Idaho State Department of Agriculture (Isda) Division of Plant Industries

IDAHO STATE DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE (ISDA) DIVISION OF PLANT INDUSTRIES

2013 SUMMARIES OF PLANT PESTS, INVASIVE SPECIES, NOXIOUS WEEDS, PLANT LAB, NURSERY AND FIELD INSPECTION PROGRAMS, WITH SURVEY RESULTS

INTRODUCTION ISDA’s Division of Plant Industries derives its statutory authority from multiple sections of Idaho Code, Title 22, including the Plant Pest Act, the Noxious Weed Law, the Nursery and Florist Law, and the Invasive Species Act. These laws give the Division of Plant Industries clear directives to conduct pest surveys and manage invasive species and plant pests for the purpose of protecting Idaho’s agricultural industries, valued at over $4 billion, which include crops, nursery, and ranching. The Division of Plant Industries also cooperates with other agencies, including the Idaho Department of Lands (IDL), the University of Idaho (UI), the United States Forest Service (USFS), the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal and Plant Health Inspection Services (APHIS), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ), county governments, Cooperative Weed Management Areas (CWMA), industry groups and other stakeholders to protect Idaho’s landscapes and environments from invasive species. Finally, the Division of Plant Industries helps accomplish the ISDA’s broader mission to serve consumers and agriculture by safeguarding the public, plants, animals and the environment through education and regulation. This report summarizes the comprehensive and cooperative programs conducted during 2013 to enforce Idaho statutes and fulfill the mission of ISDA.

PEST SURVEYS

APPLE MAGGOT (AM) (Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh)) In 1990, ISDA established by administrative rule an AM-free regulated area (the “Apple Maggot Free Zone” or AMFZ) encompassing the major apple production areas of the state. Every year, ISDA conducts an area- wide survey for AM using yellow panel traps and ammonium carbonate bait.

2013 Summary of trapping for apple maggot in Idaho County Total number of Positive Negative AM traps placed AM traps AM traps Boise 20 10 10 Boundary 14 0 14 Canyon 127 1 126 Gem 92 8 84 Owyhee 35 0 35 Payette 69 1 68 Washington 97 9 88 TOTAL 454 29 425

In 2013 454 traps were placed in commercial apple orchards and home landscape trees in Boise, Boundary, Canyon, Gem, Owyhee, Payette and Washington counties. Positive specimens were identified by the ISDA entomologist. ISDA had two new finds: 1 AM in Canyon and 1 AM in Payette County. Seven of the 9 AM traps in Washington County were located within the AMFZ, and all 8 of the positive traps in Gem County were located within the AMFZ. All AM located within the AMFZ were found on traps that had been placed in hawthorn trees or in undermanaged or neglected apple trees in non-commercial settings. Gem and Washington counties are considered partially infested and regulated under a state interior quarantine. http://adminrules.idaho.gov/rules/current/02/0608.pdf

During 2014, ISDA will continue to conduct detection surveys in the seven-county area. In Canyon, Gem, Payette and Washington counties, ISDA will set out supplementary detection traps around the positive locations. See page 44 of this report for a map of 2013 AM survey activity in Idaho.

BROWN MARMORATED STINK BUG (BMSB) (Halyomorpha halys Stal) The Brown Marmorated Stink Bug is an invasive insect native to Asia. It was accidentally introduced near Allentown, PA in 1996 and has spread since then. In recent years BMSB has been found in Colorado, Oregon and Washington. BMSB is an agricultural pest because it feeds on a wide range of tree fruits, seed pods and vegetables including tomatoes, peppers, and corn. For homeowners it is mainly a nuisance pest as it invades houses in the winter looking for a place to overwinter.

In 2012 ISDA collected a live BMSB adult from a household in Nampa, ID after a concerned homeowner reported finding it on his property. The homeowner had recently moved to Idaho from Maryland so most likely this insect “hitchhiked” to Idaho as a stowaway in household items. In July 2012, viable eggs were discovered on an outdoor ornamental plant and in October an additional live specimen was collected inside the house. In 2013 ISDA received a call from a Meridian, ID resident who believed he had caught a BMSB in his yard. An ISDA official was sent to retrieve the specimen. It was later determined that the specimen was not a BMSB and was a native stink bug. During 2013 ISDA conducted visual surveys for BMSB on corn fields in several Idaho counties. These results (all negative) are detailed in the Corn Commodity Survey section of this report.

WESTERN CHERRY FRUIT FLY (WCFF) (Rhagoletis indifferens Curran) ISDA routinely conducts an annual trapping program to detect first emergence of WCFF. In 2013 WCFF adults were first observed in ISDA sentinel traps on May 23rd near Caldwell in Canyon County and on May 24th near Emmett in Gem County. The agency also tracks degree-day accumulation calculations as required by the California Department of Food and Agriculture (CDFA) to comply with their WCFF quarantine, which is aimed at states wishing to export fresh sweet cherries into or through California. To comply with the California Quarantine Permit statutes, and at the request of the Idaho Cherry Commission, commercial cherry growers were notified by mail during the week of May 28, 2013 that the 1,060 degree-day threshold had been reached, this having been established as an indicator to begin pesticide treatment for WCFF. In addition, electronic notifications were sent out with assistance from the University of Idaho Cooperative Extension Service via the PNW Pest Alert Network Web Site (http://www.pnwpestalert.net/index.php).

2009-2013: Degree-day accumulations relevant to the start of pesticide treatments for WCFF 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 Forecast for first Site treatment Historical 1060 degree day accumulations forecast dates (recommended at 1060 degree-days) Boise June 2 May 26 June 15 June 12 June 3 Caldwell May 26 May 26 June 12 June 12 June 6 Nampa May 31 June 1 June 17 June 13 June 4 Ontario May 30 May 30 June 17 June 11 May 31 Parma June 4 May 25 June 17 June 12 June 1 Emmett June 2 June 2 June 21 N/A N/A

Degree-day calculations used to decide when to begin pesticide treatments for WCFF are determined by use of a degree-day computer model from the Department of Entomology at Oregon State University. Control applications are recommended on or prior to accumulations of 1,060 degree-days according to the publication, “Orchard Pest Management”, published by the Good Fruit Grower, Yakima, WA, in 1993.

SPOTTED WING DROSOPHILA (SWD) (Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura)) Spotted Wing Drosophila, an Asian vinegar fly, can damage a wide variety of soft fruits, such as berries, cherries, grapes, peaches, apricots and plums. In the US SWD was initially found in California and is fast

becoming a problem in the Pacific Northwest. In 2012 a homeowner in Moscow, Idaho (Latah County) reported the first SWD in Idaho on Bing cherry trees on his property. Later that year SWD was found in Nez Perce and Canyon counties. In August of 2013 SWD was detected in Payette County by extension entomologists at the University of Idaho.

Although the insect is not regulated by ISDA, its discovery in the state is of concern to Idaho orchardists, grape growers and gardeners, who are encouraged to monitor for the pests by placing appropriate traps. If SWD is found, spraying or other control methods are an option. Those who suspect they’ve found SWD are encouraged to submit specimens to University of Spotted Wing Drosophila Idaho Extension offices for identification. Insect specimens and infested fruit should be preserved in alcohol and packaged in crush-proof containers. Note: Absolutely no live specimens should be sent through the mail. Visit http://www.uidaho.edu/extension to locate the nearest extension office.

EUROPEAN PINE SHOOT MOTH (EPSM) (Rhyacionia bouliana Denis & Schiffermuller) The Idaho EPSM survey is conducted annually to comply with California and Montana quarantines by tracking the insect’s presence within the state. In 2013 ISDA staff placed 65 EPSM traps in nurseries and pine tree plantations throughout the 13 Idaho counties in which EPSM have, so far, never been detected. In addition, at the request of nurseries seeking phytosanitary data to allow export of nursery stock, traps were deployed and monitored in four counties where EPSM had been captured in the past. No newly confirmed infested counties were reported in 2013. Finding effective control regimes and complying with Montana and California EPSM quarantines continue to challenge this segment of the Idaho nursery industry. A map of Idaho counties historically positive for EPSM is located on page 43 of this report.

ELM SEED BUG (ESB) (Arocatus melanocephalus (Fabricius)) Elm Seed Bug, which until 2012 had never been found in North America, is common in central-southern Europe. It was first detected in the US in the following Idaho counties: Ada, Canyon, Elmore, Gem, Owyhee and Payette. During 2013 ESB was confirmed in four more counties in Idaho: Bannock, Bingham, Bonneville and Twin Falls. ESB, which are related to boxelder bugs, stink bugs and other seed bugs, most likely arrived in Idaho in packing containers from Italy. The insect preferentially feeds on the seeds of elm trees, but has also been observed on seeds of other trees. ESB adults are 1/3 inch long and dark chocolate-colored with rusty red triangular markings on their backs. The insect does not damage trees or buildings, nor does it present any threat to human health. However, due to its habit of entering houses and other buildings in large numbers to escape summer heat and later to overwinter, it can be viewed as a significant nuisance to homeowners. Pesticides are not considered effective in managing ESB in homes. Excluding them from buildings by sealing cracks around windows and doors and removing those inside with a shop vacuum cleaner are the best ways to control them. Although ESB is not regulated by ISDA or USDA, ISDA will continue to track the movement of ESB as it is found in new counties within the state. A map of Idaho counties positive for ESB is located on page 45 of this report.

GYPSY MOTH (GM) (Lymantria dispar (Linnaeus)) During 2013 2,349 Gypsy Moth detection traps were deployed throughout the state. The number of traps placed by each agency was:

 Idaho Department of Lands (IDL): 1,375 traps  Idaho Department of Agriculture (ISDA): 477 traps  United States Forest Service R-1: 84 traps  United States Forest Service R-4: 413 traps

Due to funding cuts from APHIS nationwide, the Idaho GM Program instituted a reduction in number of detection traps for the 2013 season. Without changing the area of the current trap zones, trap density was reduced from 2-4 traps/sq mile to 1 trap/sq mile. ISDA trapped only Category 1 zones while all other cooperators deployed traps in Category 1, 2, and 3 zones.

Between 05/01/13 and 11/01/13 staff members from each participating agency completed the placement and subsequent removal of gypsy moth traps throughout the state. In 2013 one gypsy moth was captured in Idaho. This moth was determined, by the OTIS Methods Development Lab, to be of the European/North American strain (EGM) and was caught in northern Idaho (French Gulch, Shoshone County). In this trap zone there were, according to Idaho Department of Transportation, a total of 20 move-ins from quarantined eastern states between May 2012 and April 2013.

For the 2014 trapping season current plans are to re-implement the historical rotating schedule for trap zones and return trap densities to original levels in selected, generally more remote, areas. Delimitation trapping (36 traps/sq mi) will be conducted at the location in French Gulch where the single male EGM was captured in 2013. The complete report on the 2013 Gypsy Moth Survey in Idaho may be viewed at the IDL website at: http://www.idl.idaho.gov/forestry/forest-health/gm_report2013.pdf(Report provided by Stephani Sandoval and Gina Davis of the IDL, Coeur d’Alene, Idaho)

JAPANESE BEETLE (JB) (Popillia japonica Newman) The Japanese Beetle is a highly destructive invasive plant pest that, if established, can be very difficult and expensive to control. Feeding on grass roots, JB grubs damage lawns, golf courses, and pastures. JB adults attack the foliage, flowers, or fruits of more than 300 different ornamental and agricultural plants. Originally from Japan, JB was first noticed in the US in New Jersey in 1916. It is now known to occur in most states east of the Mississippi River, although its presence in the West remains spotty. Quarantines for JB are maintained and vigorously enforced by the state governments of Idaho, California, Oregon, Utah, and Washington.

