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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica

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Universidad Central Del Ecuador Facultad De Ciencias Agrícolas Carrera De Ingeniería Agronómica UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS CARRERA DE INGENIERÍA AGRONÓMICA ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTA FRESCA DE MANZANA (Malus domestica B.) PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIA DE COREA DEL SUR Trabajo de Titulación presentado como requisito previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniera Agrónoma AUTOR: Marca Mallamas Geoconda Monserrat TUTORA: ClaraIng. Agr. Cecilia Clara Iza Iza, Madruñero M.Sc. Quito, abril 2017 DERECHOS DE AUTOR Yo, Geoconda Monserrat Marca Mallamas en calidad de autora del trabajo de investigación: "ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTA FRESCA DE MANZANA (Malas domestica B.) PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIA DE COREA DEL SUR", autorizo a la Universidad Central del Ecuador a hacer uso del contenido total o parcial que me pertenece, con fines estrictamente académicos o de investigación. Los derechos que como autora me corresponden, con excepción de la presente autorización., seguirán vigentes a mi favor, de conformidad con lo establecido en los artículos 5, 6, 8; 19 y demás pertinentes de la Ley de Propiedad Intelectual y su Reglamento. También, autorizo a la Universidad Central del Ecuador realizar la digitalización y publicación de este trabajo de investigación en el repositorio virtual, de conformidad a lo dispuesto en el Art. 144 de la Ley Orgánica de Educación Superior. < £t Geoconda Monserrat Marca Mallamas CC. N°: 1721772836 Av. Eloy Alfaro N3G-350 y Amazonas '. íí>,ft& Edif. MAGAP. Piso 9 ••>'-. • Código Postal: 170516 * ' • • L • , Telf: (593) 2 2567 232 ;..í? i: ... ,.. •, .- [email protected] gub.ec y www.agrocalidad.gob.ee i Oficio Nro. MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALmAD-2016-000736-OF Quito, D.1VL, 14 de diciembre de 2016 Asunto: Aprobación del estudio de ARP de fruta fresca de manzana originaria de Corea del Sur ingeniero Antonio Gaibor Decano UNIVERSIDAD CENTRAL DEL ECUADOR - FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS AGRÍCOLAS En su Despacho De mi consideración: Como es de su conocimiento la Srta. Geoconda Monserrat Marca Mallamas se encuentra realizando el estudio de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP) para el establecimiento de requisitos fítosanitarios de importación de fruta fresca de manzana (Malus domestica) para consumo, originaria de Corea del Sur, con la finalidad de obtener el título de Ingeniera Agrónoma; al respecto le comunico que hemos finalizado la revisión del proyecto de tesis, documento que cuenta con las correspondientes firmas y sellos de aprobación por parte de AGROCALIDAD para ser entregado a la Universidad Central deí Ecuador. Adicionalmente le comunico que mediante e! Oficio Nro, MAGAP-CSV/AGROCALIDAD-2016-000053-QF del 28 de enero de! 2016, se solicita que las tablas de potencial de malezas, listado mundial y el cuadro de categorización de los estudios de Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas (ARP), no deben ser publicados ni subidos en la web, con el fin de evitar inconvenientes con tos países con los cuales negociaremos los requisitos fitosanitarios de importación de los productos mencionados. Particular que pongo en su conocimiento para los fines pertinentes. Con sentimientos