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AGRIVITA VOLUME 37 No. 2 JUNE - 2015 ISSN : 0126 - 0537

DIVERSITY AND UTILIZATION OF spp. TUBER AS ALTERNATIVE FOOD SOURCE IN NGANJUK REGENCY, EAST JAVA

Trimanto*) and Lia Hapsari

Purwodadi Botanic Garden – Indonesian Institute of Sciences Jl. Surabaya - Malang Km 65 Purwodadi Pasuruan 67163 East Java Indonesia *) Corresponding author E-mail: [email protected]

Received: December 29, 2014/ Accepted: May 14, 2015

ABSTRACT 2008). Dioscorea produce edible tubers, bulbils, corms or rhizomes (Islam et al., 2011). Wild Dioscorea spp. is local tuberous food crop that has edible Dioscorea tuber contents are good source potential as alternative food source to support food of protein, lipid, crude fibre, starch, vitamins security program in Indonesia. Exploration study (especially vitamin A and C) and minerals and collecting mission subjected to Dioscorea spp. (calcium, iron, phophorus, I.). In addition to have been conducted in Nganjuk Regency. The essential dietary nutrients, Dioscorea tuber also study was aimed to 1) determine the distribution of contains of antinutritional substances like total free Dioscorea spp. in Nganjuk, 2) to characterize phenolics, tannins, hydrogen cyanide, total tuber’s morphological characteristic, and 3) to oxalate, amylase and trypsin inhibitor but it can be know how tuber’s utilization by local peoples. The inactivated and eliminated by moist heat treatment results showed that there were 4 species of and soaking followed by cooking before Dioscorea found in Nganjuk. They are Dioscorea consumption (Shajeela et al., 2011). Some level of alata L, Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill, steroid saponins and also sapogenins, such as Dioscorea hispida Dennst and Dioscorea bulbifera diosgenin are also indicated in Dioscorea tubers, L. (uwi) is the most cultivated by which is the starting material for synthesis of many farmers in Nganjuk. It has the largest cultivar steroidal hormones used as anti-inflammatory, numbers which consists of 11 cultivars. Dioscorea androgenic estrogenic and contraceptive drugs esculenta (gembili) consists of 3 cultivars and (Dutta, 2015). Dioscorea hispida (gadung) consists of 4 cultivars, Dioscorea tuber has been known and whereas Dioscorea bulbifera (uwi gantung) utilized by Indonesian people as a source of consists only 1 cultivar in one location. Farmers carbohydrates as substitute or alternative food of and local peoples play important role in rice or sago at dry season, especially in Maluku, conservation of Dioscorea in Nganjuk region by Lesser Sunda, Sulawesi and Java (Sulistiyono and cultivating and utilizing it as alternative food source Marpaung, 2004). Dioscorea is an important food for home consumption. source especially in rural communities. Traditionally, is a minor tuber crop with a low Keywords: Dioscorea, diversity, food source, priority commodity. Dioscorea is easily Nganjuk, utilization propagated by their tubers (Wilson, 1989) and it thrives well in marginal areas where the major INTRODUCTION crops cannot be successfully grown (Legaspi and Malab, 2013); so that it plays a crucial role for food Dioscorea genus is tuberous which security. The most advantageous factor from this consists of approximately 600 species; of which crop is that it can be cultivated even by the side of there are about 50-60 species have been the roads, homestead gardens, houses and in the cultivated and utilized as food and medicinal plants forest, etc. with less consideration to cultivation (Coursey, 1976). Dioscorea spp. is distributed in practices (Islam et al. 2011). the tropical, subtropical and temperate regions of Characterization data of Dioscorea spp. the world especially in West Africa, parts of both morphology and genetics is still very limited. Central America and the Caribbean, the Pacific Distribution of genotypes and their characteristics Islands and Southeast Asia (Maneenoon et al., are not well documented, which constraints the