Establishment of the beetle in Idaho would seriously affect exports to the above-listed states and British Columbia. Eastern Idaho is at increased risk for a JB infestation due to the amount of nursery stock coming in from infested eastern states.

Since 1990, ISDA has regularly deployed about 340 JB detection traps a year in the state. These routine surveys have resulted in the capture of single specimens of JB in Ada County (1992), Gooding County (1997) and Twin Falls County (2011).

In late summer 2012 ISDA detected a total of 61 JB in Idaho: four near a nursery in Kootenai County, one near a nursery in Bannock County and 56 in Boise in Ada County. Extensive detection and delimitation trapping was conducted in 2013 with 1,553 traps set state wide. The only catches were in Boise, however, 2,999 beetles were caught there.

Most were in a residential area on the city’s east side. Simultaneous with the survey 95 residential properties and 11 city parks were treated with insecticides in an attempt to eradicate JB grubs and adults.

Plans for 2014 include an increased level of detection and delimitation trapping as well as a more extensive area of pesticide treatment. A 2013 JB trap distribution map for the state is located on page 38 of this report.

Summary of 2013 JB catches in Idaho County No. of negative No. of positive traps No. of JB caught traps in county Ada 74 688 2,999 Bannock 34 0 0 Kootenai 167 0 0 Other Idaho Counties 590 0 0 Total 865 688 2,999

Map of east Boise indicating locations of traps positive and negative for JB throughout the season

EMERALD ASH BORER SURVEY (EAB) (Agrilus planipennis Fairmaire) The emerald ash borer was first identified in North America in southeastern Michigan and the Windsor, Ontario areas in 2002. Since then, it has been found in 18 states in the eastern half of the U.S. and parts of Canada. Larvae of this extremely destructive tree pest feed on tissues beneath the bark of ash trees (Fraxinus spp.), effectively girdling and consequently killing the trees. Adult EAB are generally active from mid-May to September.

As part of USDA’s 2013 National EAB Survey, USDA PPQ installed and monitored a total of 28 purple sticky traps at 28 locations throughout Idaho. Sites included ports of entry, parks, and urban ash plantings. In 2013 manuka oil lures used in the traps were supplemented with Z3 hexanol lures. As in previous years, no EAB were captured in Idaho in 2013. (Report provided by Brian Marschman, Idaho State Plant Health Director, USDA APHIS PPQ)

CORN COMMODITY SURVEY Corn is a major agronomic crop in Idaho. The USDA National Agricultural Statistical Service reported 360,000 acres planted in the state in 2012, and the production value for grain corn alone was estimated at $190.0 million. In addition to grain, Idaho corn is used for silage, processed sweet corn and sweet corn seed (Idaho ranks as the top production state for hybrid sweet corn seed varieties). Idaho sweet corn seed companies export to U.S. and international markets, making phytosanitary issues and data on freedom from exotic insects and pathogens of vital concern to the state’s corn industry.

In 2013, ISDA, in cooperation with the USDA APHIS PPQ’s Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey program (CAPS), conducted surveys for three exotic organisms that could threaten Idaho corn crops. The 2013 Corn Commodity Survey is summarized in the following table:

Summary of 2013 CAPS Corn Commodity Survey in Idaho Organism Photo No. of Results traps/inspections performed in 2013 Asian Corn Borer (ACB) (Ostrinia furnacalis)

 248 traps were

ACB is well known as an agricultural pest on See page 40 placed in corn

several crops, especially corn. Its distribution of this report fields by June 15, All negative extends from China to Australia. It is one of the for a map of 2013 in the seven worst corn pests in Japan and China. main corn the 2013 ACB survey production ACB is an invasive pest of corn, and poses a activity in counties in Idaho significant threat to Idaho’s sweet corn and field Idaho. (Canyon, Cassia, corn crops. The damage from ACB unlike many Elmore, Gooding, other insect pests is not restricted to one part of Jerome, Owyhee the plant. ACB larvae feed aggressively on the and Twin Falls). leaves, stalks, tassels, ears and roots, which extends their life cycle and increases their survival  Traps were Asian Corn Borer rate significantly. Mark Dreiling checked every 2 Bugwood.org weeks, and were Asian corn borer had not yet been surveyed for in removed by Idaho or anywhere in the Pacific Northwest until September 11, this year. 2013.

Silver Y Moth (SYM) (Autographa gamma)  248 traps were SYM is a migratory moth and is widespread across placed in corn Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa. fields by June 15, 2013 in the seven All negative SYM is another threat to Idaho’s corn industry main corn which, if it were to become established in the state production or in other parts of the U.S., could cause counties in Idaho significant economic losses. Silver Y Moth (Canyon, Cassia, Paolo Mazzei Elmore, Gooding, Bugwood.org Jerome, Owyhee SYM feeds on more than 200 different plant and Twin Falls). species, including several plants of economic importance to Idaho such as alfalfa, corn, grapes, dry beans, potato, sugar beets and wheat.  The traps were checked every 2 This year ISDA conducted SYM trapping not only weeks and were in the corn commodity survey, but the grape removed by commodity survey and the small grains commodity September 11, survey. 2013. Brown Marmorated Stink Bug (BMSB) (Halyomorpha halys)

 124 corn fields in

BMSB is an agricultural pest that can cause seven main corn widespread damage to fruit and vegetable crops, production All negative counties in Idaho including corn. (Canyon, Cassia, Elmore, Gooding, Unlike most native species, both the nymph and Jerome, Owyhee adult stages of BMSB, feed through the husk and Adult Brown and Twin Falls) damage the developing ear, which results in marmorated were visual stink bug inspected twice unfilled or shrunken kernels. This damage may David R. Lance, not be noticed until husks are opened later in the USDA APHIS PPQ through the growing season. Bugwood.org summer for BMSB

 The visual inspections of 20 plants per field were conducted in August and September 2013.

GRAPE COMMODITY SURVEY Idaho’s wine grape industry, one of the fastest growing ventures in the state, added $73 million to the state economy in 2009. Wine grape vineyards rank second in total Idaho fruit acreage. Recent estimates indicate vineyard acreage near 1,800 acres with 66 vineyards operating in the state. In addition, production of table grapes is emerging as an alternative crop in southwestern Idaho. There are an estimated 500 acres for table grape production.

The wine grape and table grape industries are at risk for exotic plant pests and pathogens especially with the proliferation of uninspected Vitis spp. sales at wholesale and retail nursery operations. Early detection and rapid response to invasive species is critical. If any of these target organisms were to be introduced and become established in the Pacific Northwest, they could cause significant damage to the region’s grape industry. In addition any crop loss could hinder the industry’s ability to participate in domestic and international export markets.

During 2013 to help protect the state’s valuable wine and table grape commodities from invasive pests and diseases ISDA, with funding provided by USDA Farm Bill, conducted surveys for the pests detailed below:

Summary of 2013 Farm Bill Grape Commodity Survey in Idaho Organism Photo No. of Results traps/inspections performed in 2013 European Grapevine Moth (EGM) (Lobesia botrana)  90 traps were See page 41 of placed by June EGM was first reported in the United States from this report for a 15, 2013 in 10 All negative Napa County vineyards in October 2009. Native to map of 2013 grape production Southern Italy, it was first described from Austria Grape counties in Idaho and is now found throughout Europe, North and Commodity (Ada, Canyon, West Africa, the Middle East and eastern Russia. survey activity Elmore, Gem, Most recently introduced to Japan and Chile. in Idaho. Gooding, Latah, Nez Perce, EGM is primarily a pest found on grapevine flowers Owyhee, Payette and fruit; it has been known to infest fruit trees as and Twin Falls). well. This pest poses a serious agricultural threat European Grapevine Moth due to its potential to become established William Cochran,  Traps were anywhere grapes are cultivated. This moth is California Department checked every 2 active 4 to 6 weeks before grape flowers are of Food and Agriculture weeks, and were present. removed by August 31, 2013. Silver Y Moth (SYM) (Autograph gamma)  90 traps were placed by June SYM is a migratory moth and is widespread across 15, 2013 in 10 Europe and parts of Asia and North Africa. grape production counties in Idaho SYM is another threat to Idaho’s grape industry (Ada, Canyon, which, if it were to become established in the state, Elmore, Gem, All negative Silver Y Moth could cause significant economic losses. Paolo Mazzei Gooding, Latah, Bugwood.org Nez Perce, SYM feeds on more than 200 different plant Owyhee, Payette species, including several plants of economic and Twin Falls). importance to Idaho such as alfalfa, corn, grapes, dry beans, potato, sugar beets and wheat.  Traps were checked every 2 SYM was also part of the small grains and corn weeks, and were commodity surveys during 2013. removed by August 31, 2013 European Grape Berry Moth (EGBM)  90 traps were (Eupoecilia ambiguella) placed by June 15, 2013 in 10 EGBM is primarily a pest of grapes, but can utilize grape production several other horticultural and native plants as counties in Idaho hosts. EGBM is widely distributed across the European Grape (Ada, Canyon, Palearctic, where it is more common in cooler and Berry Moth Elmore, Gem, humid climates. It is not considered to be Todd Gilligan Gooding, Latah, Bugwood.org established outside of Europe and Asia. Nez Perce, All negative Owyhee, Payette

The chances of EGBM becoming established in the and Twin Falls). US are considered high if it should be introduced into the country’s grape growing regions.  Traps were checked every 2 weeks, and were removed by August 31, 2013 Summer Fruit Tortrix (SFT) (Adoxophyes orana)  90 traps were placed by June SFT is an insect pest native to Europe and Asia. It 15, 2013 in 10 feeds on a wide variety of plants with preference for grape production Rosaceous plants especially apple and pear. This counties in Idaho moth is reported to feed on more than 50 plant (Ada, Canyon, species including fruits, forest trees and Summer Fruit Tortrix Elmore, Gem, All negative Jae-Cheon Sohn ornamentals. The introduction and establishment Bugwood.org Gooding, Latah, of SFT poses serious risks in economic crop loss, Nez Perce, costs of control measures, and potential trade Owyhee, Payette barriers for export of fruit. and Twin Falls).

 Traps were checked every 2 weeks, and were removed by August 31, 2013

STONE FRUIT COMMODITY SURVEY Idaho’s stone fruit industry is an important sector of the state’s agricultural economy. In 2009 2,609 acres dedicated to stone fruit production in Idaho included land for cherries, peaches, plums and prunes and realized a production value of $11.25 million. These commodities are exported to several western states, Mexico and some countries in the Pacific Rim.

Potential pests targeted in this survey pose significant risks to production, commerce and trade in the region, which could have a devastating effect on local economies. Common pathways for introduction of stone fruit pests are numerous and include fruit and nursery stock shipments from overseas and other U.S. states via railroad, truck hubs, interstates and highway systems.

