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Sayyid Qutb: an Historical and Contextual Analysis of Jihadist Theory Joseph D
Grand Valley State University ScholarWorks@GVSU Masters Theses Graduate Research and Creative Practice 4-7-2008 Sayyid Qutb: An Historical and Contextual Analysis of Jihadist Theory Joseph D. Bozek Grand Valley State University Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses Recommended Citation Bozek, Joseph D., "Sayyid Qutb: An Historical and Contextual Analysis of Jihadist Theory" (2008). Masters Theses. 672. http://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/theses/672 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate Research and Creative Practice at ScholarWorks@GVSU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@GVSU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Sayyid Qutb: An Historical and Contextual Analysis of Jihadist Theory By Joseph D. Bozek School of Criminal Justice Grand Valley State University Sayyid Qutb: An Historical and Contextual Analysis of Jihadist Theory By Joseph D. Bozek August 7, 2008 THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master’s of Science in Criminal Justice in the School of Criminal Justice of Grand Valley State University Grand Rapids, Ml Thesis Committee Dr. Jonathan White (Chair) Dr. William Crawley Dr. Frank Hughes Acknowledgements To the faculty and staff of Grand Valley State University’s School of Criminal Justice to whom I am truly grateful for all of the support and guidance both inside and outside of the classroom. I hope I can one day impact someone’s life in the same way you have impacted mine. 11 Abstract The purpose of this research is to provide a comprehensive analysis of a salient jihadist philosopher by the name of Sayyid Qutb. -
The Sunni Divide: Understanding Politics and Terrorism in the Arab Middle East
Center on Terrorism and Counterterrorism at the FOREIGN POLICY RESEARCH INSTITUTE The Sunni Divide: Understanding Politics And Terrorism In The Arab Middle East By Samuel Helfont THE SUNNI DIVIDE: UNDERSTANDING POLITICS AND TERRORISM IN THE ARAB MIDDLE EAST By Samuel Helfont November 2009 FPRI, 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 www.fpri.org About FPRI Founded in 1955, the Foreign Policy Research Institute is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization devoted to bringing the insights of scholarship to bear on the development of policies that advance U.S. national interests. We add perspective to events by fitting them into the larger historical and cultural context of international politics. About FPRI’s Center on Terrorism and Counterterrorism The Center’s mission is to study the goals, tactics, and strategies of terrorism and develop responses to it, using: advanced technology, scenarios and storyboarding, and simulation and modeling. The focus of the Center’s research is on terrorists, their strategies and tactics, and their objectives, resources, and capabilities for creating multilateral unconstrained disruption. The Center makes projections on future terrorist actions and develops improved systems for protecting our nation’s vital institutions and interests. FPRI, 1528 Walnut Street, Suite 610, Philadelphia, PA 19102-3684 www.fpri.org Table of Contents Introduction ............................................................................................................................................................. -
THE IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION of OSAMA BIN LADEN by Copyright 2008 Christopher R. Carey Submitted to the Graduate Degree Program In
THE IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF OSAMA BIN LADEN BY Copyright 2008 Christopher R. Carey Submitted to the graduate degree program in International Studies and the Graduate Faculty of the University of Kansas in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master’s of Arts. ___Dr. Rose Greaves __________________ Chairperson _Dr. Alice Butler-Smith ______________ Committee Member _ Dr. Hal Wert ___________________ Committee Member Date defended:___May 23, 2008 _________ Acceptance Page The Thesis Committee for Christopher R. Carey certifies that this is the approved Version of the following thesis: THE IDEOLOGICAL FOUNDATION OF OSAMA BIN LADEN _ Dr. Rose Greaves __________ Chairperson _ _May 23, 2008 ____________ Date approved: 2 Abstract Christopher R. Carey M.A. International Studies Department of International Studies, Summer 2008 University of Kansas One name is above all others when examining modern Islamic fundamentalism – Osama bin Laden. Bin Laden has earned global notoriety because of his role in the September 11 th attacks against the United States of America. Yet, Osama does not represent the beginning, nor the end of Muslim radicals. He is only one link in a chain of radical thought. Bin Laden’s unorthodox actions and words will leave a legacy, but what factors influenced him? This thesis provides insight into understanding the ideological foundation of Osama bin Laden. It incorporates primary documents from those individuals responsible for indoctrinating the Saudi millionaire, particularly Abdullah Azzam and Ayman al-Zawahiri. Additionally, it identifies key historic figures and events that transformed bin Laden from a modest, shy conservative into a Muslim extremist. 3 Acknowledgements This work would not be possible without inspiration from each of my committee members. -
Al Qaeda’S Command- And-Control Structure