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Trimanto and Lia Hapsari: Diversity and Utilization of Dioscorea spp. Tuber ……………………………….………………. efficient conservation of these genetic resources cultivated and utilized by farmers in Nganjuk thereby limiting their use in breeding programmes region for alternative food sources viz. Dioscorea (Norman et al., 2011). Proper characterization spp., Xanthosoma spp., and Colocasia spp.. and evaluation of germplasms provides reliable Exploration study subjected to Dioscorea information data (along with passport data) that spp. has been conducted in Nganjuk Regency give indication of the range of diversity in the and the tubers were then collected to be ex-situ collections, and is of considerable help to the conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. The breeders to narrow the selection of potential study was aimed to 1) determine the distribution breeding stocks (Thomas and Mathur, 1991). of Dioscorea spp. in Nganjuk, 2) to characterize Such basic data are needed to be used to its tuber morphological characteristic, and 3) to determine the potential cultivars of Dioscorea know how its utilization by local peoples. tubers for further improvement programme Diversity study including distribution, agricultural In East Java - Indonesia, there are at least practices also utilization of Dioscorea in Nganjuk 35 cultivars of Dioscorea alata inventarized by may provides database for conservation and Solikin (2009) but the availability of complete further breeding program. characterization data is very shallow. Systematic work on identification of species should be MATERIALS AND METHODS conducted on Dioscorea spp. including local knowledge study regarding its utilization of crop Exploration Method to document its economic values. Every ethnic Dioscorea exploration study was group also has their own cultural practices conducted in Nganjuk Regency, East Java regarding to Dioscorea spp. cultivation. Some of Province in July 2011 with areas covered by different ethnic groups’ case study in Bangladesh some random sampling districts through direct cultivate Dioscorea spp. under hill and forests survey and observation. Information regarding shade and still have a good harvest (Islam et al., Dioscorea production were obtained from local 1997). The information about the various usages people and traders in the local markets (Figure 1). of the Dioscorea species as well as the sustainable The diversity of Dioscorea found on the sites use of this particular group of plants will be useful were noted, inventarized, and documented. Soil for future research on pharmaceutical plants, and depth of tuber at harvest time were recorded and the selection and propagation of some species of categorized to A (0-5 cm), B (5-25 cm) and C (> Dioscorea as crop plants (Mannenoon et al., 45 cm). Site and habitat informations were 2008). recorded including its latitude-longitude, habitat Nganjuk Regency is a part of East Java type, soil pH, temperature and air humidity. Province, located between 7.21°-7.50° South Information related ethnobotany of Dioscorea Latitude and 111.45°-112.131° East Longitude. It including utilization and cultivation practices were has an area of 1182.64 km2 divided into 20 taken by using open-ended interviews to local districts; bordered by Bojonegoro at the north, farmers. Jombang at the east, Kediri and Ponorogo at the southern, and Madiun at the west. Its area is Tuber Characterization Method covered by the lower mainland and the Materials observed in this study were mountains. Based on Schmidt and Ferguson, the Dioscorea spp. tubers found exploratively in climate division of Nganjuk is categorized as D- Nganjuk Regency. Characterization of the type climate since it is characterized by wet to Dioscorea spp. tubers were conducted in medium precipitation with hot temperatures. The Purwodadi Botanic Garden using ‘Descriptors for soil types are varied from alluvial, regosol, Yam (Dioscorea spp.)’ as published by andosols, latosols, and grumusol. Generally, the IPGRI/IITA (1997) and documentation of soil conditions are quite productive for various accessions were taken by digital camera. Tuber types of plants due to the support of the presence characteristics observed includes weight (kg), of Widas river and Brantas river that irrigate the shape, skin surface and flesh color. Organoleptic areas so that suitable for both food crops and tests were conducted to steamed tubers with plantation (Jatimprov, 2015). According to open- variables oberserved including flesh texture, flesh ended information, some tuber crops are still tenderness and taste.

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Figure 1. Site exploration map and distribution of Dioscorea spp. in Nganjuk Regency (Google Earth 2003) Note: TM1-28 = accession code, see Table 1

