Miami-Dade County, Florida

A CULTURAL RESOURCES ASSESSMENT SURVEY OF THE MIDSTATE MATERIALS PROJECT PARCEL (FOLIO NO. 30-3953- 000-0163), MIAMI-DADE COUNTY, FLORIDA

By: Joseph F. Mankowski, M.A., RPA

ADVANCED ARCHAEOLOGY, INC. 1126 S. Federal Hwy. #263 Ft. Lauderdale, FL 33316 Phone: 954-270-6624 FAX: 954-533-0265 Email: [email protected]

Prepared for: SZAUER ENGINEERING, INC.

OCTOBER 2018 PROJECT #2018.68 AAI TECHNICAL REPORT #275

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF FIGURES ii

LIST OF TABLES iii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY 1

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT 3

CULTURAL SETTING 8

PREVIOUS RESEARCH 13

METHODOLOGY 17

RESULTS 20

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 21

BIBLIOGRAPHY 22

APPENDIX I. FMSF SURVEY LOG

i LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. USGS map of the Midstate Materials project parcel. 2

Figure 2. Aerial photograph (1969) of the Midstate Materials project parcel. 5

Figure 3. Photograph view southeast at the project parcel and 8DA11507. 6

Figure 4. Photograph view southwest at the project parcel and 8DA11507. 6

Figure 5. Photograph view south at the project parcel. 7

Figure 6. Photograph view east at the project parcel. 7

Figure 7. Aerial photograph (2017) of the Midstate Materials project parcel and shovel tests. 18

Figure 8. USGS map of the Midstate Materials project parcel and shovel tests. 19

ii LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources 15

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations 15

iii

CONSULTANT SUMMARY

In October 2018, Advanced Archaeology, Inc. conducted a Cultural Resources Assessment Survey of the Midstate Materials project parcel for Szauer Engineering, Inc. The project parcel is located in Miami-Dade County (Folio: 30-3953-000-0163), and is being proposed for improvements of an industrial area. The objective of this investigation was to locate and assess any prehistoric or historic cultural resources that may be present within the project boundaries, and to determine the effects upon any potential resources found.

This assessment was conducted to fulfill historic resource requirements as part of the review by the State of Florida’s Division of Historical Resources (DHR Project File No.: 2018-4171), in response to Chapters 267.061 and 373.414, Florida Statutes. This assessment also was conducted in accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (Public Law 89- 665), as amended in 1992, and 36 C.F.R., Part 800: Protection of Historic Properties. The work and the report conform to the specifications set forth in Chapter 1A-46, Florida Administrative Code.

The project parcel lies within Lot 3, Township 53 South and Range 39 East, as depicted on the USGS Hialeah SW Quadrangle map (Figure 1), and is 2.5 hectares (6.25 acres) in size. The parcel is an irregular polygon in shape, and is bounded by a spur of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (8DA11507) on its north side, and private properties on all other sides. The parcel is currently vacant and overgrown with vegetation, and no structures exist within the parcel boundaries.

Investigations were accomplished by reviewing existing literature, maps, aerial photographs, and conducting fieldwork. A review with the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources or previous cultural resource investigations occur on the project parcel. However, a segment of site 8DA11507 is located adjacent and on the north side of the project parcel (Figures 3 & 4), which is a spur of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad that was built sometime between 1952 and 1963, and was found to be eligible for listing in the NRHP by Janus Research (FMSF 2012).

A pedestrian survey was conducted across the entire property, and a total of 12 shovel tests were excavated across the project parcel at 50-meter intervals on a grid (Figures 7 & 8). The entire project parcel was determined to be in a Low Probability Zone. All shovel tests were found to be negative for cultural material. Subsoils within shovel tests were generally found to be characterized as intact gray clayey sand (0-30 cm), intact very dark grayish brown peat (30-40 cm), and intact limestone bedrock (40 cm).

In conclusion, no prehistoric or historic cultural resources were found on the project parcel as a result of this Cultural Resources Assessment Survey. It is the consultant’s opinion, based on the available data that no sites regarded as being eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places occur within the project parcel. No further archaeological assessments are recommended.

