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French Alps & the Jura
© Lonely Planet 238 A R JU E H T & S P L French Alps & the Jura NCH A RE HIGHLIGHTS F Conquering the Alpe d’Huez (p261) Teetering on the edge of the Gorges da la Bourne (p242) Slowly approaching the hilltop, medieval-fortified village of Nozeroy (p255) Conquering the highest pedalled pass – Col du Galibier 2645m (p241) TERRAIN Extremely mountainous in the Alps, and mainly rolling hills in the Jura with some real lung-crushers from time to time. Telephone Code – 03 www.franche-comte.org www.rhonealpestourisme.com Awesome, inspiring, tranquil, serene – superlatives rarely do justice to the spectacular landscapes of the French Alps and the Jura. Soaring peaks tower above verdant, forested valleys, alive with wild flowers. Mountain streams rush down from dour massifs, carving out deep gorges on their way. Mont Blanc, Grandes Jorasses and Barre des Écrins for mountaineers. Val d’Isère, Chamonix and Les Trois Vallées for adrenaline junkies. Vanoise, Vercors and Jura for great outdoors fans. So many mythical names, so many expectations, and not a hint of flagging: the Alps’ pulling power has never been so strong. What is so enticing about the Alps and the Jura is their almost beguiling range of qualities: under Mont Blanc’s 4810m of raw wilderness lies the most spectacular outdoor playground for activities ranging from skiing to canyoning, but also a vast historical and architectural heritage, a unique place in French cuisine (cheese, more cheese!), and some very happening cities boasting world-class art. So much for the old cliché that you can’t have it all. -
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses
40 Common Minerals and Their Uses Aluminum Beryllium The most abundant metal element in Earth’s Used in the nuclear industry and to crust. Aluminum originates as an oxide called make light, very strong alloys used in the alumina. Bauxite ore is the main source aircraft industry. Beryllium salts are used of aluminum and must be imported from in fluorescent lamps, in X-ray tubes and as Jamaica, Guinea, Brazil, Guyana, etc. Used a deoxidizer in bronze metallurgy. Beryl is in transportation (automobiles), packaging, the gem stones emerald and aquamarine. It building/construction, electrical, machinery is used in computers, telecommunication and other uses. The U.S. was 100 percent products, aerospace and defense import reliant for its aluminum in 2012. applications, appliances and automotive and consumer electronics. Also used in medical Antimony equipment. The U.S. was 10 percent import A native element; antimony metal is reliant in 2012. extracted from stibnite ore and other minerals. Used as a hardening alloy for Chromite lead, especially storage batteries and cable The U.S. consumes about 6 percent of world sheaths; also used in bearing metal, type chromite ore production in various forms metal, solder, collapsible tubes and foil, sheet of imported materials, such as chromite ore, and pipes and semiconductor technology. chromite chemicals, chromium ferroalloys, Antimony is used as a flame retardant, in chromium metal and stainless steel. Used fireworks, and in antimony salts are used in as an alloy and in stainless and heat resisting the rubber, chemical and textile industries, steel products. Used in chemical and as well as medicine and glassmaking. -
A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India's Wall Paintings
heritage Review A Review on Historical Earth Pigments Used in India’s Wall Paintings Anjali Sharma 1 and Manager Rajdeo Singh 2,* 1 Department of Conservation, National Museum Institute, Janpath, New Delhi 110011, India; [email protected] 2 National Research Laboratory for the Conservation of Cultural Property, Aliganj, Lucknow 226024, India * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: Iron-containing earth minerals of various hues were the earliest pigments of the prehistoric artists who dwelled in caves. Being a prominent part of human expression through art, nature- derived pigments have been used in continuum through ages until now. Studies reveal that the primitive artist stored or used his pigments as color cakes made out of skin or reeds. Although records to help understand the technical details of Indian painting in the early periodare scanty, there is a certain amount of material from which some idea may be gained regarding the methods used by the artists to obtain their results. Considering Indian wall paintings, the most widely used earth pigments include red, yellow, and green ochres, making it fairly easy for the modern era scientific conservators and researchers to study them. The present knowledge on material sources given in the literature is limited and deficient as of now, hence the present work attempts to elucidate the range of earth pigments encountered in Indian wall paintings and the scientific studies and characterization by analytical techniques that form the knowledge background on the topic. Studies leadingto well-founded knowledge on pigments can contribute towards the safeguarding of Indian cultural heritage as well as spread awareness among conservators, restorers, and scholars. -
Prolific Pigmentfinal4.19.20 Copy