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS and utilized Dioscorea tubers for home consumption and some of Dioscorea tubers are for The results showed that it was 4 species of traded in local markets (Table 1). Dioscorea found and cultivated by farmers in Dioscorea alata cultivars were widely Nganjuk regions including. Dioscorea alata L., cultivated and distributed by farmers than other Dioscorea esculenta (Lour) Burkill., Dioscorea Dioscorea species. It was found in 22 locations hispida Dennst., and Dioscorea bulbifera L. (Table consist of 13 cultivars (Table 1). Economic value 1). Dioscorea alata (local name: uwi) has the most of Dioscorea alata is moderate so that farmers still cultivar numbers, consists of 11 cultivars e.g. uwi prefer to cultivate and consume them. kelopo, uwi bangkulit, uwi ireng, uwi alas, uwi Dioscorea esculenta (gembili) has narrow klelet, uwi randu, uwi senggrani, uwi bangkong, distribution in Nganjuk, and it also has few uwi putih, uwi ndoro and uwi dursono. Dioscorea cultivars. Gembili kecil is the most widespread hispida (local name: gadung) was found with 4 than other gembili cultivars. Although gembili kecil cultivars e.g. gadung, gadung lempuyang, gadung has small tuber size but it has good quality in canting and gadung brengkel. Dioscorea texture and flavor. Distribution of gembili teropong esculenta (local name: gembili) was found with 3 and gembili besar were only found in 1 district i.e. cultivars e.g. gembili besar, gembili kecil, dan Rejoso District (Table 1). gembili teropong. Whilst Dioscorea bulbifera (local Populations of Dioscorea hispida were still name: uwi gantung) was found with only 1 cultivar. abundant in Nganjuk. Dioscorea hispida was found with 4 cultivars in 5 districts (Table 1). Distribution of Dioscorea spp in Nganjuk Gadung has better economic value and it is Dioscorea spp. was found in Nganjuk at relatively easier to cultivate than other Dioscorea altitude ranges from 60-700 m above sea level species. Whereas Dioscorea bulbifera has narrow (asl), with average temperature of 30-35oC, distribution, only found in 1 location (Table 1). The relative humidity 59-78%, and soil pH 5.6 to 6.9 cultivation of uwi gantung is rare, due to its low (normal). Farmers in Nganjuk mostly cultivated economic value. 100

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In some districts in Nganjuk, it has not been sugar cane plantation. Sugar cane is preferable by found the presence of Dioscorea spp., such as in local farmers due to its high economic value. The Kertosono, Nganjuk and Baron. According to local consumers of Dioscorea tubers are mostly from informants, Dioscorea plants became rarely older peoples (above 50 years old) so that the cultivated due to the changes of land use into demand is rather low.

Table 1. Inventory of Dioscorea spp. found in Nganjuk and its utilization

Scientific Local name Location Utilization by local No name (Cultivar) (Village, District) farmers 1 Dioscorea Uwi kelopo - Songsong, Jati kalen (TM1) Home consumption alata - Sidomoroharjo, Wilangan (TM17) and for traded - Ngetos, Ngetos (TM30) - Pathuk, Ngetos (TM33) Uwi bangkulit - Songsong, Jati kalen (TM4) Home consumption - Nggurit, Lengkonglor,Ngluyu (TM10) and for traded. - Tritik, Rejoso (TM23, TM28) - Ngetos, Ngetos (TM26) Uwi ireng - Lengkong lor, Ngluyu (TM8) Home consumption - Keduk, Kebun Agung, Sawahan (TM20) and remedies (anemia) Uwi alas Lengkong lor, Ngluyu (TM9) Home consumption Uwi klelet Nggurit, Lengkong lor, Ngluyu (TM11) Home onsumption Uwi randu Nggurit, Lengkong lor, Ngluyu (TM12) Home consumption Uwi lajer Jegong Wilangan (TM15) Home consumption Uwi senggrani - Sidomoroharjo, Wilangan (TM18) Home consumption - Ngetos, Ngetos (TM31) and remedies (anemia) Uwi bangkong Ngliman, Nggimbal, Sawahan (TM19) Home consumption Uwi putih - Keduk, Kebun Agung, Sawahan (TM21) Home consumption - Sumberbendo, Ngeotos (TM34) and for traded Uwi ndoro Ngetos, Ngetos (TM29) Home consumption Uwi dursono Ngetos, Ngetos (TM32) Home consumption 2. Dioscorea Gadung Songsong, Jati kalen (TM5) Home consumption hispida lempuyang and for traded as chips Gadung - Lengkong lor, Ngluyu (TM7) Home consumption - Sidomoroharjo, Wilangan (TM16) and for traded as - Keduk, Kebun Agung, Sawahan (TM22) chips Gadung canting Bendoasri, Rejoso (TM25) Home consumption and for traded as chips Gadung Bendoasri, Rejoson (TM27) Home consumption brengkel and for traded as chips 3. Dioscorea Gembili besar Songsong, Jati kalen (TM3) Home consumption esculenta and for traded Gembili kecil - Songsong, Jati kalen (TM2) Home consumption - Nggurit, Ngluyu (TM6) and for traded - Lengkong lor, Ngluyu TM13) - Jegong, Wilangan (TM14) Gembili Tritik, Rejoso (TM24) Home consumption teropong 4 Dioscorea Uwi gantung Tritik, Rejoso (TM 28) Home consumption bulbifera

