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B-118 Digital Model Approach to Water Supply Management Of (.[I\ NZOO ,(r.s ~~ 110.11% A Digital Model Approach to Water-Supply Management of the Claiborne, Clayton, and Providence Aquifers in Southwestern Georgia Lee L. Gorday Jeny A. Lineback Anna F. Long and William H. McLemore GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Lonice C. Barrett, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECfiON DMSION Harold F. Reheis, Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY William H. McLemore, State Geologist Atlanta 1997 BULLETIN 118 A Digital Model Approach to Water-Supply Management of the Claiborne, Clayton, and Providence Aquifers in Southwestern Georgia Lee L. Gorday Jerry A. Lineback Anna F. Long and William H. McLemore GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Lonice C. Barrett, Commissioner ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION DIVISION Harold F. Reheis, Director GEORGIA GEOLOGIC SURVEY William H. McLemore, State Geologist Atlanta 1997 BULLETIN 118 CONTENTS ABSTRACT ............................................................... v INTRODUCTION .......................................................... 1 General Background . 1 Climate and Runoff . 1 Previous Investigations . 1 Acknowledgements . 2 Scope of Work ....................................................... 2 CONCEP'fUAL MODEL ..................................................... 3 DIGITAL MODEL ANALYSIS ................................................ 4 Introduction . 4 Model Description . 5 Relation of Digital Model to Conceptual Model . 5 PREDICTIVE MANAGEMENT SCENARIOS .................................... 6 General ............................................................ 6 Baseline Simulation . 6 Drought Simulation . 7 Industrial Development Simulation ........................................ 7 The City of Albany Floridan Aquifer Usage Simulation ......................... 8 INTERPRETATIONS AND CONCLUSIONS ..................................... 8 REFERENCES ............................................................ 10 APPENDIX A: Baseflow Analysis ............................................ A-1 SUPPLEMENT 1: STRATIGRAPIDC AND HYDROGEOLOGIC SETIING STRATIGRAPHY ......................................................... I-1 General ........................................................... I -1 Ripley Formation .................................................... I-1 Providence Sand ..................................................... I-1 Clayton Formation ................................................... I-1 Wilcox Group ....................................................... I-1 Claiborne Group ..................................................... I-2 Ocala Limestone ..................................................... I-2 HYDROGEOLOGY ........................................................ I-2 Aquifer Framework ................................................... I-2 Upper Floridan Aquifer ............................................... I-2 Claiborne Aquifer .................................................... I-3 Clayton Aquifer ..................................................... I-3 Providence Aquifer ................................................... I-4 HYDROLOGIC BUDGET ................................................... I-4 SUPPLEMENT II: DIGITAL MODEL PACKAGE BOUNDARY CONDITIONS ................................................ II-1 i HYDROLOGIC PROPERTIES .............................................. 11-2 Transmissivity ...................................................... II-2 Storage Factor ..................................................... II-2 Leakance ......................................................... II-3 FLUX CONDIDONS ...................................................... II-3 Recharge .......................................................... II-3 Rivers ............................................................ II-3 Pumpage .......................................................... II-4 CALIBRATION .......................................................... II-5 Introduction ....................................................... II-5 Possible Sources of Error in Observed Head Data ........................... 11-6 Model Results ...................................................... II-7 Steady-State Simulation ............................................... 11-7 Transient Simulation ................................................. 11-9 Simulated Hydrographs ............................................... 11-9 Fluxes ........................................................... II-10 Summary ......................................................... II-11 SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS ................................................. 11-11 ll.LUSTRATIONS AND TABLES TEXT FIGURES 1. Study area . 