ENVIRONMENTAL CONTEXT

The project parcel is located in Miami-Dade County, Florida; it lies within Lot 3, Township 53 South and Range 39 East, as depicted on the USGS Hialeah SW Quadrangle map (Figure 1), and is 2.5 hectares (6.25 acres) in size. The parcel is an irregular polygon in shape, and is bounded by a spur of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (8DA11507) on its north side, and private properties on all other sides. The parcel is currently vacant and overgrown with vegetation, and no structures exist within the parcel boundaries.

A 1969 aerial photograph (Figure 2) of the project parcel shows that the property was historically located within an Everglades prairie. Currently, the project parcel is heavily vegetated (Figures 3- 6) with sawgrass and non-native species consisting primarily of Cogon grass, melaleuca, Brazilian Pepper, and Australian Pine.

PHYSICAL SETTING

The geology of the general area is characterized by organic deposits of peats (“mucks”) of varying depths covering oolitic and calcitic limestone bedrocks and marls. The surfacial peats are organic depositions formed over the past several thousand years through a combination of plant processes and periodic dry-season fires. These deep peat formations and the extensive wetlands they encompass are what help define the Everglades as a unique geographic feature and determined the sorts of human activities/interaction taking place there in the last five thousand years.

The project parcel is considered to lie in the eastern portion of the Everglades Trough, an immense drainage feature extending from Lake Okeechobee south to the Shark River/Florida Bay area in Southern Florida. Historically, the immediate area lay many miles to the west of the Atlantic Coastal Ridge and was a part of the “sawgrass” Everglades, an area little explored and seldom penetrated by historic settlers prior to the turn of the century.

The dominant plant of the area is sawgrass (Cladium jamaiciensis), a grass or sedge whose blades are well armed with fine serrations. The Everglades contained many thousands of acres of this plant before drainage efforts were initiated by developers and public works around the turn of the century.

The Everglades is not, as many believe, a monoculture of sawgrass but a fairly diverse community of other sedges and grasses such as beak rushes (Rhynchospora spp.), and succulent marsh plants such as arrowhead (Sagittaria spp.), pickerelweed (Pontederia lanceolata), and lizard’s tail (Saururus cernuus) as well as coastal plain willow (Salix caroliniana), buttonbush (Cephalanthus occidentalis) and other plants whose presence and percentage in any given area is governed by periodic fires occurring in the dry season.

This diverse plant community is found growing in shallow water varying in depth from a few inches to two or more feet in the wet season of the year (late summer/early fall). Certain animals such as the alligator play a major role in the disposal and shaping of plant communities by creating

depressional ponds that act as “oasises” for fishes, snakes, birds, and other wildlife during times of low water in the late spring of the year.

The unique Everglades natural communities grow in a fine black silty “muck” (properly termed peat) that is the end product of at least five thousand years deposition of plant activity. There are several varieties of peat, whose composition is governed in great part by the prevalent plant associations that produce it and the type and percentage of clastic materials such as sand and limestone that may be present through geologic transport or coalescing. These peat deposits can range in depth from several inches to as much as twenty feet and form mantles over a bed of Pleistocene limestone caprock that in itself can be spalled, irregular, or solutioned depending on the erosional forces at work.

The project parcel contains two soil types according to the USDA Soil Survey of Dade County Area, Florida (USDA 1996). These soil types are defined as follows:

∙ Lauderhill muck, frequently ponded, 0 to 1 percent slopes: This moderately deep, nearly level, very poorly drained soil is in narrow drainageways and broad open areas within sawgrass marshes. It is ponded for 9 to 12 months in most years. Slopes are smooth or concave and are less than 2 percent. Typically, the soil is muck to a depth of about 30 inches. The upper 7 inches is black, and the lower 23 inches is very dark brown. Hard, porous, oolitic limestone bedrock is at a depth of about 30 inches.

∙ Udorthents-water complex: This soil consists of unconsolidated or heterogeneous geologic material removed in the excavation of ditches, canals, lakes and ponds. It is commonly piled along banks and has slopes of 2 to 40 percent. This soil is moderately well drained.

