Florida's Springs
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Florida’s Springs Strategies for Protection and Restoration May 2006 The Florida Springs Task Force Cover Photo Credits: Green Cove Springs, Clay County. Photo by Tom Scott, FGS Manatee nursing her calf in the Wakulla River, Wakulla County. Photo by Tom Scott, FGS Kayaking at Gainer Springs, Bay County. Photo by Tom Scott, FGS Trash in a sinkhole near Ichetucknee Springs, Columbia County. Photo by Jim Stevenson Fern Hammock Springs, Marion County. Photo by Tom Scott, FGS Florida’s Springs Strategies for Protection & Restoration May 2006 Prepared for Florida Department of Environmental Protection Office of Ecosystem Projects 3900 Commonwealth Blvd. MS45 Tallahassee, FL 32399-3000 The Florida Springs Task Force May 1, 2006 Florida Springs Task Force Members and Advisors Task Force Members ▪ Mike Bascom, DEP Office of Ecosystem ▪ Doug Munch, St Johns River Water Projects Management District ▪ Dana Bryan, DEP Division of Recreation ▪ Dave DeWitt, Southwest Florida Water and Parks Management District ▪ Kent Smith, Fish and Wildlife Conservation ▪ Hal Davis, U.S. Geological Survey Commission ▪ Jon Martin, University of Florida ▪ Richard Deadman, Department of Department of Geologic Sciences Community Affairs ▪ Sam Upchurch, SDII Global Corporation ▪ Bruce Day, Withlacoochee Regional ▪ Peggy Mathews, Environmental / Planning Council Governmental Relations Consultant ▪ Gary Maidhof, Citrus County Government ▪ Meg Andronaco, Perrier Group, Inc. ▪ Tom Pratt, Northwest Florida Water ▪ Wes Skiles, Karst Environmental Services Management District ▪ Jim Stevenson, Citizen ▪ Kirk Webster, Suwannee River Water ▪ Chuck Edwards, Agriculture / Edwards Management District Poultry Farm ▪ Doug Shaw, The Nature Conservancy Task Force Chairman: Mike Bascom, DEP Office of Ecosystem Projects Technical Advisors ▪ Gary Maddox, DEP Division of Water ▪ Eberhard Roeder, Department of Health Resource Management ▪ Bill Bartnick, Department of Agriculture ▪ Laura Morse, DEP Division of Water and Consumer Services Resource Management ▪ Tim Hazlett, Hazlett Kincaid ▪ Joe Hand, DEP Division of Water Resource ▪ Tom Mirti, Suwannee River Water Management Management District ▪ David Hornsby, DEP Division of Water ▪ Darrell Smith, Suwannee River Water Resource Management Management District ▪ Russ Frydenborg, DEP Laboratories ▪ Gregg Jones, Southwest Florida Water ▪ Tom Scott, Florida Geological Survey Management District ▪ Harley Means, Florida Geological Survey ▪ Jim Valade, U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service ▪ Tom Greenhalgh, Florida Geological Survey ▪ Brian Katz, U.S. Geological Survey ▪ David Trimble, DEP Division of Water ▪ Louis Motz, University of Florida Water Resource Management Resources Research Center ▪ Carolyn Voyles, DEP Division of Water ▪ Tom Crisman, University of Florida Center Resource Management for Wetlands ▪ Jennifer Gihring, DEP Division of Water Resource Management Meeting Facilitator: Christian Newman, Pandion Systems, Inc. Technical Writer and Editor: Karen C. Hill, Pandion Systems, Inc. Technical Reviewer: Fay Baird, Pandion Systems, Inc. Report Design and Layout: Karen C. Hill and Christine Denny, Pandion Systems, Inc. Acknowledgements We would like to thank the original Florida Springs Task Force who worked so diligently to produce the first Springs Report in November 2000. Without their vision and efforts, this document and overall springs protection would not be where it is today. Additionally, the current Florida Springs Task Force and its technical advisors deserve significant praise for their dedication to springs protection and to the creation of this updated report. They and their organizations dedicated time, resources, and expertise in monthly meetings over the past six months. In addition, many members and advisors participated in numerous lengthy conference calls and multiple reviews of draft documents. We appreciate everyone’s patience and willingness to work together in a professional congenial manner and use innovative approaches to produce this document. Over 30 Task Force members and advisors provided input and expertise to the strategies for springs protection and restoration in this report. In addition, several members and advisors deserve special mention for their significant contributions to other portions of this report. Specifically, for the update and writing of the background section, thanks to Mike Bascom, Dana Bryan, Bruce Day, Dave DeWitt, Jon Martin, Harley Means, Tom Pratt, Kent Smith, Jim Stevenson, Sam Upchurch, and Tom Mirti. For providing a substantial amount of technical information, thanks to Gary Maddox, Harley Means, Laura Morse, and Tom Scott. Finally, we are thankful to Mike Bascom and his staff from the Department