14 2. Schematic diagram of regional ground-water flow in the Upper Floridan (A1), Claiborne (A2), Clayton (A3), and Providence (A4) aquifers ................................. 15 3. Local, intermediate, and regional ground-water flow . 15 4. Stratigraphic column, hydrogeologic units, and model layers .................... 16 5. Predevelopment potentiometric surface of the Claiborne aquifer ................. 17 6. Predevelopment potentiometric surface of the Clayton aquifer . 18 7. Finite-difference grid and boundary conditions .............................. 19 8. Simulated potentiometric surface in model layer A2 at the end of the five-year baseline simulation . 20 9. Simulated potentiometric surface in model layer A3 at the end of the five-year baseline simulation ................................................................ 21 10. Simulated potentiometric surface in model layer A4 at the end of the five-year baseline simulation . 22 11. Change in simulated head in model layer A2 in response to a hypothetical two year drought .................................................................. 23 12. Change in simulated head in model layer A3 in response to a hypothetical two year drought ................................................................. 24 13. Change in simulated head in model layer A4 in response to a hypothetical two year drought ................................................................. 25 14. Change in simulated head in model layer A2 due to a simulated withdrawal of one MgaVd from both layers A2 and A3 . 26 15. Change in simulated head in model layer A3 due to a simulated withdrawal of one MgaVd from both layers A2 and A3 . 27 16. Change in simulated head in model layer A4 due to a simulated withdrawal of one MgaVd from both layers A2 and A3 ............................................. 28 17. Change in simulated head in model layer A2 due to a 20 percent reduction in pumpage from the Claiborne, Clayton, and Providence aquifers for the City of Albany . 29 18. Change in simulated head in model layer A3 due to a 20 percent reduction in pumpage from the Claiborne, Clayton, and Providence aquifers for the City of Albany . .. 30 19. Change in simulated head in model layer A4 due to a 20 percent reduction in pumpage ii from the Claiborne, Clayton, and Providence aquifers for the City of Albany ............. 31 TEXT TABLE 1. Stress periods and pumpage utilized in calibration of transient model . 13 SUPPLEMENT I FIGURES 1-1. Streamflow measurement, location, and general aquifer outcrop areas ............ 1-6 SUPPLEMENT II FIGURES II-1. Boundary for model layer A1 ......................................... 11-13 II-2. Outcrop, active, and specified-head cells in model layer A2 ................... 11-14 II-3. Outcrop, active, and specified-head cells in model layer A3 ................... 11-15 II-4. Outcrop, active, and specified-head cells in model layer A4 ................... 11-16 II-5. Transmissivity for model layer A2 . II -17 II-6. Transmissivity for model layer A3 ...................................... II-18 II-7. Transmissivity for model layer A4 ...................................... 11-19 11-8. Calibrated storage for model layer A2 ................................... 11-20 II-9. Calibrated storage for model layer A3 ................................... 11-21 II-10. Calibrated storage for model layer A4 ................................... 11-22 II-11. Calibrated leakance for model layer C2 ................................. 11-23 11-12. Calibrated leakance for model layer C3 ................................. '11-24 II-13. Simulated irrigation pumpage ......................................... 11-25 11-14. Simulated pumpage for all uses ........................................ 11-26 11-15. Simulated pumpage from model layer A2 in stress period 15 .................. 11-27 II-16. Simulated pumpage from model layer A3 in stress period 15 .................. 11-28 11-17. Simulated pumpage from model layer A4 in stress period 15 .................. 11-29 11-18. Steady-state simulated potentiometric surface for model layer A2 .............. 11-30 II-19. Steady-state simulated potentiometric surface for model layer A3 .............. 11-31 11-20. Steady-state simulated potentiometric surface for model layer A4 .............. 11-32 II-21. Estimated and simulated fluxes for model layer A2. model layer A3, and model layer A4 ............................................................... 11-33 II-22. Steady-state mode boundary fluxes for recharge, discharge, and leakage ......... 11-34 11-23. Simulated potentiometric surface for model layer A2 at the end of stress period 15 11-35 11-24. 1986 potentiometric surface for the Claiborne aquifer (model layer A2) ......... 11-36 11-25. Simulated potentiometric surface for model layer A3 at the end of stress period 15 11-37 II-26. 1986 potentiometric surface for the Clayton aquifer (model
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