Dade County, Florida

A CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE RUDY & KEITH WAREHOUSE PROJECT AREA, MIAMI- DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

By: Joseph F. Mankowski, M.A., RPA

ADVANCED ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. 1126 S. Federal Hwy. #263 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33316 Phone: 954-270-6624 FAX: 954-533-0265 Email: [email protected]

Prepared for: FOUNDRY COMMERCIAL ACQUISITIONS, LLC.

SEPTEMBER 2019 PROJECT #2019.79 AAI TECHNICAL REPORT #349

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY 1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 3

CULTURAL SETTING 7

PREVIOUS RESEARCH 11

METHODOLOGY 16

RESULTS 19

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 23

BIBLIOGRAPHY 24

APPENDIX I. FMSF SURVEY LOG

i LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. USGS map of the Rudy & Keith Warehouse project area. 2

Figure 2. 1962 aerial photograph of the Rudy & Keith Warehouse project area. 5

Figure 3. Photograph view west at the project area. 6

Figure 4. Photograph view north at the project area. 6

Figure 5. Aerial photograph (2018) of the Rudy & Keith Warehouse project area and shovel tests. 17

Figure 6. USGS map of the Rudy & Keith Warehouse project area and shovel tests. 18

Figure 7. Photograph view north at MPZ-1. 20

Figure 8. Photograph view north at MPZ-2. 20

Figure 9. Photograph view south at MPZ-3. 21

Figure 10. Photograph view north at MPZ-4. 21

Figure 11. Photograph view south at MPZ-5. 22

ii LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources 12

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations 13

iii CONSULTANT SUMMARY

In August 2019, Advanced Archaeology, Inc. conducted a Cultural Resources Assessment Survey of the Rudy & Keith Warehouse project area for Foundry Commercial Acquisitions, LLC. The project area is located in Miami-Dade County, and is being proposed for the construction of warehouses. The objective of this investigation was to locate and assess any prehistoric or historic cultural resources that may be present within the project boundaries, and to determine the effects upon any potential resources found.

This assessment was conducted to fulfill historic resource requirements as part of the review by the State of Florida’s Division of Historical Resources (DHR Project File No.: 2019-4520), in response to Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes. This assessment also was conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), as amended in 1992, and 36 C.F.R., Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. The work and the report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code.

The project area consists of two parcels (Folios: 27-2019-001-0080 and 27-2019-001-0560) located in the City of Hialeah Gardens, which lies in Section 19, Township 52 South and Range 40 East, as depicted on the USGS Pennsuco Quadrangle map (Figure 1). The project area is 7.68 hectares (19 acres) in size, it’s rectangular in shape, and is bounded by NW 107 Avenue on its east side, NW 109 Avenue on its west side, and private properties on its north and south sides. No structures occur on the project area.

Investigations were accomplished by reviewing existing literature, maps, aerial photographs, and conducting fieldwork. A review with the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources or cultural resource investigations have occurred on the project area.

A pedestrian survey was conducted across the entire property, and a total of 23 shovel tests were excavated across the project area (Figures 5 & 6), at 100-meter intervals on two transects within a Low Probability Zone (LPZ) and judgmentally within five Moderate Probability Zones (MPZ 1- 5) that historically contained small hydric hammocks (Figure 2), but are currently cleared or used as tree/plant nurseries (Figures 7-11). All shovel tests were found to be negative for cultural material. Subsoils were generally found to be characterized as disturbed gray muck with inclusions of crushed limestone (0-20 cm), intact brown peat (20-40 cm), and limestone bedrock (40 cm).

In conclusion, no prehistoric or historic cultural resources were found as a result of this Cultural Resources Assessment Survey. It is the consultant’s opinion, based on the available data that no sites regarded as being eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places occur within the project area. No further archaeological assessments are recommended.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

The project area consists of two parcels (Folios: 27-2019-001-0080 and 27-2019-001-0560) located in Miami-Dade County, within the City of Hialeah Gardens, which lies in Section 19, Township 52 South and Range 40 East, as depicted on the USGS Pennsuco Quadrangle map (Figure 1). The project area is 7.68 hectares (19 acres) in size, it’s rectangular in shape, and is bounded by NW 107 Avenue on its east side, NW 109 Avenue on its west side, and private properties on its north and south sides. No structures occur on the project area.

