Annotated Bibliography of Generative Grammar
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Chapter 3 Distributed Morphology and the Pieces of Inflection Morris Halle
Chapter 3 Distributed Morphology and Morris Halle and the Pieces of Inflection Alec Marantz 1 Morphology with or without Affixes The last few years have seen the emergence of several clearly articulated alternative approaches to morphology. One such approach rests on the notion that only stems of the so-called lexical categories (N, V, A) are morpheme "pieces" in the traditional sense—connections between (bun- dles of) meaning (features) and (bundles of) sound (features). What look like affixes on this view are merely the by-product of morphophonological rules called word formation rules (WFRs) that are sensitive to features associated with the lexical categories, called lexemes. Such an a-morphous or affixless theory, adumbrated by Beard (1966) and Aronoff (1976), has been articulated most notably by Anderson (1992) and in major new studies by Aronoff (1992) and Beard (1991). In contrast, Lieber (1992) has refined the traditional notion that affixes as well as lexical stems are "mor- pheme" pieces whose lexical entries relate phonological form with mean- ing and function. For Lieber and other "lexicalists" (see, e.g., Jensen 1990), the combining of lexical items creates the words that operate in the syntax. In this paper we describe and defend a third theory of morphol- ogy, Distributed Morphology,1 which combines features of the affixless and the lexicalist alternatives. With Anderson, Beard, and Aronoff, we endorse the separation of the terminal elements involved in the syntax from the phonological realization of these elements. With Lieber and the lexicalists, on the other hand, we take the phonological realization of the terminal elements in the syntax to be governed by lexical (Vocabulary) entries that relate bundles of morphosyntactic features to bundles of pho- nological features. -
The Check-List Halle's Condition 2 and the Form and Meaning Of
The check-list Halle’s Condition 2 and the form and meaning of phonological features Daniel Currie Hall Meertens Instituut University of Toronto Sixth North American Phonology Conference Concordia University, Montréal April 30–May 2, 2010 1 D. C. Hall: The check-list NAPhC 6 O: C 2 Halle (1959: 19) Condition (2): e phonetic properties in terms of which segments are characterized belong to a specific, narrowly restricted set of such properties called the distinctive features. All distinctive features are binary. In accepting Condition (2), one commits oneself to characterizing all segments in all languages in terms of a restricted check list of aributes like “nasality, voicing, palatalization, etc.”, with regard to which the only relevant question is “does the segment possess the particular aribute?” It follows, therefore, that differences between segments can be expressed only as differences in their feature composition and that consequently segments (even in different languages) can differ from each other only in a restricted number of ways. 2 D. C. Hall: The check-list NAPhC 6 O: C 2 In other words: 1. Segments are sets of features 2. Features are binary 3. Features are drawn from an innate universal set 4. Features have phonetic content These fundamental assumptions of SPR are all more or less controversial 51 years later. 3 D. C. Hall: The check-list NAPhC 6 1: S H ? One possibility: I Segments (or unsegmented uerances) are represented exactly as spoken/heard, in full phonetic detail. I This is the view of Exemplar Theory (e.g., Johnson 1996, 2007; Pierrehumbert 2001, 2002; Cole 2009). -
Prolegomena To, Prolegomena to a Theory of Wordformation. a Reply To
