Sustainable Urban Transport Index

November 2018

Wahju Herijanto Lecturer Civil Engineering Department

INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI SEPULUH NOPEMBER (ITS) Table of Contents

1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Urban transport system ...... 3 2 DATA COLLECTION APPROACH FOR SUTI ...... 8 3 DATA FOR SUTI ...... 10 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA ...... 19 4.1 Input data ...... 19 4.2 Result ...... 24 5 PERSPECTIVE ON SUTI PILOT EXCERSICE ...... 28 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...... 29

List of Tables Table 1: Increase of vehicle in Surabaya shows motorcycle dominant ...... 3 Table 2: Traffic of buses and passengers handled by Purabaya Terminal (2016)...... 4 Table 3: Commuter trip of Surabaya in 2011 ...... 11 Table 4: Bicycle and walking trip in school small samples ...... 12 Table 5: Percentage of bicycle and walking trip of students ...... 12 Table 6: Bicycle and Walking trip estimation in basic year ...... 12 Table 7: Mode share of commuter trip in Surabaya, estimated to 2018...... 12 Table 8: Example of accessibility calculation...... 14 Table 9: Satisfaction of old system of public transport ...... 14 Table 10: Satisfaction of 2018 new system Suroboyo Bus ...... 14 Table 11: Accident and fatality ...... 15 Table 12: Operation cost of public transit in Surabaya) ...... 16 Table 13: Annual departure and arrival of vehicles and passengers at terminal ...... 16 Table 14: Investment on public transport and whole transport ...... 16 Table 15: PM10 24-hour mean measurement ...... 17 Table 16: Transport plan covered public transport, intermodal and active transport ...... 19 Table 17: Shared of public transport ...... 20 Table 18: Percentage of population accessed by public transport ...... 21 Table 19: Satisfaction of quality and reliability...... 22 Table 20: Fatalities ...... 22 Table 21: Calculation of affordability ...... 22 Table 22: Farebox ratio ...... 23 Table 23: Investment in public transport ...... 23 Table 24: Air quality index based on PM10 ...... 23 Table 25: Greenhouse gas emission ...... 24 Table 26: SUTI indicators ...... 24 Table 27: SUTI data entry...... 24 Table 28: Value of SUTI components (Normalized) ...... 25

i List of Figures Figure 1: Surabaya, 350 sq.km of area, is located in East Java Province of Indonesia ...... 1 Figure 2: Position of Regional centre and Urban Centre (UC) ...... 2 Figure 3: Multiple Urban Centres in Surabaya, super block of mixed-use high rise building ...... 2 Figure 4: Traffic condition in Surabaya ...... 3 Figure 5: Condition of Purabaya terminal before and after redevelopment...... 4 Figure 6: Commuter rail network and railway station condition ...... 5 Figure 7: Bus lines with N-S dominance ...... 5 Figure 8: Minibus angkot routes cover almost whole city ...... 6 Figure 9: New low floor bus with fare paid by using plastic bottles ...... 7 Figure 10: Planning of sidewalk, bicycle lane, airport quality bus terminal, and high-quality public transport, part of it are in operation ...... 10 Figure 11: Public transit network and population density map of Surabaya ...... 13 Figure 12: Monthly travel cost and minimum income ...... 15 Figure 13: Budget allocation is used to develop sidewalk, park and ride building and purchase buses ...... 16 Figure 14: Annual consumption of petrol and diesel fuel ...... 18 Figure 15: Spider diagram of SUTI components of Surabaya ...... 26

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This report has been issued without formal editing.

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ii 1 INTRODUCTION Inhabited by more than 3 million people, with an area of 350 sq.km, Surabaya is the second biggest city in Indonesia. It attracts 1.5 million people everyday as visitors from the conurbation area.

It is located in the East Java Province (Figure 1), facing a narrow strait (Madura Strait) that shapes an ideal harbour. Due to its locational advantage, Surabaya has emerged as a center for distribution of goods to the eastern parts of Indonesia resulting in faster economic growth than other regions in East Java.

Figure 1: Surabaya, 350 sq.km of area, is located in East Java Province of Indonesia Surabaya is the economic centre of the eastern part of Indonesia with its port, warehouses, industrial estates and the whole sale trading as major activities. Previously Surabaya had a single urban centre but ever since a decade ago multiple urban centres have emerged over the region. The main urban centres are currently located in the east, west and south. Figure 2 shows position of multiple centres, while the Figure 3 shows the built form.

Figure 2: Position of Regional centre and Urban Centre (UC)

Figure 3: Multiple Urban Centres in Surabaya, super block of mixed-use high rise building Activities in the regional and urban centres of Surabaya generate abundant trips from other parts as well as from the neighbouring areas, such as Gresik and Sidoarjo to the city. The condition of traffic in Surabaya city (traffic congestion, pedestrian sidewalks, bus stops, the radial corridor during peak hours and also the Sunday car free day) is shown in Figure 4. During peak hours motorcycle is the dominant mode. Public transport is very limited. Bicycles are popular only on Sundays (car free day).