PHYSICAL SETTING

A 1962 aerial photograph (Figure 2) of the project area shows that the property was historically located within a sawgrass prairie with a scatter of small hydric hammocks. Currently, one-half of the project area is cleared and used as a storage and maintenance yard for trucks and containers, with the other areas used as a tree and plant nursery or overgrown with native and non-native vegetation consisting primarily of Cogon grasses (Figures 3 & 4).

The geology of the general area is characterized by organic deposits of peats (“mucks”) of varying depths covering oolitic and calcitic limestone bedrocks and marls. The surfacial peats are organic depositions formed over the past several thousand years through a combination of plant processes and periodic dry-season fires. These deep peat formations and the extensive wetlands they encompass are what help define the Everglades as a unique geographic feature and determined the sorts of human activities/interaction taking place there in the last five thousand years.

The project area is considered to lie in the eastern portion of the Everglades Trough, an immense drainage feature extending from Lake Okeechobee south to the Shark River/Florida Bay area in Southern Florida. Historically, the immediate area lay many miles to the west of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge and was a part of the “sawgrass” Everglades, an area little explored and seldom penetrated by historic settlers prior to the turn of the century.

The dominant plant of the area is sawgrass (Cladium jamaiciensis), a grass or sedge whose blades are well armed with fine serrations. The Everglades contained many thousands of acres of this plant before drainage efforts were initiated by developers and public works around the turn of the century.

The Everglades is not, as many believe, a monoculture of sawgrass but a fairly diverse community of other sedges and grasses such as beak rushes (Rhynchospora spp.), and succulent marsh plants such as arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), pickerelweed (Pontederia lanceolata), and lizard’s tail (Saururus cernuus) as well as coastal plain willow (Salix caroliniana), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) and other plants whose presence and percentage in any given area is governed by periodic fires occurring in the dry season.

This diverse plant community is found growing in shallow water varying in depth from a few inches to two or more feet in the wet season of the year (late summer/early fall). Certain animals such as the alligator play a major role in the disposal and shaping of plant communities by creating

depressional ponds that act as “oasises” for fishes, snakes, birds, and other wildlife during times of low water in the late spring of the year.

The unique Everglades natural communities grow in a fine black silty “muck” (properly termed peat) that is the end product of at least five thousand years deposition of plant activity. There are several varieties of peat, whose composition is governed in great part by the prevalent plant associations that produce it and the type and percentage of clastic materials such as sand and limestone that may be present through geologic transport or coalescing. These peat deposits can range in depth from several inches to as much as twenty feet and form mantles over a bed of Pleistocene limestone caprock that in itself can be spalled, irregular, or solutioned depending on the erosional forces at work.

The project area contains one soil type according to the USDA Soil Survey of Dade County Area, Florida (USDA 1996). This soil type is defined as follows:

Dania muck, frequently ponded, 0 to 1 percent slopes: The Dania series consists of shallow, very poorly drained, rapidly permeable soils in fresh water marshes or swamps on the fringes of areas of deeper organic soils. They formed in thin deposits of well decomposed, hydrophytic herbaceous plant remains over sandy marine sediments overlying limestone bedrock.

Shovel testing within the project area found that the general stratigraphy of the subsoils was characterized as disturbed gray muck with inclusions of crushed limestone (0-20 cm), intact brown peat (20-40 cm), and limestone bedrock (40 cm).

CULTURAL SETTING

The Glades area, which includes all of southern Florida, was originally defined as a distinctive cultural area by Stirling (1936). Goggin (1947) defined more specific boundaries for the area and identified three inclusive sub-areas: the “Calusa” in southwest Florida, the "Tekesta" in southeast Florida and the Florida Keys, and the “Okeechobee” around Lake Okeechobee. Goggin classified these sub-areas on the basis of his recognition of their distinctive natural environments, the different tribes in those regions during historic times, and differences in the archaeological record. Since Goggin's work, there have been several amendments to these definitions. Griffin (1974) noted Goggin's error in utilizing the names of historic tribes to name two of the sub-areas, and he saw no significant differences in the material culture of southern Florida that was not due to variations in coastal environments or to different frequencies of trade pottery. Further, Griffin (1974) believed that the occupation of southern Florida was generally coastal, with the Everglades being considerably less significant and containing only small midden sites, which indicate many short term occupations through the centuries. Based on this belief, he tentatively suggested that the term “Circum-Glades” Area be applied to the area from the Ten Thousand Islands eastward through southeast Florida and northward to St. Lucie County. Unfortunately, this reclassification of the Glades area and the misconception of the insignificance of the Everglades sites have been furthered by a book on Florida archaeology. The oversight was compounded by the statement that sites are distributed "around the Everglades (with only few sites actually in the Everglades proper)" (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:233).