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Table 2. Morphological characteristics and organoleptic test results of Dioscorea spp. tubers from Nganjuk

Depth at Tuber characteristic Local name No harvest Weight Flesh Flesh Flesh Taste (cultivars) Shape (cm) (kg) color texture tenderness (steamed) A Dioscorea alata L. (Uwi) 1. Uwi Kelopo < 25 rounded 2-3 white soft very tender sweet- savory 2. Uwi Bangkulit < 25 rounded- 2-3 white soft tender savory cylindrical 3. Uwi Ireng 25-46 irregular 1 purple rough tender savory rounded 4. Uwi Alas > 46 cylindrical 1.5 pale yellow soft less tender savory 5. Uwi Klelet 25-46 cylindrical 2 white rough tender less savory 6. Uwi Randu 25-46 cylindrical 2 white rough very tender savory 7. Uwi Lajer < 25 cylindrical 1.5 white rough tender savory 8. Uwi Senggrani < 25 rounded- 1.5-2 purple rough very tender sweet- cylindrical savory 9. Uwi Bangkong < 25 rounded- 5 white rough tender sweet- cylindrical, savory wavy 10. Uwi Putih < 25 cylindrical 3-4 white soft very tender very savory 11. Uwi Ndoro < 25 Oval 0.5 orange rough tender savory 12. Uwi Dursono < 25 irregular 3 white to rough very tender less savory cylindrical cream B Dioscorea hispida Densst. (Gadung) 13. Gadung < 25 small 0.1 pale yellow soft very tender * lempuyang cylindrical 14. Gadung < 25 oval 1.0 white soft very tender * canting 15. Gadung biasa < 25 rounded 1.0 pale yellow soft very tender * (common) 16. Gadung < 25 irregular 0.5 pale yellow soft very tender * Brengkel oval C Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill (Gembili) 17. Gembili besar < 25 oval- 0.7 white soft very tender very savory (big) cylindrical 18. Gembili kecil < 25 oval- 0.2 white soft very tender very savory (small) cylindrical 19. Gembili < 25 oval- 0.2 white soft very tender savory Teropong cylindrical D Dioscorea bulbifera L 20. Uwi Gantung - small 0.3 yellow soft tender savory rounded Remarks: * = Tubers were not tasted in Dioscorea hispida; - = Tuber of Diosocorea bulbifera was not avalaible but in the form of bulbils (aerial tubers)

Morphological Characterization and Organo- genes and traits that can potentially support further leptic Results of Dioscorea spp. Tuber plant breeding programs (Kurniawan et al., 2004). Characterization of Dioscorea tuber plays as Morphological markers using traits are usually an important identifier to differentiate both inter and expressed in the phenotype, such as shape, size intra-species. Characterization can be approached and color of both vegetative and generative parts of through morphological, physiological characters, the plant (Sriyono, 2006). isozyme markers and molecular markers. Characterization data availability of Characterization activities will generate sources of Dioscorea spp. is still very limited to find. According 102