Shovel testing within the project parcel found that the general stratigraphy of the subsoils was found to be characterized as intact gray clayey sand (0-30 cm), intact very dark grayish brown peat (30-40 cm), and intact limestone bedrock (40 cm).

CULTURAL SETTING

The Glades area, which includes all of southern Florida, was originally defined as a distinctive cultural area by Stirling (1936). Goggin (1947) defined more specific boundaries for the area and identified three inclusive sub-areas: the “Calusa” in southwest Florida, the "Tekesta" in southeast Florida and the Florida Keys, and the “Okeechobee” around Lake Okeechobee. Goggin classified these sub-areas on the basis of his recognition of their distinctive natural environments, the different tribes in those regions during historic times, and differences in the archaeological record. Since Goggin's work, there have been several amendments to these definitions. Griffin (1974) noted Goggin's error in utilizing the names of historic tribes to name two of the sub-areas, and he saw no significant differences in the material culture of southern Florida that was not due to variations in coastal environments or to different frequencies of trade pottery. Further, Griffin (1974) believed that the occupation of southern Florida was generally coastal, with the Everglades being considerably less significant and containing only small midden sites, which indicate many short term occupations through the centuries. Based on this belief, he tentatively suggested that the term “Circum-Glades” Area be applied to the area from the Ten Thousand Islands eastward through southeast Florida and northward to St. Lucie County. Unfortunately, this reclassification of the Glades area and the misconception of the insignificance of the Everglades sites have been furthered by a book on Florida archaeology. The oversight was compounded by the statement that sites are distributed "around the Everglades (with only few sites actually in the Everglades proper)" (Milanich and Fairbanks 1980:233).

The contention that sites are concentrated on the coast and are scarce in the Everglades is partially incorrect. Recent archaeological surveys in the Everglades (Carr et al., 1979; Carr et al., 2002) and within the Big Cypress Swamp (Ehrenhard et al., 1978, 1979, 1980) indicate that there are at least several hundred sites situated within the south Florida interior, some of which are large, substantial sites that suggest more than just marginal or short term use.The term “Everglades Area” for southeast Florida was offered by Carr and Beriault to replace the “Glades” culture area (1984: 1-11). In 1988, Griffin concurred by using “Everglades Area” to describe southeastern Florida and the Florida Keys in his recent synthesis of South Florida archaeology (Griffin, 1988, 1989). It is difficult to determine an exact western boundary for the area, but Carr and Beriault (1984:2) suggest one west of the Shark River and east of Turner River, near the eastern boundary of Big Cypress Swamp. A northern boundary would be near the Broward-Palm Beach County line.

Paleo Period (10000 B.C. to 8000 B.C.)

Paleoindians lived in southern Florida in association with mammoths, bison, and other types of megafauna. Deposits of fossilized Pleistocene bone have been uncovered by dredging operations from several locations in southern Florida and from solution holes in south Dade County. These deposits yielded a wide range of grazing ungulates and sloths, indicating the presence of more extensive grasslands than present (Webb and Martin, 1974). With the extinction of the megafauna by about 11,000 B.P., Paleoindians apparently adapted to the emerging wetlands of southern Florida, and began to establish the patterns of subsistence that were to provide the basis of resource procurement for the subsequent 10,000 years. Evidence of the Paleo period in southern Florida is now well established with the discovery of a late Paleo/Early Archaic site at Cutler in south Dade

County (Carr, 1986). Radiocarbon dates of 9,640 ± 120 years B.P. were determined for this site, which yielded evidence of exploitation of deer and rabbit, some marine fauna, and some indication of hunting extinct horse and peccary. However, the majority of data from this site reflects Indian adaptation to the extinction of New World megafauna.

Archaic Period (6500 B.C. to 1000 B.C.)

During the Post Glacial, the sea level rose and greatly diminished Florida's land size. It has been calculated that the rate of sea level rise was approximately 8.3 cm per 100 years from 6000 to 3000 B.P. That rate has decreased to about 3.5 cm per 100 years from 3000 B.P. to present (Scholl and Stuiver, 1967).