Figure 4: Traffic condition in Surabaya

Increase of vehicles is shown in Table 1 which depicts the significance of motorcycles.

Table 1: Increase of vehicle in Surabaya shows motorcycle dominant Vehicle 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Type Passengers 51610 50555 48258 47459 50164 53024 50046 Car Jeep 29022 29601 28312 29635 31324 33110 34997 Minivan 183645 198960 199360 217686 230094 243209 257072 Bus 2064 2279 2304 2486 2628 2777 2936 Truck 86087 89530 92238 100809 100555 112629 119049 Motorcycle 1129870 1213457 1274660 1402190 1482115 1566595 1655891 Heavy 73 71 80 150 159 168 177 Equipment Source: Police Office in Statistics of Surabaya 2017

1.1 Urban transport system Main terminal of Surabaya is Purabaya bus terminal. The other minor terminals are Gubeng Railway Station, Pasarturi Railway Station and Gapura Surya Port Terminal. Juanda International Airport is another prominent terminal but it is located outside of the city.

3 Purabaya is the busiest bus terminal in South East Asia with annual passengers movement (departure + arrival) of 22 million for intercity buses, and 9 million for city buses. Annual bus movement is 7,76,000 for intercity buses and 3,17,000 for city buses. Table 2 shows statistics of Purabaya Terminal. Improvements for this terminal had started in 2010, and currently have two levels for passenger circulation with its architecture and quality matching airport standards and its shown in Figure 5.

Other terminals that handle rather significant number of passengers, especially from conurbation areas are railway stations. However, since commuter train frequencies are very low, the system needs to be improved. Figure 6 shows commuter rail network and condition of Gubeng Station.

Table 2: Traffic of buses and passengers handled by Purabaya Terminal (2016).

Type of Bus Bus Bus Passengers Passengers Service Arrival Departure Arrival Departure Express Intercity 29,339 29,841 6,16,119 6,86,343 Bus Regular Intercity 3,89,708 3,87,573 11,107,541 1,10,33,971 Bus City Bus 1,58,773 1,58,380 44,28,055 43,50,741 Source: Surabaya Transportation Office in Surabaya Statistics 2017

Figure 5: Condition of Purabaya terminal before and after redevelopment.

Figure 6: Commuter rail network and railway station condition

Bus routes are mainly North-South with several variances. Sixteen lines are provided (Figure 7) by state owned and private companies. Some routes are crossing city center and some are via toll road. The main N-S corridor is connecting 5 big malls, new CBD, old CBD, Zoo and two universities. A branch of it touches Pasarturi Railway Station. Another branch is Gubeng Railway Station which end at another shopping mall.

Figure 7: Bus lines with N-S dominance

5 Mini buses (Angkot) operate on a total 58 lines of which three routes are placed east-west crossing the city and rest running radially from 3 terminals; Joyoboyo, Jembatan Merah and Bratang. These routes connect to most part of the city’s collector and local streets. While low frequency and slow speeds are unfavorable factors for the passengers, its large coverage is a positive point for captive passengers (Figure 8).

Figure 8: Minibus angkot routes cover almost whole city

In February 2018 Surabaya introduced a line that is served by low floor buses where the tickets are purchased by substituting plastic bottles (Figure 9), called Suroboyo Bus. Normal operation of service was started in April 2018. It is only a small part of the big scheme of public transport reform, which includes a Tram line that will be tendered in 2019. The first route of Suroboyo Bus runs N-S from Purabaya Terminal to Rajawali Street in old CBD area, passing through Tunjungan street in new CBD area, Joyoboyo terminal and UINSA (a state university), and Surabaya Zoo. There are five big shopping malls on this corridor.

The second route of Suroboyo Bus was introduced on 5th of September, 2018 along E-W direction. The route’s east end is at ITS roundabout and the west end is at Unesa roundabout. ITS (Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember), is an Engineering University, while Unesa (Universitas Negeri Surabaya) is another State University. The route is passing Airlangga University, general hospital, Gubeng Railway Station, new CBD, city hall, and directly serves five big shopping malls.

The third route using double decker buses runs N-S route, but only from Purabaya to city center. It was also launched on 5th of September 2018. The double decker bus is acquired as CSR from a private company.

There are two Interesting developments in the new Suroboyo Bus. The first is that the passengers are able to track the nearest bus position adjacent to the closest bus stop from them. The second is that the ticket can be purchased using waste plastic bottle, so as to increase awareness on the dangerous of plastic waste.

Awareness of city government to develop public transit is recently increased. There is a plan for Surabaya Urban Transport System; a basic design for N-S Tram Line and an E-W LRT Line, which is taken up by central government with detail design of N-S Tramline. There are also designs for ‘park and ride’ facilities and a terminal building. The city government, as part

6 of its budget, has also allocated a significant amount for building high quality pedestrian sidewalks (about 10 km annually), a ‘park and ride’ facility (2016) and purchase of 8 low floor buses (2017).