Proliic pigment Create your own unique color! Summary: Throughout history, people have used pigment to express them- selves. How do you make a pigment and what could you use it for? What kind of paint can you create using pigments found at home? Guiding Questions: What are pigments? Where do pigments come from? What could you use pigments for? Experience Goals: • Explore how pigments are made and used. • Make your own pigment and turn it into paint. Supplies: • Pigment Info Sheet • Fresh or Freeze-dried Blueberries (pigment material) • Water (binding material) • Coloring sheet (page 5) • Paintbrush and paint cup • Mortar and Pestle (or another grinding tool, like a bowl and large spoon) • A space you can get messy in! 1. Steps: 1. Explore Pigments a. Explore the Pigment Info Sheet to learn about pigment and how it is used. b. Think about what could create pigment in your home. Is there anything in your kitchen? How about colorful plants outside? c. We will use blueberries to make our color! You can ind the recipe in Step 3. What other colors could you create? What would you paint with them? 2. Make Your Pigment a. Gather your pigment material. Usually a pigment used in painting will be powdered, but can also be in juice form. Crushed up freeze dried fruits like blueberries make for an excellent pigment powder! b. Grind or mash up your pigment material. If using fresh blueberries, mash them then strain out the juice using a kitchen strainer. With frozen or freeze dried blueberries, use a mortar and pestle (or similar items like a bowl and large spoon) to grind them into a ine powder. -
Technological Features of the Chalcolithic Pottery from Târpești (Neamț County, Eastern Romania)
Mediterranean Archaeology and Archaeometry Vol. 19, No 3, (2019), pp. 93-104 Open Access. Online & Print. www.maajournal.com DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3541108 TECHNOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE CHALCOLITHIC POTTERY FROM TÂRPEȘTI (NEAMȚ COUNTY, EASTERN ROMANIA) Florica Mățău*1, Ovidiu Chișcan2, Mitică Pintilei3, Daniel Garvăn4, Alexandru Stancu2 1Interdisciplinary Research Institute, Science Department-ARHEOINVEST Platform, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Lascăr Catargi, no. 54, 700107, Iasi, Romania 2Faculty of Physics, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 3Department of Geology, Faculty of Geography and Geology, Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iasi, Carol I, no. 11, 700506, Iasi, Romania 4Buzău County Museum, Castanilor, no. 1, 120248, Buzău, Romania Received: 11/10/2019 Accepted: 14/11/2019 *Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT The technological parameters of representative pottery samples attributed to Precucuteni (5050-4600 cal BC) and Cucuteni (4600-3500 cal BC) cultures identified at Târpești (Neamț County, Eastern Romania) were determined using a complex archaeometric approach. The site is located in the north-eastern part of the present-day Romania occupying a small plateau situated in a hilly region. In order to evaluate the raw materials and the firing process we have used optical microscopy (OM), X-ray powder diffraction (XRPD) and magnetic measurements. Further on, the XRPD data were statistically treated using hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) taking into account position and peak intensity, the Euclidian distance as metric and the average linkage method as a linkage basis for gaining a more refined estimation of the mineralogical transformations induced by the firing process and for defining homogenous group of samples. -
Analysis of Pigments and Structural Materials on Roman Terracotta
ANALYSIS OF PIGMENTS AND STRUCTURAL MATERIALS ON ROMAN TERRACOTTA APPLICATION NOTE RAMAN-015 (US) Author: A.J.R.Bauer, Ph.D. Abstract This application note documents a pigment analysis on a decorative mirror plaque from late Roman times performed with a TSI ChemLogix EZRaman-NP. Sample Description The spectral and ID data in this application note is based on Raman analysis of the pigments in a sample of Roman pottery, 100 to 300 AD, found in Jerusalem. It is in the collection of an anonymous private collector. The terracotta disk has been decorated with a sun design Figure 1. Roman terracotta piece, likely and has a central circular hole that is partially occupied by a an architectural mirror. fragment of glass. It is unclear whether the odd shape of the glass is original or reflects a breakage or loss (presumably in antiquity). The interior circle nearest the glass insert has a raised rim. Around the interior edge (over the glass), there is a layer of white material, possibly plaster. It is unclear whether this is original. Around the interior circle are molded triangles with dots at the peaks that create a sunburst design. These are painted red and in between each are a black dot and a red stripe. The outside edge is slightly irregular as is the essentially flat back. The back has fingerprints from the artist who pressed the clay into a mold to create the front. There is one small hole that originally went through the piece near one of the black painted dots. It is now blocked with clay. -
Geological Society of America Special Papers
Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on October 1, 2010 Geological Society of America Special Papers Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Perú Georg Petersen G. and William E. Brooks Geological Society of America Special Papers 2010;467;xvii-90 doi: 10.1130/2010.2467 Email alerting services click www.gsapubs.org/cgi/alerts to receive free e-mail alerts when new articles cite this article Subscribe click www.gsapubs.org/subscriptions/ to subscribe to Geological Society of America Special Papers Permission request click http://www.geosociety.org/pubs/copyrt.htm#gsa to contact GSA Copyright not claimed on content prepared wholly by U.S. government employees within scope of their employment. Individual scientists are hereby granted permission, without fees or further requests to GSA, to use a single figure, a single table, and/or a brief paragraph of text in subsequent works and to make unlimited copies of items in GSA's journals for noncommercial use in classrooms to further education and science. This file may not be posted to any Web site, but authors may post the abstracts only of their articles on their own or their organization's Web site providing the posting includes a reference to the article's full citation. GSA provides this and other forums for the presentation of diverse opinions and positions by scientists worldwide, regardless of their race, citizenship, gender, religion, or political viewpoint. Opinions presented in this publication do not reflect official positions of the Society. Notes © 2010 Geological Society of America Downloaded from specialpapers.gsapubs.org on October 1, 2010 Mining and Metallurgy in Ancient Perú by Georg Petersen G. -
Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia
World Heritage papers41 HEADWORLD HERITAGES 4 Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia VOLUME I In support of UNESCO’s 70th Anniversary Celebrations United Nations [ Cultural Organization Human Origin Sites and the World Heritage Convention in Eurasia Nuria Sanz, Editor General Coordinator of HEADS Programme on Human Evolution HEADS 4 VOLUME I Published in 2015 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization, 7, place de Fontenoy, 75352 Paris 07 SP, France and the UNESCO Office in Mexico, Presidente Masaryk 526, Polanco, Miguel Hidalgo, 11550 Ciudad de Mexico, D.F., Mexico. © UNESCO 2015 ISBN 978-92-3-100107-9 This publication is available in Open Access under the Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 IGO (CC-BY-SA 3.0 IGO) license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/igo/). By using the content of this publication, the users accept to be bound by the terms of use of the UNESCO Open Access Repository (http://www.unesco.org/open-access/terms-use-ccbysa-en). The designations employed and the presentation of material throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The ideas and opinions expressed in this publication are those of the authors; they are not necessarily those of UNESCO and do not commit the Organization. Cover Photos: Top: Hohle Fels excavation. © Harry Vetter bottom (from left to right): Petroglyphs from Sikachi-Alyan rock art site. -
The Prehistoric Rock Art of Bhimbetka, Central India
The Prehistoric Rock Art of Bhimbetka, Central India V . N . Misra Introduction The popular image of Prehistoric or Stone Age man still continues to a great extent to be "nasty, brutish and short" as the French thinker, Rousseau, imagined it two centuries ago. This may be true of the earlier stages of man's biological and cultural evolution. But, as early as 50,000 years ago, men, who were indistinguishable from us in physical appearance, brain size and intelligence, had colonised most of the Old World. Nothing illustrates so clearly their close kinship with us than their art- painting, engraving and sculpture- the earliest available manifestation of which is dated circa 30,000 years ago in Western Europe. Indeed so strikingly modern is this art that when the paintings of Altamira in Spain were first discovered exactly a hundred years ago, they were dismissed by several distinguished scholars as modern forgeries. But subsequent discoveries and critical scrutiny soon convinced the sceptics of the genuineness and antiquity of this art. In the last hundred years Prehistoric Art- mostly paintings and engravings and also sculpture- has been discovered in many areas of the Old as well as New World. The richest areas of Prehistoric Art are Western Europe, Sahara, South Africa, Australia and India. Discovery of rock paintings in India It is a matter of some pride for us that the earliest discovery of Prehistoric Art was made in India. In the winter of 1867-68, A . C . L. Carlleyle, an assistant to General A . L . Cunningham, the first Director General of the newly-founded Archaeological Survey of India, discovered cave paintings in the hilly and forested country of what are now the Mirzapur district of Uttar Pradesh and the Rewa district of Madhya Pradesh. -
S.A.R.L. CYCLOMUNDO 18, Rue René Cassin La Chatelaine 74240 Gaillard Tel: +33(0)4 50 87 21 09 E-Mail: [email protected]
