Folklórne Prvky Vo Filmoch Juraja Jakubiska

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Folklórne Prvky Vo Filmoch Juraja Jakubiska JANÁČKOVA AKADEMIE MÚZICKÝCH UMĚNÍ V BRNĚ Divadelní fakulta Ateliér rozhlasové a televizní dramaturgie a scenáristiky Rozhlasová a televizní dramaturgie a scenáristika Folklórne prvky vo filmoch Juraja Jakubiska Bakalářská práce Autor práce: Tatiana Urbanová Vedoucí práce: MgA. Hana Slavíková Ph.D. Oponent práce: prof. Mgr. Jan Gogola Brno 2012 1 Bibliografický záznam URBANOVÁ, Tatiana. Folklórne prvky vo filmoch Juraja Jakubiska [Folk elements in films by Juraj Jakubisko]. Brno: Janáčkova akademie múzických umění v Brně, Divadelní fakulta, Ateliér rozhlasové a televizní dramaturgie a scenáristiky, 2012. 52 s. Vedoucí diplomové práce MgA. Hana Slavíková Ph.D. Anotace Bakalárska práca „Folklórne prvky vo filmoch Juraja Jakubiska“ pojednává o prvkoch ľudovej umeleckej tvorby zachytených vo filmových dielach Juraja Jakubiska. A to konkrétne vo filmoch Kristove roky, Perinbaba, Zbehovia a pútnici a Tisícročná včela. Mojim cieľom je zistiť s akým zámerom autor prvky ľudovej umeleckej tvorby využíva, ako a kvôli čomu ich zobrazuje, aký dôraz a význam im kladie. Annotation „Folk elements in films by Juraj Jakubisko“ The subject of this work is to examine various folk elements captured in the film art of Juraj Jakubisko, specifically in the following films : Kristove roky; Preninbaba; Zbehovia a pútnici; Tisícročná včela. My goal is to find out what is behind Jakubisko´s intention to include folk elements, how and why they are depicted in the films and what emphases and reasons are given to them. Klíčová slova Juraj Jakubisko, Folklór, Slovenský folklór, Slovenský film, Tradičné ľudové umenie, Filmové umenie Keywords Juraj Jakubisko, Folklore, Slovak folklore, Slovak film, Folk art, Film art 2 Prehlásenie Prehlasujem, že som predkladanú prácu spracovala samostastne a použila som uvedené informačné zdroje. V Brne, dňa 24 . mája 2012 Tatiana Urbanová 3 Poďakovanie Na tomto mieste by som rada poďakovala vedúcej práce Mgr. Hanke Slavíkovej Ph.D. za jej prístup a nápady. Moja veľká vďaka patrí i doc. Ing. Viliamovi Gruskovi. Zároveň by som sa rada poďakovala všetkým pedagógom, ktorý ma naučili vnímať veci inak. 4 Obsah ÚVOD .................................................................................................................................................... 6 1. STRUČNÝ PREHĽAD O JURAJOVI JAKUBISKOVI......................................................... 8 2. ĽUDOVÁ KULTŔA VO FILME ............................................................................................ 11 2.1 ĽUDOVÁ KULTÚRA VO FILME KAROLA PLICKU……………………………............12 2.2 ĽUDOVÁ KULTÚRA VO FILME KARLA VACHEKA……………………………....16 2.3 POROVNANIE PRÍSTUPU DVOCH TVORCOV……………………………………..21 3. FOLKLÓRNE PRVKY VO FILMOCH JURAJA JAKUBISKA………………………………………………………………………….........................23 3.1 KRISTOVE ROKY………………………………………………………........................23 3.2 PERINBABA…………………………….........................................................................24 3.3 TISÍCROČNÁ VČELA………………………………………………………………….35 3.4 ZBEHOVIA A PÚTNICI..................................................................................................41 ZÁVER ................................................................................................................................................ 