Trimanto and Lia Hapsari: Diversity and Utilization of Dioscorea spp. Tuber ……………………………….………………. to Martin et al. (1975), the characters to determine Characterization results of Dioscorea quality of Dioscorea tuber include tuber shape and esculenta showed that the variations are not so yield number, texture and flesh color, and flavor of visible, and they shared quite similar characters. cooked tuber. By having the information of the Dioscorea esculenta showed different characters characters of each Dioscorea tuber then it will be than other Dioscorea species i.e. one individual determined which cultivars of Dioscorea potential to plant may produce many tubers, more than 15 be developed and promoted as alternative food tubers. Dioscorea esculenta tuber shaped generally sources. oval-cylindrical, and the difference was only Common people in Nganjuk prefer to apparent on its size. All of cultivars has white flesh, cultivate and consume Dioscorea tuber which has soft and tender, savory taste. For its big tuber size good quality characteristics, respectively: large and good quality tuber taste, so that gembili besar tuber (tuber weight), easy to harvest (shallow depth is potential to be promoted (Table 3). < 25 cm below the ground), tuber shape relatively Carbohydrates content in Dioscorea esculenta is regular (oval-round-cylindrical), cooked tuber tasted about 81.6% (Kristiani, 2010). sweet to savory, white tuber flesh color with smooth Dioscorea hispida characterization results and tender texture. According to Osunde (2008), showed that the morphological variation between the sugar content in Dioscorea spp. is influenced by cultivars were not so evident. Its tuber shaped variety, location and cultural treatment. generally rounded to oval with white to yellow flesh Morphological characterization results color (Table 2, Figure 2, Figure 3). Dioscorea showed that tuber of Dioscorea alata cultivars were hispida tuber has never been eaten unsteamed, very varied as shown in Table 2, Figure 2 and because it contains of anti-nutrition or poison Figure 3. Dioscorea alata tuber shaped rounded to compounds in forms of alkaloids such as cylindrical with white, cream, yellowish, orange to Dioscorine, Dihydrodioscorine and Hydrogen purple flesh color. Organoleptic results showed that Cyanide (Webster et al., 1984) so that it has to be texture and tenderness of steamed flesh Dioscorea processed into chips (mostly) to eliminate its poison. alata were very varied between cultivars. Even Due to its high economic value, gadung is widely same cultivar found in different places will taste distributed and cultivated by farmers. According to different, it may due to agro-climatic and soil its regular oval shaped and moderate tuber size, conditions. Each of Dioscorea alata cultivar has gadung canting is Dioscorea hispida cultivar which their own characteristics. Best characteristic results is potential to be promoted (Table 3). goes to uwi kelopo and uwi putih; they have medium Dioscorea bulbifera tuber was not avalaible tuber size and taste soft and very tender (Table 3) but in the form of bulbils (aerial tubers) so that so that uwi kelopo and uwi putih were considered to farmers did not prefer to cultivate it. Dioscorea be promoted as potential tuberous food crops. In bulbifera tuber shaped rounded to oval with yellow addition to its high carbohydrates, Dioscorea alata flesh color (Table 2, Figure 2, Figure 3). also contains of high protein about 6.66% (Richana and Sunarti, 2004).

Table 3. Dioscorea spp. selected based on tuber morphological characters No Species / Cultivar Superior tuber morphologycal characteristics 1 Dioscorea alata L. Tuber shaped cylindrical, easy to harvest at shallow depth, Cultivar: uwi putih from Ngetos weighted > 3 kg and branched up to 5 tubers, white flesh color, soft and tender texture, tasted very savory 2 Dioscorea alata L. Tuber shaped rounded, easy to harvest, weighted up to 2 kg, white Cultivar: uwi kelopo from Ngetos flesh color, soft and tender texture, tasted sweet-savory 3 Dioscorea esculenta (Lour.) Burkill Tuber shaped oval-cylindrical, weighted up to 0.7 kg (bigger than Cultivar: gembili besar from Jatikalen other Dioscorea esculenta cultivars), tubers number up to 10 tubers per plant, soft and tender testure, tasted very savory 4 Dioscorea hispida Dennst Tuber shaped oval, weighted up to 1 kg (bigger than other Cultivar: gadung canting from Rejoso) Dioscorea hispida cultivars), tubers number 6-8, white flesh color, soft and tender texture

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Environmental factors may cause variation will show varied in morphology if environmental in plant characteristics and taste. Plants required factor is more dominant in affecting plant than of optimum environmental conditions to grow and the genetic factors and vice versa (Suranto, 1991). produce maximum yields viz. soil type and Genetic characterizations are needed to conduct contents, water availability, altitude, climate, air in order to to confirm the results of morphological temperature, humidity, light intensity, etc. characterization in Dioscorea spp. (Sitompul and Guritno, 1995). Same plant species

Figure 2. Outer morphological features of Dioscorea spp. tubers from Nganjuk

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Figure 3. Cross section of Dioscorea spp. tubers from Nganjuk

