James, Jr.1 cases, the abnormalities noted on MRI were much more extensive than on CT. Cerebral abnormalities were best shown with the T2-weighted spin-echo sequence (TE/TR = 120/1000); brainstem lesions were best defined on the inversion-recovery sequence (TE/TI/TR =30/400/1250). Increasing TE to 120 msec and TR to 2000 msec heightened the contrast between normal and abnormal white matter. However, the signal intensity of cerebrospinal fluid with this pulse technique obscured some abnormalities. The diagnosis of multiple sclerosis continues to be a clinical challenge [1,2). The lack of an objective means of assessment further complicates the evaluation of treatment regimens. Evoked potentials, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis , and computed tomography (CT) are currently used for diagnosis, but all lack sensitivity and/or specificity. Furthermore, postmortem examinations demonstrate many more lesions than those suggested by clinical means [3).
    [Show full text]
  • University of Florida Thesis Or Dissertation Formatting
    THE NEURAL CIRCUITRY OF RESTRICTED REPETITIVE BEHAVIOR By BRADLEY JAMES WILKES A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2018 © 2018 Bradley James Wilkes To my father, Wade Wilkes, for his lifelong support, love, and encouragement ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported by funding from the Dissertation Research Award from the American Psychological Assocation, the Pilot Project Award (Non-Patient Oriented Clinical/Translational Research) from the Clinical and Translational Science Institute at the University of Florida, the Robert A. and Phyllis Levitt Award, the Gerber Behavioral and Cognitive Neuroscience Psychology Research Award, and the Jacquelin Goldman Scholarship in Developmental Psychology. I would especially like to thank Drs. Mark Lewis, Marcelo Febo, David Vaillancourt, Luis Colon-Perez, Darragh Devine, Timothy Vollmer, and Michael King for their support and guidance. 4 TABLE OF CONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................. 4 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................ 7 LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... 8 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ........................................................................................... 10 ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Patients with Stroke Confined to Basal Ganglia Have Diminished Response to Rehabilitation Efforts
    Patients with stroke confined to basal ganglia have diminished response to rehabilitation efforts Ichiro Miyai, MD, PhD; Alan D. Blau, PhD; Michael J. Reding, MD; and Bruce T. Volpe, MD Article abstract-Prediction of the functional outcome for patients with stroke has depended on the severity of impair- ment, location of brain injury, age, and general medical condition. This study compared admission and discharge func- tional outcome (Functional Independence Measure, FIM) and deficit severity (Fugl-Meyer, F-M) scores in a retrospective study of patients with similar neurologic impairments: homonymous hemianopia, hemisensory loss, and hemiparesis. CT-verified stroke location was the independent variable: cortical (n = ll),basal ganglia and internal capsule (normal cortex and thalamus, n = 131, or combined (cortical, basal ganglia, and internal capsule, n = 22). By 3 months on average after stroke, all groups demonstrated significantly improved motor function as measured by F-M scores. Patients with cortical lesions had the least CT-imaged damage and the best outcome. Patients with combined lesions and more extensive brain injury had significantly higher FIM scores (p< 0.05) than patients with injury restricted to the basal ganglid internal capsule. Patients with basal ganglidinternal capsule injury were more likely to have hypotonia, flaccid paralysis, and persistently impaired balance and ambulation performance. While all patients had a comparable rehabilitation experience, these results suggest that patients with stroke confined to the basal ganglia and internal capsule benefited less from therapy. Isolated basal ganglia stroke may cause persistent corticothalamic-basal ganglia interactions that are dysfunctional and impede recovery. NEUROLOGY 1997;48:95-101 In several studies rehabilitative intervention has im- matter, but not the basal ganglia, corona radiata, or inter- proved the functional outcome of patients with nal capsule.
