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Nutrient Sources and Analysis of Nutrient Water-Quality Data, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River Basin, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, 1972 – 90

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Nutrient Sources and Analysis of Nutrient Water-Quality Data, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River Basin, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida, 1972 – 90 The authors appreciate the extraordinary efforts of the editorial and cartography staff of the Georgia District, including Caryl J. Wipperfurth, Carolyn A. Casteel, Willis G. Hester, and Eric A. Steinnagel. Cover photographs: (1) interior of a chicken house in northern Georgia; (2) application of farm chemicals, (3) skyline of Metropolitan Atlanta, Georgia; (4) a wastewater-treatment facility on the Chattahoochee River, Atlanta, Georgia; and (5) sediment discharging from the mouth of Suwanee Creek into the Chattahoochee River near Atlanta, Georgia. NUTRIENT SOURCES AND ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENT WATER-QUALITY DATA, APALACHICOLA – CHATTAHOOCHEE – FLINT RIVER BASIN, GEORGIA, ALABAMA, AND FLORIDA, 1972 – 90 By Elizabeth A. Frick, Gary R. Buell, and Evelyn E. Hopkins __________________________________________________________________ U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Water-Resources Investigations Report 96-4101 National Water-Quality Assessment Program Atlanta, Georgia 1996 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY Gordon P. Eaton, Director Any use of firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government _____________________________________________________________________________________________ For further information, write to Copies of this report can be purchased from District Chief U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Service 3039 Amwiler Road, Suite 130 Denver Federal Center Atlanta, GA 30360-2824 Box 25286 Denver, CO 80225-0286 FOREWORD The mission of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) is to assess the quantity and quality of the earth resources of the Nation and to provide information that will assist resource managers and policymakers at Federal, State, and local levels in making sound decisions. Assessment of water-quality conditions and trends is an important part of this overall mission. One of the greatest challenges faced by water-resources scientists is acquiring reliable information that will guide the use and protection of the Nation's water resources. That challenge is being addressed by Federal, State, interstate, and local water-resource agencies and by many academic institutions. These organizations are collecting water-quality data for a host of purposes that include: compliance with permits and water-supply standards; development of remediation plans for a specific contamination problem; operational decisions on industrial, wastewater, or water-supply facilities; and research on factors that affect water quality. An additional need for water-quality information is to provide a basis on which regional and national-level policy decisions can be based. Wise decisions must be based on sound information. As a society, we need to know whether certain types of water- quality problems are isolated or ubiquitous, whether there are significant differences in conditions among regions, whether the conditions are changing over time, and why these conditions change from place to place and over time. The information can be used to help determine the efficacy of existing water-quality policies and to help analysts determine the need for, and likely consequences, of new policies. To address these needs, the Congress appropriated funds in 1986 for the USGS to begin a pilot program in seven project areas to develop and refine the National Water-Quality Assessment (NAWQA) Program. In 1991, the USGS began full implementation of the program. The NAWQA Program builds upon an existing base of water- quality studies of the USGS, as well as those of other Federal, State, and local agencies. The objectives of the NAWQA Program are to: • describe current water-quality conditions for a large part of the Nation's freshwater streams, rivers, and aquifers; • describe how water quality is changing over time; and • improve understanding of primary natural and human factors that affect water-quality conditions. This information will help support the development and evaluation of management, regulatory, and monitoring decisions by other Federal, State, and local agencies to protect, use, and enhance water resources. The goals of the NAWQA Program are being achieved through ongoing and proposed investigations of 60 of the Nation's most important river basins and aquifer systems, which are referred to as study units. These study units are distributed throughout the Nation and cover a diversity of hydrogeologic settings. More than two-thirds of the Nation's freshwater use occurs within the 60 study units and more than two-thirds of the people served by public