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Utilization and Cultivation Practices of been already in one consumer sized tuber. If Dioscorea spp. by Farmers in Nganjuk properly cultivated, Dioscorea esculenta plant Utilization of Dioscorea alata is more may produce tubers 24.6 t ha-1 in Malaysia, 20-30 emphasized for personal or home consumption. t ha-1 in the Philippines, 70 t ha-1 in Papua and 10- People consume the tuber during dry season, 20 t ha-1 in Papua New Guinea (Flach and which is usually used as a substitute to staple Rumawas, 1996). In Nganjuk, farmers may food, due to the limitations of rice and corn. The harvest 15-20 tubers per plant. cooking process is very simple by steaming the Utilization of Dioscorea bulbifera is very tubers then served it with grated coconut and little and not preferable since it only produces sugar. It remains peoples stomach full for a long bulbils (aerial tubers), meanwhile root tuber is not time and may overcome flatulence. Uwi well developed. The bulbils approximately senggrani and uwi ireng cultivars which has weighted only 0.3 kg with less savory taste and purple flesh are used by local peoples for anemia rough flesh texture. Bulbils of Dioscorea bulbifera remedies to produce haemoglobyn due to its can germinate and grow easily, moreover one purple tuber flesh color. It is presumed that its plant may produce 15-20 bulbils. The bulbil was tuber contain of high anthocyanins. usually cooked by steaming, and some people Due to its low economic value that is only processed it by thin slicing then fried. for home consumption (very small demand for traded), farmers did not prefer to cultivate Conservation of Dioscorea spp. in Nganjuk Dioscorea alata anymore. To date, no production Utilization of Dioscorea spp. give impacts technology has been developed for this crop, on its conservation and sustainability. Dioscorea according to interviews to local farmers it was spp. tubers potential to be grown and developed stated that by proper cultivation it may yield 7-20 t in dryland of Nganjuk region. Mostly farmers ha-1 depends on Diosocrea cultivar, environmental planted Dioscorea spp. in agroforest system and conditions and cultivation practices. Farmers’ intercropped it with tree plants or in land between yields in Phillipines is relatively low at 2.6-3.3 t ha- rice fields without any special agronomy 1 (Legaspi and Malab, 2013). It can be propagated practices. Due to its low economic value and lack by tuber and bulbil then its stem creeped to stand of utilization, also by land conversion into sugar or tree and harvested at age of 8-12 months, and cane plantations, industrial land and housing, so better yields if it was planted in sloping land with that Dioscorea spp. are vulnerable to extinction. loose and fertile soil. Conservation by promoting the utilization of Dioscorea hispida is quite popular in Dioscorea spp. is needed to conduct to keep the Nganjuk and it is mostly sold in the form of farmers prefer to cultivate them (in-situ/on-farm processed chips. Farmers prefer to cultivate conservation). In addition to in-situ/on-farm Dioscorea hispida cultivars due to its high conservation, ex-situ conservation is also needed economic value. According to FAO (1994) if it was to conduct as germplasm collection back up. The properly cultivated, Dioscorea hispida may study of 34 accessions of Dioscorea spp. were produce at 9-10 t ha-1. According to local ex-situ conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden. informants, Dioscorea hispida plant is not suitable Dioscorea spp. tubers are potential to be in waterlogged soil, and it prefers loose and sandy promoted and developed as local food sources. soil. Toxicity can be reduced by harvesting when Processing techniques are also needed to be the leaves have started to dry. Early harvest may explored and developed subjected to Dioscorea caused blackening in tuber flesh. tubers so that there will some alternative products Dioscorea esculenta (gembili) is rarely which will be preferred by younger generation found in Nganjuk. Local farmers only planted such as cakes, noodles, etc. gembili in their home gardens or as intercrops in their fields. Dioscorea esculenta tubers was CONCLUSION proccessed by steaming and served with grated coconut steamed and eaten as snacks during It was 4 species of Dioscorea spp found tea/coffea time in the afternoon. Its flavor were and cultivated by farmers in Nganjuk e.g. preferable by peoples as more soft, tender and Dioscorea alata (uwi), Dioscorea esculenta savory compared to other Dioscorea, and it has (gembili), Dioscorea hispida (yam) and Dioscorea 106