S.A.R.L. CYCLOMUNDO 18, rue René Cassin La Chatelaine 74240 Gaillard Tel: +33(0)4 50 87 21 09 E-mail: [email protected] Combo trip: Ventoux to Alpe d’Huez + Marmotte June 30th through July 8th, 2019 Experience some of the most famous Tour de France climbs in Provence and in the Southern Alps on an extraordinary 6-day cycling tour from Mont Ventoux to Alpe d’Huez. On our itinerary, you’ll wheel through physically challenging routes, such as the Col d’Izoard and the 21 hairpin bends to Alpe d’Huez; glimpse sunrises and sunsets, ravishing canyons, verdant pastures and fine looking vistas. Enjoy a peek at the pre-Alps countryside in the charming towns of Sault, Guillestre, and Briançon and feel serene as you glide along more pleasant paths by the Lac de Serre-Ponçon. On this date, this tour may be combined with the Marmotte cyclosportive event. ____________________________________________________________________________ Itinerary: Sunday, June 30, 2019: Arrival in Mazan Welcome to Provence! Your adventure starts in the small village of Mazan, with its old medieval center protected by a circled wall of buildings. If you’re arriving by train, Avignon is the closest city that is serviced by the TGV. In this case, we can arrange a transfer between Avignon and Mazan (note that the transfer is not part of the package). Avignon is marvelous, with tree-lined cobblestone streets leading you to the main square and the “Palais des Papes” (the Pope’s Palace). Take some time to visit the palace and its grounds. Wherever you arrive from, remember to eat, drink, and be merry, for tomorrow, you ride! Monday, July 1, 2019: Mazan - Orpierre Take on the classic Tour de France ride up Mont Ventoux via Bédoin this morning. -
Lascaux Gouache
Lascaux Gouache Lascaux Gouache is a unique acrylic-modifi ed with water to obtain different glazings in any desired tempera paint for art, design and education. shade. This colour programme consists of 34 balanced Thanks to a special binder, Lascaux Gouache applies hues, including silver and gold. Lascaux Gouache with great ease and suppleness. A previous layer of is characterized by its purity, brilliance, depth colour can be painted over without being dissolved by of colour and lightfastness. the fresh paint layer. Properties Priming: highly concentrated Lascaux Gesso is recommended as a primer. lightfast, permanent and non-yellowing dries to a velvety, elastic water-soluble fi nish Mixing: thick and smooth consistency All hues can be intermixed with one another. excellent covering power hues remain intensive even when strongly diluted Varnishing: adheres well to various supports A coat of Lascaux UV Protect protects fi nished works only very slight lightening after drying against ultraviolet rays and renders them waterproof. highly concentrated and extremely yielding Composition Usage Lascaux Gouache is composed of pure, lightfast In art and design pigments and an acrylic-modifi ed binder with a natural In art education and art therapy base. In creative painting courses Delivery form Applications 85 ml, 250 ml, 500 ml bottles Lascaux Gouache can be applied to all absorbent materials (paper, cardboard, canvas, wood or plaster). This highly concentrated paint retains its intensity even when diluted 1:1 or more. Lascaux Gouache can be applied undiluted for an opaque fi nish or diluted Detailed information sheets and a service are available for further information on use and applications. -
Know Your Pigment Supplier/Manufacturer, Understand
KNOW YOUR PIGMENT SUPPLIER/MANUFACTURER UNDERSTAND YOUR PRODUCT & KNOW WHAT TO ASK Darlene P. Story Lasting Impression I, Inc. www.LiPigments.com Introduction With the continued growth and popularity of Permanent Cosmetics, those in the industry should have an understanding of the characteristics of the pigments used to implant color into clients’ skin. As a professional, one should be familiar with pigment suppliers/manufacturers, have a basic knowledge of pigments & dyes, the physical and chemical properties they possess and most importantly, the quality, safety and assurance of the pigment product used. Pigment Classification The quality of pigments today far surpasses that of yesteryear. Many of today’s pigments are created to offer the quality results that both the client and technician can be satisfied with. The key to this “satisfaction” is “knowing your pigment,” which begins with a basic understanding of how pigments and dyes are classified according to their physical and chemical properties. These classifications are a method of identifying coloring agents and the characteristics they possess. Pigments are not to be confused with dyes. Pigments are finely ground particles that are insoluble in water. These particles vary in size and are usually more stable in the light. Dyes are molecules that are soluble in water, uniform in size and the colors are usually more vibrant. Dyes are organic compounds that are exclusively derived from carbon-based compounds while pigments are inorganic compounds that contain metal oxides. One needs to understand the differences in these substances because of the effect they may have on clients’ skin. For more information on this topic, refer to The World Of Micropigmentation that can be obtained from Mei-Cha International, Inc.