AMSTERDAM STUDIES IN THE THEORY AND HISTORY OF LINGUISTIC SCIENCE E. F. K. KOERNER, General Editor Series IV - CURRENT ISSUES IN LINGUISTIC THEORY Advisory Editorial Board Henning Andersen (Albany, N.Y.); Raimo Anttila (Los Angeles) Tomaz V. Gamkrelidze (Tiflis); Klaus J. Kohler (Kiel) J. Peter Mäher (Hamburg);Ernst Pulgram (Ann Arbor, Mich.) E. Wyn Roberts (Vancouver, B.C.); Danny Steinberg (Honolulu) Volume 1 E. F. K. Koerner, ed. The Transformational-Generative Paradigm and Modern Linguistic Theory THE TRANSFORMATIONAL-GENERATIVE PARADIGM AND MODERN LINGUISTIC THEORY edited by E. F. K. KOERNER with the assistance of JOHN ODMARK and J. HOWARD SHAW AMSTERDAM / JOHN BENJAMINS B.V. 1975 © Copyright 1975 - John Benjamins B.V. ISBN 90 272 0901 4/90 272 0902 2 No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by print, photoprint, microfilm or any other means, without written permission from the publisher. CONTENTS Preface v I. SYNTAX AND SEMANTICS Dwight Bolinger: Meaning and Form: Some fallacies of asemantic grammar 3 Adam Makkai: Stratificational Solutions to Unbridgeable Gaps in Transformational-Generative Grammar 37 Fred C. C. Peng: Non-Uniqueness in the Treatment of the Separabil- ity of Semantics and Syntax in Compound Expressions 87 II. PHONOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY Hsin-I Hsieh: How Generative is Phonology? (On listing phonolog- ical surface forms in the lexicon) 109 Michael Kenstowicz: Rute Application in Pre-Generative American Phonology 145 Leonhard Lipka: Prolegomena to "Prolegomena to a Theory of Word- Formation":, A reply to Morris Halle 175 Royal Skousen: On the Nature of Morphophonemic Alternation . .185 Danny D. Steinberg and Robert K. -
LSA Update #128: Laurels to Linguists; Career Planning Webinar; LG
LSA Update #128: Laurels to Linguists; Career Planning Webinar; LG... https://us10.campaign-archive.com/?e=[UNIQID]&u=001f7eb7302f6ad... Subscribe Past Issues Translate Laurels to Linguists, Career Webinar, LGBTQ+ Special Interest Group, View this email in your browser and More! News from the Linguistic Society of America Update #128 - April 17, 2018 In This Issue: Laurels to Linguists Laurels to Linguists Career Webinar The LSA is Special Interest Group delighted to CoLang News announce that a Committee Appointments SALT News number of its In Memoriam members have Deadlines/Reminders recently Linguistics in the News received major awards and honors. Lenore Facebo Twitte Grenoble (University of Chicago), the LSA's Secretary-Treasurer, and Charles Yang (University of Pennsylvania), the recipient of Facebook Twitter the LSA's 2018 Leonard Bloomfield Book 1 of 5 4/16/2018, 3:22 PM LSA Update #128: Laurels to Linguists; Career Planning Webinar; LG... https://us10.campaign-archive.com/?e=[UNIQID]&u=001f7eb7302f6ad... Subscribe Past Issues Translate Award, both received fellowships from the John Follow the LSA on Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation. In addition, Marianne Mason (James Madison University) was Linked YouTu named a Fellow of the American Council of LinkedIn YouTube Learned Societies, and four LSA members -- Amy Fountain (University of Arizona), Jonathan Bobaljik (University of Connecticut), Shannon Bischoff (Indiana University-Purdue University Fort Wayne) and Patience Epps (University of Texas at Austin) -- received research grants from the National Endowment for the Humanities. Read more about the Guggenheim awardees here and about the ACLS and NEH awardees here. Moving Beyond Academia: Making A Smooth Career Transition Are you unsure about your next career move? Do you feel like everyone else has it figured out? Join us on April 25 for the latest in a series of webinars on career topics sponsored by the LSA's Special Interest Group (SIG) on Linguistics Beyond Academia. -
Introduction to Transformational Grammar
Introduction to Transformational Grammar Kyle Johnson University of Massachusetts at Amherst Fall 2004 Contents Preface iii 1 The Subject Matter 1 1.1 Linguisticsaslearningtheory . 1 1.2 The evidential basis of syntactic theory . 7 2 Phrase Structure 15 2.1 SubstitutionClasses............................. 16 2.2 Phrases .................................... 20 2.3 Xphrases................................... 29 2.4 ArgumentsandModifiers ......................... 41 3 Positioning Arguments 57 3.1 Expletives and the Extended Projection Principle . ..... 58 3.2 Case Theory and ordering complements . 61 3.3 Small Clauses and the Derived Subjects Hypothesis . ... 68 3.4 PROandControlInfinitives . .. .. .. .. .. .. 79 3.5 Evidence for Argument Movement from Quantifier Float . 83 3.6 Towards a typology of infinitive types . 92 3.7 Constraints on Argument Movement and the typology of verbs . 97 4 Verb Movement 105 4.1 The “Classic” Verb Movement account . 106 4.2 Head Movement’s role in “Verb Second” word order . 115 4.3 The Pollockian revolution: exploded IPs . 123 4.4 Features and covert movement . 