The contention that sites are concentrated on the coast and are scarce in the Everglades is partially incorrect. Recent archaeological surveys in the Everglades (Carr et al., 1979; Carr et al., 2002) and within the Big Cypress Swamp (Ehrenhard et al., 1978, 1979, 1980) indicate that there are at least several hundred sites situated within the south Florida interior, some of which are large, substantial sites that suggest more than just marginal or short term use.The term “Everglades Area” for southeast Florida was offered by Carr and Beriault to replace the “Glades” culture area (1984: 1-11). In 1988, Griffin concurred by using “Everglades Area” to describe southeastern Florida and the Florida Keys in his recent synthesis of South Florida archaeology (Griffin, 1988, 1989). It is difficult to determine an exact western boundary for the area, but Carr and Beriault (1984:2) suggest one west of the Shark River and east of Turner River, near the eastern boundary of Big Cypress Swamp. A northern boundary would be near the Broward-Palm Beach County line.

Paleo Period (10000 B.C. to 8000 B.C.)

Paleoindians lived in southern Florida in association with mammoths, bison, and other types of megafauna. Deposits of fossilized Pleistocene bone have been uncovered by dredging operations from several locations in southern Florida and from solution holes in south Dade County. These deposits yielded a wide range of grazing ungulates and sloths, indicating the presence of more extensive grasslands than present (Webb and Martin, 1974). With the extinction of the megafauna by about 11,000 B.P., Paleoindians apparently adapted to the emerging wetlands of southern Florida, and began to establish the patterns of subsistence that were to provide the basis of resource procurement for the subsequent 10,000 years. Evidence of the Paleo period in southern Florida is now well established with the discovery of a late Paleo/Early Archaic site at Cutler in south Dade

County (Carr, 1986). Radiocarbon dates of 9,640 ± 120 years B.P. were determined for this site, which yielded evidence of exploitation of deer and rabbit, some marine fauna, and some indication of hunting extinct horse and peccary. However, the majority of data from this site reflects Indian adaptation to the extinction of New World megafauna.

Archaic Period (6500 B.C. to 1000 B.C.)

During the Post Glacial, the sea level rose and greatly diminished Florida's land size. It has been calculated that the rate of sea level rise was approximately 8.3 cm per 100 years from 6000 to 3000 B.P. That rate has decreased to about 3.5 cm per 100 years from 3000 B.P. to present (Scholl and Stuiver, 1967).

By 5000 B.P., cypress swamps and hardwood forests characteristic of the sub-tropics began to develop in southern Florida (Carbone, 1983; Delcourt and Delcourt, 1981). The Archaic Period was characterized by an increased reliance on the shellfish and marine resources on the coast by the native populations, and a generally expanded hunting, fishing, and plant gathering base throughout southern Florida.

Archaeologists were not aware until recently of the extent and nature of Archaic Period sites in southern Florida. The earliest dated mid-Archaic archaeological materials are from the Bay West site, a cypress mortuary pond situated in Collier County northeast of Naples (Beriault et al., 1981). It is likely that the Bay West site was a hydric sinkhole that provided an "oasis" and water hole during the much drier mid-Archaic period. Radiocarbon dates recovered there indicate a temporal range of 5500 B.P. to 7000 B.P. This chronology and the cultural materials recovered, including preserved organic materials, are very similar to those recovered from Little Salt Spring 110 km to the north (Clausen et al., 1979). The mortuary pond is undoubtedly one of the characteristic types of cemeteries of the Archaic Period throughout central and southern Florida.

A mid-Archaic Period site, the first from this period, was recently discovered in Broward County (Carr and Sandler, 1991).The site, 8BD1119, was discovered on Pine Island ridge. Characterized by a scatter of chert flakes and several mid-Archaic projectile points, the site appears to be lithic workshop for reshaping tools.