Figure 9: New low floor bus with fare paid by using plastic bottles

7 2 DATA COLLECTION APPROACH FOR SUTI A meeting at Transportation Office regarding the Sustainable Urban Transport Index was conducted on July 2018. The participants were from Transportation Office, Planning Board, Ministry of Transportation and UNESCAP.

UNESCAP visited following transport infrastructure systems of the city:

• Intermodal terminal at Purabaya (an airport quality bus terminal, busiest in South East Asia) • Suroboyo Bus, the new low floor bus system (used plastic bottles against fare payment) • Central control of Suroboyo Bus at Joyoboyo terminal • Park and Ride facilities in jl. Mayjen Sungkono

After the meeting, we contacted several offices in Surabaya city government to collect all information regarding sustainably and transportation.

Surabaya Statistic Office publish information of Surabaya annually, therefore some data could be derived from it, such as:

• Annual fatal accident • Number of passengers departed from and arrive at some bus terminal • Number of buses departed from and arrive at some bus terminal

Transportation Office of Surabaya city government provides us some previous study and plan of Surabaya public transport, i.e.,

• Trip Origin-Destination Survey 2011 • Public Transport System Planning 2012. Coverage area of the Public Transport System Planning (2012) is better. N-S and E-W line are rail-based Tram and LRT. Bus Trunk Lines spread radially, not just N-S direction. Minibus Feeder lines support both Rail and trunk bus system. In the plan • Feasibility of Mass Transit 2012 • Transport Industries Survey 2011 • Economic and Institution Studies for Public Transport Restructuring 2013. Contain operational cost and also people perception on current public transport as well as on the reformed future public transport.

Surabaya City Planning Board gave information of the budget allocated for Transportation Office and for Local Road Office, and also provided us some study on planning of mass transport related, i.e:

• Tram Basic Design 2014 • Basic Design of Mass Rapid Transit East-West Corridor 2015.

8 From the Planning Board we also received some study from National Government Planning Board such as:

• Public Transport Feeder Planning by World Bank, 2014 • Mass Transit Demand Review by World Bank, 2015 • Detail Design of Tram North-South Corridor, 2016

Environmental Board has a study about environmental-transport related that was passed to us, with title:

• Information of Environment Management Performance 2016, an information about petrol and diesel annual consumption

Actually, Environmental Board also had 3 air pollution stations (PM10) but the information was not published. Fortunately, from Environmental Department, Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS, a Technical University in Surabaya) there was a publication of PM10 at six streets.

• Esti Oktaviani and Arie Dipareza Syafei (2018), Exposure of Particulate Matter (PM10) and Total Suspended Particulate to Pedestria (In preparation for publication).

Local Road Office gave us information on 2018 budget allocation for sidewalk and road development. This information was open for all those who are seeking. It was combined with budget information from City Planning Board giving very useful inputs.

9 3 DATA FOR SUTI a. Indicator 1: Transport plan of public transport, intermodal and active transport facilities.

Surabaya has an ambitious plan to develop public transport and active transport. The plan of public transport includes tram route, LRT route, bus trunk routes and feeder routes. The plan also includes the betterment of terminal, pedestrian and bicycle lane. Figure 10 shows bike lane, differently abled friendly sidewalk, airport quality intermodal bus terminal and plan of reformed public transport.

From 2010 more than 60 km new differently abled friendly sidewalk, widespread pelican crossing at city center streets and main corridor arterials were constructed. Surabaya is a regional leader at sidewalk and pelican crossing development.

Figure 10: Planning of sidewalk, bicycle lane, airport quality bus terminal, and high- quality public transport, part of it are in operation

10 Bike lanes are at left and right side of some one-way streets at city center and at frontage road of southern arterial. Bike lane is also developed at ITS campus. While bike lane plan is moderate, Surabaya still has lane plans more advanced at regional level.

Purabaya bus terminal is the busiest intermodal station in South East Asia with more than 1 million buses and more than 32 million passengers annually. The plan shows future intermodality between bus and tram (have been tendered), tram and LRT, and LRT with intercity / commuter train, as well as park and ride facilities

While application of the plan is critical in the development of intermodal terminal, wheel chair friendly pedestrian sidewalk, and bicycle lane, however, public transport reformation has still been facing obstacle of budget from the central government. Current public transport comprises of 16 standard bus line and 58 tiny bus (angkot) line. The newest 2018 is the line of standard low floor bus with exchange waste mineral water bottle/cup for ticket, as one of the 16 trunk line and 35 feeder line. Currently (mid of 2018) there is a decision made that first stage of tram will be tendered in early 2019. However, the first stage of reformed bus is currently operated (since February 2018). The public transport plan includes one line N-S tram and one line of E-W LRT. Whether the development of the plan is not very aggresive, Surabaya is the only city using standard bus and especially pioneering in using low floor differentlyable friendly bus. b. Indicator 2: Share of Public and active transport in commuting

In 2011 there was a home interview survey conducted to get origin-destination pattern. The transport mode used was also compiled, and public transport only catered to 11% of trips, while very less information was available on bicycle usage (see Table 3). This condition was likely still relevant until 2017, except that the number had increased by 1.15% per year and active transport was to be added.