By 5000 B.P., cypress swamps and hardwood forests characteristic of the sub-tropics began to develop in southern Florida (Carbone, 1983; Delcourt and Delcourt, 1981). The Archaic Period was characterized by an increased reliance on the shellfish and marine resources on the coast by the native populations, and a generally expanded hunting, fishing, and plant gathering base throughout southern Florida.

Archaeologists were not aware until recently of the extent and nature of Archaic Period sites in southern Florida. The earliest dated mid-Archaic archaeological materials are from the Bay West site, a cypress mortuary pond situated in Collier County northeast of Naples (Beriault et al., 1981). It is likely that the Bay West site was a hydric sinkhole that provided an "oasis" and water hole during the much drier mid-Archaic period. Radiocarbon dates recovered there indicate a temporal range of 5500 B.P. to 7000 B.P. This chronology and the cultural materials recovered, including preserved organic materials, are very similar to those recovered from Little Salt Spring 110 km to the north (Clausen et al., 1979). The mortuary pond is undoubtedly one of the characteristic types of cemeteries of the Archaic Period throughout central and southern Florida.

A mid-Archaic Period site, the first from this period, was recently discovered in Broward County (Carr and Sandler, 1991).The site, 8BD1119, was discovered on Pine Island ridge. Characterized by a scatter of chert flakes and several mid-Archaic projectile points, the site appears to be lithic workshop for reshaping tools.

Sites from the Late Archaic Period are becoming increasingly evident in southeast Florida. Sites dating from as early as 4000 B.P. have been located along Biscayne Bay (Carr, 1981a,b), but Late Archaic horizons appear to be common place on Everglades sites. Radiocarbon dates in the Everglades indicate early ages of 3050 ±140 B.P. for the Peace Camp site (Mowers and Williams, 1972:18), and 4840 ± 210 B.P. for Taylor's Head site (8BD74) (Masson et al., 1988:346).

The Late Archaic Period is distinguished by the development of fiber-tempered pottery. The Orange series of fiber-tempered pottery is well documented by Cockrell (1970) on Marco Island, and undecorated fiber-tempered pottery has been recovered on the southeast coast at the Atlantis site (Carr, 1981b). Sites containing fiber-tempered pottery have been dated from as early as 3400 ± 100 B.P. on Marco Island, and from ca. 2500 B.P. at the Firebreak site in Collier County, and from 3000 to 4000 B.P. along Biscayne Bay. Partial fiber and sand tempered pottery have been

recovered from interior sites such as the Honey Hill site (8DA411), the 202nd Street site in north Dade County, and the Markham Park (8BD183) site in Broward County.

The Glades Period (Ca. 750 B.C. to 1750 A.D.)

Goggin (1947) defined three periods for the Formative Era. Using decorated pottery types that have proven to be effective time markers, he created the Glades I, II and III periods. These divisions have proven most useful in extreme southern Florida. The Glades I Early period (750 B.C. to ca. A.D. 200) is characterized by the use of undecorated sand-tempered pottery. Appearance of the Ft. Drum decorated series indicates ceramic decorations in extreme southern Florida were developed by 500 A. D. While decorated types begin appearing during Goggin's Late Glades I period, future revisions of the Glades periods may simply make the Glades II Period coincide with the first appearance of decorated wares.

During the Glades II period (A.D. 750 to A.D. 1200), shifts in ceramic styles allow archaeologists to accurately divide the period into three subperiods based on the relative frequency of certain decorative types (i.e., Key Largo Incised, Miami Incised, Sanibel Incised). Mound construction was also common place during this period, reflecting the rise of a stratified society with a select ruling and/or priest class.

During the Glades II and III periods (A.D. 1200 to A.D. 1750), there was a shift in ceramic decorations and vessel shape in extreme southern Florida. Griffin (1974) reports the near absence of decorated pottery between A.D. 1000 and A.D. 1200. Occurrences of St. Johns tradeware and Belle Glade Plain ware increase along the east coast, and in general, a thriving trade network that brought a variety of exotic resources, such as lithic tools and ornaments, is evident.