In 2013 to help protect the state’s valuable stone fruit commodities from invasive pests and diseases ISDA, with funding provided by USDA Farm Bill, conducted surveys for the following pests:

Summary of 2013 CAPS Stone Fruit Commodity Survey in Idaho Organism Photo No. of traps/inspections Results performed in 2013 Cherry Bark Tortrix (CBT) (Enarmonia formosana)  137 traps were See page 42 placed by June 15, CBT is an exotic moth whose larvae primarily of this report 2013 in 9 stone fruit attack fruit and flowering trees. Native to Europe, for a map of production counties CBT was first introduced in North America in 1989 2013 Stone in Idaho (Ada, in British Columbia, Canada. The first U.S. Fruit Canyon, Gem, Idaho, contact was in northwestern Washington in 1991. Commodity Latah, Nez Perce, All woody shrubs or trees in the rose family are survey Owyhee, Payette susceptible. activity in and Twin Falls). All negative Idaho. CBT feeding can cause damage to trees but in  Traps were checked many cases does not kill trees. Infestations leave every 2 weeks, and the host vulnerable to secondary organisms and were removed by environmental stress. August 31, 2013 Cherry Bark Tortrix Ian Kimber Bugwood.org

European Grapevine Moth (EGM) (Lobesia botrana)  137 traps were placed by June 15, EGM was first reported in the United States from 2013 in 9 stone fruit Napa County vineyards in October 2009. Native production counties to Southern Italy, it was first described from in Idaho (Ada, Austria and is now found throughout Europe, Canyon, Gem, Idaho, North and West Africa, the Middle east and Latah, Nez Perce, All negative European eastern Russia. Most recently introduced to Grapevine Moth Owyhee, Payette Japan and Chile. William Cochran, and Twin Falls). California Department of EGM is primarily a pest found on grapevine Food and  Traps were checked flowers and fruit; it has been known to infest fruit Agriculture every 2 weeks, and trees as well. This pest poses a serious were removed by agricultural threat due to its potential to become August 31, 2013 established anywhere grapes are cultivated. This moth is active 4 to 6 weeks before grape flowers are present. Plum Fruit Moth (PFM) (Grapholita funebrana)  137 traps were placed by June 15, PFM is a native of Europe, this important pest of 2013 in 9 stone fruit plum, peach, cherry and other stone fruits and is production counties considered to be a significant threat, because it in Idaho (Ada, can develop on many wild and cultivated stone Plum Fruit Moth Canyon, Gem, Idaho, Todd Gilligan, CSU fruits as well as other plants in the Rosaceae Bugwood.org Latah, Nez Perce, family. Owyhee, Payette All negative and Twin Falls). If introduced into the United States, it has the potential to become established within 79 percent  Traps were checked of the continental US. This pest currently thrives in every 2 weeks, and Europe, the Middle East, and northern Asia with were removed by reported crop and plant losses ranging from 25 to August 31, 2013 100 percent.

Summer Fruit Tortrix (SFT) (Adoxophyes orana)  137 traps were placed by June 15, SFT is an insect pest native to Europe and Asia. It 2013 in 9 stone fruit feeds on a wide variety of plants with preference production counties for Rosaceous plants especially apple and pear. Summer Fruit in Idaho (Ada, This moth is reported to feed on more than 50 Tortrix Canyon, Gem, Idaho, All negative plant species including fruits, forest trees and Jae-Cheon Sohn Latah, Nez Perce, Bugwood.org ornamentals. The introduction and establishment Owyhee, Payette of SFT poses serious risks in economic crop loss, and Twin Falls). costs of control measures, and potential trade barriers for export of fruit.  Traps were checked every 2 weeks, and were removed by August 31, 2013 Plum Pox Virus (PPV) (Potyvirus) ISDA planned to collect and complete Plum pox is the most devastating viral disease of diagnostics on a total of stone fruit. The disease is caused by the plum pox 1,000 samples from virus (PPV), and its different strains may infect a orchards or nursery variety of stone fruit species including peaches, production sites in apricots, plums, nectarines, almonds, and sweet seven Idaho Counties and tart cherries. Wild and ornamental species of (Boundary, Canyon, All negative Prunus may also become infected by some strains Plum Pox Virus Gem, Idaho, Nez of the virus. Its first detected presence in North Symptoms Perce, Payette and John Hamond, America was in Pennsylvania during 1999. USDA Agricultural Twin Falls). Preliminary Research Service diagnostics were to be The virus is transmitted by aphids and by the Bugwood.org completed at the ISDA transfer of infected plant material to new locations. Plant Lab, with final In addition to reducing production, plum pox virus diagnostics disease can ruin the marketability of stone fruit by provided by USDA causing excess acidity and deformities. The only APHIS if any way to manage the disease is to destroy all presumptive positive infected trees, which can result in significant samples were economic loss. uncovered with initial ELISA tests.

Nursery stock production areas in Boundary County were sampled during 2013 (50 samples). All were determined to be negative for PPV.

Canyon, Gem, Idaho, Nez Perce, Payette and Twin Falls counties will be surveyed for PPV in 2014.

SMALL GRAINS COMMODITY SURVEY Wheat and barley industries play important roles in Idaho’s economy. Idaho grain farmers generated nearly $500 million in cash receipts from sales of wheat and barley, accounting for over 11% of all agricultural receipts in Idaho. Wheat, which is grown in 42 of 44 Idaho counties, is a prominent crop in Idaho with its

largest production areas in the eastern part of the state and the north central Palouse region. In 2013 wheat acres were down slightly compared to 2012, but higher yields due to favorably wet weather accounted for an increase in total bushels. The 2013 wheat crop tallied in at 101 million bushels: 62 million bushels of winter wheat and 39 million bushels of spring wheat.

The success of the Idaho wheat industry depends greatly on its ability to export crops to external markets, including the Asian market where a significant amount of the soft white wheat grown in the state is exported for use in pastry and noodle making. In 2013, ISDA, in cooperation with the USDA’s Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey Program (CAPS), conducted surveys for two exotic organisms that could threaten Idaho’s small grains crops.

The 2013 Small Grains Commodity Survey is summarized in the following table:

2013 CAPS Small Grains Commodity Survey in Idaho Organism Photo No. of traps/inspections Results performed in 2013 Egyptian Cotton Worm (ECW) (Spodoptera littoralis)

 196 traps were placed by ECW, also known as the African cotton June 15, 2013 in 14 grain See page 39 All negative leafworm, Egyptian cotton leafworm and of this report producing counties in Idaho (Latah, Lewis, Idaho, the Mediterranean brocade, is native to for a map of Canyon, Cassia, Minidoka, Africa and Israel, and widely found in both the 2013 Africa and Mediterranean Europe. It has ECW survey Twin Falls, Bingham, been recorded several times in the U.K., activity in Bonneville, Fremont, and even though it has been intercepted at Idaho. Power, Bannock, Madison U.S. ports, it is not known to be established and Jefferson). in North America.  Traps were checked every ECW is considered a pest of national 2 weeks, and were removed by September 1, 2012. concern and may result in quarantine and/or regulatory actions if detected. It is a Egyptian cotton pest of vegetables, fruits, flowers, and other worm Bernard Fransen crops. The establishment of Egyptian Bugwood.org cottonworm in the continental U.S. would negatively impact trade. Silver Y Moth (SYM) (Autographa gamma)

 196 traps were placed by

SYM is a migratory moth and is widespread June 15, 2013 in 14 grain across Europe and parts of Asia and North producing counties in Idaho Africa. SYM is another threat to Idaho’s (Latah, Lewis, Idaho, All negative small grains industry which, if it were to Canyon, Cassia, Minidoka, become established in the state, could Twin Falls, Bingham, cause significant economic losses. Bonneville, Fremont, Power, Bannock, Madison SYM feeds on more than 200 different plant and Jefferson). species, including several plants of Silver Y Moth Paolo Mazzei economic importance to Idaho such as Bugwood.org  Traps were checked every alfalfa, corn, grapes, dry beans, potato, 2 weeks, and were removed sugar beets and wheat. by September 1, 2012

SYM was also part of the grape and corn commodity surveys during 2013.

PALE CYST NEMATODE (PCN) (Globodera pallida) Pale Cyst Nematode Eradication Program: Idaho  Production Acres Surveyed: 10,956  Seed Acres Surveyed: 798  Number of Counties Surveyed: 7  Fields Positive: 4 new, 21 fields total are now considered infested.

PPQ confirmed 4 new pale cyst nematode-infested fields in Bingham County, Idaho in 2013. All twenty-one known infested fields are located within a 5-mile radius that spans a portion of northern Bingham County and southern Bonneville County. PPQ regulated as many as 14,042 acres in Bingham and Bonneville Counties in 2013 as a result of the new infested field detections. The current regulated area is 8,478 acres. Of those total acres, 2,300 are infested.

Greenhouse bioassays are currently underway (at the University of Idaho in Moscow, Idaho) of cysts from six infested fields in the eradication program that had no viable nematodes according to a non-vital staining analysis conducted at the PPQ laboratory in Idaho Falls. Cysts collected from these fields advanced to greenhouse bioassay, which is the next step toward determining eradication success. Greenhouse bioassay assesses nematodes’ ability to hatch from a cyst, infect a host plant, and reproduce. The entire greenhouse bioassay process takes at least 18 months to complete. One field successfully completed the greenhouse bioassay process in 2012, making it eligible to return to potato production in 2013 with certain regulatory limitations. By the end of 2013, seven fields successfully completed the first of three bioassay rounds with negative results for PCN reproduction. Bioassay samples from one field still showed signs of cyst viability, likely the result of soil disturbance and reintroduction of viable cysts from under a roadway that was removed during a sewer construction project. Soil survey and stain-based viability testing of cysts from this field will resume in 2014 and will continue annually until it once again triggers the bioassay step with negative viability results.

In May 2013, a contractor treated eight of the twenty-one infested fields known at that time with methyl bromide. Of the thirteen fields that were not treated:  9 fields had already triggered bioassay in 2010-2013  1 field had already received two methyl bromide treatments  1 field’s owner opted out of methyl bromide for 2013  2 fields were already planted with their 2013 crop when PCN was confirmed, thus making them unavailable for treatment.

Grain or corn crops were grown in the untreated fields for harvest instead. Tricon 80/20 (80% methyl bromide/20% chloropicrin) was used again in 2013. To increase retention of fumigant in the soil and overall fumigant efficacy, a special tarp material (totally impermeable film) was used in the fields.

In 2013 PPQ did not treat any of the infested fields with the nematicide Telone II due to lack of funds. Telone II had been used in the infested fields 2007-2011, with the exception of 2009 when there was a worldwide shortage of the chemical.

In March 2013, PPQ held a PCN research review meeting in Boise that was attended by PPQ, Idaho State Department of Agriculture, Idaho Potato Commission, representatives of the infested field operators, and researchers from the University of Idaho (Moscow, Aberdeen, and Parma) and Agricultural Research Service (Oregon, and Washington). Stakeholder updates were distributed in January, April, and June. Outreach was also conducted at the Potato Conference in Pocatello, the Far West Agribusiness Association meeting in Twin Falls, and the Shoshone-Bannock Tribal Farmer's meeting in Fort Hall. PCN Program updates were also given to the Idaho State House Agricultural Affairs Committee and the Idaho Senate Agricultural Affairs Committee.

The PCN Program collaborated with the Idaho Potato Commission (IPC) to build seven pressure-washing trailers that are available to stakeholders, free of charge, for performing their own sanitation treatments on

equipment moving from non-infested regulated fields. Funding for the trailers was provided by a Farm Bill grant awarded to the IPC. The PCN Program designed and built the trailers and will provide upkeep and maintenance to them into future years. The trailers, put into use at the end of September, were an enormous benefit to stakeholders who were without PCN Program support during the 16-day government shutdown in October.

The PCN Program collaborated with the Idaho Potato Commission (IPC) and the General Potato and Onion Distributors (GPOD) of Idaho to establish a permanent sanitation area for pressure-washed equipment moving out of infested fields. The sanitation area, to be used by APHIS for conducting steam sanitation treatments, consists of a large asphalt pad surrounded by a wide perimeter of gravel and a drainage basin. Funding for the wash area was provided by a Farm Bill grant awarded to the IPC. The pad is located on GPOD property which is in the vicinity of the infested fields. The wash pad will provide a convenient and safe location for program stakeholders to have their equipment steamed.