Sites from the Late Archaic Period are becoming increasingly evident in southeast Florida. Sites dating from as early as 4000 B.P. have been located along Biscayne Bay (Carr, 1981a,b), but Late Archaic horizons appear to be common place on Everglades sites. Radiocarbon dates in the Everglades indicate early ages of 3050 ±140 B.P. for the Peace Camp site (Mowers and Williams, 1972:18), and 4840 ± 210 B.P. for Taylor's Head site (8BD74) (Masson et al., 1988:346).

The Late Archaic Period is distinguished by the development of fiber-tempered pottery. The Orange series of fiber-tempered pottery is well documented by Cockrell (1970) on Marco Island, and undecorated fiber-tempered pottery has been recovered on the southeast coast at the Atlantis site (Carr, 1981b). Sites containing fiber-tempered pottery have been dated from as early as 3400 ± 100 B.P. on Marco Island, and from ca. 2500 B.P. at the Firebreak site in Collier County, and from 3000 to 4000 B.P. along Biscayne Bay. Partial fiber and sand tempered pottery have been

recovered from interior sites such as the Honey Hill site (8DA411), the 202nd Street site in north Dade County, and the Markham Park (8BD183) site in Broward County.

The Glades Period (Ca. 750 B.C. to 1750 A.D.)

Goggin (1947) defined three periods for the Formative Era. Using decorated pottery types that have proven to be effective time markers, he created the Glades I, II and III periods. These divisions have proven most useful in extreme southern Florida. The Glades I Early period (750 B.C. to ca. A.D. 200) is characterized by the use of undecorated sand-tempered pottery. Appearance of the Ft. Drum decorated series indicates ceramic decorations in extreme southern Florida were developed by 500 A. D. While decorated types begin appearing during Goggin's Late Glades I period, future revisions of the Glades periods may simply make the Glades II Period coincide with the first appearance of decorated wares.

During the Glades II period (A.D. 750 to A.D. 1200), shifts in ceramic styles allow archaeologists to accurately divide the period into three subperiods based on the relative frequency of certain decorative types (i.e., Key Largo Incised, Miami Incised, Sanibel Incised). Mound construction was also common place during this period, reflecting the rise of a stratified society with a select ruling and/or priest class.

During the Glades II and III periods (A.D. 1200 to A.D. 1750), there was a shift in ceramic decorations and vessel shape in extreme southern Florida. Griffin (1974) reports the near absence of decorated pottery between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1200. Occurrences of St. Johns tradeware and Belle Glade Plain ware increase along the east coast, and in general, a thriving trade network that brought a variety of exotic resources, such as lithic tools and ornaments, is evident.

Historic Period (ca. A.D. 1500 - A.D. 1900)

When the Europeans arrived in the sixteenth century they encountered a thriving population with at least five separate tribes in southern Florida: the Tequesta in southeast Florida, the Calusa in southwest Florida, the Jeaga and Ais along the east coast north of the Tequesta, and the Mayaimi near Lake Okeechobee. At the time of Spanish contact the Calusa maintained political dominance over these other tribes. It has been estimated that there were about 20,000 Indians in south Florida when the Spanish arrived (Milanich and Fairbanks, 1980). By 1763, when the English gained control of Florida, that population had been reduced to several hundred. These last survivors were reported to have migrated to Cuba with the Spanish (Romans, 1962), however, it is likely that the so-called "Spanish Indians" (Sturtevant, 1953), who raided Indian Key in 1840, were the mixed- blood descendants of the Calusa and/or refugees from north Florida missions raided by the English in the early eighteenth century. The Spanish-Indians joined the Seminoles, who had fled en masse into south Florida in 1838 after the Battle of Okeechobee, although some Creek groups apparently had migrated to south Florida earlier in the century.

The earliest documentary evidence of Seminole settlement in south Florida is an account by John Lee Williams (1837) describing Snake Warrior's Island at the headwaters of Snake Creek. This site was recently identified as probably being site 8BD1867 in Miramar in southern Broward

County. Seminole Archaeology is a relatively new focus in south Florida, but recent work has contributed new data about Seminole settlements in the area.