50 POUŽITÉ INFORMAČNÉ ZDROJE 5 Úvod Ako tému svojej práce som si zvolila folklórne prvky alebo prvky ľudovej umeleckej tvorby vo filmoch Juraja Jakubiska. Vybrala som si štyri konkrétne filmy, o ktorých si myslím, že je dôležité i ch v rámci tejto práce spomenúť pretože autor s prvkami ľudovej umeleckej tvorby pracuje kreatívne. Patria medzi ne Zbehovia a pútnici, Tisícročná včela, Perinbaba, ale aj Kristove roky. Mojim cieľom bolo zistiť s akým zámerom autor prvky ľudovej umeleckej tvorby využíva, ako a kvôli čomu ich zobrazuje, aký dôraz a význam im kladie. Vo svojej práci sa však nevenujem len Jurajovi Jakubiskovi. Pre komplexné skúmanie folklórnych prvkov vo filme bolo pre mňa nutné vidieť aj prístupy iných tvorcov, vidieť ako s takýmito prvkami narábajú a z tohto dôvodu bolo mojou potrebou dôklad ne analyzovať dve diela. Vybrala som si preto dva príklady, dva medzné postoje. Tieto filmy boli v dobe svojho vzniku výnimočné pretože zaujali výrazné stanovisko k folklóru. Viem o tom, že medzi filmami je veľký časový posun, no myslím si, že sú zásadné kvôli tomu, že sú si formou a predmetom záujmu podobné. Prvým je Karol Plicka a jeho film Zem spieva, druhým Moravská Hellas Karla Vacheka. Oba tieto filmy stoja na pomedzí hraného filmu a dokumentu. Základom oboch filmov je folklór, diametrálnym spôsobom s a však od seba líšia. Zdalo sa mi logické venovať sa najskôr Karolovi Plickovi, ktorého prínos pre slovenskú kinematografiu je veľmi veľký už len z toho dôvodu, že sa zameriaval na faktografické a realistické priblíženie folklórnych prvkov a tradícií divákovi. Tieto prvky vo svojich filmoch zachováva pre budúce generácie. Od Plicku nemožno očakávať štylizáciu, jeho film je veľkou obhajobou slovenskej kultúry a duchovnosti. Karel Vachek poňal Moravskú 6 Hellas inak. Jeho film bol kritikou pokleslej podoby fol klóru, ako aj kritikou režimu, ktorý folklór zneužíval vo svoj prospech. Zaujal kritický postoj k fascinácii folklórom. Tieto dva filmy sú extrémne odlišné aj v tom, že je medzi nimi rozdiel tridsaťpäť rokov. Počas týchto tridsiatichpiatich rokov sa v Československu zmenil režim, ktorý folklór degradoval na niečo, čo sa dá veľmi ľahko zneužiť. Pre čo najlepšie a nezávislé informácie som sa stretla so scénografom, pedagógom, etnografom, scenáristom, dramaturgom a režisérom Doc. Ing. Viliamom Gruskom, ktorý sa po dlhé roky venoval výskumu, štúdiu a záchrane tradičnej ľudovej kultúry a remesiel na Slovensku. Mimo iného spolupracoval i s J urajom Jakubiskom samotným. Pre potreby tejto práce vznikol záznam rozhovoru z dňa 09. mája 2012, ktorý sa nachádza v mojom osobnom archíve. 