SAMPLING INFORMATION: To date, the PCN Program has collected 442,940 soil samples in Idaho to ensure Idaho’s freedom from PCN outside of the 21 known infested fields. More than 69,900 samples have been collected from the eradication fields in order to monitor eradication progress and to provide cysts to several institutions for PCN research.

To date, the PCN laboratory in Idaho Falls has screened 448,755 soil samples collected in Idaho and approximately 49,880 samples from other potato-producing states. An additional 63,862 samples collected in Idaho were screened at the Idaho Food Quality Assurance Laboratory and the University of Idaho Parma laboratory between 2006 and 2009. There have been no pale cyst nematode detections in the U.S. outside of Idaho. Since program inception, the PCN Program has analyzed the viability of 761 cyst samples collected from infested fields before and after fumigation treatments. The average PCN viability in fields that have been fumigated with methyl bromide two times has declined by more than 99% since eradication treatments began.

Since 2009, 80,712 soil samples have been collected and screened in support of the Idaho State Department of Agriculture’s (ISDA) post-regulation survey of fields deregulated by the USDA. (Report provided by Brian Marschman, Idaho State Plant Health Director, USDA APHIS PPQ)

KARNAL BUNT (KB) (Tilletia indica) The smut fungus pathogen Tilletia indica causes a fungal disease in wheat referred to as karnal bunt (KB). It is known to occur in Arizona, New Mexico, California, and Texas, where quarantines are in place while efforts are made to eradicate the disease. ISDA has conducted surveys in Idaho for KB since 1996. During 2013 ISDA collected 48 wheat samples from 18 counties in Idaho and tested them for the pathogen. Results from this year's survey were negative. To date KB has never been detected in Idaho.

2013 Karnal Bunt Survey in Idaho (all samples negative) County Number of Samples County Number of Samples Ada 1 Gooding 1 Bannock 2 Idaho 6 Benewah 3 Jerome 2 Bonneville 6 Kootenai 1 Butte 2 Latah 8 Caribou 3 Minidoka 4 Clark 1 Oneida 1 Franklin 1 Payette 1 Gem 1 Twin Falls 4

DISEASES AND PESTS FOUND DURING 2013 FIELD INSPECTIONS FOR EXPORT CERTIFICATION In 2013, 57 seed companies submitted field inspection requests representing 32 crops. Total acres submitted for inspection numbered 23,785, with 50,157 acres actually inspected, due to multiple inspections required for some crop diseases. This is an increase in firms from the 50 participants in 2012, and a 1% decrease in acreage from the 24,102 acres submitted in 2012.

Year # Participating Firms # of Crops Submitted Acres Inspected Acres 2003 41 27 43,433 71,357 2004 44 27 46,282 79,671 2005 43 28 42,961 74,905 2006 47 30 37,859 70,692 2007 48 32 30,938 58,218 2008 50 32 34,439 66,114 2009 43 33 36,541 72,184 2010 46 35 32,495 62,608 2011 41 30 25,193 51,404 2012 50 30 24,102 50,045 2013 57 32 23,785 50,157

Alfalfa seed: A total of 1,388.43 acres were submitted for inspection during the 2013 growing season. Cercospora medicaginis, Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. insidious, Ditylenchus dipsaci, Euphorbia esula, Verticillium albo-atrum or V. dahliae, and Xanthomonas campestral pave alfalfae were not observed during the 2013 field inspection season. Cuscuta spp. was confirmed in 50 acres. Alfalfa mosaic alfamovirus was found in 0.18 acres. Cirsium arvense was confirmed in 27 acres. Arugula: A total of 3.75 acres were submitted for inspection during the 2013 growing season. No diseases of significance were observed. Allium (excluding garlic): A total of 1,100.53 acres of onions were submitted for inspection. There were no chive fields submitted in the 2013 growing season. All fields inspected were found apparently free from Peronospora destructor, Urocystiscepulae, Puccinia asparagi, Colletotrichum circinans, Ditylenchus dipsaci, and Sclerotium cepivorum. In onions, Botrytis aclada was found in 16.85 acres, Botrytis allii was confirmed in 58.60 acres. Sclerotinia spp. was confirmed in 5.10 acres. Fusarium Oxysporum was found in 0.15 acres. Beans, dry: In 2013, there were 1,352.35 acres of dry beans submitted for individual inspection. In total, 2,995.45 acres were inspected due to multiple inspection requirements for certain diseases. To meet requirements of IDAPA 02.06.06, Rules Governing the Planting of Bean Seed (Phaseolus) Species in Idaho, all fields submitted were also inspected for halo blight, common blight, fuscus blight, brown spot, bacterial wilt, and anthracnose. In addition, there were no reported observations of Colletotrichum truncatum, peanut stunt cucumovirus, or tobacco streak ilavirus in fields requested to be inspected for these diseases. In dry beans, bean common mosaic potyvirus was found in 18 acres. Pythium spp. was confirmed in 13 acres. Beans, garden: In 2013, there were 8,048.47 acres of garden beans submitted for individual inspection. In total there were 20,159.49 acres inspected due to multiple inspection requirements for certain diseases. To meet requirements of IDAPA 02.06.06, Rules Governing the Planting of Bean Seed (Phaseolus) Species in Idaho, all fields submitted were also inspected for halo blight, common blight, fuscus blight, brown spot, bacterial wilt, and anthracnose. There were no observations of bean yellow mosaic virus, Colletotrichum truncatum, pea seed-borne mosaic virus, peanut stunt virus, Phoma exigua var. diversispora, or tobacco streak virus in fields requested to be inspected for these diseases. Five acres of garden beans were found positive for Bean common mosaic potyvirus. Beans, Trial Grounds: In 2013, there were 240.57 acres of trial beans submitted for individual inspection. In total there were 1,216.92 acres inspected due to multiple inspection requirements for certain diseases. To meet requirements of IDAPA 02.06.06, Rules Governing the Planting of Bean Seed (Phaseolus) Species in Idaho, all fields submitted were also inspected for halo blight, common blight, fuscus blight, brown spot, bacterial wilt, and anthracnose. There were no observations of bean yellow mosaic virus, Colletotrichum truncatum, pea seed-borne mosaic virus, peanut stunt virus, Phoma exigua var. diversispora, or tobacco streak virus in fields requested to be inspected for these diseases.

Brassicas: A total of 178.7 acres of brassicas, collards, mustard, and turnips were submitted and inspected in 2013. No fields were found positive for Leptosphaeria maculans, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola, Alternaria brassicola or Sclerotinia spp. Carrot: A total of 1,000.04 acres were inspected in 2013. Sclerotinia spp. occurred in 86.93 acres. There were no observations of Alternaria radicina, Alternaria dauci, Pectobacterium carotovorum pv. carotovorum, or Xanthomonas campestris pv. carotae. Coriander: A total of 8 acres of coriander were submitted in 2013. No diseases of significance were observed. Corn: In 2013, there were 5,636.92 acres of corn submitted for individual inspection. In total, there were 11,244.37 acres inspected due to multiple inspection requirements for certain diseases. Disease occurrence was confirmed as follows: high plains virus (HPV) found in 266.67 acres; wheat streak mosaic virus found in 35.90 acres; Gibberella fujikuroi found in 46.20 acres; Sporisorium reilianum found in 0.05 acres; Fusarium subglutinans found in 27.10 acres: Ustilago zeae (common smut) was reported in 3,081.67 acres. Maize dwarf mosaic virus (MDMV), Sugarcane mosaic potyvirus, and Rhizopus arrhizus were not observed in Idaho in 2013. These statistics include 62 acres in five fields submitted for inspection and testing for export to Australia. Of these fields, 40 acres in 3 fields met the Australian guidelines. Two fields with 22 acres failed due to testing positive for various combinations of high plains virus, maize dwarf mosaic virus and wheat streak mosaic virus. Endive: In 2013, a total of 3 acres were submitted for inspection during the growing season. No diseases of significance were observed. Garlic: A total of 11.17 acres were inspected and found free from any disease symptoms of quarantine significance, including Sclerotium cepivorum (onion white rot). Grain: A total of 310.33 acres of barley, grain sorghum, oats, rye, triticale, and wheat were inspected. No diseases of significance were observed. Kale: A total of 13 acres of kale were inspected in 2013. No diseases of significance were observed. Lettuce: In 2013, 318 acres of lettuce were submitted for inspection. There was no observation of Lettuce mosaic potyvirus (LMV). Mint: : A total of 80 acres of peppermint were inspected and found apparently free from Verticillium dahliae, mint root borer (Fumibotys fumalis), and mint stem borer (Pseudobaris nigrina). Pak Choi: In the 2013 growing season, 8 acres of pak choi were inspected. No diseases of significance were observed. Peas: In 2013, 3,694.12 acres of peas were submitted for individual inspection. In total, 9,135.68 acres were inspected due to multiple inspection requirements for certain diseases. Cladosporium cladosporioides spisicola, Mycosphaerella pinodes, Phoma medicaginis, and Ascochyta pisi were not found in any of the fields inspected. In addition, no symptoms of pea seed-borne mosaic virus were observed during 2013 inspections. Fusarium spp. was found in 15 acres. Mycosphaerella pinodes was confirmed in 10 acres. Potato: No potato fields were submitted for inspection in 2013. Radish: There were 280 acres of radishes submitted for inspection. All fields were found apparently free from Colletotrichum higginsianum, Xanthomonas campestris pv. campestris, and X. campestris pv. raphani. Sunflowers: In 2013, 109 acres of sunflowers were submitted for inspection. No diseases of significance were observed. Tomato: A total of 0.10 acres of tomatoes were submitted during 2013. No symptoms of diseases of quarantine significance were observed. Vine crops: A total of 0.58 acres of vine crops including, cantaloupe, watermelon, and zucchini were submitted for inspection during 2013. No fields were found positive for Pseudomonas syringae pv. lachrymans, Colletotrichum orbiculare, Acidovorax avenae subsp. citrulli, Xanthomonas cucurbitae or cucumber mosaic virus.

ACREAGE SUBMITTED FOR INSPECTION UNDER THE IDAHO RULES FOR PHYTOSANITARY AND POST-ENTRY CERTIFICATION AND RULES GOVERNING THE PLANTING OF BEANS (Phaseolus) SPECIES IN IDAHO FOR THE 2013 FIELD SEASON

SPECIES SUBMITTED ACRES INSPECTED ACRES

Alfalfa 1,388.43 1,388.43 Arugula 3.75 3.75 Barley 55.21 109.84 Beans, Dry 1,352.35 2,995.45 Beans, Garden 8,048.47 20,159.49 Beans, Trial Grounds 240.57 1,216.92 Brassicas 15.00 15.00 Cantaloupe 0.38 0.38 Carrot 1,000.04 979.04 Collards 70.50 70.50 Coriander 8.00 8.00

Corn 5,636.92 11,244.37

Endive 3.00 3.00

Garlic 11.17 11.17 Grain Sorghum 251.18 473.24 Kale 13.00 13.00 Lettuce 318.00 318.00 Mint 80.00 160.00 Mustard 18.20 18.20 Oats 2.05 4.06 Onion 1,100.53 1,245.31 Pak Choi 8.00 8.00 Peas 3,694.12 9,135.68 Radish 280.00 280.00 Rye 0.06 0.06 Sunflower 109.00 218.00 Tomato 0.10 0.20 Triticale 0.03 0.03 Turnip 75.00 75.00 Watermelon 0.10 0.20 Wheat 1.80 2.27

Zucchini 0.10 0.10

TOTALS: 23,785.06 50,156.69

Garry West, Program Manager, Division of Plant Industries, Twin Falls, (208) 736-2195, and Jared Stuart, Program Manager, Division of Plant Industries, Nampa, (208) 332-8650 compiled the field disease report.