Table 3: Commuter trip of Surabaya in 2011 2011 Work Trip School Trip Commuter Trip Car 28093 4502 32595 Motorcycle 859719 222691 1082410 Public Transport 61287 78899 140186

Since there were no information of active transport, observations inform that walking and cycling currently occurs in local streets, especially for school trip. A small survey is conducted using students as surveyor to count the trip by mode of his or her classmate. Walking and cycling is identified in small sample of school level, as is shown in Table 4. Percentage of cycling and walking, therefore, is calculated as in Table 5, which also shows total student at each level of Surabaya. Therefore, bicycle trip and walking trip of basic year (2014 and 2016) can be estimated (Table 6).

11 Table 4: Bicycle and walking trip in school small samples School Level Bicycle Walking Sample Primary School 1 2 33 Junior High School 2 2 73 High School 7 3 463 University 1 1 143 Table 5: Percentage of bicycle and walking trip of students School Level Bicycle Walking Students Year Primary School 3.0 6.1 274772 2014 Junior High School 2.7 2.7 127376 2014 High School 1.5 0.6 120119 2014 University 0.7 0.7 11639 2016 Table 6: Bicycle and Walking trip estimation in basic year School Level Bicycle Walking Year Primary School 8326 16653 2014 Junior High School 3490 3490 2014 High School 1816 778 2014 University 81 81 2016

The mode share of 2011 therefore is forecasted to 2018 using growth factor 1.15% yearly. Bicycle and walking trip also forecasted to 2018, and added to mode share in Table 7.

Table 7: Mode share of commuter trip in Surabaya, estimated to 2018. 2018 Estimation Commuter Trip Percentage Car 35311 2.53 Motorcycle 1172608 83.99 Public Transport 151868 10.88 Bicycle 14353 1.03 Walking 21983 1.57 Total 1396124 100 c. Indicator 3: Convenient access to public transport

Rail commuter lines have train stops aside train stations with low frequency operation. City bus route with main N-S routes is considered with neglect many routes in order to avoid double counting. The same treatment is used for analyzing the minibus feeder routes. Bus and minibus routes cover the whole city as shown in Figure 11.

Figure 11: Public transit network and population density map of Surabaya

There are several corridors of public transit lanes considered and calculated, they include Surabaya Sidoarjo Rail Line; Surabaya Lamongan Rail Line; Suroboyo Bus; City Bus via Diponegoro; City Bus Line Tanjungperak; City Bus Line Dupak; City Bus Line Bratang; City Bus Line Semut; Mikrolet Line E; Angkot Line I; Angkot Lyne P; Angkot Lyn R; Angkot Line G; Angkot Lyn JTK; Angkot Lyn TV; Angkot Line R1; Angkot Line U; Angkot Lyn DA; Angkot Line O; Angkot Line W; Angkot Line S; Angkot Line LMJ; Angkot Line WB; Angkot Line BM; Angkot Line DKM.

Other lines are not being considered as the route is overlapping with at least each of the line mentioned. Table 8 shows calculation of population number having access to Surabaya- Sidoarjo Rail Line. This kind of calculation is applied to other lines.

13 Table 8: Example of accessibility calculation Pop. Average frequency in daytime Inhabitants Node/stop density (6:00am-6:00pm) Interval # inh/km2 Surabaya Sidoarjo Rail Line Surabaya Kota 120 8,462 6,646 Surabaya Gubeng 120 8,462 6,646 Ngagel 120 8,462 6,646 Wonokromo 120 8,462 6,646 Jemur 120 8,462 6,646 Siwalankerto 30 8,462 6,646 d. Indicator 4: Public transport quality and reliability

Sampling survey of trip generators (not only public transport passengers) were conducted in 2013 (see Table 9) to get satisfaction profile. It is prior to the new system named Suroboyo Bus.

In order to get the performance of the Suroboyo Bus, survey was being conducted by Transportation office in October 2018, and the satisfaction profile is shown in Table 10, which shows the differences when compared to the old system.