Historic Period (ca. A.D. 1500 - A.D. 1900)

When the Europeans arrived in the sixteenth century they encountered a thriving population with at least five separate tribes in southern Florida: the Tequesta in southeast Florida, the Calusa in southwest Florida, the Jeaga and Ais along the east coast north of the Tequesta, and the Mayaimi near Lake Okeechobee. At the time of Spanish contact the Calusa maintained political dominance over these other tribes. It has been estimated that there were about 20,000 Indians in south Florida when the Spanish arrived (Milanich and Fairbanks, 1980). By 1763, when the English gained control of Florida, that population had been reduced to several hundred. These last survivors were reported to have migrated to Cuba with the Spanish (Romans, 1962), however, it is likely that the so-called "Spanish Indians" (Sturtevant, 1953), who raided Indian Key in 1840, were the mixed- blood descendants of the Calusa and/or refugees from north Florida missions raided by the English in the early eighteenth century. The Spanish-Indians joined the Seminoles, who had fled en masse into south Florida in 1838 after the Battle of Okeechobee, although some Creek groups apparently had migrated to south Florida earlier in the century.

The earliest documentary evidence of Seminole settlement in south Florida is an account by John Lee Williams (1837) describing Snake Warrior's Island at the headwaters of Snake Creek. This site was recently identified as probably being site 8BD1867 in Miramar in southern Broward

County. Seminole Archaeology is a relatively new focus in south Florida, but recent work has contributed new data about Seminole settlements in the area.

Project Area History (A.D. 1915 – A.D. 1940)

Little development occurred within the study area prior to the construction of the Tamiami Trail in the 1900s. The idea of constructing this highway across the Everglades, which would link the Gulf and Atlantic coasts in southern Florida, was first promoted by J.F. Jaudon in 1915. Jaudon, a former Dade County tax assessor, wanted to develop property he owned in the western Everglades and around Chevalier Bay in northern Monroe County, and construction of the Tamiami Trail would make this feasible. Consequently, he and a promotion group convinced Lee, Dade, and Monroe county officials of its value and feasibility. Dade County raised $125,000 and graded a rough road from the eastern part of the county to the edge of the Everglades, and Lee County worked on the western end of the highway. Work on the project temporarily stopped during World War I, but began again after the war ended. By 1921, Lee County had run out of funds, and work again halted (Burnett 1988: 41-44).

In the meantime, Jaudon surveyed and staked out the most feasible route. In the spring of 1923, a group of Lee County promoters organized a motorcade to attract public interest and show that automobile travel across the Everglades was possible. On April 4, 1923, these motorists, called the "Trail Blazers", left Fort Myers to drive across the flooded and rock-bottomed prairies of the Everglades. The expedition, which consisted of 10 cars, 23 men, and 2 Seminole guides (Federal Writer's Project 1984:406; Covington 1993:202), took 23 days to reach Miami and captured the attention of the nation as daily reports were wired to the press (Gaby 1993:163).

This trip stimulated interest in building the highway and also demonstrated the viability of overland automobile traffic across the Everglades. Following this journey, Barron G. Collier, a millionaire tycoon with over 1 million acres in southern Lee County, guaranteed completion of the highway. This guarantee, however, was contingent on the establishment of a new county, to be called Collier County, in southern Lee County. It also required the re-routing of the road across Collier's holdings in this new county, thereby bypassing Monroe County and Jaudon's original Chevalier Bay tract. The newly-created Collier County issued $350,000 in bonds to pay for the Tamiami Trail and work began again in 1923. In 1926, the State Road department took over the final 12 miles of the Glades section of the road in order to link it with the Dade County portion and complete the project. When the 143-mile long Tamiami Trail opened on April 25, 1928, it had taken 13 years to build at a cost of 13 million dollars (Burnett 1988: 41-44).