    [Show full text]
  • Journal of Anatomy
    JOURNAL OF ANATOMY A CONTRIBUTION TO THE MORPHOLOGY OF THE CORPUS STRIATUM BY RAYMOND A. DART, Demonstrator of Anatomy, University College, London INTRODUCTION Fou a recapitulation of the essential features in the divergent conclusions of investigators who have studied this problem, we are indebted to the recent paper by Elliot Smith ('20) in which he pointed out the nature of the corpus striatum in Sphenodon, and indicated the morphological relationships of its several parts. For some time past I have been studying a series of sections of the brain of the highly specialised Marsupial Mole, Notoryctes typhlops, which was very kindly placed at my disposal by Prof. Elliot Smith. As might be anticipated, in this creature devoid of any visual apparatus, the olfactory and closely associated striatal areas play a dominant role in its cerebral constitution-features already described by Elliot Smith in his communication to the Royal Society of South Australia ('95). In attempting to elucidate the significance of these structures I have investigated more primitive forms in the biological series; and I have to acknowledge the generosity of Professors A. Dendy of King's College and J. P. Hill of University College for the free access to their important collections, which has made possible an extensive comparative study. It is primarily for the purpose of abbreviating the account of the brain of Notoryctes that this preliminary note upon the striatal region is submitted; but the problem of the evolution of the corpus striatum is sufficiently important to call for this separate treatment. - If a transverse section of the brain of Notoryctes be studied in the region of the anterior commissure and foramen of Monro (e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • INTERNAL CAPSULE • Projection Fibres- Internal Capsule
    INTERNAL CAPSULE • Projection fibres- Internal capsule r ~OnQih..!1c:lll i~J ~asd · I.JS OOi 1n1ssur DEFINITION Rostrum ol co,pi.c:; • Projection fibres c.allosum (white matter) between nucleus • caudate nucleus and /---~.__~---- :r~~l thalamus medially capS,Jle Pos1enu1 1111-0 of 1mema1 • lentiform nucleus capsule Thalamus laterally Actf'CNeflocular part of internal capsule 10.24 Horizontal sec11u11 01 lilt cerebral hemisphere st10win9 the Ooc1pr1~• p<Jlt!' - nl lhti rnla o-n~I r~n-e-11l it • Internal Capsule- A compact bundle of fibres through which the large collections of fibres pass, including- • Thalamocortical fibres • Corticothalamic fibres • Corticopontine fibres • Corticobulbar fibres • Corticospinal fibres • The fibres project from the cerebral cortex to the various nuclei of the extrapyramidal system (e.g., the putamen and caudate nucleus). • It is a continuous sheet of fibres that forms the medial boundary of the lenticular nucleus. • It continues around posteriorly and inferiorly to partially envelop this nucleus. • Inferiorly, many of the fibres of the internal capsule funnel into the cerebral peduncles. • Superiorly, the fibres fan out into the corona radiata. • Here, they travel in the cerebral white matter to reach their cortical origins or destinations. The internal capsule is divided into 5 regions: • The anterior limb is the portion between the lenticular nucleus and the head of the caudate nucleus; • The posterior limb is the portion between the lenticular nucleus and the thalamus; • The genu is the portion at the junction of the above 2 parts and is adjacent to the interventricular foramen; • The retrolenticular part is the portion posterior to the lenticular nucleus; • The sublenticular part is the portion inferior to the lenticular nucleus.
    [Show full text]
  • White Matter Anatomy: What the Radiologist Needs to Know
    White Matter Anatomy What the Radiologist Needs to Know Victor Wycoco, MBBS, FRANZCRa, Manohar Shroff, MD, DABR, FRCPCa,*, Sniya Sudhakar, MBBS, DNB, MDb, Wayne Lee, MSca KEYWORDS Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) White matter tracts Projection fibers Association Fibers Commissural fibers KEY POINTS Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) has emerged as an excellent tool for in vivo demonstration of white matter microstructure and has revolutionized our understanding of the same. Information on normal connectivity and relations of different white matter networks and their role in different disease conditions is still evolving. Evidence is mounting on causal relations of abnormal white matter microstructure and connectivity in a wide range of pediatric neurocognitive and white matter diseases. Hence there is a pressing need for every neuroradiologist to acquire a strong basic knowledge of white matter anatomy and to make an effort to apply this knowledge in routine reporting. INTRODUCTION (Fig. 1). However, the use of specific DTI sequences provides far more detailed and clini- DTI has allowed in vivo demonstration of axonal cally useful information. architecture and connectivity. This technique has set the stage for numerous studies on normal and abnormal connectivity and their role in devel- DIFFUSION TENSOR IMAGING: THE BASICS opmental and acquired disorders. Referencing established white matter anatomy, DTI atlases, Using appropriate magnetic field gradients, and neuroanatomical descriptions, this article diffusion-weighted sequences can be used to summarizes the major white matter anatomy and detect the motion of the water molecules to and related structures relevant to the clinical neurora- from cells. This free movement of the water mole- diologist in daily practice.