136 5 Determiner Phrases and Noun Movement 149 5.1 TheDPHypothesis ............................. 151 5.2 NounMovement............................... 155 Contents 6 Complement Structure 179 6.1 Nouns and the θ-rolestheyassign .................... 180 6.2 Double Object constructions and Larsonian shells . 195 6.3 Complement structure and Object Shift . 207 7 Subjects and Complex Predicates 229 7.1 Gettingintotherightposition . 229 7.2 SubjectArguments ............................. 233 7.2.1 ArgumentStructure ........................ 235 7.2.2 The syntactic benefits of ν .................... 245 7.3 The relative positions of µP and νP: Evidence from ‘again’ . 246 7.4 The Minimal Link Condition and Romance causatives . 254 7.5 RemainingProblems ............................ 271 7.5.1 The main verb in English is too high . -
LSA Update #197: #LSA2021, Awards, Publications, and More!
LSA Update #197: #LSA2021, Awards, Publications, and More! https://us10.campaign-archive.com/?e=[UNIQID]&u=001f7eb7302f6ad... Subscribe Past Issues Translate Get ready for #LSA2021! View this email in your browser LSA Update News from the Linguistic Society of America Update #197 - December 28, 2020 In This Issue: Support Linguistics Scholarship Donate Today with a Year-End Donation to the #LSA2021 LSA Language Online Publications News As 2020 draws to a close, Awards and Honors Major Gift please consider a charitable Webinars donation to one of the LSA's In Case You Missed It contribution funds. Read Linguistics in the News more about how to donate, and how a special provision of the US CARES Act allows donors to deduct charitable contributions from your federal income taxes. Donations to the LSA general fund are particularly helpful in sustaining the LSA's core mission. You can also Facebook Twitter support the LSA while shopping online, now and at any time of the year. Follow the LSA on social media! LinkedIn YouTube Get ready for #LSA2021 The LSA's first-ever virtual Annual Meeting is 1 of 4 12/28/2020, 4:58 PM LSA Update #197: #LSA2021, Awards, Publications, and More! https://us10.campaign-archive.com/?e=[UNIQID]&u=001f7eb7302f6ad... Subscribe Past Issues Translate edge research, professional development events, and student-centered activities you've come to expect, all at a fraction of the usual cost! Click here for more information about the meeting, including registration, an online schedule, and abstracts, and click here for a news release (.pdf) about the meeting. -
Generative Linguistics Within the Cognitive Neuroscience of Language Alec Marantz
Generative linguistics within the cognitive neuroscience of language Alec Marantz Department of Linguistics and Philosophy, MIT Standard practice in linguistics often obscures the connection between theory and data, leading some to the conclusion that generative linguistics could not serve as the basis for a cognitive neuroscience of language. Here the foundations and methodology of generative grammar are clarified with the goal of explaining how generative theory already functions as a reasonable source of hypotheses about the representation and computation of language in the mind and brain. The claims of generative theory, as exemplified, e.g., within Chomsky’s (2000) Minimalist Program, are contrasted with those of theories endorsing parallel architectures with independent systems of generative phonology, syntax and semantics. The single generative engine within Minimalist approaches rejects dual routes to linguistic representations, including possible extra-syntactic strategies for semantic structure-building. Clarification of the implications of this property of generative theory undermines the foundations of an autonomous psycholinguistics, as established in the 1970’s, and brings linguistic theory back to the center of a unified cognitive neuroscience of language. 2 1. The place of linguistics* The first decade of the 21st century should be a golden era for the cognitive neuroscience of language. Fifty years of contemporary linguistic analysis of language can be coupled with a wide range of brain imaging and brain monitoring machines to test hypotheses and refine theory and understanding. However, there is still a gulf between mainstream linguistics within the generative linguistic tradition and most of those engaged in experimental cognitive neuroscience research. Some have argued that the fault here lies with the linguists, whose generative theories are based in principle on separating the study of linguistic representations from research on the acquisition and use of language in the minds and brains of speakers. -
