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Can Mating Disruption Be a Possible Route to Control Plum Fruit Moth in Mediterranean Environments?

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Can Mating Disruption Be a Possible Route to Control Plum Fruit Moth in Mediterranean Environments? insects Article Can Mating Disruption Be a Possible Route to Control Plum Fruit Moth in Mediterranean Environments? Gabriella Lo Verde 1 , Salvatore Guarino 2 , Stefano Barone 1 and Roberto Rizzo 3,* 1 Department of Agricultural, Food and Forest Sciences, University of Palermo Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] (G.L.V.); [email protected] (S.B.) 2 Institute of Biosciences and Bioresources (IBBR), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Corso Calatafimi 414, 90129 Palermo, Italy; [email protected] 3 CREA Research Centre for Plant Protection and Certification, SS.113, Km 245,5, 90011 Bagheria, Palermo, Italy * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 28 July 2020; Accepted: 28 August 2020; Published: 1 September 2020 Simple Summary: Grapholita funebrana is a main pest of plum throughout the Palearctic region. The management of this pest is generally carried out with chemical insecticides. In this study we investigated the suitability of the mating disruption as alternative method of control of this pest. Experiments were carried out in organic plum orchards during 2012 and 2014. Trap catches and fruit sampling were carried out to estimate the efficacy of this technique in reducing males catch and fruit infestation. The results indicated that the males caught in traps placed in the treatment plots was always significantly lower than untreated plots. The chemical analysis of the pheromone emission from the dispenser, carried out by solid-phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography, indicated an optimal duration of these tool for at least 60 days of field exposure. Fruit sampling evidenced that pheromone treatment significantly reduced fruit infestation, but not economic damage, particularly on the cultivar for which a high susceptibility to the moth infestation is known. Abstract: Control of the plum fruit moth, Grapholita funebrana Treitschke (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), has been mainly based on the use of chemical insecticides, which can cause undesirable side effects, leading to a growing interest towards alternative sustainable strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the mating disruption technique on G. funebrana infestation in plum orchards, by comparing the number of male captures in pheromone-baited traps, and evaluating the damage to fruits in plots treated with the pheromone dispersers and in control plots. The study was carried out in 2012 and 2014 in three organic plum orchards, on the cultivars Angeleno, Friar, President and Stanley. To evaluate the pheromone emission curve of the dispensers from the openings to the end of the trials, a chemical analysis was carried out by solid phase micro-extraction followed by gas chromatography, followed by mass spectrometry. In all years and orchards the mean number of males caught in traps placed in the treatment plots was always significantly lower than untreated plots. Pheromone emission from the dispensers was highest at the opening, and was still considerable at 54 days of field exposure, while it significantly decreased after 72 days of field exposure. Cultivar was confirmed to be an essential factor in determining the fruit infestation level. Pheromone treatment significantly reduced fruit infestation, but not economic damage. Keywords: Grapholita funebrana; Tortricidae; sex pheromones; integrated pest management 1. Introduction The growing demand for plums is due to their nutritional peculiarities, as they seem to provide a variety of health benefits, thanks to their healthful compounds [1–4]. As a consequence, there has Insects 2020, 11, 589; doi:10.3390/insects11090589 www.mdpi.com/journal/insects Insects 2020, 11, 589 2 of 14 been a worldwide increase in plum cultivated areas (Prunus domestica L. and Prunus salicina Lindl.), reaching 2.7 million hectares in 2018 [5]. The global production of plums increased at an average annual rate of 2.3% in the period 2007–2018, and reached the peak of plum fruits production in 2018, with 12.6 million tons [5]. Grapholita funebrana Treitschke (Lepidoptera Tortricidae), commonly called the plum fruit moth (PFM), is an oligophagous species, feeding on the fruits of several hosts within the family Rosaceae [6–8]. The species is considered the main pest of plums throughout the Palearctic region [9]. The number of PFM generations per year varies depending on climate: in warmer areas, as in central and southern Italy, three generations per year can occur [8,10,11]. Females of PFM lay eggs on the exocarp surface of developing fruits of host plants [12]. Neonate larvae bore into fruits, where they feed and develop. Damage is due to the feeding activity of the larvae inside the fruits, leading to changes in fruit coloration, early ripening and fruit fall, with consequent yield decreases [8,10]. Furthermore, infested fruits show penetration holes (characterized by the presence of gum) made by neonate larvae, and exit holes made by mature larvae