    [Show full text]
  • TP 2 Cerveau Antérieur
    TP 2 Cerveau Antérieur Par les membres du neuroclub : Florian Ruiz Timothy Mathieson Louise Trottet Patrick Jarlborg Et Jozsef Kiss 1 TP 2: Cerveau antérieur Sommaire A) Organisation générale et embryologie B) Cortex cérébral C) Ventricules latéraux D) Substance blanche E) Noyaux gris centraux F) Diencéphale/Ventricule 3 Mode d’emploi des TP : - les TP de neuroanatomie vous permettent de visualiser les concepts appris lors de l’unité Perception, Emotions et Comportement sur des pièces anatomiques et des images radiologiques. - l’interactivité rend les TP moins longs et plus intéressants : participez! Manipulez les pièces, posez vos questions, participez aux dissections. - les guides-TP contiennent suffisamment d’information pour vous dispenser de prendre des notes pendant les TP s. Attention, ils ne sont pas exhaustifs ni exempts d’erreur! Gardez à l’esprit qu’à chaque étape de l’exploration du SNC vous devrez être capable de repérer les structures impliquées dans le contrôle moteur et la perception somatosensorielle. Les TP seront toujours complétés d’une présentation du Pr. Kiss et d’un autre intervenant (Radiologie) afin de montrer ce que nous ne pouvons pas illustrer à l’aide des préparations macroscopiques. Venez préparé à ces TP afin d’en tirer le plus grand bénéfice. Ne soyez cependant pas effrayés par la longueur des guides-TP, dont le rôle est plus d’aider à au suivi et à la bonne compréhension des TPs que d’être appris par cœur. D’autres ressources pour aider à l’apprentissage: - forums de l’unité PEC - moniteurs de neuroanatomie - livres de référence : Duus’ Topical Diagnosis in Neurology; Netter’s atlas of neuroscience - site du neuroclub, polycopié de vascularisation 2 A) ORGANISATION GENERALE ET EMBRYOLOGIE 1.
    [Show full text]
  • High Connectivity Between Reduced Cortical Thickness and Disrupted White Matter Tracts in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes Daniel T
    ORIGINAL ARTICLE High Connectivity Between Reduced Cortical Thickness and Disrupted White Matter Tracts in Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes Daniel T. Franc,1 Christopher T. Kodl,2 Bryon A. Mueller,3 Ryan L. Muetzel,3 Kelvin O. Lim,3 and Elizabeth R. Seaquist2 OBJECTIVE—Previous studies have observed disruptions in brain white and gray matter structure in individuals with type 1 diabetes, and these structural differences have been associated he effects of type 1 diabetes on the central with neurocognitive testing deficiencies. This study investigated nervous system have only recently begun to be the relationship between cerebral cortical thickness reductions identified. A wide range of cognitive deficits have and white matter microstructural integrity loss in a group of Tbeen reported, including reduced performance patients with type 1 diabetes and in healthy control subjects on tests that measure working memory, learning, atten- using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI). tion, information processing speed, and visual-spatial RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twenty-five subjects memory (1). Neurofunctional changes such as deficits in with type 1 diabetes for at least 15 years and 25 age- and electroencephalography (2) and visually evoked potentials sex-matched control subjects underwent structural T1 and pro- (3) have also been found. In addition, patients with type 1 ton-density and DTI on a 3.0 Tesla scanner. Fractional anisotropy diabetes have been found to have structural differences in measurements were made on major cerebral white matter tracts, both white (4–6) and gray matter (7,8). Mild ventricular and DTI tractography was performed to identify cortical regions atrophy has also been observed (9,10).
