Costellazione Tempesta Immaginare Shakespeare Tra Riscritture E

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Costellazione Tempesta Immaginare Shakespeare Tra Riscritture E UNIVERSITÀ DEGLI STUDI DI TRENTO Dipartimento di Lettere e Filosofia Scuola di Dottorato in Studi Umanistici XXVIII Ciclo TESI DI DOTTORATO Costellazione Tempesta Immaginare Shakespeare tra Riscritture e Iconografia Addottoranda: Tutor: Valeria Tirabasso Prof.ssa Sandra Pietrini Anno Accademico 2015/2016 Sommario SOMMARIO 2 NOTE SUI TESTI 4 INTRODUZIONE E PREMESSE TEORICHE 6 CAPITOLO PRIMO. PRIME APPROPRIAZIONI 12 CAPITOLO SECONDO. LA RESTAURAZIONE 19 2.1 William Davenant e John Dryden 19 2.2 Thomas Duffett 38 CAPITOLO TERZO. IL SETTECENTO 45 3.1 David Garrick 45 3.2 John Philip Kemble 61 3.3 Testi minori 70 CAPITOLO QUARTO. L’OTTOCENTO E IL PRIMO NOVECENTO 82 4.1 The Forest Princess 85 4.2 La Tempesta 95 4.3 Charles Kean 105 4.4 Herbert Beerbhom Tree 111 CAPITOLO QUINTO. IL SECONDO NOVECENTO 122 5.1 Aimé Césaire e l’era postcoloniale 125 5.2 Eduardo de Filippo. Nuie simme fatte cu la stoffa de li suonne 132 CONCLUSIONI. LA BENEVOLENZA COME NODO CRUCIALE IN THE TEMPEST 150 2 APPENDICE: IL PROGETTO ARIANNA – SHAKESPEARIANA 154 TAVOLE 159 BIBLIOGRAFIA 229 3 Note sui testi Si elencano di seguito in ordine cronologico le edizioni di riferimento dei testi primari, da cui sono tratte tutte le citazioni. Accanto a ciascuna citazione vengono quindi riportati, tra parentesi, l’atto la scena e, ove possibile i versi di riferimento, oppure semplicemente le pagine da cui sono tratte. Nei casi di possibile ambiguità, l’indicazione di atto e scena è preceduta da un codice qui riportato tra parentesi quadre. Nelle diverse riscritture si può rilevare una certa variabilità nella grafia di alcuni nomi (ad esempio Antonio – Anthonio, Alonso – Alonzo, Trinculo – Trincalo, Caliban – Calyban, Ferdinand – Ferdinando / Fernando): ho cercato il più possibile di riprodurre fedelmente ciascun nome per ogni riscrittura, anche se a volte, dovendo confrontare versioni diverse, l’operazione risultava complessa. Dal momento che, comunque, tutti i personaggi restano perfettamente riconoscibili nella storia dei vari adattamenti, non ho ritenuto di dover specificare in nota la questione della variabilità dei nomi ogni qual volta si presentava una grafia diversa. William Shakespeare, The Tempest, ed. by Stephen Orgel, Oxford and New York, Oxford University Press, 2008. [ Tempest] John Fletcher, The Sea Voyage, 1622, in The Works of Francis Beaumont and John Fletcher, ed. by A.R. Waller, New York, Octagon Books, 1969, Vol. IX, pp. 1-65. [Sea Voyage] John Suckling, The Goblins. A Comedy, Presented at the Private House in Black Fryers, by His Majesties servants, London, Humphrey Moseley, 1646. [ Goblins] William Davenant and John Dryden, The Tempest: or, The Enchanted Island, 1670, in Shakespeare Made Fit. Restoration Adaptations of Shakesperare, selected and edited by Sandra Clark, London, J.M. Dent Orion Publishing Group, 1997, pp. 79-185. [Davenant- Dryden] Thomas Shadwell, The Tempest, or the Enchanted Island. A Comedy. As it is now Acted at His Highness the Duke of York’s Theatre, London, J. Macock, 1674. [Shadwell] Thomas Duffet, The Mock Tempest, or: The Enchanted Castle, 1675, in Three Burlesque Plays of Thomas Duffet, ed. by Ronald Eugene Di Lorenzo, Iowa City, University of Iowa Press, 1972, pp. 57-111. [Duffet] David Garrick, The Tempest. An Opera, 1756, in The Plays of David Garrick, ed. by Harry William Pericord and Federick Louis Bergmann, Carbondale and Edwardsville, Southern Illinois University Press, 1980, 7 vols, vol. 3, pp. 267-300. [Garrick-Opera] David Garrick, The Tempest. A Comedy, 1773, in The Plays of David Garrick, op. cit., vol. 4, pp. 325-387. [Garrick-Comedy] 4 Anonimo, The Shipwreck, 1780. A facsimile published by the Cornmarket Press, London, 1970. [Shipwreck] John Philip Kemble, The Tempest: or, The Enchanted Island, Written by Shakspeare; With additions From Dryden, As Compiled by J.P. Kemble and First Acted at the Theatre Royal, Drudy Lane, October 13th, 1789, London, J. Debrett, 1789. [Kemble] Francis Godolphin Waldron, The Virgin Queen, A Drama in Five Acts; Attempted as a Sequel To Shakspeare’s Tempest, London, Printed for the Author, 1797. [Virgin Queen] Charlotte Mary Sanford Barnes, The Forest Princess, in Plays Prose and Poetry by Charlotte M. S. Barnes, Philadelphia, E.H. Butler & Co. 1848, pp. 145-270. [Forest Princess] Eugéne Scribe, La Tempesta. An Entirely New Grand Opera, in three acts, with a prologue: The Music Composed by [Fromental] Halévy, The Poem by [Eugéne] Scribe, Founded on The Tempest of Shakspeare, and composed expressly for Her Majesty’s Theatre, Haymarket, London, Haymarket Theatre, 1850. [La Tempesta] Shakespeare’s Play of The Tempest, arranged for representation at the Princess’s Theatre, with Historical and Explanatory Notes, by