APIARY INSPECTIONS AND REGISTRATION FOR FY 13/14 The ISDA registered 126 Beekeepers and 105,672 colonies during this period. Six Apiaries were examined for the presence of American foulbrood. Four were found to be positive, one of which showed moderate resistance to the antibiotic Terramycin. Most of the hives and equipment were destroyed. In one case the infection was very light and the infested frames destroyed and replaced with new frames and wax foundation and treated with Terramycin and no foulbrood was seen to have returned to that colony.

EXPORT CERTIFICATION FOR THE 2013 CALENDAR YEAR During 2013, ISDA issued 4,511 Federal and 288 state phytosanitary certificates for 226 different types of commodities to 85 countries. (Note: 3,921 Federal and 336 state phytosanitary certificates were issued in 2012.) The Division of Plant Industries certified over 566 million pounds of seed, hay, lumber, and other commodities for export. The ISDA operates this program under a Memorandum of Understanding with the USDA.

PLANT PATHOLOGY SUMMARY REPORT In 2013 the Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA) Plant Pathology Lab received 1,226 samples for examination. 2,773 tests were conducted on this material. Average turnover time per sample was 32 days.

Of interest this year, the Plant Pathology Lab detected two lots of bean seed that were positive for regulated bacteria. These lots were not planted in Idaho. No regulated bacterial pests were found in bean fields planted in Idaho this year. Also, no other regulatory pests were found during other (non-bean) seed testing.

In the field samples, similar to last year, a significant amount of Common Corn Smut (Ustilago maydis) was recorded. Only one field was found contaminated with Head Smut (Sporisorium reilianum). Another disease of note in this year's field inspections was Aster Yellows Phytoplasma in onion. This pathogen occurs mostly in early season crops, and has very noticeable symptoms. Quite a few fields of carrots were reported to be infected with Sclerotinia sp. This is not a new fungus for Idaho, but it was quite prevalent this year. Please see the table below for other details.

Outside of the usual seed testing and field inspection work, the Plant Pathology Lab participated in two surveys. The first was our annual Karnal Bunt (Tilletia indica) survey. 48 samples were collected from 18 counties and were assessed for Karnal Bunt by the USDA in Phoenix, AZ. All samples were negative.

The second survey in which the Plant Pathology Lab participated was a Cooperative Agricultural Pest Survey (CAPS) for Plum Pox Virus in Prunus sp. This survey will be continued in the 2014 growing season. All 50 samples taken in 2013 (from Boundary County) were negative for the virus.

Finally, ISDA worked with USDA/APHIS in tracing nursery samples shipped into Idaho, from out of state facilities contaminated with Phytophthora ramorum. P.ramorum is a fungus that causes Ramorum Blight and Sudden Oak Death. It is a federally regulated pest, and nurseries within infected states are closely monitored. None of the plants that came to Idaho from the contaminated out-of-state facilities tested positive for the fungus.

Sample Type # of Samples # of Tests # of Positives (Organism) Bean Seed (Serology) 180 900 1 (Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae) 1 (Pseudomonas savastanoi pv. phaseolicola) China Export Hay 409 409 Seed Tests Alfalfa 11 20 Barley 5 9 Carrot 7 7 Coriander 1 1 Corn 1 1 1 (High Plains Tenuivirus) Grass 1 1 Radish 7 12 Spinach 1 1 Tomato 2 2 Wheat 10 20 1 (Urocystis sp.)

Potato Year Out 7 28 Potato Virus A Potato Virus Y Potato Leaf Roll Virus

Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. Sepidonicus Misc. Soil samples 17 17 Fusarium identification Nursery 3 3 1 (Pestalotiopsis sp.) Surveys Prunus sp. 49 49 Wheat 48 48 Field Samples Alfalfa 14 20 1 (Alfalfa Mosaic Alfamovirus) 1 (Cuscuta sp.) Beans 72 108 4 (Bean Common Mosaic Potyvirus) 1 (Pythium sp.) 6 (Sclerotinia spp.) Collards 2 3 Corn 282 998 4 (Wheat Streak Mosaic Tritimovirus) 81 (Ustilago maydis) 1 (Sporisorium reilianum) 29 (High Plains Tenuivirus) 3 (Gibberella fujikuroi)* 2 (Fusarium subglutinans) Grain sorghum 8 8 Onion 17 17 3 (Botrytis aclada) 4 (Botrytis allii) 1 (Fusarium oxysporum) 1 (Aster Yellow Phytoplasma) 1 (Sclerotina sp.) Pea 39 56 1 (Fusarium sp.) 2 (Mycosphaerella pinodes) Peppermint 4 4 Radish 5 6 Sunflower 3 4 *Asexual stage of the fungus found

SEED LAB SUMMARY The Idaho State Seed laboratory (ISSL) received 2,197 samples and completed 3,269 service tests in 2013. The most common crops submitted for service testing during this timeframe were alfalfa, grains, onion, beans, mixtures, turnip, lettuce, carrot, Timothy, and compost. In all, 108 regulatory enforcements were checked for licensing and truth-in-labeling requirements; 57 of these checks resulted in inspector actions. A total of 657 seed dealer licenses were issued.

In 2013 the merger of two seed companies and the subsequent closing of their remaining local lab to all service samples resulted in an influx of samples to the Seed Lab and an increase in tests requested in the latter half of the year. This new business has significantly increased sample numbers over the same timeframe from the year prior. We anticipate this increase will sustain through 2014.

CULL ONION INSPECTIONS AND ACTIONS In 2013, inspections of cull onion sites began during the first week of March in Canyon, Washington, and Payette counties. These inspections were conducted to identify areas of high concern for cull onions before the March 15th disposal deadline. Once the deadline was reached, visits were conducted and cull onion piles were then removed and compliance was reached.

To meet compliance, dairy operations disposed of cull onions by chopping them into silage. ISDA conducted follow-up visits to the dairies to ensure that all new deliveries were disposed of properly and time deadlines were met.

Sheep owners disposed of cull onions by feeding them to their livestock according to ISDA rules and guidelines.

OTHER REGULATORY INSPECTIONS AND ACTIONS ISDA, under the authority of Title 22, Chapters, 4, 5, 23, & 24 of the Idaho Code, and IDAPA defined pest quarantines, conducted 5,410 inspections and consequently took action against various pest threats and other violations. In 2013, there were 1,839 licensed nurseries in the state; of those, 677 were inspected for compliance under statutes of the Idaho Nursery and Florists Law and were examined for the presence of plant pests and noxious weeds. In addition, specific checks were made for compliance with other state laws, quarantines and pests of particular concern. The results of these inspections and regulatory actions are listed below:

Regulatory inspections and actions conducted by ISDA in 2013

No. of No. of No. of Stop Quarantine/Pests corrective inspections incidents Sales actions Certified Seed Potatoes 104 6 0 6 Aphids 551 2 0 0 Crop Management Zone 121 0 0 0 European Corn Borer 294 0 0 0 Grape Quarantine 160 13 0 13 Gypsy Moth 422 0 0 0 Hops 123 0 0 0 Red Imported Fire Ants 323 0 0 0 Japanese Beetle 433 2 0 2 Late Blight 337 0 0 0 Mint Quarantine 197 0 0 0 Nematodes 62 0 0 0 Noxious Weeds 440 4 0 1 Peach Tree Quarantine 191 0 0 0 Pine Shoot Beetle 292 0 0 0 Retail Potatoes 114 0 0 0 Idaho Seed Law 209 41 0 41 Snails 408 0 0 0 Sudden Oak Death 421 0 0 0 Onion White Rot 197 37 8 37 General Pests 11 2 1 0 Day Lily Rust 0 0 0 0 Total Inspections 5,410 115 9 108

ISDA NOXIOUS WEEDS / INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAMS During 2013, ISDA’s Noxious Weeds Program continued to work with Cooperative Weed Management Areas (CWMA), county governments, Native American tribes, landowners, and Federal partners to provide leadership, training and support for noxious weed management in the state. A total of 33 CWMAs were

formed, bringing people together across agency and administrative boundaries to manage the spread of noxious weeds. Their efforts helped protect wild land habitat, ecosystem diversity, recreational opportunities, and agriculture in Idaho. During 2013, ISDA distributed a total of $1.24 million from cost share grants to CWMAs for on-the-ground integrated weed management. Program applicants provided over $4.30 million in matching contributions, which allowed for treatment of a total of over 191,600 acres of noxious weeds, and for nearly 750,400 acres to be surveyed and mapped. Education and prevention are essential to the success of Idaho’s program. Over 1.39 million contacts were made statewide for noxious weed education and awareness. (Please note that this number is reported by CWMAs statewide and includes radio and television contacts made by the Idaho Weed Awareness Campaign).

Noxious Weed-Free Forage and Straw (NWFFS) In 1996, the United States Forest Service (USFS) began requiring all forage and straw possessed on their lands in Idaho to be certified as noxious weed free (NWF) to prevent the introduction and spread of noxious weeds. In March of 2011, the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) implemented the same rule in Idaho. ISDA administers this program to facilitate compliance for equine users and re-vegetation managers. In 2013, ISDA trained 74 people (the majority were NWFFS Inspectors) at four sites. Private landowners and agency partners were also invited to this event.

ISDA attended and presented at the Idaho Backcountry Horsemen (IBCH) State Convention. ISDA invited IBCH to become an official partner in the NWFFS program, which they accepted. IBCH represents the largest Idaho horse group that access’s Idaho’s backcountry. ISDA continues to be a partner with the Idaho Horse Council by attending and giving presentations about Noxious Weeds at their annual meeting. This council represents all horse groups (over 150) in Idaho.

ISDA continues to partner with Idaho Fish and Game by supplying NWFFS information for their Big Game Hunting Regulations.

Over 24,008 acres of forage and straw were inspected and certified Noxious Weed Free (NWF) by trained County cooperators for a farm value of $6.3 million. NWF products such as hay bales, forage cubes, pellets, twice-compressed forage bales, and straw bales make NWF products increasingly more accessible and available to equine recreationalists. Education continues to be a focus of the NWFFS program. To aid in this education, ISDA has an in-depth NWFFS website located at http://www.idahoag.us/Categories/PlantsInsects/NoxiousWeeds/nwffs.php (Google “ISDA Weed Free Hay”). ISDA also advertises the NWF message in the Idaho Hay Association hay directory. The NWFFS program plays an important role in protecting Idaho’s wild places from noxious weed introduction. Below is a map of participating NWFFS counties and the advertisement that is placed annually in the Idaho Hay Association hay directory.

ISDA continues to be a partner with the Idaho Hay and Forage Association (IHFA). ISDA has attended their annual conference for the last nine years and presented many times. In addition, the ISDA NWFFS Program Manager has participated on its board, as an ex-officio member for nine years.

IDAHO INVASIVE SPECIES PROGRAM Program highlights

 ISDA worked cooperatively with several local governments to establish and operate 14 mandatory inspection stations statewide during the 2013 boating season.  The Idaho Invasive Species Program inspected boats from 50 states during the 2013 season.  The State of Idaho has conducted approximately 197,990 mandatory watercraft inspections since July 4, 2009.  A total of 12 mussel-fouled boats have been intercepted and decontaminated before they were allowed to launch into Pacific Northwest waters.  Idaho is working successfully with other western states to share education and outreach messages on various invasive species, providing consistent messaging to the travelling public.  More than 300 Idahoans have been trained to inspect watercraft for zebra and quagga mussels.  To date, no zebra or quagga mussels have been detected in Idaho’s water bodies.  Early detection rapid response (EDRR) of a water hyacinth population discovered in the Snake River proved successful in 2012-13 eradication efforts.  ISDA’s Noxious Weeds Cost Share Program had participation from 34 CWMA’s who treated 191,632 acres throughout Idaho.

