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Florida State University Libraries Electronic Theses, Treatises and Dissertations The Graduate School 2005 A Comparative Study of Changing Attitudes Among Young, Educated, Professional Urban Women in Morocco and Women of Moroccan Origin in France Dorish H. Gray Follow this and additional works at the FSU Digital Library. For more information, please contact [email protected] THE FLORIDA STATE UNIVERSITY COLLEGE OF ARTS AND SCIENCES A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF CHANGING ATTITUDES AMONG YOUNG, EDUCATED, PROFESSIONAL AND URBAN WOMEN IN MOROCCO AND WOMEN OF MOROCCAN ORIGIN IN FRANCE By DORIS H. GRAY A Dissertation submitted to the Department of Modern Languages and Linguistics In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Degree Awarded Fall Semester, 2005 Copyright© 2005 Doris H. Gray All Rights Reserved The members of the Committee approve the Dissertation of Doris H. Gray defended on September 16, 2005. Alec G. Hargreaves Professor Directing Dissertation Peter Garretson Outside Committee Member William Cloonan Committee Member Zeina Schlenoff Committee Member The Office of Graduate Studies has verified and approved the above named committee members. ii This dissertation is dedicated to my daughters Tunuka and Khadijah and has been written in constant memory of Lancy. It is also dedicated to my husband Kenneth, my most trusted companion. I wish to offer this work to my parents Karl Heinz and Elfriede Herr and my mother- in-law Melvia Knuckles Gray. Their untiring desire to understand a world that has changed so much during their lifetimes has been an inspiration to me. iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my advisor, Dr. Alec G. Hargreaves, for his support in bringing this project to fruition. His piercing insights, relentless pursuit of excellence and the generous giving of his time have allowed this research to be completed within the time frame set out at the beginning. My committee members, Dr. William Cloonan, Dr. Zeina Schlenoff and Dr. Peter Garretson have also contributed to the success of this project. A scholarship from the Winthrop-King Institute enabled me to carry out my fieldwork in Morocco and France. In Morocco, I am grateful to Abdellah Benlahmidi who explained to me the intricacies of the Moroccan Personal Status Code. In France, Mona Hakim offered insights based on her expertise as an ethno-psychologist. Above all, I am indebted to the women who opened their hearts and minds - and often the doors to their homes - and shared with great sincerity their ideas, hopes and agonies. Without their willingness to cooperate, this project would not have been possible. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ................................................................................................ Page vii Abstract .............................................................................................. Page ix INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................... Page 1 1. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................................................................ Page 13 Conceptions of Islam .................................................................................. Page 14 Family Law- Personal Status Code and the Role of Women...................... Page 31 The Debate over the Muslim headscarf in France ...................................... Page 44 Personal and Professional Goals and Challenges ....................................... Page 53 2. METHODLOGY ............................................................................................ Page 59 Guiding Themes.......................................................................................... Page 59 Data Collection ........................................................................................... Page 61 The Samples ................................................................................................ Page 63 Interview Topics ......................................................................................... Page 66 Questionnaire Development and Pilot Interviews ...................................... Page 69 Research design – Protocol if Interview Schedule ..................................... Page 72 Language ................................................................................................ Page 79 Data Collection ........................................................................................... Page 80 Data Analysis.............................................................................................. Page 82 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 84 3. PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS: CORE BIOGRAPHICAL FEATURES..................................................... Page 106 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 132 4. PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS: CONCEPTIONS OF ISLAM ..................................................................... Page 106 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 132 5. PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS: LEAGAL CHANGES - THE PERSONAL STATUS CODE IN MOROCCO AND THE BAND ON WEARING OVERT RELIGIOUS INSIGNIA IN PUBLIC SCHOOLS v IN FRANCE ............................................................................................... Page 135 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 136 6. PRESENTATION OF DATA AND ANALYSIS: PERSONAL AND PROFESSIONAL GOALS AND CHALLENGES..... Page 165 Conclusion ................................................................................................ Page 193 7. CONCLUSIONS.............................................................................................. Page 194 APPENDICES A Questionnaire ........................................................................................ Page 205 B Discours Royal sur la reforme de la moudawana ................................. Page 211 C Projet de Code de la famille.................................................................. Page 217 D Loi encadrant, en application du principe du laïcité............................. Page 219 E Décrets, arêtes, circulaires, Ministère de l’éducation........................... Page 222 F Human Subjects Committee Approval Memorandum.......................... Page 229 BIBLIOGRAPHY A Unpublished Core Data Interviews........................................................ Page 230 B Printed Sources....................................................................................... Page 232 BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH .............................................................................. Page 256 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 3.1: Age of Respondents .......................................................... Page 85 Table 3.2: Marital Status of Respondents .......................................................... Page 86 Table 3.3: Number of Respondents with Children .............................................. Page 87 Table 3.4: Living Situation of Respondents ........................................................ Page 88 Table 3.5: Self-Description of Respondents........................................................… Page 92 Table 3.6: Attitudes concerning Relocation of Respondents in France............... Page 95 Table 3.7: Desired Location of Permanent Residence ........................................ Page 97 Table 3.8: Family Ties to Morocco of Respondents in France............................ Page 98 Table 3.9: Understanding of Moroccan Languages............................................. Page 98 Table 3.10: Desire to move abroad among Moroccan Respondents ................... Page 100 Table 3.11: Visits to France of Respondents in Morocco.................................... Page 102 Table 3.12: Visits to other countries of respondents in Morocco....................... Page 102 Table 3.13: Family Ties to France of Respondents in Morocco......................... Page 103 Table 4.1: Muslim by Birth of by Choice........................................................... Page 108 Table 4.2: Number of Respondents of read the Qu’ran..................................... Page 111 Table 4.3: Number of Respondents who can recite the Qu’ran......................... Page 114 Table 4.4: Number of Respondents who fast during Ramadan ......................... Page 116 Table 4.5: Number of Respondents who observe Daily Prayers ....................... Page 118 Table 4.6: Evolving Understanding of Islam..................................................... Page 120 vii Table 5.1: Personal Status Code reform based on the Qu’ran............................. Page 138 Table 5.2: Number of Respondents with Experience of PSC.............................. Page 148 Table 5.3: Number of Respondents whose Mother wears the hijab.................... Page 153 Table 5.4: Number of respondents who wear the hijab....................................... Page 155 Table 5.5: Number of Respondents in favor of Ban on “overt” religious insignia.................................................................... Page 156 Table 5.6: Number of Respondents in Favor of Standardized Family Law ........ Page 162 Table 6.1: Number of Respondents in Favor of Women in High Positions ........ Page 166 Table 6.2: Number of respondents who think their Opinions matter .................. Page 167 Table 6.3: Number
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