The construction of the Tamiami Trail represented an arduous task that resulted in the loss of considerable human life. Seminole Indians were among those who labored on construction of the road. The first phase of construction involved surveyors and workers working in the swamps, often chest-deep in water, to clear the right-of-way. Following them came the drillers who drilled and blasted through the muck and underlying limestone for more than 90 miles. Ox carts were used to haul the dynamite and when they bogged down in the muck, men carried the explosives through the water. Next came the dredges which threw up the loose rock to form the elevated road base. This dredging resulted in the formation of the Tamiami Canal along the north side of the road. The

canal functioned as both a drainage canal and as a waterway for the Seminoles who lived in the vicinity (Federal Writer's Project 1984:75, 406-407).

The Tamiami Trail represented the first barrier ever erected against the natural southward flow of the Glades. As such, it affected the water level which in tum made canoe travel more difficult for the Seminole people. Consequently, many of the Seminole who lived in the Everglades moved their camps closer to the highway. By 1940, several small villages, many "hidden from view behind palisaded walls" (Federal Writers' Project 1984:407), were located either along the Trail or within one to two miles of it (Covington 1993:202). Initially these villages were similar to those located in the Everglades or Big Cypress, but in time, some of these villages became tourist camps that charged admission to sightseers to see alligator wrestling exhibitions and examples of "typical" Seminole life. Curios, such as postcards, air plants, metal pins and buttons, Seminole- like jackets and dresses and dolls were also sold at these villages (Covington 1993:191; Federal Writers' Project 1984: 407). Other camps, such as that run by William McKinley Osceola, bought and sold hides as well as groceries and other assorted merchandise.

PREVIOUS RESEARCH

The first known archaeological investigation of a prehistoric site in the Everglades was conducted by M. R. Harrington in 1908 (Harrington, 1909:139-143). His visit to Pine Island did not include excavations, but he conducted a surface collection of artifacts, which currently repose at the Museum of the American Indian at the Smithsonian Institution.

Archaeological investigations in the Broward County area of the eastern Everglades began with the W. P. A. program of the 1930s. Those excavations of south Florida sites were funded by the U.S. government and were administered by the Smithsonian Institution (Willey, 1949). A number of sites were tested near the Broward-Dade County line. These sites were black dirt middens located on Everglades tree islands or "hammocks" and yielded evidence of prehistoric habitation dating back to the Glades II Period (ca. 500 A.D.). Historic artifacts associated with the nineteenth century Seminoles were also recovered.

Archaeologist John Goggin led excavations of sites in the east Everglades in the 1930s. His observations of the Flagami site (8DA36) in 1932 represent the first site visit of his long career in south Florida archaeology (Goggin, 1940). The first listing of east Everglades sites in the Florida State Master Site File emerged from his recording of tree island sites in Dade and Broward Counties.

Following Goggin’s significant paper, "Stratigraphic Sites in the Everglades" (Goggin, 1950), twenty years passed before any other professional archaeologist would contribute to south Florida prehistoric research. In the interim, the rapid urban development of the 1960s began to encroach into the eastern Everglades, and numerous archaeological sites were destroyed. The archaeological research vacuum left by Goggin was partially filled when a number of local amateur archaeological societies were formed in southeast Florida, which included the Archaeological Society of South Florida and the Broward County Archaeological Society. The latter group, formed in 1968 under the leadership of Wilma Williams, began an ambitious program of conducting digs across all of Broward County, leaving an extensive record of publications in the Florida Anthropologist and artifactual materials that are now the nucleus of the Broward County Archaeological Museum. Initially, the amateur societies excavated without any regard as to whether a site was truly endangered by development or whether it was preserved in a park setting. Many of the east Everglades sites, such as those in Markham Park, were intensively damaged by archaeological excavations.

The Trail Site, 8DA33, was first reported by John M. Goggin in the late 1940s (Goggin, 1949). Goggin had the following remarks to make about the site:

It is a black dirt midden on a rock outcropping in the Everglades. Refuse covers the whole surface of an area of about 100 by 150 feet. The depth of the deposit is unknown but is estimated to be from 2 to 3 feet. Until about 1946 it was farmed during the winter, and was occasionally occupied by the Seminoles. Potsherds are very abundant, and a former tenant found many glass beads and a “red stone pipe.”

The glass beads are probably from a recent Seminole occupation, but the pipe may have been an earlier red terra cotta trade pipe.