Trimanto and Lia Hapsari: Diversity and Utilization of Dioscorea spp. Tuber ……………………………….………………. bulbifera (uwi gantung). Dioscorea alata has most Resources. 26-29 August. BARC, Dhaka. numerous cultivars and it is widely distributed p. 256-259. among others Dioscorea. Utilization of Dioscorea Islam, M.T., R.U. Chowdhury, R. Afroz, S. Rahman spp. mostly for home consumption and small and M.M. Haque. 2011. Characterization amount for local trade. Farmers play an important and maintenance of yam (Dioscorea spp.) role in conservation of Dioscorea spp by doing germplasm. Bangladesh J. Agril. Res. 36 sustainable cultivation and utilization of (4): 605-621. Dioscorea spp. Dioscorea cultivars which are Jatimprov. 2015. Nganjuk regency (in considered to be promoted and developed as Indonesian). http://pertanian.jatimprov. potential food sources based on morphological go.id/index.php/sentra-hortikultura/9- characteristics and organoleptic test including uwi kab-nganjuk. Accessed on February 27, putih and uwi kelopo (Dioscorea alata), gembili 2015. besar (Dioscorea esculenta) dan gadung canting Kristiani, E. 2010. Characterization of chemical (Dioscorea hispida). and development level of pangsit using subtitution of gembili flour (Dioscorea ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS acuelata) (in Indonesian). J. Agric. Sci. Technol. 5 (2): 99-111. The authors would like to gratefully Kurniawan, H., Asadi, Hadiatmi, L. Hakim, M. acknowledge Indonesian Institute of Sciences for Setyowati, Minantyorini, T. Silitonga, S.G. funding this study. Sincere thanks are also Budiarti, S. Rais, Sutoro and T. Suhartini. dedicated to Bogi Mahardi and Tulabi as members 2004. The catalogue passport data of Dioscorea exploration team. germplasms of food crops Ed. I. Indonesian Central Research and REFERENCES Development of Agricultural Bio- technology Genetic Resources. Bogor. Coursey, D.G. 1976. Yams. Dioscorea spp. Legaspi, N.B. and B.S. Malab. 2013. Increasing (). In: Evolution of crop productivity of yam (Dioscorea esculenta) plants. N.W. Simmonds (ed.). Longman through improved cultural management group limited. London, New York. Chap. practices. MMSU Science and Techno- 23. p. 70-74. logy Journal 3 (1): 125-133. Dutta, B. 2015. Food and medicinal values of Maneenoon, K., P. Sirirugsa and K. Sridith. 2008. certain species of Dioscorea with special Ethnobotany of Dioscorea L. reference to Assam. J. Pharmacognosy (Dioscoreaceae), a major food plant of the and Phytochemistry 3 (4): 15-18. Sakai Tribe at Banthad Range, Peninsular Flach, M. and F. Rumawas. 1996. Plant resources Thailand. Ethnobotany Research and of South-East Asia no. 9; Plants yielding Applications 6: 385-394. non-seed carbohydrates. Backhuys Martin, F.W., Canabillas E. and Guadalupe R. Publishers. Leiden, The Netherlands. pp. 1975. Selected varieties of Dioscorea 237. alata, the asian greater yam. J. Agric. IPGRI/IITA. 1997. Descriptors for Yam (Dioscorea Univ. Puerto Rico 59 (3): 165-181. spp.). International Plant Genetic Norman, P.E., P. Tongoona and P.E. Shanahan. Resources Institute. Rome. Italy/ 2011. Diversity of morphological traits of International Institute of Tropical yam (Dioscorea spp.) genotypes from Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria. Sierra Leone. J. of Applied Biosciebces Islam, M.O., M.M. Haque, M.A. Malek, T. Islam 45: 3045-3058. and M. Islam. 1997. Plant genetic Osunde, Z.D. 2008. Minimizing postharvest losses resources collection, documentation, data in Yam (Dioscorea spp.): Treatments and management and information techniques. In: Robertson, G.L. and dissemination: present status and future Lupien, J.R. (Eds). Using food science strategies. In: G. M. Hossain, R. K. Arora and technology to improve nutrition and and P.N. Mathur (eds.). Proceedings of a promote national development. Int. Union National Workshop on Plant Genetic of Food Science and Technology. Chap. 12. p. 1-12. 107

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