Table 9: Satisfaction of old system of public transport Conventional Public Transit 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 (City Bus and Angkot minibus) Frequency of service 0 0 75 0 0 0 25 Punctuality 0 0 75 0 0 0 25 Comfort and Cleanliness 37 0 60 0 22 0 2 Safety 17 0 60 0 22 0 2 Convenience of Stop/Station 17 0 60 0 22 0 2 Availability of Information 17 0 60 0 22 0 2 Personnel Courtecy 10 0 54 0 29 0 1 Fare Level 2 0 28 0 67 0 2

Table 10: Satisfaction of 2018 new system Suroboyo Bus New System Suroboyo Bus 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Frequency of service 3 0 4 11 0 16 15 Punctuality 0 0 1 10 0 16 21 Comfort and Cleanliness 0 0 0 5 0 9 34 Safety 0 0 0 2 0 11 37 Convenience of Stop/Station 1 0 1 9 0 14 26 Availability of Information 0 0 0 3 0 12 34 Personnel Courtecy 0 0 0 2 0 14 34 Fare Level 0 0 0 5 0 4 40

14 e. Indicator 5: Accident fatalities Information from traffic police is resumed annually in Surabaya Statistical Office that is published (see Table 11)

Table 11: Accident and fatality Year Accident Fatality Serious Injured Minor Injured 2011 1119 361 580 680 2012 1136 311 473 837 2013 854 206 319 960 2014 732 184 104 715 f. Indicator 6: Affordability

Usually, travel cost is divided by average wage, but in this case, we are using ‘minimum wage’ as public transport riders are dominantly in the low-income group. With fare 0.33 US $ and lowest labor wage 235.95 US $ (Figure 12). (Currency rate of US$ to Indonesian Rupiah is US$ 1 is equal to 15,173)

Figure 12: Monthly travel cost and minimum income (Note: Exchange rate used 1 US$ = IDR 15,173) g. Indicator 7: Operational cost

In this indicator calculation, public transport divided into two generic classes, bus and minibus. Fare is 0.32 US $ (both classes), while operation and maintenance cost is derived from study (see Table 12). Number of passengers and number of operating vehicle in one year is derived from Statistical Office data (see Table 13).

15 Table 12: Operation cost of public transit in Surabaya) Total Bus Purchasin Operatin Overhe Wag Depreciati Fuel Operating Type g Price g Cost ad e on Cost Large Bus 85678.51 0.06 0.20 0.02 0.24 0.10 0.62 Minibus 26362.62 0.03 0.07 0.01 0.13 0.07 0.31 All values in US $ (Note: Exchange rate used 1 US$ = IDR 15,173)

Table 13: Annual departure and arrival of vehicles and passengers at terminal Vehicles Passengers Terminal Mode Departure Arrival Departure Arrival Purabaya Bus 158773 158850 4428055 4350741 Joyoboyo Minibus 553798 553898 4430384 4431184 Tambak Osowilangun Minibus 163399 163399 502054 502054 Bratang Minibus 186727 186627 1493816 1494616 h. Indicator 8: Investment in public transport.

Investment in public transport compare with total transport indicated support and advocacy of government to public transport and active transport such as pedestrian sidewalk, park and ride building and purchase buses (Figure 13). The data of the budget allocation is supported by City Planning Board and Local Road Office (see Table 14), is significant in comparison with other transport.

Figure 13: Budget allocation is used to develop sidewalk, park and ride building and purchase buses

Table 14: Investment on public transport and whole transport

16 City and National Investment in Transport Budget 2018 ( in US $) Developing sustainable transportation, terminal maintenance 46,79,365 Developing park and ride , sign, marking, pelican crossing 1,91,12,898 Pedestrian sidewalk 45,47,552 Road and Bridge construction and management 1,15,66,599 Note: Currency rate of US$ to Indonesian Rupiah is US$ 1 is equal to IDR 15,173 i. Indicator 9: Air quality

Air quality index is calculated using PM10 measurement. Although there are three station ii Surabaya belong to City Government, the lopcation is inside the park. Fortunatelly Environmental Engineering Department of Institut Teknologi Sepuluh Nopember (ITS), a prominent University in Surabaya has aresearch using PM10 measurement and in editing for publication of Esti Oktaviani and Arie Dipareza Syafei (2018), Exposure of Particulate Matter (PM10) and Total Suspended Particulate to Pedestrian (seeTable 15).

Table 15: PM10 24-hour mean measurement PM10 (ug/m3) 24-hour mean Embong Malang 149 Dr. Moestopo 174 Diponegoro 149 Gemblongan 232 Mayjend Soengkono 127 Oerip Soemoharjo 94 j. Indicator 10: Greenhouse gas emission

Greenhouse gas emission is calculated using fuel consumption. Surabaya has the data of 2016 of petrol and diesel fuel (see Fig.14).

17 Figure 14: Annual consumption of petrol and diesel fuel

18 4 ANALYSIS OF DATA 4.1 Input data a. Indicator 1: Transport plan of public transport, intermodal and active transport facilities.

The resumed value is provided in Table 16.