leaving the fruit [13]. The losses of production of plums determined by PFM infestations can be quite significant, especially in plum cultivars particularly susceptible to this pest [8,11]. The control of PFM in plum orchards has been mainly based on the use of chemical insecticides, which can cause side effects on beneficial insects, both pollinators and natural enemies, and can have serious implications for human health and the environment [14], or the development of resistance, as found in other tortricids, like Grapholita molesta Busck [15,16], Cydia pomonella L. [17–19] and Lobesia botrana (Denis & Schiffermuller) [20]. Moreover, in organic plum orchards, moth control is particularly difficult due to the small number of authorised products. In this context, also in consideration that the European Union policy (Directive 2009/128/CE) is encouraging a reduction in the use of pesticides [21], growing research attention has been devoted to the development of alternative environmentally friendly and sustainable strategies to control insect pests of agricultural importance [22–27]. Among them, the manipulation of insect behavior with the use of pheromones is receiving increasing attention [28–31]. Pheromones have been effectively applied in the management of dangerous lepidopteran species, through the technique of the mating disruption, based on the release of high amounts of synthetic sex pheromones into a crop, thus interfering with the mate finding processes of a given pest species [32–35]. In the case of PFM, the sex pheromone is characterized by two main active compounds, i.e., (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate and (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate [36], with (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol as a minor component [37]. The sexual behavior exhibited by PFM is similar to other tortricid pest species that are controlled by mating disruption, thus suggesting the possibility of the application of this technique for PFM too. To date, despite the high economic importance of this insect pest, limited information is available about the application of mating disruption for its control [38,39]. The objective of this research was to evaluate the efficacy of the mating disruption technique in Sicilian organic plum orchards. The effect of the mating disruption method on PFM population and fruit damage was assessed by comparing the captures of PFM males in pheromone-baited traps and evaluating the infestation of fruits of four different plum cultivars in plots treated with the pheromone and in control plots. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1. Study Areas and Dispenser Placement The research was performed in three different Sicilian organic plum orchards located in San Giuseppe Jato, Palermo province, Italy, in two different years. In 2012, field trials were carried out in a plum orchard of 3 hectares (37◦9908700 N, 13◦2101200 E), in which pheromone dispensers were placed (treated plot), while an untreated plum orchard of 1 ha, about 500 m away from the first one, was used as the control plot. In 2014, trials were carried out in two different orchards. In the first one (Orchard A, 37◦9903100 N, 13◦2204700 E), the pheromone dispensers were placed in 4 ha, while a surface Insects 2020, 11, 589 3 of 14 of 1 ha, about 400 m far from it, was used as the control plot. In the second one, dispensers were placed in a 3 ha plum orchard (Orchard B, 37◦9905700 N, 13◦2007400 E), and a surface of 1 ha, about 200 m away, was used as the control. All the orchards were on flat land and regularly shaped, planted with 8-years-old plum trees grafted on Mirabolano (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) rootstocks trained to a vase shape. Plum trees were spaced with 6 m between rows and 3 m between trees within a row. The four cultivars chosen for the study were Angeleno and Friar (Prunus salicina Lindl.) and Stanley and President (Prunus domestica L.). In all plum orchards, the four cultivars were distributed along eight rows (two rows for each cultivar). This distribution pattern of the cultivars was repeated over the entire surface of each orchard. The trees were managed using routine organic cultural practices; during the research, no insecticide treatments were carried out in the orchards. Isomate® OFM Rosso Flex (Shin-Etsu Chemical Co. Ltd., Ohtemachi Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan) pheromone dispensers were placed in the field once during the season (on 30 March in all years), before the adult of PFM of the wintering generation emerged. Dispensers were hung in the upper third of tree canopy with a density of 550 pieces per hectare. Two dispensers per tree were placed in the outer row that delimited each experimental plot, while one dispenser per tree was placed in the rows following the latter and one dispenser every two trees within its perimeter. According to the manufacturer, each dispenser was loaded with 254 mg of pheromone mixture. Pheromone dispensers consisted of two parallel capillary tubes made of polyethylene sealed at the ends, filled with the PFM pheromone blend, consisting of (Z)-8-dodecenyl acetate (89.6%), (E)-8-dodecenyl acetate (5.4%) and (Z)-8-dodecen-1-ol (1%).
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