Background The Idaho Invasive Species Program was initiated in 2005 to improve the coordination of activities within the State. The program coordinates efforts throughout Idaho by working with state agencies, federal agencies, local governments, non-governmental organizations, and Canada to address the state recommendation to “ensure that a comprehensive invasive species program in Idaho is not diluted by competing efforts among various agencies.”

The Idaho Invasive Species Council was established by Executive Order (E.O. 2001-11). Per this Executive Order (which was continued as E.O. 2010-14), the Director of the Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA) chairs the Council. Membership includes a representative from the Office of the Governor and the directors (or their designee) of the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality, the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation, the Idaho Department of Fish and Game, the Idaho Department of Lands, the Idaho Department of Water Resources, the Idaho Department of Commerce & Labor, the Idaho Department of Health and Welfare and the Idaho Transportation Department. Representatives and members of federal entities, local government organizations, tribal governments, Idaho universities and private and not-for-profit organizations with an interest in invasive species also participate.

The Idaho Invasive Species Law (Title 22 Chapter 19 Idaho Code) was enacted by the Legislature in 2008. The intent of this law is to address the increasing threat of invasive species in the State of Idaho by providing policy direction, planning and authority to combat invasive species and to prevent the introduction of new invasive species to the state. This law establishes the duties of the ISDA and the Director, authorizes the Director to promulgate rules and gives authority to conduct inspections as necessary. It also establishes the Idaho Invasive Species Fund (IISF).

The Invasive Species Prevention Sticker Rules (IDAPA 26.01.34) were enacted by the Legislature in 2009. They require motorized and non-motorized boats to have an Invasive Species Sticker to launch and operate on Idaho’s waters. The sticker program is administered by the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation. Revenue generated by this program is deposited in the IISF. The IISF is administered by the Idaho State Department of Agriculture. Through revenue generated by the Invasive Species Prevention Sticker Rules, (and deposited in the IISF), ISDA developed a comprehensive statewide program designed to educate the public about invasive species,

monitor Idaho water bodies for possible introduction of those species, and inspect and decontaminate watercraft that travel to and through Idaho.

The 2013 Program Idaho developed a comprehensive statewide prevention program to educate the public about invasive species, monitor Idaho water bodies, and inspect and decontaminate watercraft that travel into and through the state of Idaho beginning in 2009.

2013 Education and Outreach Activities The State of Idaho ran a variety of mass media advertisements during 2013. Outdoor media consisted of six strategically positioned billboards along Idaho interstate highways, as well as one in Utah. Broadcast media listed multiple ads and communicated over 48 radio stations. Other outreach materials such as posters and brochures were distributed statewide per interest group request, inspection station inquiry, and State fair display. ISDA continued to work cooperatively with retail pet stores and individuals to spread awareness for the “Don’t Let It Loose, Idaho” campaign. This program promotes and implements alternative solutions for abandoned and unwanted species. In 2013, several red-eared sliders were reported to ISDA, and then delivered to Petco for relocation in a native range.

The invasive species councils of Washington, Oregon and Idaho have been working closely to share materials, consistent messages, and content relative to invasive species. During the summers of 2010, 2011 and 2012, the three states implemented an awareness campaign to inform the public about the threat of firewood as a vector for invasive species in the Pacific Northwest. The three states worked together to develop consistent, shared messaging about the importance of buying and burning local firewood in the Pacific Northwest. This effort continued into the early part of 2013 but grant funding had to be turned back due to staffing changes.

ISDA facilitated over a dozen Watercraft Inspection Trainings (WIT) for more than 300 individuals in Boise, Redfish Lake, Bruneau, Twin Falls, St. Anthony, Malad, Preston, Bear Lake, Wallace, Lewiston, Sandpoint and Coeur d’Alene in 2013.

Idaho’s water craft inspectors distributed outreach “packets” at all state inspection stations. The packets included “Zap the Zebra” brochures, Idaho-specific Invasive Species Prevention Sticker Rules information, stickers and other locally important invasive species related material. Posters targeting the travelling public were placed at highway Visitor’s Centers.

Commercially hauled vessels are considered to be a high-risk pathway for the transport of invasive species. Inspection of commercially hauled watercraft showed marked improvement in 2013 over 2012, which had more than half of the mussel-fouled boats intercepted in Idaho as commercially-hauled. In 2013, that number dropped to less than a third. Improvements are attributed in part by the partnering of ISDA and the Idaho Transportation Department (ITD) through the initiation of an educational outreach campaign for oversize load haulers traveling into the state, as well as the continued development of aggressive prevention programs in neighboring states. Through the oversize load permitting process, ITD notifies ISDA when an oversize watercraft is destined for Idaho. ISDA contacts the boat transporter directly to inform the hauler of state laws related to possessing and transporting invasive species in Idaho. Staff at Idaho Ports-of-Entry’s (POEs) continually participate in training with ISDA staff to effectively inspect these oversized vessels as haulers scale through a POE.

2013 Aquatic Invasive Species (AIS) Program

Eurasian Watermilfoil (EWM) (Myriophyllum spicatum) Eurasian watermilfoil is one of the most problematic invasive aquatic plants in North America. It out-competes native vegetation and degrades aquatic habitats by reducing biodiversity. EWM forms dense canopies of growth in water which can make boating and fishing impossible. Dense plant growth also degrades water quality, reduces property values and creates mosquito habitat. ISDA initiated an aggressive treatment program in 2006 to prevent further spread of EWM and to eradicate the plant in treated areas.

The year 2013 marks the eighth year of the EWM program in Idaho. Treatment and prevention efforts continue throughout the state, where over 12,900 acres of EWM have been treated since 2006 using herbicides, divers, education, survey, and prevention projects. As a result, 150 acres were treated under the program in 2013, which targeted high priority and high use areas. Surveys have demonstrated a significant reduction in EWM populations in treated bodies of water. Surveys have also found that the abundance and diversity of native plants has increased following EWM treatment, improving habitat for invertebrates, fish and waterfowl. Treatments have also resulted in improved boater access and improved recreational opportunities.

Projects in 2013 included EWM treatment on Lake Pend Oreille, Priest Lake, Hayden Lake, Cocolalla Lake, and Payette Lake. Prevention projects supported by milfoil funds included five watercraft inspection stations in Bonner and Kootenai Counties and two watercraft inspection stations near Henry’s Lake in Fremont County. Statewide, ISDA conducted over 29,000 watercraft inspections utilizing EWM funds in 2013. Of these, more than 30 water craft were found contaminated with EWM or curlyleaf pondweed. These vessels were subsequently hot-washed to ensure that they no longer transported aquatic invasive species.

Flowering Rush (Butomus umbellatus) Flowering rush is an expanding problem throughout the Pacific Northwest. It has been rapidly expanding in the Lake Pend Oreille system over the past several years and it is beginning to interfere with recreation and boater access lake-wide. Several experimental projects have been conducted in cooperation with the US Army Corps of Engineers and ISDA to investigate the efficacy of dry ground treatments for flowering rush. Treatments were conducted during periods of lake drawdown to determine the efficacy of herbicides and mechanical methods on surpressing flowering rush growth. None of these treatments significantly reduced the growth of rush; however, ISDA is continuing to investigate options for flowering rush treatment in this area.

Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata) Hydrilla is an extremely aggressive and invasive aquatic plant that inhibits recreation and irrigation. It was discovered in the Bruneau River system in 2007 and an aggressive eradication program was initiated in 2008. The identification of hydrilla in Idaho represents the only known hydrilla population in the Pacific Northwest and eradication is a priority to prevent its movement downstream to CJ Strike Reservoir or into the Snake River. Four employees were dedicated to the project in 2013 and they surveyed, mapped and removed hydrilla from June through October. As a result of persistent treatment efforts, significant reductions of hydrilla have been observed throughout the area. The hydrilla eradication project in 2013 was supported by a grant from BLM and eradication efforts are planned to continue in 2014.

Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) Water hyacinth is considered one of the most problematic aquatic plants in the world. It obstructs water flow, degrades water quality and out-competes native species. Idaho’s first free living water hyacinth population was identified in the Snake River near Hagerman in 2012. Survey identified hyacinth plants in 11 miles of river with the source population in a private geothermally influenced pond that flows into the Snake River. Dense hyacinth was observed in the 0.5 acre pond and dense growth was also found in several areas along the shoreline of the river. Twin Falls County and ISDA conducted an eradication removal project in this pond and all visible water hyacinth was removed from this area. Surveys conducted in the area in 2013 found eight plants early in the spring and repeated surveys during the summer found no plants in the pond or in the Snake River. Surveying will continue in the area in 2014, but it is hoped that this population is now eradicated.

Operational Inspection Stations Quagga and zebra mussels are native to eastern Europe and western Asia, and were introduced into the Great Lakes in the 1980s via ships’ ballast water. By the 1990s, the mussels had spread throughout all five of the Great Lakes and much of the Mississippi River Basin. With the ability of zebra and quagga mussels to attach themselves to boats and hitchhike between water bodies via trailered vessels, there is great potential for continued spread to uninfested waters which include the Columbia River Basin. It is through this vector that quagga mussels made the overland jump to Lake Mead (NV) in January 2007.

Following the Lake Mead invasion, quagga mussels spread to connected lakes and reservoirs in Arizona and southern California (via the California Aqueduct and Central Arizona Project). Quagga and/or zebra mussels have also now invaded other water bodies in Nevada, Arizona, California, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah. The invasion of mussels to western water bodies resulted in an increase in prevention effort across the region by resource management agencies. At the state level, numerous western states have increased their efforts in mussel prevention through enhanced monitoring, public outreach and watercraft inspection programs.

It is notable that the western watercraft inspection programs are funded with few federal dollars, since nearly all states, including Idaho, fund the programs with state boater license fees, user fees or sticker fees. Of particular concern to many western states is the continued interception of mussel-fouled watercraft originating from federally-managed water bodies in the Lower Colorado River.

Idaho’s resource managers developed a proactive prevention program to minimize risk of introduction to Idaho’s waters via mussel-fouled watercraft. In 2013, ISDA operated 14 watercraft inspection stations on highways and major roads. Many of these stations were run with the assistance of local governments and conservation districts. The data collected at the inspection stations during the previous (2009-2012) boating seasons allowed staff to prioritize travel routes into the state for the 2013 season. Some stations were moved or adjusted to strategically maximize contact with out-of- state and high-risk boats. Idaho’s inspection stations are placed on major highways at or near the Idaho state line. This strategy has maximized our contact with boats traveling into the state from impacted waterways. Inspection stations located on our southern and eastern borders have intercepted the majority of the mussel-fouled boats found. Inspectors are trained to look for watercraft that have recently visited mussel-infested states (within the last 30 days), are coming from another state (especially commercially hauled boats), are dirty (slime and grime at the waterline), or have standing water on board. These vessels are considered “high-risk” to the state of Idaho and upon encountering, a thorough inspection of the exterior and interior commences. The inspection includes a complete visual and tactile inspection of all vessel components, including compartments, bilge, trailer as well as any equipment, gear, ropes or anchors found onboard. If any biological material is found during the inspection, the inspector conducts a roadside “hotwash” of the watercraft. This is done to prevent the spread of other invasive species such as New Zealand mudsnail, Eurasian watermilfoil and hydrilla. Between February and October 2013, over 43,000 watercraft inspections were conducted with 12 mussel-fouled vessels intercepted. This is a marked reduction of the 57 intercepted in 2012. Since July 2009, almost 198,000 inspections have been conducted with an overall total of 105 mussel-fouled watercraft intercepted to date.