7 1 Stručný prehľad o Jurajovi Jakubiskovi Juraj Jakubisko sa narodil 30. apríla 1938 v malej spišskej dedine obkolopenej horami – Kojšove. Táto dedina bola ( a stále je ) miestom plným slovenských ľudových tradíciií a zvykov, ktoré mali na samotného tvorcu bezpochyby veľký vplyv. Je to najmä tým, že Kojšov je koncová obec, ktorá je gréckokatolícka - obkľúčená katolíckymi a evanjelickými obcami. Archaizmy 1 sa tu preto uchovávali napríklad i v speve. Jakubiskova tvorba sa zača la vyvíjať počas absolvovania Strednej umelecko – priemyslovej školy v Bratislave (odbor grafika). Štúdium grafiky ho však nenapĺňalo stopercentne, a tak sa rozhodol prestúpiť na odbor umeleckej fotografie, ktorý aj dokončil. Toto rozhodnutie mu otvorilo c estu smerom k filmu. Po štúdiu na umelecko – priemyslovej škole sa prihlásil na Filmovú fakultu Akadémie múzických umení v Prahe, kam bol úspešne prijatý. Študoval tu v rokoch 1959 – 1966 odbor réžia v ročníku profesora Václava Wassermanna. Jakubisko sa pôvodne zaujímal o štúdium kamery, no počas vojenskej služby nemohol natočiť povinnú reportáž, a preto zvolil réžiu. Neskôr sa mu však na kameru dostať podarilo. Jakubiskova filmová tvorba sa začína formovať v období šesťdesiatych rokov 20. storočia. Na st rednej umelecko – priemyslovej škole v roku 1957 so svojim spolužiakom Elom Havettom však už jeden 16 mm film natočil - Šupka a šupáci. Jakubisko započal svoje produktívne obdobie študentskými filmami ako napr. štrnásť minútovým filmom Každý deň má svo je 1 Archaizmus (z gréc. archaios - starodávny) je slovo, alebo výraz, gramatická forma, alebo konštrukcia, ktorá dodáva reči ráz staršej etapy vývoja jazyka a používa sa v jazykových prejavoch na charakterizovanie staršej doby. Je to teda slovo, alebo výraz, ktoré je v protiklade k inému rovnocennému slovu reprezentujúcemu v príslušnom jazyku súčasnú slovnú zásobu. 8 meno (1960) , ďalej napríklad filmom Strieborný vietor (1961) alebo snímkom Čekají na Godota (1966). Dôležitá bola pre neho aj spolupráca s inými, v tej dobe aktívnymi tvorcami. Na motívy rozprávok Petra Jilemnického natočil pre košickú Česko - slovenskú televíziu v roku 1963 Tri rozprávky alebo dokument Korytári (1966). Taktiež pracoval v Laterne Magike ako externý režisér a scenárista, a to v r. 1965 – 1966. Rokom 1960 sa teda začína prvá etapa filmovej tvorby Juraja Jakubiska, do ktorej patria študen tské filmy do roku 1966, vrátane. Jakubisko študuje na FAMU v dobe, kedy sa formuje „československá nová vlna“ – generácia tvorcov – režisérov a scenáristov začínajúcich tvoriť v šesťdesiatych rokoch 20. storočia, medzi ktorých patria okrem Jakubiska tiež Štefan Uher, Pavel Juráček, Věra Chytilová, Miloš Forman, Jiří Menzel, Jaromil Jireš, Ivan Passer a ďaľší. Za začiatok druhej etapy tvorby Juraja Jakubiska sa považuje film z roku 1967 Kristove roky. Táto etapa trvala do natočenia prvej verzie filmu Dovidenia v pekle, priatelia v roku 1970 a patria do nej snímky ako Vtáčkovia, siroty a blázni (1969); Zbehovia a pútnici (1968) a Dovidenia v pekle, priatelia. Tretie obdobie svojej tvorby Jakubisko započal rokom 1971, voči jeho filmom bola nastolená silná ce nzúra, no i napriek tomu vznikajú krátkometrážne dokumentárne filmy s názvami príslúchajúcimi danej dobe ako napríklad snímok z roku 1974 Výstavba tranzitného plynovodu ZSSR, NDR, Západná Európa alebo Dožinky ´77 (1978). Dožinky sú slávnosťou ukončenia žatvy, priamo v názve tohto filmu je zakódovaný odkaz tradičnej ľudovej kultúry. „ Dožinky sú slávnosť na ukončenie žatvy. V mnohých európskych aj mimoeurópskych krajinách má dodnes náboženský charakter, v Česku ho stratili v 20. storočí, kedy boli využívané na politické účely.
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