water-supply systems live within their boundaries. National synthesis of data analysis, based on aggregation of comparable information obtained from the study units, is a major component of the program. This effort focuses on selected water-quality topics using nationally consistent information. Comparative studies will explain differences and similarities in observed water-quality conditions among study areas and will identify changes and trends and their causes. The first topics addressed by the national synthesis are pesticides, nutrients, volatile organic compounds, and aquatic biology. Discussions on these and other water-quality topics will be published in periodic summaries of the quality of the Nation's ground and surface water as the information becomes available. This report is an element of the comprehensive body of information developed as part of the NAWQA Program. The program depends heavily on the advice, cooperation, and information from many Federal, State, interstate, Tribal, and local agencies and the public. The assistance and suggestions of all are greatly appreciated. Information regarding the NAWQA Program is available on the Internet via the World Wide Web. You may connect to the NAWQA Home Page using the Universal Resources Locator (URL) at: <URL:http://wwwrvares.er.usgs.gov/nawqa/nawqa_home.html> iii CONTENTS Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Purpose and scope 3 Description of Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin 3 Location and physiography 3 Climate and hydrologic setting 3 Population, land use, and water use 6 Acknowledgments 12 Nutrient sources 12 Point-source loads 12 Municipal-wastewater effluent 15 Nonpoint-source inputs 22 Animal manure 23 Fertilizer 23 Atmospheric deposition 25 Analysis of nutrient water-quality data 27 Nutrient water-quality standards, health advisories, and criteria 27 Sources of nutrient water-quality data 28 Assessment approach 28 Data compilation and screening 29 Distribution of sampling sites 29 Nutrients in surface water 35 Relation of concentration to stream discharge 41 Downstream variations in concentrations 56 Seasonal variations in concentrations 70 Temporal trends in concentrations 78 Annual loads and mean annual yields 90 Nutrients in ground water 96 Nitrate concentrations 98 Nutrient distributions by aquifer and well depth 99 Nutrient distributions by water-use category 101 Summary 104 References 107 iv ILLUSTRATIONS Figures 1-3. Maps showing: 1. Location of the Apalachicola-Chattahoochee-Flint River basin including physiographic provinces 4 2. Location of subbasins and corresponding hydrologic unit codes, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin 5 3. Generalized outcrop areas for geologic and hydrogeologic units underlying the Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin 7 Figure 4. Chart showing generalized geologic and hydrogeologic units in the Coastal Plain of the Apalachicola- Chattahoochee – Flint River basin 8 Figures 5-6. Maps showing: 5. Land use, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin 11 6. Location of municipal-wastewater outfalls having discharges greater than one million gallons per day, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1990 20 Figures 7-8. Graphs showing: 7. Effluent discharge from ten municipal-wastewater-treatment facilities that discharge more than 1 million gallons per day into the Chattahoochee River and its tributaries and population of the five counties where these facilities discharge, Metropolitan Atlanta, 1980 – 95 21 8. Effluent discharge and ammonia and phosphorus loads from the six largest municipal-wastewater- treatment facilities, Middle Chattahoochee – Lake Harding subbasin, 1980 – 93 22 Figures 9-11. Maps showing: 9. Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs from animal manure, by county, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1990 24 10. Nitrogen and phosphorus inputs from fertilizer, by county, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1990 26 11. Location of National Atmospheric Deposition Program precipitation stations used to estimate nitrogen input from atmospheric deposition within the Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin 27 Figure 12. Graphs showing number of nutrient water-quality samples analyzed from streams, reservoirs and lakes, wells, and springs, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1972 – 90 water years 35 Figures 13-14. Maps showing: 13. Distribution of stream, reservoir, and lake water-sampling sites having nutrient data, by collection agency, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1972 – 90 water years 36 14. Distribution of ground-water sampling sites having nutrient data, by collection agency, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1972 – 90 water years 38 Figure 15. Graphs showing distribution of nutrient concentrations in (A) streams and (B) reservoirs and lakes by nutrient-constituent groups, Apalachicola – Chattahoochee – Flint River basin, 1972 – 90 water years 41 16. Map
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