Table 16: Transport plan covered public transport, intermodal and active transport Aspects Explanation Score I) walking From 2010 more than 60 km new diffable friendly sidewalk and 4 networks widespread pelican crossing at city center streets and main corridor arterials. The city is very aggressive in planning and implementation of sidewalk and pelican crossing. Surabaya is regional leader at sidewalk and pelican crossing development. II) cycling Bike lane at left and right side of some one-way streets at city center 3 networks and at frontage road of southern arterial. Bike lane is also developed at ITS campus. While bike lane plan is moderate, Surabaya still more advance in regional III) Purabaya bus terminal with airport management quality is the busiest 4 intermodal intermodal station in South East Asia with more than 1 million buses transfer and more than 32 million passengers annually. The plan shows future facilities inter-modality between bus and tram (have been tendered), tram and LRT, and LRT with intercity / commuter train, as well as park and ride facilities IV) public Current public transport comprises of 16 standard bus line and 58 tiny 3 transport bus (angkot) line. The newest 2018) is the line of standard low floor bus with exchange waste mineral water bottle/cup for ticket, as one of the 16 trunk line and 35 feeder line. The public transport plan includes one-line N-S tram and one line of E-W LRT. Whether the development of the plan is not very aggressive, Surabaya is the only city using standard bus and especially Total 14 (sum) b. Indicator 2: Share of public and active transport in commuting

The value is low (See Table 17). While there is current high-quality low floor bus (since February 2018) with trend in increasing demand, it is very new and no data is available.

19 Table 17: Shared of public transport PURPOSE COMMUTING (WORK AND EDUCATION) MODE # subtotals a. Scheduled bus and minibus 151868 b. Train, metro, tram c. Ferry d. Other public e. Public transport (a+b+c+d) 151867.8532 f. Walking 21983 g. Bicycle 21983 h. Active transport (f+g) 43966.55084 i. Passenger car 35311 j. Taxi k. Motorcycle 1172608 l. Scooter/moped m. Para transit (unscheduled) n. Other motorized (trucks, etc) o. Individual motorized (i+j+k+l+m+n) 1207920 p. Total (e+h+o) 1403754 q. Public and active (e+h) 195834.404 r. Modal share of active and public 13.9507638 transport c. Indicator 3: Convenient access to public transport.

There are many routes being provided, where some are overlapped to each other, therefore only radial and crossing corridors are examined. Even when only corridors are examined, the stops are fully serving dense population, including kampongs. The high class residential with closed system, and having one gate, are not served. Since there are more than 400 stop locations, therefore the detail is attached in SUTI Excell sheet. The value is 92.59 (See Table 18)

20 Table 18: Percentage of population accessed by public transport Inhabitants Surabaya Sidoarjo Rail Line 39,876 Surabaya Lamongan Rail Line 26,584 Suroboyo Bus 2,72,488 City Bus via Diponegoro 1,12,983 City Bus Line Tanjungperak 93,045 City Bus Line Dupak 73,107 City Bus Line Bratang 86,399 City Bus Line Semut 1,19,629 Mikrolet Line E 1,92,736 Angkot Line I 1,39,567 Angkot Lyne P 1,86,090 Angkot Lyn R 86,399 Angkot Line G 2,32,612 Angkot Lyn JTK 93,045 Angkot Lyn TV 1,12,983 Angkot Line R1 1,06,337 Angkot Line U 1,12,983 Angkot Lyn DA 1,52,859 Angkot Line O 1,06,337 Angkot Line W 46,522 Angkot Line S 1,32,921 Angkot Line LMJ 1,32,921 Angkot Line WB 46,522 Angkot Line BM 79,753 Angkot Line DKM 1,06,337 SUM 28,91,034 Total Population 30,57,776 % within 500m buffers 92.59080275

d. Indicator 4: Public transport quality and reliability

This is the weak side of public transport in Surabaya, probably until the end of 2017, gives a picture of dissatisfaction (the value is very low, see Table 19). Although there is a new reformed bus that is in operation since February 2018, the latest data is not yet observed. It should be noted that responses in 2013 is combined of captive passengers, motorcycle and car users.

21 Table 19: Satisfaction of quality and reliability Dissatisfied Neither Satisfied Very Partly Nor Partly Very Dimension 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 RESP AV SATISF SCOR Frequency of 0 0 54 8 0 11 27 100 4.49 37.84 the service Punctuality 0 0 51 7 0 11 31 100 4.64 41.89 (delay) Comfort and 35 0 29 3 11 5 17 100 3.39 33.01 cleanliness of Safety of 19 0 36 1 13 7 24 100 4.06 44.05 vehicles Convenience 20 0 36 6 13 8 16 100 3.82 37.65 of stops/stations Availability of 19 0 36 2 13 7 22 100 3.99 42.17 information Personnel 13 0 35 1 19 9 23 100 4.33 51.28 courtesy Fare level 3 0 18 4 45 3 28 100 5.07 75.00 responses 109 0 296 32 114 61 188 800 100.00 45.36 e. Indicator 5: Road accident and fatalities

The resume is 6.38 fatalities/ 100,000 inhabitant/year (See Table 20)

Table 20: Fatalities Fatalities # Road transport 195 Railway transport 0 Tram 0 Ferryboats 0 Other 0 Total 195 Inhabitants 3,057,776 Fatalities/100,000 inh 6.38 f. Indicator 6: Affordability

Comparison of household income and monthly public transport cost give the value 8.4% (Table 21).

