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Studi Deskriptif Tentang Perilaku Wisatawan Pengguna Suroboyo Bus Sebagai Alternatif Transportasi Wisata Di

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Studi Deskriptif Tentang Perilaku Wisatawan Pengguna Suroboyo Bus Sebagai Alternatif Transportasi Wisata Di 18 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA BAB I PENDAHULUAN 1.1 Latar Belakang Masalah Pariwisata berasal dari bahasa sansekerta yang terdiri dari dua kata yaitu Pari dan Wisata. Pari berarti banyak, berputar-putar, mengelilingi atau lingkup, sedangkan pariwisata merupakan perjalanan atau perpindahan seseorang atau kelompok dari satu tempat ke tempat lain dan bersifat sementara, tidak terjadi karena paksaan dan tidak untuk menghasilkan uang. Komponen-komponen dasar pariwisata yaitu asal, tujuan dan transportasi. Asal adalah tempat wisatawan mengawali dan mengakhiri suatu perjalanan wisata. Tujuan adalah tempat utama yang dikunjungi wisatawan. Sedangkan transportasi adalah alat yang digunakan wisatawan untuk menuju ke tempat yang dituju. Dalam Undang-Undang No.9 Tahun 2009 pada Bab 1 Pasal 1 Ayat 3, pariwisata adalah berbagai macam kegiatan wisata dan didukung berbagai fasilitas serta layanan yang disediakan oleh masyarakat, pengusaha, pemerintah, dan pemerintah daerah. Pariwisata di Indonesia sangat berperan penting dan merupakan salah satu penghasil devisa terbesar sehingga pendapatan negara meningkat. Selain itu pariwisata juga dapat menambah lapangan kerja, baik untuk pekerjaan dalam bidang transportasi, akomodasi, restaurant, maupun masyarakat sekitar objek wisata seperti pedagang oleh-oleh atau souvenir dan pedagang- TUGAS AKHIR TRANSPORTASI WISATA… FADIYAH ZAHRADITA 19 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA pedagang kecil lainnya yang tentunya dapat mengurangi tingkat pengangguran. Kekayaan alam dan budaya adalah komponen penting pariwisata Indonesia. Keindahan Indonesia sudah diakui mulai dari wisatawan domestik hingga mancanegara. Wisata alam di Indonesia mencakup gunung, laut, hingga keindahan bawah lautnya. Wisata Budaya tidak lepas dari sejarah yang ada di Indonesia. Terlebih, budaya di Indonesia sangat beragam. Surabaya merupakan Ibu Kota Provinsi Jawa Timur, dan dikenal sebagai Kota Pahlawan. Sebutan Kota Pahlawan ini karena sejarah pertempuran rakyat Surabaya melawan tentara Belanda dalam revolusi kemerdekaan Indonesia. Nama Surabaya berasal dari Kata Sura atau Suro dan Baya atau Boyo dalam bahasa Jawa. Suro adalah jenis ikan hiu dan boyo adalah istilah bahasa jawa untuk buaya. Dua hewan ini menjadi simbol Kota Surabaya. Surabaya adalah kota ke-2 terbesar setelah Ibu Kota DKI Jakarta, dengan populasi penduduk sekitar 3 juta jiwa. Pariwisata di Kota Pahlawan ini kental dengan sejarahnya, seperti museum 10 November yang terletak di dalam area Tugu Pahlawan, museum ini berisi tentang perjuangan arek-arek Suroboyo melawan penjajah, mulai dari miniatur kehidupan pada zaman penjajah, miniatur pahlawan-pahlawan yang gugur karena perang melawan penjajah, hingga pakaian dan barang-barang peninggalan para pahlawan ada di museum ini. Surabaya berhasil menjadi kota terbersih se-Indonesia dalam kategori kota metropolitan, hal ini dibuktikan dengan penghargaan yang diraih oleh TUGAS AKHIR TRANSPORTASI WISATA… FADIYAH ZAHRADITA 20 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA Kota Pahlawan ini. Sudah 8 tahun berturut-turut Kota Surabaya mendapatkan penghargaan Adipura. Adipura adalah sebuah penghargaan bagi kota di Indonesia yang berhasil dalam kebersihan serta pengelolaan lingkungan perkotaan. Program yang berasal dari Kementerian Lingkungan Hidup dan Kehutanan (KLHK) ini mendorong agar Pemerintah Kabupaten atau Kota menerapkan amanat UU No. 18 Tahun 2008, tentang pengelolaan sampah. Selain itu, bersumber dari Kompas Online, pada hari Senin 14 Januari 2019 lalu, Wali Kota Surabaya Tri Rismaharini yang mewakili Kota Surabaya mendapatkan tiga (3) penghargaan sekaligus yaitu Adipura Kencana, Kinerja Pengurangan Sampah, dan Nirwasita Tantra. Adipura Kencana merupakan penghargaan tertinggi dari Kota Adipura dan hanya diberikan kepada satu kota yang menunjukkan kinerja pengelolaan lingkungan hidup yang berkelanjutan, dan tahun ini diraih oleh Kota Surabaya. Kota ini juga sudah diakui oleh UNEP (United Nations Environment Programme), termasuk inovasi berupa tiket bus dengan menggunakan botol plastik, dan di dunia ini baru ada di Surabaya, Beijing dan Turki. Penghargaan kedua yaitu Kinerja Pengurangan Sampah, penghargaan ini baru ada pada tahun 2018 dan diberikan kepada kota-kota yang mempunyai inovasi penting dalam pengurangan sampah, terutama dalam pembatasan kantong plastik sekali pakai dan meningkatkan daur ulang plastik melalui TPS 3R (Reuse, Reduce, Recycle) dan bank sampah. Penghargaan ketiga yaitu Penghargaan Nirwasita Tantra, yang merupakan penghargaan kepada daerah atas kepemimpinan dan pemahaman dan aktualisasi dalam fungsi politik eksekutifnya terhadap isu- TUGAS AKHIR TRANSPORTASI WISATA… FADIYAH ZAHRADITA 21 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA isu lingkungan dan kebijakan serta inovasi kepemimpinannya dalam merespon persoalan lingkungan hidup. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya memiliki beberapa program untuk terciptanya Surabaya sebagai Green City, yaitu perencanaan kota yang berkelanjutan, dikenal juga dengan kota ekologis atau kota yang sehat dan ditunjang dengan kebersihan lingkungan. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya memiliki beberapa program kebersihan yang sudah dijalankan diantaranya adalah kegiatan Green and Clean, Merdeka dari Sampah, Rumah Kompos dan Bank Sampah. Program ini sangat bermanfaat untuk terciptanya Kota Surabaya yang bersih dan sehat. Kesadaran masyarakat mengenai kebersihan dan lingkungan juga berperan penting, karena tanpa adanya kesadaran tersebut, Kota Surabaya akan jauh dari kata bersih dan sehat. Inovasi terbaru dalam pengolahan sampah yaitu dengan menggunakan bayi larva Black Soldier Fly (BSF) untuk mereduksi sampah organik sejak Mei 2018. Inovasi ini berhasil menekan volume sampah organik mencapai 60 persen dari 1.500 ton sampah kota per hari. Bayi larva diberi makan sampah organik, lalu larva dewasa bisa menjadi makanan ternak seperti ayam, bebek, ikan lele dan ikan nila, sedangkan kotoran larva (residu) bisa dimanfaatkan sebagai kompos organik. Selain itu, Kota Surabaya adalah satu-satunya kota di Indonesia yang memanfaatkan sampah sebagai tenaga listrik. Pemerintah Kota Surabaya saat ini sudah memiliki PLTSa di Tempat Pembuangan Akhir (TPA) Romokalisari di Kecamatan Benowo yang sudah beroperasi sejak 30 TUGAS AKHIR TRANSPORTASI WISATA… FADIYAH ZAHRADITA 22 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA November 2015. Pembangkit tahap pertama tersebut berkapasitas 1,65 megawatt. Kota yang bersih dan sehat akan berdampak pada pariwisatanya karena dapat membuat wisatawan ingin berkunjung. Kota Surabaya juga termasuk kota wisata. Tahun 2018 lalu, Surabaya meraih penghargaan Yokatta Wonderful Indonesia Tourism Award sebagai kota wisata terbaik mengalahkan Denpasar dan Bandung. Surabaya mengembangkan wisata khas yaitu wisata kampung dan taman tanpa pagar, karena Surabaya tidak memiliki destinasi pemandangan alam maupun pantai dengan pasir putih yang indah. Selain wisata kampung dan taman, Kota Surabaya juga sering dijadikan tempat untuk melakukan pertemuan antar negara, perusahaan, maupun universitas. Maka potensi wisata MICE (Meeting Incentive Converence Event) di Kota Surabaya ini sangat besar. Berikut ini adalah data wisatawan yang datang ke Surabaya dari tahun 2014-2018: Tabel 1. 1 Data Wisatawan Domestik dan Mancanegara yang berkunjung ke Kota Surabaya WISATAWAN WISATAWAN TAHUN DOMESTIK MANCANEGARA 2014 2,423,076 6,025 2015 3,376,722 8,754 2016 3,987,074 9,535 2017 12,125,569 12,252,130 2018 14,436,012 12,567,981 Jumlah 36,348,453 24,844,425 ( Sumber : Badan Pusat Statistik Kota Surabaya ) TUGAS AKHIR TRANSPORTASI WISATA… FADIYAH ZAHRADITA 23 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA Kota wisata tidak akan terlepas dari akomodasi serta moda transportasi yang ada di kota tersebut. Akomodasi merupakan sarana untuk wisatawan beristirahat sementara waktu. Sedangkan transportasi dapat diartikan sebagai usaha untuk memindahkan, menggerakkan, mengangkut, atau mengalihkan suatu objek dari suatu tempat ke tempat lain. Kata-kata usaha pada pengertian diatas berarti transportasi merupakan sebuah proses, yakni proses pindah, proses gerak, proses mengangkut dan mengalihkan, dimana proses ini tidak bisa dilepaskan dari keperluan akan alat pendukung untuk menjamin lancarnya proses perpindahan sesuai dengan waktu yang diinginkan. Transportasi terdiri dari transportasi darat, laut, dan udara. Sedangkan transportasi wisata adalah transportasi di suatu kota yang ditujukan untuk wisatawan, biasanya untuk keliling kota tersebut menggunakan alat transportasi yang disediakan. Moda transportasi di Kota Surabaya terdiri dari berbagai macam mulai dari transportasi umum, transportasi berbasis aplikasi online, serta transportasi wisata. Berikut adalah data mengenai moda transportasi yang ada di Surabaya: Tabel 1. 2 Moda Transportasi Dalam Kota Surabaya NO Moda Transportasi Rute 1. Bis Kota 11 2. Mikrolet/Angkutan Umum 72 3. Ojek (Aplikasi & Non Aplikasi) - 4. Becak - 5. Taksi - ( Sumber: Website Surabaya.go.id ) TUGAS AKHIR TRANSPORTASI WISATA… FADIYAH ZAHRADITA 24 IR – PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA Transportasi wisata di Surabaya diantara lain yaitu Surabaya Heritage Tour (SHT) yang dikelola oleh House of Sampoerna dan bekerjasama dengan PT Pos Indonesia. Transportasi wisata yang kedua adalah Surabaya Shopping and Culinary Track (SSCT) yang dikelola oleh Tourism Information Center (TIC) Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. Transportasi yang ketiga adalah Suroboyo Bus, dikelola oleh Dinas Perhubungan Pemerintah Kota Surabaya. Bus ini beroperasi setiap hari pada pukul 08:00 - 22:00 WIB. Wisatawan dapat menggunakan bus ini hanya dengan menyetorkan
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