of Environmental Protection’s Florida Springs Initiative for their support and responsiveness. Florida Springs Task Force at Salt Springs in 2003. Photo by Tom Scott, FGS i Acronyms and Abbreviations AWTP – advanced wastewater treatment MFL – Minimum Flows and Levels plant mg/L – milligrams per liter BMP – best management practice mgd – million gallons per day cfs – cubic feet per second NWFWMD – Northwest Florida Water CUP – consumptive use permit Management District DACS –Florida Department of Agriculture OFW – Outstanding Florida Water and Consumer Services OSTDS – Onsite Sewage Treatment and DCA – Florida Department of Community Disposal System (includes: septic Affairs system; aerobic treatment unit; DEP – Florida Department of performance-based treatment Environmental Protection system) DOH – Florida Department of Health RPC – Regional Planning Council DOT – Florida Department of SJRWMD – St. Johns River Water Transportation Management District DRI – Development of Regional Impact SPRTF – Springs Protection and Restoration Trust Fund (a proposed method for EPA – U.S. Environmental Protection funding the strategies in this report) Agency SRPP – Strategic Regional Policy Plans ERP – Environmental Resource Permit SRWMD – Suwannee River Water FAC – Florida Administrative Code Management District FGS – Florida Geological Survey SWFWMD – Southwest Florida Water FS – Florida Statutes Management District FSTF – Florida Springs Task Force USGS – United States Geological Survey GIS – Geographic Information System WMD – Water Management District gpd – gallons per day WUP – water use permit IFAS – Institute of Food and Agricultural WWTP – Wastewater Treatment Plant Sciences (University of Florida) IPMP – Integrated Pest Management Plan ii Table of Contents I. Executive Summary........................................................................................................... 1 II. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 5 III. Accomplishments .......................................................................................................... 8 IV. Background ..................................................................................................................... 9 A Short History of Florida’s Springs ..............................................................................................9 Understanding Florida’s Springs ..................................................................................................11 Hydrogeology...................................................................................................................................................12 Springs Ecology...............................................................................................................................................16 Factors Affecting Springs ...............................................................................................................................17 Citizen Participation & Decision Making for Springs Protection ...............................................................22 Case Histories: Local Values of Florida Springs, Issues That Threaten Them, and Strategies Implemented to Protect and Restore Them............................................................26 Volusia Blue Spring.........................................................................................................................................26 Ginnie Spring ...................................................................................................................................................28 Wakulla Spring.................................................................................................................................................30 Sulphur Spring .................................................................................................................................................34 Ichetucknee Springs .......................................................................................................................................37 Silver Glen Springs .........................................................................................................................................40 Silver Springs...................................................................................................................................................42 V. Strategies for Springs Protection & Restoration..................................................... 47 1. Education & Outreach Strategies .........................................................................................47 1.1. Education ...........................................................................................................................................47