de distinguida consideración. Atentamente, COORDINADOR GENERAL DE SANIDAD VEGETAL APROBACIÓN DEL TUTOR/A DEL TRABAJO DE TITULACIÓN Yo, Clara Iza en mi calidad de tutora del trabajo de titulación, modalidad Proyecto de Investigación, elaborado por la señorita GEOCONDA MONSERRAT MARCA MALLAMAS; cuyo título es: "ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTA FRESCA DE MANZANA (Malus domestica B.) PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIA DE COREA DEL SUR", previo a la obtención del Título de Ingeniera Agrónoma; considero que el mismo reúne los requisitos y méritos necesarios en el campo metodológico y epistemológico, para ser sometido a la evaluación por parte del tribunal examinador que se designe, por lo que lo APRUEBO, a fin de que el trabajo sea habilitado para continuar con el proceso de titulación determinado por la Universidad Central del Ecuador. En la ciudad de Quito, a los 30 días del mes de marzo del 2017. Ing, Agr. Clara Iza, M.Sc. DOCENTE-TUTORA iii ANÁLISIS DE RIESGO DE PLAGAS DE FRUTA FRESCA DE MANZANA (Malus domestica B.) PARA CONSUMO, ORIGINARIA DE COREA DEL SUR APROBADO POR: Ing, Agr. Clara Iza, M.Sc. TUTORA DE LA INVESTIGACIÓN Lie. Diego Salazar, Mag. PRESIDENTE DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Jorge Caicedo, M.Sc. PRIMER VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL Ing. Agr. Jaime Hidrobo SEGUNDO VOCAL DEL TRIBUNAL 2017 Mil DEDICATORIA A mis padres Ángel y Patricia por todo su apoyo, amor y confianza, mis hermanos por sus consejos y por haber creido en mí, mis sobrinas Yareli y Valentina por todos los momentos felices que hemos pasado. Y en especial a mis dos angelitos que desde el cielo han cuidado de mi, gracias por su eterno amor mis abuelitas Rosita y Mamitafina. v AGRADECIMIENTO Un sincero agradecimiento a la Agencia Ecuatoriana de Aseguramiento de la Calidad del Agro – AGROCALIDAD por darme la oportunidad de realizar mi trabajo de titulación en la institución, además de brindarme todo su apoyo y su colaboración. A mis padres Ángel y Patricia por ser mi mayor motivación, por estar siempre a mi lado en los momentos buenos y malos, por toda su paciencia, confianza y sobre todo por su infinto amor. Mis hermanos Giovanny y Santiago por todo su apoyo y confianza. Mis sobrinas Yareli y Valentina por todo su amor y por los bellos momentos que pasamos juntas y sobre todo por existir. A toda mi familia por su amor y confianza. Mis amigas Dayana, Mireya y Angelica por su amistad sincera y sobre todo por su apoyo incondicional. Finalmente agradezco a la vida por permitirme cumplir una etapa más, por todas las bendiciones que he recibido y sobre todo por la gran familia que tengo. vi CONTENIDO CAPÍTULO PÁGINAS INTRODUCCIÓN 1 1. REVISIÓN DE LITERATURA 3 1.1. Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas 3 1.2. Normativa Internacional relacionada a la elaboración de ARP 3 1.2.1. NIMF N° 2: Marco para el Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas 3 1.2.2. NIMF N° 5: Glosario de Términos Fitosanitarios 3 1.2.3. NIMF N° 11: Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas para Plagas Cuarentenarias 4 1.2.4. NIMF N° 21: Análisis de Riesgo de Plagas para Plagas No Cuarentenaria Reglamentada 4 1.3. Estructura del ARP 4 1.4. El cultivo de manzana (Malus domestica B.) en el Ecuador y Corea del Sur 4 1.4.1. Clasificación taxonómica 5 1.4.2. Morfología 5 2. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS 6 2.1. Ubicación 6 2.2. Materiales 6 2.3. Metodología 6 2.4. Elaboración de fichas técnicas 18 3. RESULTADOS 19 3.1. Etapa I. Inicio del Proceso de ARP 19 3.2. Etapa 2. Evaluación de Riesgos de Plagas 170 3.3. Etapa 3. Manejo del Riesgo de Plagas 326 4. CONCLUSIONES 330 5. RESUMEN 332 SUMMARY 6. REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 334 7. ANEXOS 352 vii ÍNDICE DE TABLAS TABLA PÁG. 1. Ejemplo del proceso para determinar el Potencial de Maleza 7 2. Ejemplo de la Lista Mundial de Plagas 8 3. Ejemplo de Categorización de Plagas 9 4. Ejemplo de la Conclusión de la Etapa 1 10 5. Calificación de las Consecuencias de la Introducción 13 6. Calificación de la Probabilidad de la Introducción 16 7. Ejemplo de la Conclusión de la Etapa 2 16 8. Proceso para determinar el Potencial de Maleza de (Malus domestica B.) 19 9. Lista Mundial de Plagas de Manzana (Malus domestica B.) originaria de Corea del Sur 21 10. Cuadro de Categorización de Manzana (Malus domestica B.) originaria de Corea del Sur 97 11. Lista de Plagas que siguen la Vía para Manzana (Malus domestica B.) para consumo, originaria de Corea del Sur 166 12. Ejemplo de la Conclusión de la Etapa 2 322 viii ÍNDICE DE GRÁFICOS GRÁFICOS PÁG. 1. Amphitetranychus viennensis (NAPPO, 2014) 353 2. Síntomas de Amphitetranychus viennensis sobre hojas infectadas (NAPPO, 2014) 354 3. Tetranychus kanzawai (Plantwise knowledge Bank, 2016) 357 4. Síntomas de Tetranychus kanzawai en hojas infectadas (Plantwise knowledge Bank, 2016) 358 5. Phytophthora cryptogea (Plantwise knowledge Bank, 2016) 360 6. Síntomas de Phytophthora cryptogea sobre tallos infectados (CAB Internacional, 2016) 361 7. Síntomas de Phytophthora cryptogea sobre raíces infectadas (Comunidad Andina, 2002) 362 8. Phytophthora syringae (Sewell G. W. F y Wilson J.F, 2008) 364 9. Síntomas de Phytophthora syringae en los frutos de manzana (AHDB Horticulture, 2016) 365 10. Síntomas de Phytophthora syringae en las hojas de plantas huésped (Department of Horticulture, 2016) 365 11. Alternaria malorum (Goetz J. y Dugan F.M, 2006) 368 12. Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. pyricola (CAB Internacional, 2016) 371 13. Síntomas de Botryosphaeria berengeriana f. sp. pyricola sobre frutos y troncos de manzana infectada (Comunidad Andina, 2002) 372 14. Botryosphaeria berengeriana (ECOVAD, 2015) 374 15. Síntomas de Botryosphaeria berengeriana sobre frutos infectados (Kader A. A, 2011) 375 16. Botryosphaeria dothidea (SINAVIMO, 2016) 378 17. Síntomas de pudrición blanca causada por Botryosphaeria dothidea en tallos (Pinilla B, 2013) 379 18. Síntomas de pudrición blanca causada por Botryosphaeria dothidea en manzana (Pinilla B, 2013) 380 19. Colletotrichum coccodes (SAGARPA, 2016) 382 20. Síntomas de pudrición en frutos causados por Colletotrichum coccodes (SAGARPA, 2016) 383 21. Colletotrichum fructicola (CAB Internacional, 2016) 386 22. Síntomas de pudrición en frutos causados por Colletotrichum fructicola (Chitambar J, 2016 387 23. Diaporthe eres (CAB Internacional, 2016) 389 24. Síntomas de pudrición en frutos de manzana causadas por Diaporthe eres (HYPP Pathology, 1984) 390 25. Diaporthe perniciosa (Smit W.A. et al. 1996) 392 26. Síntomas de pudrición en frutos de manzana causada por el hongo Diaporthe perniciosa (HYPP Pathology, 1984) 393 27. Diplocarpon mali (CAB Internacional, 2016) 395 28. Síntomas de Diplocarpon mali en frutas y hojas de manzana (EPPO, 2013) 396 ix GRÁFICOS PÁG. 29. Diplodia seriata (SINAVIMO, 2016) 398 30. Síntomas de Diplodia seriata en frutos de manzana (SINAVIMO, 2016) 399 31.
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