Table 21: Calculation of affordability Market shares Single ticket Monthly cost(60 Weighted Services (estimated) price [currency] tickets) monthly cost Bus 50 0.33 19.77 9.89 Minibus 50 0.33 19.77 9.89 Total 100 0 19.77 Must sum to 100 Household income 235.945 Value 8.4 All values in US $ (Note: Exchange rate used 1 US$ = IDR 15,173)

22 g. Indicator 7: Operation cost

Table 22 show calculation of Farebox Ratio. Weighted farebox ratio is 110.1

Table 22: Farebox ratio Market shares Fare Transport Farebox Services (estimated) Revenues Operating expenses ratio Bus 40.0 28,92,901 25,51,516 113% Minibus 60.0 42,35,849 39,25,441 108% Total 100 Weighted 110.1 All values in US $ (Note: Exchange rate used 1 US$ = IDR 15,173) h. Indicator 8: Investment in public transport.

Public transport and active transport are computed to form 73.1% of the total transport in 2018 as shown in Table 23. Public transport facilities developing in 2018 includes Joyoboyo terminal, ‘park and ride’, pedestrian sidewalk, pelican crossing. In 2017 there was also a development of ‘Park and ride’ in jl. Mayjen Sungkono, and purchasing of 8 low floor buses. However, we are not supported by budget. Bicycle lane development is also annually programmed but only with budget from CSR. Other than public transport, there is development of Ring Road, road maintenance and bridge maintenance. The value is 71, therefore input for SUTI index is 50.

Table 23: Investment in public transport INVESTMENTS BY THE CITY 2018 PUBLIC TRANSPORT FACILITIES 2,83,39,814 TOTAL TRANSPORT 3,99,06,413 SHARE (%) 71 (Note: Exchange rate used 1 US$ = IDR 15,173) i. Indicator 9: Air quality

While the area is including periphery area of Surabaya, the value 65.96 (see Table 24) is probably less, considering the fact that the six stations are relatively close to city center.

Table 24: Air quality index based on PM10 PM10 Population Population Location yearly mean in area percentage 1 jl. Embong Malang 59.42 548943 19.72 2 jl. Dr. Mustopo 69.44 609653 21.90 3 jl. Diponegoro 59.43 375101 13.47 4 jl. Gemblongan 92.77 607487 21.82 5 jl. Mayjen Sungkono 51.04 429185 15.42 6 jl Urip Sumoharjo 37.99 213733 7.68 Total city population 2784102 100.00 Population weighted concentration 65.96

j. Indicator 10: Greenhouse gas emission

23 Greenhouse gas emission value is based on fuel consumption. The value is shown in Table 25.

Table 25: Greenhouse gas emission Litres CO2-factor Emissions Emission/capi Population sold (kg/l) (tons/year) ta GASOLINE/PETR OL 2,220,000 2.272 5,042.73 DIESEL 240,000 2.676 642.24 TOTAL 5,684.97 3,057,776 0.0019

4.2 Result

Indicators of Sustainable Urban Transport Index (SUTI) by UNESCAP consists of 10 indicators as shown in Table 26. It is a comprehensive approach but also simple. Input of the 10 indicators is as shown in Table 27 derived from calculation sheets of SUTI.

The result of SUTI for Surabaya in ten components is shown in Table 28. The overall value is 54.26. This value is comprehensive value based on geometric mean. SUTI index number 2 and number 4 are the indicators that are scored less and need to be improved. Number 2 is modal share of public and active transport, and number 4 is public transport quality and reliability.

Table 26: SUTI indicators Natural Weight Range # Indicators units s MIN MAX 1 Extent to which transport plans cover public 0 – 16 scale 0.1 0 16 transport, intermodal facilities and infrastructure for active modes 2 Modal share of active and public transport in % of trips 0.1 10 90 commuting 3 Convenient access to public transport service % of population 0.1 20 100 4 Public transport quality and reliability % satisfied 0.1 30 95 5 Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants # fatalities 0.1 35 0 6 Affordability – travel costs as share of income % of income 0.1 35 3.5 7 Operational costs of the public transport system Cost recovery 0.1 22 175 ratio 8 Investment in public transportation systems % of total 0.1 0 50 investment 9 Air quality (pm10) μg/m3 0.1 150 10 10 Greenhouse gas emissions from transport Tons/cap 0.1 2.75 0