Collections were made here several times yielding a large number of potsherds from the surface. Those are mostly Glades Plain but a number of other types and wares are represented, mainly by single specimens. Of those the largest number are Surfside Incised. In the Squires Collection there is a large flint point 7.8 cm. long.

The site has a long range of occupation from Glades Ib through Glades IIIc.

The decorated pottery types Goggin collected were Key Largo Incised, Fort Drum Incised, Glades Tooled, “miscellaneous gritty incised ware”, St Johns Check Stamped, Belle Glade Plain, and shell-tempered ware. He also mentions a “worked” potsherd, European material, and an unidentified copper object, which he speculates may be modern.

The Lehigh Portland site (8DA93) is located 0.60 kilometers southeast of the project parcel, which was recorded in 1958 by D. D. Laxson as a significant prehistoric midden containing dense quantities of cultural material that included faunal bone, shell tools, and ceramics (FMSF 1999).

In 1975, Florida’s Division of Archives, History, and Records Management surveyed site 8DA33 as part of the proposed enhancement of the Tamiami Canal (Gagel, 1976). The investigators failed to recognize during their assessment that 8DA33 was a previously documented site, and assigned a new site number, 8DA139. They also excavated four test units, uncovering over 500 pottery sherds, and conducted a cursory analysis of faunal bones (Gagel, 1976: 44), but no maps or boundary determinations were made for the site.

The Dade County Historic Preservation Division directed a comprehensive archaeological survey of Dade County between 1978-1981 (Carr 1981b). Previously recorded sites and newly discovered sites were assessed and recorded in the County files to form a database for management of cultural resources within the County. This site inventory also helped form predictive site models used to predict the type of sites that may be found under similar conditions.

Since 1981, archaeological surveys in the Miami-Dade County area of the eastern Everglades have been conducted on an "as needed" basis as required by various permit requirements of Miami- Dade County, the State of Florida, and the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. These surveys have been conducted generally by archaeological consultants and have resulted in numerous site discoveries and assessments.

Recent projects conducted near the project parcel include a boundary assessment of the Turtle Mound site (8DA140) that is characterized as a black dirt midden, measuring 250 feet by 50 feet (Carr and Lance, 2000). The Daniels Estates archaeological survey (Beriault and Ransom, 2002), resulted in the documentation of a prehistoric midden campsite (8DA6991), and the C-4 Basin survey (Carr, Ransom, Beriault and Lance, 2002) assessed three sites (8DA33, 8DA1059, and 8DA7014) that consisted of two small campsites and one extensively-used, large campsite, which contained dense quantities of faunal bone, tools, and pottery.

In 2002, an archaeological assessment of the C-4 Basin area was conducted that resulted in the documentation of three prehistoric sites: 8DA33, 8DA1059, and 8DA7014. All sites were characterized as middens dating from the Late Archaic Period to the Glades III Period, and all sites were found to be potentially eligible for listing in the NRHP. Site 8DA33 contained dense quantities of shell refuse, faunal bone, ceramics, and other artifacts. Sites 8DA1059 and 8DA7014 were smaller sites containing only faunal bone (Carr, Beriault, and Ransom 2002).

In 2009, a Phase 1 Archaeological Survey of the Tree Island Park Preserve documented several prehistoric campsites (8DA6347, 8DA11455, 8DA11456, 8DA11464 and 8DA11465) that consisted of faunal bone and marine shell midden deposits (Mankowski, 2009).

In 2012, a spur of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad (8DA11507) was assessed by Janus Research, and found to be eligible for listing in the NRHP. The railroad segment appears to be a spur of the Miami to Homestead line, constructed sometime between 1952 and 1963 in order to serve the growing mining industry in the northwestern portion of Miami-Dade County (FMSF 2012). A segment of 8DA11507 is adjacent and north of the project parcel (Figures 3 & 4).