Hialeah Gardens History

Hialeah is an Indian name, meaning "High Prairie," - the municipality of Hialeah Gardens sprouted from humble beginnings at Walter C. Ohlerts Tourist Camp. By way of 26 unanimous votes, the town of Hialeah Gardens achieved incorporation in December 1948. In February 1949, Hialeah Gardens adopted their first building code, their first traffic ordinance, and the first laws regarding hunting. Hialeah Gardens served mainly as a rural community in which one of its main industries was raising horses. This remained so until 1968 when the city adopted an aggressive land use and zoning master plan to lead the growth of the city. Only a small number of small businesses existed along the Okeechobee Road corridor. The city's close proximity to major roadways such as Okeechobee Road (U.S. Route 27 / State Road 25) and the Palmetto Expressway (State Road 826) provide opportunity for Hialeah Gardens to become one of the fastest growing municipalities in the county (Hialeah Gardens, Florida 2019).

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

The first known archaeological investigation of a prehistoric site in the Everglades was conducted by M. R. Harrington in 1908 (Harrington, 1909:139-143). His visit to Pine Island did not include excavations, but he conducted a surface collection of artifacts, which currently repose at the Museum of the American Indian at the Smithsonian Institution.

Archaeological investigations in the Broward County area of the eastern Everglades began with the W. P. A. program of the 1930s. Those excavations of south Florida sites were funded by the U.S. government and were administered by the Smithsonian Institution (Willey, 1949). A number of sites were tested near the Broward-Dade County line. These sites were black dirt middens located on Everglades tree islands or "hammocks" and yielded evidence of prehistoric habitation dating back to the Glades II Period (ca. 500 A.D.). Historic artifacts associated with the nineteenth century Seminoles were also recovered.

Archaeologist John Goggin led excavations of sites in the east Everglades in the 1930s. His observations of the Flagami site (8DA36) in 1932 represent the first site visit of his long career in south Florida archaeology (Goggin, 1940). The first listing of east Everglades sites in the Florida State Master Site File emerged from his recording of tree island sites in Dade and Broward Counties.

Following Goggin’s significant paper, "Stratigraphic Sites in the Everglades" (Goggin, 1950), twenty years passed before any other professional archaeologist would contribute to south Florida prehistoric research. In the interim, the rapid urban development of the 1960s began to encroach into the eastern Everglades, and numerous archaeological sites were destroyed. The archaeological research vacuum left by Goggin was partially filled when a number of local amateur archaeological societies were formed in southeast Florida, which included the Archaeological Society of South Florida and the Broward County Archaeological Society. The latter group, formed in 1968 under the leadership of Wilma Williams, began an ambitious program of conducting digs across all of Broward County, leaving an extensive record of publications in the Florida Anthropologist and artifactual materials that are now the nucleus of the Broward County Archaeological Museum. Initially, the amateur societies excavated without any regard as to whether a site was truly endangered by development or whether it was preserved in a park setting. Many of the east Everglades sites, such as those in Markham Park, were intensively damaged by archaeological excavations.

The Trail Site, 8DA33, was first reported by John M. Goggin in the late 1940s (Goggin, 1949). Goggin had the following remarks to make about the site:

It is a black dirt midden on a rock outcropping in the Everglades. Refuse covers the whole surface of an area of about 100 by 150 feet. The depth of the deposit is unknown but is estimated to be from 2 to 3 feet. Until about 1946 it was farmed during the winter, and was occasionally occupied by the Seminoles. Potsherds are very abundant, and a former tenant found many glass beads and a “red stone pipe.”

The glass beads are probably from a recent Seminole occupation, but the pipe may have been an earlier red terra cotta trade pipe. Collections were made here several times yielding a large number of potsherds from the surface. Those are mostly Glades Plain but a number of other types and wares are represented, mainly by single specimens. Of those the largest number are Surfside Incised. In the Squires Collection there is a large flint point 7.8 cm. long. The site has a long range of occupation from Glades Ib through Glades IIIc.

The decorated pottery types Goggin collected were Key Largo Incised, Fort Drum Incised, Glades Tooled, “miscellaneous gritty incised ware”, St Johns Check Stamped, Belle Glade Plain, and shell-tempered ware. He also mentions a “worked” potsherd, European material, and an unidentified copper object, which he speculates may be modern.

The Dade County Historic Preservation Division directed a comprehensive archaeological survey of Dade County between 1978-1981 (Carr 1981b). Previously recorded sites and newly discovered sites were assessed and recorded in the County files to form a database for management of cultural resources within the County. This site inventory also helped form predictive site models used to predict the type of sites that may be found under similar conditions.