Table 27: SUTI data entry

24 Comments about Data Sources or Indicators Value Year Issues Relevant for Interpretation Extent to which transport 14 2011- Pedestrian network development plans cover public transport, 2017 10km per year; Cycling Network at city 1 intermodal facilities and Centre; Intermodal terminal with high infrastructure for active quality; Improvement of Public modes Transport Modal share of active and 13.9507638 2011 Bicycle and walking and public public transport in transport is less favorable. Data is 2 commuting obsolete and not including bicycle and walking. Additional survey is conducted in 2018 3 Convenient access to public 92.59 2016 Data is only available at transportation transport service office and Surabaya statistic, no map available at stops. 45.36 2013 Data is only available at transportation and office, Data is not published. Need Public transport quality and 4 2018 personal approach. Satisfaction is low reliability for the old system and better for Suronoyo Bus 5 Traffic fatalities per 6.38 2014 Data is published in Surabaya 100.000 inhabitants Statistic 6 Affordability – travel costs 8.37988826 2018 While information of average income as share of income is available, affordability is calculated using lowest salary regulation. 7 Operational costs of the 110.096424 2013 Operational costs data is from 2013. public transport system Need new study. 8 Investment in public 50 2018 Information is not published. It is very transportation systems hard to get. By personal approach 9 Air quality (pm10) 65.96 2018 Information from city government is not easy accessed. This study using data from university. 10 Greenhouse gas emissions 0.00185918 2016 Information is not open. Need from transport 5 personal approach

Table 28: Value of SUTI components (Normalized) 1 Extent to which transport plans cover public transport, intermodal facilities 87.50 and infrastructure for active modes 2 Modal share of active and public transport in commuting 4.94 3 Convenient access to public transport service 90.74 4 Public transport quality and reliability 23.63 5 Traffic fatalities per 100.000 inhabitants 81.78 6 Affordability – travel costs as part of income 84.51 7 Operational costs of the public transport system 57.58 8 Investment in public transportation systems 100.00 9 Air quality (pm10) 60.03 10 Greenhouse gas emissions from transport 99.93

Spider Diagram

The value of SUTI components of Surabaya is also presented in a Spider Diagram; the diagram is shown in Figure 15. It shows clearly the very low value of indicator 2 (mode share of public transport) and indicator 4 (quality and reliability of public transport).

Figure 15: Spider diagram of SUTI components of Surabaya

Interpretation of the result a) Planning for improvements in since 2011 and aplication of the planning until recent time, Surabaya get index 87.5. It is consistent with appearance and functional of current intermodal facilities, dissable friendly sidewalk and occurence of bicycle lane in city center. Public transport reformed plan also applied in 2017 by purchasing low floor bus and operate it since April 2018. Tram is rather late because of shifting budget responsibility from national government to city government. By August 2018 city did many thing about tender preparation. b) Modal share of public and active transport index is very low (13.48%). This is 2011 condition, but currently still consistent since only small part of the reformed public transport is applied start in 2018. This condition started with easy financing of motorcycle since 2000, and more severe when on-line taxi and on-line motorcycle occure in 2016. The cure of it is a modern reformed public transport with on-line and cashless transaction that provide less expensive fare, scheduled, comfortable, and safe. For active transport advocating, plant needed to give shade to pedestrian and bicycle facilities. c) Convenient acces to public transport index is very high (92.6%), as we can see the map of minibus transport almost cover the whole cities until periphery area and small aisle in kampong. d) On the other hand public transport quality and reliability index is very low (45%). This is based on 2013 survey, which is still consistent with 2017 condition, plus addition of

26 October 2018 survey on Suroboyo Bus. If there is more high quality bus and tram applied, the situation will be better. More frequent or time table is another key of reliability. e) Traffic fatality index is good (6.38 fatalities per 10000 population) means that it should be maintained or further improved. It is a possibility that unpopularity of alcoholic drink (on behalf of religion) is one of the positive cause. f) Affordability index is rather high (8.38%) while wage used in this calculation is minimum wage, not the mean. It indicates that if there is higher quality public transport, people will want to pay higher price for it. g) Operational cost index is rather low (110%) looks fine but it will be good the system to have more passengers and higher fare price. It is possible to rise the price as discussed in affordability. h) The index of Investment in public transport is high (50%). That is 2018 condition. We need data of previous years. However the city is consistent in develope facilities for public transport and active transport since 2010 when pedestrian sidewalk project is started. i) Air quality index is rather within limit (65.96). It is a possibility that the measurement point is on busy streets. Other possibilities is either there is no regulation for old vehicle, there is no cumpolsary vehicle annual emission test, or low share of public transport. j) Greenhouse gas emission from transport index is low (0.0018). It is a possibility that car ownership is still low. k) Overall SUTI Index is 53.58. Actually, there are several good points of Surabaya Public Transport, however two important components are very weak, these are: mode share of public and active transport, and public transport quality and reliability.

27 5 PERSPECTIVE ON SUTI PILOT EXCERSICE City Government was very helpful in providing the study report on sustainable transportation. Many previous studies were provided.

For subsequent year the city government may consider the following: a) Publish SUTI report in a website that can be accessed by general public. b) Conduct quaternary survey of passengers to gather their perception about public transport qualities and about prior transport mode. c) Attending conference of SUTI for exchange experience with other cities in Asia Pacific region.

28 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT This research can be delivered only because the help from dedicated persons who supplied required data we need. There are many persons/officials who have helped, however, we acknowledge the officials from the following office in Surabaya.

• City Planning Board • Transportation Office • Local Road Office • Environmental Office • Dr. Arie Dipareza from Environmental Engineering Department, ITS.