Literature Review

As part of the literature review, a search was conducted with the Florida Division of Historical Resources for relevant archives and literature. As a result of this review, the Florida Master Site File compiled a roster of 2 previously recorded cultural resources (Table 1) and 6 previous cultural resource investigations (Table 2) conducted within a 1.6 kilometer (1.0 mile) radius of the project parcel. No cultural resources or cultural resource investigations occur within the project parcel.

Table 1. Previously Recorded Cultural Resources Site No. Site Name Site Type DA93 Lehigh Portland Archaeological

DA11507 Spur of the Seaboard Air Line Linear Resource Group Railroad

Table 2. Previous Cultural Resource Investigations Survey No. Date Author Title 340 1980 Metro‐Dade Historic Dade County Archaeological Survey Interim Preservation Division, Miami. Report

2127 1989 Metro‐Dade Historic Dade County historic survey, Phase II: final Preservation Division, Miami. report. 17495 2000 Janus Research A Cultural Resource Assessment Survey for the Beacon Tradeport Additional Parcels Project Area in Miami‐Dade County, Florida 7154 2002 Archaeological and Historical An Archaeological Assessment of the C‐4 Basin Conservancy, Inc. Parcel, Miami‐Dade County, Florida

15017 2008 Janus Research Desktop Analysis and Reconnaissance Survey for the SCL Quarry 2007 Permit Modification, Dade County, Florida

17819 2010 Panamerican Consultants, Inc. An Archaeological and Historical Survey of the FL‐5660 New Tower ("NT") Submission Packet in Dade County, Florida FCC Form 620

METHODOLOGY

Prior to conducting fieldwork, relevant archives were consulted and literature was reviewed. This included, but was not limited to, site forms and surveys from the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) in Tallahassee concerning previously recorded sites and investigations located within a 1.6 kilometer (1-mile) radius of the project parcel, USGS maps, USDA soil maps, historical maps and various aerial photographs.

RESEARCH DESIGN

This Cultural Resources Assessment Survey incorporated the use of certain predictive archaeological site models. These models are based on topographic and vegetative attributes that are associated with prehistoric and historic sites in Miami-Dade County. These models postulate that elevated hardwood hammocks in close proximity to lakes, rivers, coastal ridges, or sloughs are high probability areas for prehistoric archaeological sites to occur. Aerial photography and USGS maps aided in revealing anthropogenic changes to the topography and vegetative communities, which defined areas of probability on the project parcel. It was predicted that the project parcel had a low probability for containing archaeological sites because it historically contained an Everglades prairie with no substantial elevation for viable human habitation.

FIELDWORK METHODS

A pedestrian survey was conducted across the entire property, and a total of 12 shovel tests were excavated across the project parcel at 50-meter intervals on a grid (Figures 7 & 8). All shovel tests were found to be negative for cultural material. Shovel tests measured 50 cm in diameter and were excavated down to the depth of the limestone bedrock surface. All sediments excavated were sifted through a 6.35 mm hardware mesh screen. The location of each shovel test was recorded along with information concerning stratigraphy. Following the recordation process, all shovel tests were backfilled. Photographs were taken to document field conditions, etc., as needed.

COLLECTIONS

No collections were made during this assessment.

INFORMANTS

Szauer Engineering, Inc. was interviewed concerning any knowledge that they had of cultural resources existing on the project parcel. They were not aware of any cultural resources occurring on the property.

RESULTS

A review with the Florida Master Site File (FMSF) indicated that no previously recorded cultural resources or previous cultural resource investigations occur on the project parcel. However, a segment of site 8DA11507 is located adjacent and on the north side of the project parcel (Figures 3 & 4), which is a spur of the Seaboard Air Line Railroad that was built sometime between 1952 and 1963, and was found to be eligible for listing in the NRHP by Janus Research (FMSF 2012).

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

UNANTICIPATED DISCOVERIES

Although a thorough and systematic effort was made to locate cultural resources on the project parcel, there is still a potential of small archaeological sites, features or artifacts existing, and should cultural material or evidence of cultural activity appear during any construction activities, the consultant archaeologist, or appropriate state/municipal authorities should be notified.

If human remains are discovered, then the provisions of Florida Statutes 872.05 (Offenses Concerning Dead Bodies and Graves) will apply.

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