Charles Kean, F.S.A., as First Performed on Wednesday, July 1, 1857, London, John K. Chapman and Co., 1857. [Kean] Herbert Beerbohm Tree, Shakespeare’s Comedy The Tempest, as Arranged for the Stage by Herbert Beerbohm Tree, With Illustrations from Original Oil Sketches by Charles A. Buchel, London, J. Miles & Co., 1904. [Beerbohm Tree] Aimé Césaire, Une Tempête ; d’après la Tempête de Shakespeare, adaptation pour un théâtre négre, Sassuolo, Incontri Editrice, 2011. [ Tempête] Eduardo de Filippo, William Shakespeare. La Tempesta. Traduzione in Napoletano di Eduardo de Filippo, Torino, Einaudi, 1984. [Eduardo] 5 Introduzione e premesse teoriche Paradossi: Tra l’illusione del testo e l’utopia dell’originale. Uno studio dedicato quasi interamente alle riscritture di un testo teatrale non può che prendere le mosse da una premessa fondamentale, anche se provocatoria: il testo, e a maggior ragione il testo teatrale, non esiste. La sua esistenza impressa tra le pagine di un libro è pura illusione. Proprio per la sua natura transitoria ed effimera, sempre uguale eppure sempre rinnovata, di replica in replica, il teatro rifiuta le ristrette e rigide maglie intrecciate e definite una volta per sempre in un oggetto limitato. Ancora più illusoria e utopica è la definizione ‘testo originale’, soprattutto quando usata in rapporto ai drammi Shakespeariani e a The Tempest in particolare. Di questo testo, della sua genesi, delle prime rappresentazioni, delle intenzioni del suo autore sappiamo poco o nulla. Per lungo tempo si è pensato si trattasse dell’ultima commedia di Shakespeare e che, per questo, ne rappresentasse l’addio alle scene. La critica si è per anni arroccata su questo punto, in qualche modo indirizzando verso una rotta precisa l’interpretazione di alcuni versi, e vedendo in Prospero un alter ego dell’autore. Ma, come fa notare Stephen Orgel nella sua introduzione all’edizione Oxford (pp. 62-64), non esiste alcun dato, alcuna certezza che possa essere effettivamente così. Niente esclude che, precedentemente al 1 novembre 1611, data della prima rappresentazione attestata del romance presso il Blackfriars di Londra, esso non sia stato messo in scena altrove, magari al Globe, e che quindi la sua composizione possa essere spostata all’indietro di qualche tempo1. Il fatto che non esista un’attestazione di precedenti messe in scena ha avuto un’influenza probabilmente eccessiva ed eccessivamente prolungata sugli studi critici. Per di più, anche se fossimo certi della collocazione temporale dell’opera, del disegno complessivo progettato dall’autore, del fatto che l’unica testimonianza sopravvissuta di questo testo, quella contenuta nel first folio del 1623, corrisponda esattamente alle parole scritte da Shakespeare, anche se tutto questo fosse scientificamente verificato e provato, dovremmo comunque fare i conti con la transitoria instabilità della parola teatrale. Ovvero, con l’impossibilità di conoscere come l’autore intendesse mettere in scena quel testo. Eppure, e questo vale per tutti i drammi qui analizzati, la parola scritta è l’unica traccia concreta a cui affidare le nostre analsi. Il presente studio nasce e si sviluppa nell’azzardo, ma anche nella fecondità di questo paradosso: da un lato la profonda consapevolezza dell’illusorietà dei testi e dell’utopica conoscenza di un originale; dall’altro la necessità di utilizzare questi stessi termini, così labili, per indicare l’oggetto di studio. Ma possiamo forse affrontare con migliore slancio 1 Non è possibile, tuttavia, che The Tempest, nella forma in cui la conosciamo, sia stata composta molto tempo prima del 1611, perché una delle fonti accertate del romance è la nota Strachey Letter, che racconta del naufragio della Sea Venture al largo delle Bermuda e del miracoloso salvataggio di tutto l’equipaggio. La lettera, datata 15 luglio 1610 raggiunse Londra probabilmente alla fine di quell’anno. Ad ogni modo è scorretto pensare a The Tempest come all’ultimo lavoro teatrale di Shakespeare, dato che il drammaturgo scrisse, in collaborazione con altri autori, almeno altre tre opere, Henry VIII (1613), Two Noble Kinsmen e il perduto Cardenio. Cfr. l’introduzione di Stephen Orgel all’edizione Oxford di The Tempest (per il riferimento completo si vedano le Note sui testi), pp. 62 e segg. 6 l’analisi critica delle riscritture di The Tempest se, pur partendo da questa premessa fondamentale, ci sforziamo di superarla, o meglio, di sospenderla temporaneamente, per provare a tracciare le fila della storia di questo originale, declinata in una serie inesauribile di adattamenti, riletture, re-immaginazioni. Il problema terminologico Una seconda, importante problematica che si incontra nell’affrontare uno studio comparatistico di questo genere, riguarda la terminologia da usare per riferirsi ai testi presi in esame. I teorici della letteratura
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