Stopping the Spread of Quagga Mussels at the Source While states in the Pacific Northwest are doing their best to intercept contaminated boats coming into the region, inspection and decontamination at the source of infested water bodies is lacking. As evidenced by the watercraft inspection data in Idaho, the majority of infested boats entering the Northwest region come from the lower Colorado River and Lake Mead in particular. A consortium of states have joined Idaho, as well as the Northwest Power and Conservation Council, The Nature Conservancy, the Pacific Northwest Economic Region, and Lake Tahoe to advocate for inspections and decontaminations of departing watercraft from federally managed quagga-infested waters. In particular, the group has asked the National Park Service and U.S. Department of Interior to implement a mandatory inspection and decontamination program for moored watercraft at the Lake Mead National Recreation Area. The state plans to continue this important work, and encourages federal partners who manage mussel-infested water bodies, such as Lakes Mead, Mojave, Havasu, Pleasant, and Powell, to institute mandatory inspections and decontaminations at “point sources” on the Lower Colorado system.

The Idaho Passport In 2011, ISDA began issuing voluntary Invasive Species Passports to local boaters. This system gives Idaho and Pacific Northwest boaters an expedited “fast pass” when repeatedly coming through Idaho’s stations. Passports are uniquely numbered so boater information can be saved and reused during subsequent inspection station visits. Inspectors ask boaters if they have left the Pacific Northwest in the last 30 days. If the answer is no, the boat receives an expedited inspection. The passport then gets a stamp with the station’s location and boater information is logged with handheld data units. This option saves time, is an effective data collection tool, and provides a valuable service for local boaters that don’t wish to repeat personal information at each visit. Several stations (such as I-90 eastbound at Heutter) inspect large volumes of boats that travel between the Spokane, WA area and lakes of northern Idaho. This system allows inspectors to quickly screen boaters based on risk and became a critical aspect during busy times. By enabling inspectors to give low-risk boats an expedited inspection, additional focus could be given to the intercepting of high-risk boats that have come into the region from elsewhere.

Monitoring The monitoring programs set up for early detection of mussels in Idaho waters use several methods including: plankton tow sample collection (veliger detection) and static substrate with shoreline monitoring (adult detection). Samples collected are focused on high-use/high-risk waters which have been categorized through the Idaho Water body Ranking Assessment.

Plankton tow samples are collected following US Bureau of Reclamation (BOR) protocols. Sampling is conducted on water bodies throughout the state, with the highest sampling frequency focused on high-use, “critical” ranked water bodies. Water body ranking also determines sampling frequency, varying from one sampling event per season in lower risk waters to sampling at three week intervals at multiple locations in “critical” water bodies. Sampling for settled adult mussels involves the use of static substrate samplers and shoreline surveys at high-use water bodies throughout the state. Samplers are deployed on, or adjacent to, high watercraft use areas and are inspected several times per season. The substrate sampling effort

was led by the Idaho Department of Environmental Quality. Other partners, including state and federal agencies, lake associations, tribes and canal companies, also monitor substrate samplers throughout the season. In the 2013 season, more than 525 plankton tow samples from 68 water bodies were collected and analyzed for invasive mussel veligers in Idaho. Static substrate samplers were inspected upon being encountered with no attachment observed. No evidence of invasive mussels was found during the 2013 season.

Contingency Planning Although the chances of eradicating a new population of zebra or quagga mussels are small, those chances depend directly on the ability of the state to respond quickly and effectively once a population is detected. The water managers of infected western states (California, Nevada, Arizona, Texas) have had to scramble to develop control technologies within water delivery infrastructure systems. This work began shortly after the discovery of mussels in the Lake Mead National Recreation Area in 2007. Unfortunately, control options for lakes, rivers, and naturally flowing river systems are, as of now, poorly developed. With the ever growing threat of colonization by zebra and quagga mussels, there is an urgent need to develop effective control technologies for Idaho waterways. To date, there are no known control technologies available for use outside of closed (infrastructure-type) systems. Applied research is needed to find new tools to eradicate or contain invasive mussels in an Idaho field response situation. Water bodies, such as the Snake River, have numerous private and public stakeholders who have access and/or management authority. Diversion facilities for irrigation, hydroelectric power generation, municipal water systems, aquaculture, and recreation are just a few of the use and management influences on the river. In order to initiate this work, the Idaho Invasive Species Council convened a roundtable of stakeholders to determine what steps should be taken to prepare the state for a zebra or quagga mussel outbreak. These stakeholders included conservation groups, water users, canal companies, irrigation districts, utilities, municipal water companies and germane state and federal agencies. The roundtable participants were asked to weigh options in the event that either of these species is discovered in the state. Given the complexity of the situation in the event quagga or zebra mussels are discovered in Idaho, the group recommended that the state develop an “Exclusion Strategy and Contingency Plan.” Completed in early 2012, the “Exclusion Strategy and Contingency Plan” was designed to compile a summary of Idaho’s water body data, available control technology options, and assess Idaho’s technical and regulatory gaps, including endangered species concerns.

ISDA Cost Share Program A total of 34 CWMA’s participated in ISDA’s Noxious Weeds Cost Share Program in 2013. Submitted End of Year (EOY) reports documented that 191,632 total acres were treated using a combination of chemical, mechanical, and biological methods statewide. Total acres mapped were just over 750,000 with more than 1,300,000 educational contacts reached. Total match produced equaled $4,303,971.12, with a 3.46:1.0 gross match ratio.

ISDA AND USDA COOPERATIVE RANGELAND GRASSHOPPER AND MORMON CRICKET SUPPRESSION PROGRAM Grasshoppers and Mormon crickets continue to be serious pest problems for Idaho rangelands and adjacent croplands. Based on annual surveys conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Animal Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), Idaho has experienced very serious pest outbreaks in previous years. The management and the timely control of grasshopper and Mormon cricket populations are high priorities for the Idaho State Department of Agriculture (ISDA) and our cooperators at USDA, APHIS. Congress addressed this issue in 2004 with special one-time funding to the impacted states of Idaho, Utah and Nevada.

Background Sixty-four percent of Idaho lands are administered by the Federal Government. Forty-three percent or 21.8 million acres in Idaho is classified for use as rangeland. The Bureau of Land Management administers 11.8 million acres in Idaho, much of it prime grasshopper/Mormon cricket habitat. There is a significant area of grasshopper and Mormon cricket habitat on federal lands that borders private rangeland and irrigated cropland in the state. Mormon crickets and grasshoppers (primarily about six species) are cyclical economic

pest problems, particularly in southern Idaho. In recent years, however, significant outbreaks have also occurred in north central and northern Idaho.

Summary of Grasshopper Survey Results Grasshopper outbreaks in 2013 increased from 2012. In 2013, drought conditions in Southwest Idaho allowed for early spring scouting at higher elevations that normally are snowbound. The drought also resulted in seasonal streams not flowing during 2013. Despite these drought conditions, insect emergence was normal. Camnula was the main genus to reach economic thresholds statewide. In central and north Idaho, carbaryl bait was distributed in five counties to fifteen landowners. One of those landowners who requested and applied Carbaryl bait was the Coeur d’Alene, Idaho airport.

In southern Idaho, Valley County (elevation 5,000) reported the most damage statewide, with damage to dry land and irrigated grazing lands. A cost-share spray project was conducted in this county (see next section). Three complaints of infestation were also received from Elmore County. These complaints were treated with Carbaryl bait by the landowners.

In southeast Idaho there were also reports of grasshoppers, most notably south and east of Preston, Idaho. However, only four complaints were treated with Carbaryl bait by the landowners. One of those requests treated was the Bear Lake County Airport.

No state lands or county or state road rights-of–way were treated by ISDA for grasshopper or Mormon cricket infestations.

Summary of actions in Valley County ISDA became of aware of a grasshopper problem in Valley County the first week of June. An ISDA scout visited a ranch on June 7, 2013 and documented that grasshoppers were at an economic threshold (over 8 per square yard). In the next 35 days, ISDA scouts made nine visits to Valley County, scouting agricultural properties that were at or beyond the economic threshold for treatment. These property owners were given Carbaryl bait and liquid Diflubenzuron. APHIS and ISDA provided bait spreaders for landowners to use on their ATVs. Most of these properties were dry land (non-irrigated) grazing lands. On July 11, 2013, ISDA and APHIS scouts came to the conclusion that the southern portion of Valley County was heavily infested with flying adult grasshoppers. Two-striped Grasshopper, (Melanoplus bivittatus) and Clearwinged Grasshopper, (Camnula pellucida) were the most common species. Estimated densities of fifty grasshoppers per square yard were found during these surveys. Most of the effected properties were irrigated grazing lands. Under the Idaho Plant Pest Act of 2002, ISDA declared this a grasshopper emergency area.

ISDA officials met and decided to conduct a cost-share program with landowners. ISDA officials also discussed which insecticides would be best for control. Carbaryl bait was ruled out because of its lack of efficacy on irrigated lands and residue impacts on pollinators. Diflubenzuron was ruled out because of the lateness of the season and its lack of efficacy on adult grasshoppers. ISDA used Cheminova Fyfanon AG ULV (Malathion) aerially at eight ounces per acre. This product was chosen based on several factors including: growth stage of insect, efficacy, cost, and environmental concerns. Grasshopper populations were defoliating livestock grazing lands and livestock producers told ISDA that without treatment, they would have to remove their livestock 30 days sooner than normal (this high elevation region only has a 150 day grazing season). This would result in higher feed costs, especially for the calves that are weaned and removed 30 days sooner than the cows. This program was an emergency cooperative effort requested by landowners and Valley County officials. Only private lands were treated and participation in this program was voluntary. ISDA set a deadline for participating in the aerial program and thirty-eight landowners committed to approximately 25,000 acres. Additional landowners contacted ISDA after the deadline to participate in the aerial treatment. These landowners were provided Carbaryl bait or liquid Malathion. Valley County used 82% of the Carbaryl bait distributed statewide in 2013 (55,050 total pounds), which covered approximately 2,753 acres (at 20

pounds per acre). Valley County used 100% of the liquid Malathion distributed statewide to be applied by ground application, which covered approximately 991 acres (at 1.4 pints per acre). The aerial Malathion treatment controlled grasshoppers on 21,040 acres of private land and prevented adults from reproducing. Approximately 4,000 acres were not treated aerially because of environmental concerns and terrain hazardous to the applicator. Post treatment inspections indicated excellent control and landowners were pleased with the results of the project. Hatching bed areas were located and recorded by ISDA and AHPIS staff. This information should gives ISDA a good starting point for initiating surveys in 2014.

Total acres treated in Valley County Aerial, Fyfanon (liquid Malathion): 21,040 Ground, Carbaryl bait (estimated.): 2,753 Ground, Malathion, liquid (estimated.): 991 Ground, Dimilin, liquid (estimated) 128 ------Total: 24,912

In 2013, seventy-four private landowners in eleven counties received assistance in the form of 67,400 pounds of Carbaryl bait valued at $60,997.00 (2013 cost of $0.905 per pound). This was an increase of 31,850 pounds in bait distributed from 2012 to private landowners.