Morris Halle (1923-2018)
Morris Halle (1923-2018) Paul Kiparsky Stanford University In 1940 Morris Halle, 17 years old, managed to emigrate in the nick of time with his parents from his native Latvia to the United States. After two years of engineering study in City College, New York, he was drafted into the U.S. Army and sent to Europe, where he ended up participating in the liberation of Paris. Discharged in 1946, he began to study Slavic and general linguistics, first at the University of Chicago, and then at Columbia University with Roman Jakobson, whom he followed to Harvard in 1949. In 1951 he was hired at MIT to teach Russian and German in the department of Modern Languages, and to work on phonetics in the Research Laboratory of Electronics (RLE), the peacetime incarnation of the Radiation Laboratory where much of the early work on radar had been done. Shabbily housed in the legendary Building 20, where it would later be joined by the Linguistics Department, RLE was a rich intellectual environment that reflected the scientific ferment of the postwar era, with electrical engineers, mathematicians, biologists, psychologists, as well as researchers on language engaged in a variety of projects on machine translation, acoustics, and speech communication. During this decade Halle steadily built up MIT’s linguistics course repertoire and piloted it into a full-fledged Ph.D. program, adroitly maneuvering in MIT’s intricate archipelago of departments and research laboratories. In 1953 he introduced a graduate course on “Hearing, Speech and Lan- guage” co-taught with Walter Rosenblith, a specialist in the electrophysiology of hearing, which was offered jointly by the Electrical Engineering Department and the Modern Language Depart- ment. -
Universal Grammar Is Dead 7
BEHAVIORAL AND BRAIN SCIENCES (2009) 32, 429–492 doi:10.1017/S0140525X0999094X The myth of language universals: Language diversity and its importance for cognitive science Nicholas Evans Department of Linguistics, Research School of Asian and Pacific Studies, Australian National University, ACT 0200, Australia [email protected] http://rspas.anu.edu.au/people/personal/evann_ling.php Stephen C. Levinson Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Wundtlaan 1, NL-6525 XD Nijmegen, The Netherlands; and Radboud University, Department of Linguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands [email protected] http://www.mpi.nl/Members/StephenLevinson Abstract: Talk of linguistic universals has given cognitive scientists the impression that languages are all built to a common pattern. In fact, there are vanishingly few universals of language in the direct sense that all languages exhibit them. Instead, diversity can be found at almost every level of linguistic organization. This fundamentally changes the object of enquiry from a cognitive science perspective. This target article summarizes decades of cross-linguistic work by typologists and descriptive linguists, showing just how few and unprofound the universal characteristics of language are, once we honestly confront the diversity offered to us by the world’s 6,000 to 8,000 languages. After surveying the various uses of “universal,” we illustrate the ways languages vary radically in sound, meaning, and syntactic organization, and then we examine in more detail the core grammatical machinery of recursion, constituency, and grammatical relations. Although there are significant recurrent patterns in organization, these are better explained as stable engineering solutions satisfying multiple design constraints, reflecting both cultural-historical factors and the constraints of human cognition. -
Phonology in Generative Grammar