Since 1981, archaeological surveys in the Miami-Dade County area of the eastern Everglades have been conducted on an "as needed" basis as required by various permit requirements of Miami- Dade County, the State of Florida, and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. These surveys have been conducted generally by archaeological consultants and have resulted in numerous site discoveries and assessments.

In 1975, Florida’s Division of Archives, History, and Records Management surveyed site 8DA33 as part of the proposed enhancement of the Tamiami Canal (Gagel, 1976). The investigators failed to recognize during their assessment that 8DA33 was a previously documented site, and assigned a new site number, 8DA139. They also excavated four test units, uncovering over 500 pottery sherds, and conducted a cursory analysis of faunal bones (Gagel, 1976: 44), but no maps or boundary determinations were made for the site.

FMSF Literature Review

As part of the literature review, a search was conducted with the Florida Division of Historical Resources for relevant archives and literature. As a result of this review, the Florida Master Site File compiled a roster of 15 previously recorded cultural resources (Table 1) and 18 previous cultural resource investigations (Table 2) conducted within a 1.6 kilometer (1.0 mile) radius of the project area. No cultural resources or cultural resource investigations occur within the project area.

Table 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Site No. Site Name Site Type DA00041 PENNSUCO Archaeological

DA00164 GRAHAM DAIRY HOUSE Structure

DA06525 MIAMI CANAL Linear Resource

DA10754 Snapper Creek Canal Linear Resource

DA11420 Graham Dairy Canal Linear Resource

DA11530 Pennsuco Canal Linear Resource

DA12275 10188 NW 138th Street Structure

DA12276 10000 NW 138th Street Structure

DA12277 Royal Container Gold Coast Structure

DA15232 Medley Spur of FEC Railway Linear Resource

DA15657 11100 NW 112 Ct Structure

DA15658 14201 W Okeechobee Rd/Frontage Structure Road

DA15690 Bridge No. 870225 Bridge

DA15691 Bridge No. 870425 Bridge

DA15693 Homestead Extension Canal East Linear Resource

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Survey No. Date Author Title 25783 2019 Janus Research Cultural Resource Assessment Survey Re‐ evaluation SR 924/Gratigny Parkway West Extension Project Development & Environment (PD&E) _ Reevaluation

25035 2018 Environmental Services, Inc. A CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE TEBA PROPERTY, MIAMI‐ DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA 25570 2018 SEARCH "TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM: CULTURAL RESOURCE ASSESSMENT SURVEY UPDATE OF

24199 2017 ACI SR 25/OKEECHOBEE ROAD FROM SR 997/KROME AVENUE TO NW 79TH AVENUE, MIAMI‐DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA"

24436 2017 EBI Consulting Cultural Resource Assessment Survey, Florida's Turnpike (SR 821)Interchange at NW 170th Street Project Development and Environment (PD&E) Study, Miami‐Dade County, Florida; ETDM No.: 14279 In Coordination with FPID No.: 435542‐1 (HEFT Widening)

21063 2014 Janus Research Archaeological Sensitivity Assessment 14073609 / CRAN MIA03‐Poles #9, 18, 19, 21, 24, Six Proposed New 38.5ft Tall Concrete Wireless Telecommunications Poles , Multiple Locations Near NW 107th Avenue, Hialeah, Miami‐Dade County, FL EBI Project 6117003793

19090 2011 Janus Research Cultural Resource Assessment Survey (CRAS) of the US 27/SR 25/Okeechobee Road Project Development Environment Study (PD&E) from SR 997/Krome Avenue (M.P.0.357) to NW 79th Avenue (M.P. 10.051)

17583 2010 Janus Research Cultural Resource Assessment Survey of the SR 924 (Gratigny Parkway) West Extension Project Development & Environmental (PD&E) Study from SR 826 (Palmetto Expressway) to SR 821 (Homestead Extention of the Florida's Turnpike) (HEFT)

14770 2007 Post, Buckley, Schuh, & Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for Jernigan, Inc. Homestead Extension of Florida's Turnpike from State Road 836 (Dolphin Expressway) to East of NW 57th Avenue (Red Road) Project Development and Environmental (PD&E) Study, Miami‐Dade and Broward Counties

14871 2007 Archeological and Historical A Cultural Resources Assessment for Conservancy, Inc. Florida's Turnpike SunNav Southern Arterial Dynamic Sign Message (DMS) Project. Broward, Dade and Palm Beach Counties, Florida