Total 2013 Landowner Assistance Cost Share-Aerial, Malathion & Application: $ 73,640.00 Carbaryl bait: $ 60,997.00 Malathion, liquid: $ 5,653.00 ------Total: $140,290.00

For additional information, go to the ISDA website www.agri.idaho.gov and search under the Plants and Insects tab for the Grasshopper/Mormon Cricket Program.

2013 COST-SHARE PROJECTS WITH PRIVATE LANDOWNERS FOR GRASSHOPPER SUPPRESSION – ONE CONDUCTED IN 2013

Project Acres Total Insecticide Cost to Cost to Total Cost Per Location: Treated Protected ISDA Private Project Acres Valley Acres (1/2) Landowner Cost Protected County (1/2)

Totals 21,040 21,040 Fyfanon $73,640 $73,640 $147,280 $7 (Malathion) ULV AG

MULTI-YEAR SUMMARY OF CARBARYL TREATMENTS ON COUNTY ROAD RIGHTS-OF-WAY AND STATE LANDS

Year Total Pounds Applied Acres Treated 2005 12,175 1,218 2006 6,612 661 2007 3,906 340 2008 3,750 194 2009 21,200 1,446 2010 4,300 428 2011 900 92 2012 2,650 267 2013 0 0

2013 BAIT DISTRIBUTIONS TO PRIVATE LANDOWNERS FOR GRASSHOPPER SUPPRESSION

Carbaryl Bait Number of Rank County Distributed (lbs) Distributions 1 Valley 55,050 59 2 Elmore 3,350 3 3 Kootenai 2,800 7 4 Oneida 2,500 1 5 Idaho 1,300 4 6 Bonner 750 2 6 Franklin 750 1 7 Latah 400 1 8 Bear Lake 300 1 9 Lincoln 100 1 9 Nez Perce 100 1 Totals 11 Counties 67,400 81

2013 LIQUID MALATHION AND DIMILIN DISTRIBUTIONS TO PRIVATE LANDOWNERS FOR GRASSHOPPER SUPPRESSION NUMBER OF RANK COUNTY AMOUNT DISTRIBUTIONS DISTRIBUTED GALLONS 1 VALLEY 173.5 (MALATHION) 44 1 VALLEY 12 (DIMILIN) 2

2014 Forecast Carbaryl bait usage from 2002 to 2013 indicates that bait distribution tends to peak one to two years after the lowest year of usage (2012); however, as always, winter and spring weather has a significant effect on insect population numbers. ISDA will be out scouting in April in the lower elevations and keeping a close eye on Valley County grasshopper populations. ISDA will also be educating landowners to do the same. While there were few grasshopper complaints from southern and southeastern Idaho, there were significant population levels noted in some areas in 2013. These areas will be scouted early in 2014.

Major cooperators for the Grasshopper/Mormon Cricket Program During the 2013 season, the following cooperators provided significant help in bait distributions and overall program delivery:  University of Idaho, Extension Service, Elmore County  University of Idaho, Extension Service, Franklin County  Randy Rowe Trucking Company, Twin Falls, ID.  Primeland Cooperative, Grangeville, ID.

2013 PUBLIC OUTREACH AND EDUCATONAL PRESENTATIONS ON INVASIVE SPECIES, PEST SURVEY AND DETECTION, AND GRASSHOPPER MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS

Presentations given in 2013 by ISDA staff

Date ISDA Staff Event Target Audience

January 15, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk: Treasure Valley Beekeepers “Bee Beekeepers Pests and Diseases: Part II” (Boise, ID)

January 25, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk: Idaho Horticulture Expo “Japanese Gardening public Beetle Identification and Update” (Boise, and industry ID) professionals

January 29, 2013 Dan Safford Caldwell Ag Show Public

January 31, 2013 Thomas Idaho Noxious Weed Conference, Boise. Noxious weed Woolf “Aquatic Invasive Species Identification professionals and Survey” and “Idaho Invasive Species Program Update” February 6, 2013 Thomas Watercraft Inspection Training, Watercraft Woolf Smelterville. inspectors and the public February 9, 2013 Thomas Eastern Lakes Conference. “Aquatic Lake Associations Woolf Invasive Species: Help Protect Your Lake” and the watershed managers February 20, 2013 Thomas Hayden Watershed Association. “Aquatic Hayden Woolf Invasive Species Update” Watershed Residents February 22, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk: Kootenai Valley Nursery Growers Nursery Workshop “Japanese Beetle in Idaho” professionals (Post Falls, ID)

February 26, 2013 Thomas Clearwater / Palouse CWMA Noxious Public Woolf Weed Clinic, Orofino: “Aquatic Invasive Species” February 27, 2013 Thomas Clearwater / Palouse CWMA Noxious Public Woolf Weed Clinic, Lewiston: “Aquatic Invasive Species” March 13, 2013 Thomas Aquatic Construction Contractor Construction Woolf Regulatory Meeting, Hayden: “Aquatic Contractors Invasive Species Prevention” March 13, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk: “New Invaders in Idaho” Bonneville Master Gardeners

County Extension (Idaho Falls, ID) and general public

March 14, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk: “New Invaders in Idaho” Bingham Master Gardeners County Extension (Blackfoot, ID) and general public

March 14, 2013 Dan Safford SW Idaho Weed Control Association Idaho Weed Spring Meeting Superintendents

March 16, 2013 Dan Safford Idaho Backcountry Horsemen State Public Convention

March 26, 2013 Thomas Western Aquatic Plant Management Aquatic plant Woolf Society: “Idaho’s Eurasian Watermilfoil management Program” professionals March 28, 2013 Thomas Northern Interior Columbia Basin Aquatic Public Woolf Invasive Species Workshop, Dover: Host and moderator. April 5, 2013 Thomas Watercraft Inspection Training, Post Falls Watercraft Woolf inspectors and the public April 17, 2013 Thomas Western Fisheries Society, Boise: “Idaho’s Western fisheries Woolf Invasive Species Program” managers April 17, 2013 Thomas Idaho Mosquito Control Association, Boise: Idaho mosquito Woolf “Aquatic Invasive Species Survey” control professionals April 18, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk” “New Insect Invaders”, IMVCA Mosquito control meeting (Boise, ID) professionals April 18, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk: “New Invaders That Could Be a Fruit growers Problem for Fruit in Idaho”, Gem County industry Fruit Growers (Emmett, ID). April 22, 2013 Thomas Pend Oreille Basin Commission, Public Woolf Sandpoint: “Idaho Invasive Species Program Update” April 25, 2013 Thomas Cocolalla Lake Association, Cocolalla: Lake Association Woolf “Idaho’s Invasive Species Program and members Plans for Cocolalla in 2013” May 1, 2013 Jodie Ellis Talk and display: “Japanese Beetle in Your Neighborhood Neighborhood”, East End Neighborhood affected by Association (Boise, ID) Japanese beetles

May 2, 2013 Nic Zurfluh Idaho Parks and Rec Marine deputy Marine Deputies training May 8, 2013 Nic Zurfluh Bruneau/Marsing Boat Inspection Training Inspectors May 9, 2013 Thomas University of Florida Short Course for Aquatic plant Woolf Aquatic Plant Management, Coral Springs: management “Idaho’s Aquatic Invasive Species professionals Program” May 14, 2013 Nic Zurfluh Henry’s Lake Boat Inspection Training Inspectors

May 16, 2013 Thomas Sandpoint Master Naturalists, Pend Master Naturalists Woolf Oreille: “Invasive Species Identification” May 22, 2013 Thomas Watercraft Inspection Training, Dover. Watercraft Woolf Inspectors and the public

May 24, 2013 Thomas Kootenai County Marine Deputies, Coeur Law enforcement Woolf d’Alene: “Idaho Invasive Species Statute” June 8, 2013 Jodie Ellis Radio interview with Debbie Cook (D&B Gardeners and Garden Show) re: Japanese beetle general public (Boise, ID) June 11, 2013 Thomas Shoshone County Noxious Weed Board, Noxious weed Woolf Kellogg: “Idaho’s Invasive Species management Program” professionals June 12, 2013 Nic Zurfluh Bruneau River Soil Water Conservation Hydrilla update District June 12, 2013 Dan Safford Lower Weiser River CWMA sponsored Educators middle school teacher ag in the classroom June 20, 2013 Nic Zurfluh Redfish Lake Boat Inspection Training Inspectors

June 20, 2013 Thomas Watercraft Inspection Training, Redfish Watercraft Woolf Lake. Inspectors and US Forest Service staff June 29, 2013 Thomas Twin Lakes Association Annual Meeting: Lake association Woolf “Idaho’s Invasive Species Program” members and the public July 16, 2013 Nic Zurfluh Gem State Fly Casters Recreational Group August 6, 2013 Thomas Annual Priest Lake Volunteer Invasive Public Woolf Species Survey. “Invasive Species Identification” September 17, 2013 Mike Cooper Treasure Valley Beekeepers Club Beekeepers “Small Hive Beetle Biology and Update” September 19, 2013 Thomas Bonner County Waterways Board, County staff and Woolf Sandpoint. “Invasive Species Update” public October 15, 2013 Thomas 100th Meridian Initiative Columbia Basin Regional invasive Woolf Team. “Idaho Invasive Species Program species managers Update” October 16, 2013 Thomas Washington Lake Protection Association. Lake Associations, Woolf “Invasive Species Identification” Watershed managers and the public October 17, 2013 Dan Safford Idaho Dept. of Fish and Game State Employees November 6, 2014 Mike Cooper Idaho Association of Plant Protection U.I. Researchers, “Japanese Beetle and Other Invasive Consultants and Insects” Growers November 6, 2014 Dan Safford Idaho Association of Plant Protection U.I. Researchers, “ISDA Grasshopper and Mormon cricket Consultants and program Update” Growers November 16, 2013 Dan Safford Idaho Horse Council annual meeting Public November 20, 2013 Dan Safford SW Idaho Weed Control Association, fall Idaho Weed meeting Superintendents November 20, 2013 Nic Zurfluh SW Idaho Weed Summit Weed Group November 22, 2013 Dan Safford Ada County Master Gardner group Gardeners December 5, 2013 Mike Cooper Eagle / Garden City Rotary Club Businessmen / “Japanese Beetle and Other Invasive Club Members Insects”

December 11, 2013 Mike Cooper Gem County Extension Recertification Growers seminar “Japanese Beetle and Other Invasive Insects” December 12, 2013 Mike Cooper Canyon County Extension Recertification Growers seminar “Japanese Beetle and Other Invasive Insects” December 18, 2013 Dan Safford Elmore County Extension Recertification Growers seminar “ISDA Grasshopper and Mormon cricket program Update” December 18, 2013 Mike Cooper Elmore County Extension Recertification Growers seminar “Japanese Beetle and Other Invasive Insects”

PROGRAM CONTACTS: Jared Stuart, Field Services Section Manager, 208-332-8620 [email protected] Darcy Heckathorne, Pest Survey Coordinator, 208-332-8620, [email protected] Dan Safford, Program Specialist, 208-332-8592, [email protected] Paul Castrovillo, Program Manager and Entomologist, 208-332-8620, [email protected] Liz Vavricka, Program Manager and Plant Pathologist, 208-332-8640, Liz. [email protected] Matt Voile, Noxious Weeds Section Manager, 208-332-8528 [email protected] Garry West, Program Manager, Twin Falls Office, 208-736-2195, Garry. [email protected] Tom Woolf, Aquatic Program Manager, 208-332-8564 [email protected]

ISDA Website: www.agri.idaho.gov This report, as well as past years’ summary reports, are available at the ISDA Website: http://www.agri.idaho.gov/Categories/PlantsInsects/RegulatedAndInvasiveInsects/Insectsformreport s.php