WORD ISSN: 0043-7956 (Print) 2373-5112 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/rwrd20 Phonology in Generative Grammar Morris Halle To cite this article: Morris Halle (1962) Phonology in Generative Grammar, WORD, 18:1-3, 54-72, DOI: 10.1080/00437956.1962.11659765 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/00437956.1962.11659765 Published online: 04 Dec 2015. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 1365 View related articles Citing articles: 182 View citing articles Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=rwrd20 MORRIS HALLE------------------------- Phonology in Generative Grammar* A generative grammar is formally a collection of statements, rules or axioms which describe, define or generate all well-formed utterances in a language and only those. The theory of generative grammars consists of a set of abstract conditions which determine the form of the statements admitted in such grammars and which govern the choice among alternative descriptions of a given body of data.l In the part of the grammar that is of interest here, all statements are of the form (1a) A-4B in the environment X __Y z where A, B, X, Y, Z are symbols of a particular alphabet or zero, and"~" can be read "is to be rewritten as". The statements are, moreover, subject to a special notational convention which allows us to coalesce partly identical statements by factoring the parts that are identical. For instance, (la) and (1b) C-+D in the environment X__ y z can be coalesced into A-4B}. -
Roman Jakobson on Language by Linda R. Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston Review By: Morris Halle Source: Language, Vol
Linguistic Society of America Review Reviewed Work(s): Roman Jakobson on Language by Linda R. Waugh and Monique Monville-Burston Review by: Morris Halle Source: Language, Vol. 68, No. 1 (Mar., 1992), pp. 182-186 Published by: Linguistic Society of America Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/416378 Accessed: 09-07-2018 13:32 UTC JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at http://about.jstor.org/terms Linguistic Society of America is collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to Language This content downloaded from 18.40.21.93 on Mon, 09 Jul 2018 13:32:05 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 182 LANGUAGE, VOLUME 68, NUMBER 1 (1992) and Peter Muhlhausler (Pacific Linguistics C-70), 443-83. Canberra: Australian National University. -- . 1986. Pidgin and creole languages. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. SINGLER, JOHN VICTOR. 1986. Short note. Journal of Pidgin and Creole Languages 1.141- 45. TODD, LORETO. 1974. Pidgins and creoles. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Department of Linguistics [Received 2 August 1991.] New York University 719 Broadway, Room 502 New York, New York 10003 Roman Jakobson on language. Edited by LINDA R. WAUGH and MONIQUE MONVILLE-BURSTON. Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1990. -
GRAMMATICALITY and UNGRAMMATICALITY of TRANSFORMATIVE GENERATIVE GRAMMAR : a STUDY of SYNTAX Oleh Nuryadi Dosen Program Studi Sa
GRAMMATICALITY AND UNGRAMMATICALITY OF TRANSFORMATIVE GENERATIVE GRAMMAR : A STUDY OF SYNTAX Oleh Nuryadi Dosen Program Studi Sastra Inggris Fakultas Komunikasi, Sastra dan Bahasa Universitas Islam “45” Bekasi Abstrak Tulisan ini membahas gramatika dan kaidah-kaidah yang menentukan struktur kalimat menurut tatabahasa transformasi generatif. Linguis transformasi generatif menggunakan istilah gramatika dalam pengertian yang lebih luas. Pada periode sebelumnya, gramatika dibagi menjadi morfologi dan sintaksis yang terpisah dari fonologi. Namun linguis transformasi generatif menggunakan pengertian gramatika yang mencakup fonologi. Kalimat atau ujaran yang memenuhi kaidah-kaidah gramatika disebut gramatikal, sedangkan yang berhubungan dengan gramatikal disebut kegramatikalan. Kegramatikalan adalah gambaran susunan kata-kata yang tersusun apik (well-formed) sesuai dengan kaidah sintaksis. Kalimat atau ujaran yang tidak tersusun secara well-formed disebut camping atau ill-formed. Gramatika mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis penggalan-penggalan ujaran serta mengelompokkan dan mengklasifikasikan elemen-elemen dari penggalan-penggalan tersebut. Dari pengelompokan tersebut dapat dijelaskan kalimat yang ambigu, dan diperoleh pengelompokkan kata atau frase yang disebut kategori sintaksis. Kegramatikalan tidak tergantung pada apakah kalimat atau ujaran itu pernah didengar atau dibaca sebelumnya. Kegramatikalan juga tidak tergantung apakah kalimat itu benar atau tidak. Yang terakhir kegramatikalan juga tidak tergantung pada apakah kalimat itu penuh arti