9025 2003 Panamerican Consultants, Inc. A Phase I Reconnaissance Cultural Resource Assessment of the Beacon Countyline Parcel, Miami‐Dade County, Florida

9080 2003 Panamerican Consultants, Inc., A Cultural Resource Assessment of the GEXY Tower Location in Miami‐Dade County, Florida

7191 2002 Archeological and Historical An Archaeological and Historical Survey of Conservancy, Inc. the Proposed Sante De Leo Tower Location in Miami‐Dade County, Florida

8137 2001 Panamerican Consultants, Inc. An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Proposed GMLV Tower Location in Miami‐Dade County, Florida

2127 1989 Historic Preservation Division, Dade County historic survey, Phase II: final Department of Community and report. Economic Development, Metropolitan Dade County, Miami.

340 1980 Metro‐Dade Historic Dade County Archaeological Survey Interim Preservation Division, Miami. Report

283 1979 Ms. on file, FDHR/BAR. An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the Site 14 Replacement Airport and its Proposed Access Corridors

320 1974 Ms. on file, FDHR/BAR. US 27 Survey

METHODOLOGY

Prior to conducting fieldwork, relevant archives were consulted and literature was reviewed. This included, but was not limited to, site forms and surveys from the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) in Tallahassee concerning previously recorded sites and investigations located within a 1.6 kilometer (1-mile) radius of the project area, USGS maps, USDA soil maps, historical maps and various aerial photographs.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This Cultural Resources Assessment Survey incorporated the use of certain predictive archaeological site models. These models are based on topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and historic sites in Miami-Dade County. These models postulate that elevated hardwood hammocks in close proximity to lakes, rivers, coastal ridges, or sloughs are high probability areas for prehistoric archaeological sites to occur. Aerial photography and USGS maps aided in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and vegetative communities, which defined areas of probability on the project area. It was determined that the project area contained a total of five Moderate Probability Zones (MPZ 1-5), which were historically small hydric hammocks, but with a minimal chance of having isolated areas of higher elevations for human occupation. The remainder of the project area contained a Low Probability Zone (LPZ) for having archaeological sites because it historically contained a sawgrass prairie with no substantial elevation for viable human habitation.

FIELDWORK METHODS

A pedestrian survey was conducted across the entire property, and a total of 23 shovel tests were excavated across the project area at 100-meter intervals on two transects and judgmentally within five Moderate Probability Zones (Figures 5 & 6). All shovel tests were found to be negative for cultural material. Shovel tests measured 50 cm in diameter and were excavated down to a depth of the limestone bedrock surface. All sediments excavated were sifted through a 6.35 mm hardware mesh screen. The location of each shovel test was recorded along with information concerning stratigraphy. Following the recordation process, all shovel tests were backfilled. Photographs were taken to document field conditions, etc., as needed.

COLLECTIONS

No collections were made during this assessment.

INFORMANTS

RS Environmental Consulting, Inc. was interviewed concerning any knowledge that they had of cultural resources existing on the project area. They were not aware of any cultural resources occurring on the property.

RESULTS

A review with the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources or cultural resource investigations have occurred on the project area.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERIES

Although a thorough and systematic effort was made to locate cultural resources on the project area, there is still a potential of small archaeological sites, features or artifacts existing, and should cultural material or evidence of cultural activity appear during any construction activities, the consultant archaeologist, or appropriate state/municipal authorities should be notified.

If human remains are discovered, then the provisions of Florida Statutes 872.05 (Offenses Concerning Dead Bodies and Graves) will apply.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Beriault, JG, RS Carr, JJ Stipp, R Johnson and J Meeder 1981 The Archaeological Salvage of the Bay West Site, Collier County, Florida. The Florida Anthropologist 34 (2):39 - 58.

Carbone, VA 1983 Late Quaternary Environments in Florida and the Southeast. The Florida Anthropologist 36(1-2).

Carr, RS 1981a Dade County Historic Final Report: The Archaeological Survey. Metropolitan Dade County Office of Community and Economic Development, Historic Preservation Division Miami, Florida.

1981b Salvage Excavations at Two Prehistoric Cemeteries in Dade County, Florida. Paper presented at the 45th Annual Meeting of the Florida Academy of Sciences. Winter Park.

1981c The Brickell Store and Seminole Indian Trade. The Florida Anthropologist 34(4):180- 199.

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