    [Show full text]
  • The Dopaminergic Innervation of the Brain Stem and Spinal Cord
    The Dopaminergic Innervation Of The Brain Stem And Spinal Cord An Anatomical Study On The Distribution Of The Neurotransmitter Dopamine And Its D2 Receptor. This study was carried out at the Department of Anatomy of the Erasmus University of Rotterdam, The Netherlands (Head Prof. Dr. J. Voogd). Financial support by NEN-Dupont for the publication of this thesis is gratefully acknowledged. The Dopaminergic Innervation Of The Brain Stem And Spinal Cord An Anatomical Study On The Distribution Of The Neurotransmitter Dopamine And Its D2 Receptor De dopaminerge innervatie van de hersenstam en ruggenmerg Een anatomische studie naar de verdeling van de neurotransmitter dopamine en zijn D2 receptor PROEFSCHRIFf ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus Prof. Dr. P.W.c. Akkermans MA en volgens besluit van het College voor Promoties. De openbare verdediging zal plaatsvinden op donderdag 8 juni 2000 om 13.30 UUf. door Hendrik van Dijken geboren te Emmen Promotiecommissie Promotor Prof. Dr. J. Voogd Overige leden Dr. J.C. Holstege (tevens co-promotor) Prof. Dr. P.G.M. Luiten Dr.P. Voom Prof. Dr. c,r. de Zeeuw Contents Chapter I General Introduction 7 Anatomy of the spinal cord and brain stem 9 Anatomy of the spinal cord 9 Anatomy of the brain stem 14 Chemical anatomy of the central nervous system 16 Monoaminergic transmitters and their receptors 17 Scope ofthe present study 22 Chapterll The Distribution Of Dopamine Immunoreactivity In The Rat, Cat And Monkey Spinal Cord 25 Chapter ill Localization Of Dopamine D2 Receptor In Rat Spinal Cord Identified With Immunocyto­ 47 chemistry And In Situ Hybridization Chapter IV The Distribution Of Dopamine Immunoreactive Fibers And Presumptive Terminals In The 57 Rat Brain Stem.
    [Show full text]
  • Cerebral Hemisphere
    Cerebral Hemisphere Derived from the embryological telencephalon Consists of : - Cerebral cortex (Layer of grey mater) highly convulated to form a complex pattern of ridges (gyri) and furrows (sulci) - Centrum semi ovale (Layer of white mater) - Basal ganglia (Nuclear masses which buried within the white matter) - Rhinencephalon • Internal capsule - Contains both ascending and descending axons • Lateral ventricle • Corpus striatum or basal ganglia caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus • Corpus callosum • Great Longitudinal fissure Corona Radiata • Fibres radiate in and out to produce a fan-like arrangement between internal capsule and cortical surface • Contains both descending and ascending axons that carry nearly all of the neural traffic from and to the cerebral cortex Corona Radiata Lobes of The Cerebral Hemisphere • Frontale lobe • Parietal lobe • Temporal lobe • Occipital lobe • Insular lobe • Limbic Cerebral Cortex Histological Structure Consist of : Archicortex and Paleocortex phylogenetically old parts of the cortex - hippocampus and other parts of the temporal lobe - Three-layered cytoarchitecture Neocortex - Six-layered cytoarchitecture Histological Structure of Cerebral Cortex • Molecular (plexiform) layer Few nerve cell bodies but many dendritic and axonal processes in synaptic interaction • OUTER granular layer Many small neurones, which establish intracortical connections • OUTER pyramidal cell layer Medium-sized neurones giving rise to association and commissural fibres • INNER granular layer The side of
    [Show full text]
  • 031609.Phitchcock.Ce
    Normal CNS, Special Senses, Head and Neck TOPIC: CEREBRAL HEMISPHERES FACULTY: P. Hitchcock, Ph.D. Department of Cell and Developmental Biology Kellogg Eye Center LECTURE: Wednesday, 16 March 2009, 1:00p.m. – 2:00p.m. READING: No assigned readings OBJECTIVES AND GOALS: From the reading and lecture the students should know: 1) the cellular anatomy of neocortex 2) the organization of a cortical column and its importance 3) locations of primary sensory cortices (auditory, visual, somaticsensory, olfactory, gustatory). 4) the laterality of sensory representations 5) the concept and importance of topographic organization 7) spatial and functional relations of association and primary cortices 8) how projection fibers, association fibers and commissural fibers relate to the cerebral cortex, corona radiata, corpus callosum and internal capsule 9) the location and function of the arcuate and superior longitudinal fasciculi. 10) Cerebral dominance of cortical functions SAMPLE EXAM QUESTION: Which of the following features is NOT characteristic of a typical primary sensory area in neocortex. A. Receives input from the dorsal thalamus B. Projects axons back to the dorsal thalamus C. Is topographically organized D. Contains 3 cellular layers Answer. D I. Introduction: This lecture will deal with the cerebral cortex and the sub-cortical white matter. The cerebral cortex is the site of the highest order sensory, motor and consciousness activities. Neocortex functions to: 1) integrate sensory information and generate sensory perceptions, 2) direct attention, 3) control eye movements (part of directing attention), 4) program and execute motor behaviors, 5) control behavior and motivation, 6) control both motor and perceptual aspects of language, and 7) encode memories.
    [Show full text]