Testimony of Steven Emerson Before the United States House of Representatives Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence April 9, 2008 Steven Emerson Executive Director Investigative Project on Terrorism www.investigativeproject.org email:[email protected] Introduction: The 2001 invasion of Afghanistan was successful in obliterating much of al Qaeda’s command- and-control structure. Due to a robust and successful counter-terrorist policy made up of good intelligence gathered by the FBI, asset forfeitures and designations by the Department of the Treasury, and other good work by the Department of Homeland Security and other agencies within the intelligence community, the U,S. has fortunately not been hit with another attack since 9-11. Moreover, in the six and a half years since the those horrible, al Qaeda’s direct orchestration of acts of terrorism on the operational level has been somewhat constrained. This is not to say that al Qaeda has not been involved in terrorist attacks and plots since 2001 (training and guidance provided by al Qaeda in the 2005 London transit bombings and foiled 2006 Heathrow plot prove otherwise), but the group’s leaders have relied largely on the power of self- anointed franchises and recognized the power of spreading its message and ideology via the Internet. Extremist Muslims throughout the world have responded to this message and have sought to execute a number of attacks. While most have been stopped, some have been successful, killing hundreds and injuring thousands more, resulting in propaganda coups for al Qaeda and its leadership. Parallel to franchising the al Qaeda ideology, the group has successfully regenerated its operational capabilities in the sanctuary of the Federally Administered Tribal Areas (FATA) in Pakistan. -
A Case Study of Osama Bin Laden A
THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF OSAMA BIN LADEN A Thesis submitted to the Faculty of The School of Continuing Studies and of The Graduate School of Arts and Sciences in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in Liberal Studies By Juliana Gibson Steiner, B.A. Georgetown University Washington, D.C. 30 March 2012 THE PSYCHOLOGY OF TERRORISM: A CASE STUDY OF OSAMA BIN LADEN Juliana Gibson Steiner, B.A. MALS Mentor: R. Nicholas Palarino, Ph.D. ABSTRACT Sociologists and psychiatrists often contend that culture, religion, social and economic factors are precursors to extremist Islamic ideology. According to Robert Robins and Jerrold Post in their groundbreaking book, Political Paranoia: The Psychopolitics of Hatred, paranoia is the hallmark of radical thinking. Post and Robins argue political paranoia is responsible for every social disaster in history and is among the root causes for the decline of the West. This thesis will test Robins’ and Post’s hypothesis by conducting a case study of Osama bin Laden. Specifically, I explore significant events in bin Laden’s life that drove him to cross the line from paranoia into psychopathy exhibited by his propensity to eliminate perceived enemies and his remarkable ability to manipulate others. This includes convincing a worldwide network of Muslims that the West seeks to destroy Islam. Using the work of Robins and Post to establish the foundational concept of political paranoia, along with Frances Fukuyama’s theory of the end of history, and Dr. Robert Hare’s notion of the psychopath, this thesis explores how these phenomena impacted bin Laden’s reasoning. -
Views of Hasan Hudaybi, the Brotherhood’S Supreme Guide in the 1960S
The Brotherhood in the Salafist Universe by Gilles Kepel ineteen-seventy-one was a watershed year in the history of the Muslim Brotherhood and the Islamist movement at large. The Egyptian ruler Gamal Abdel Nasser had died the year before, and his successor, Anwar Sadat, adopted an altogether more conciliatory ap- proach toward the Muslim Brotherhood. This effectively brought the Nera of the Nasserist repression of the Islamist movement in the 1950s and ’60s to a formal close. Although the Brotherhood had been almost entirely destroyed during Nasser’s reign, the era produced several important outcomes that helped to shape the Brotherhood’s rebound and the future development of the Islamist movement as a whole. First of all, Nasser’s brutal policies helped to elevate those Brotherhood leaders whom Nasser had imprisoned and hanged to the status of Muslim martyrs. These Brothers became widely revered as the first martyrs of the post-colonial Muslim world, and after 1971, this helped to improve the Brotherhood movement’s political prospects as a whole. Said Qutb, who is still often referred to as “the martyr Said Qutb,” is especially significant in this regard. His martyrdom automatically con- ferred upon him enormous respect, and this in turn helped the Brotherhood tremendously in their efforts to reach out to ordinary Muslims and to build political legitimacy. Nasser’s authoritarian policies also helped to de-legitimize the secular Arab regimes that had been formed after the end of the colonial period. The fact that many of the Brothers were sent to prison or concentration camps and then executed came to be seen widely as a metaphor: Arab society was imprisoned by secular Arab rulers, who were betraying all the popular ideals of post-colonial independence. -
The History of the Muslim Brotherhood
Report I: History of the Muslim Brotherhood The History of the Muslim Brotherhood A Report by 9 Bedford Row 2 April 2015 9 Bedford Row London WC1R 4AZ 0044 207 489 2727 www.9bri.com 1 Report I: History of the Muslim Brotherhood Table of Contents CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................ 4 1.1 SUBJECT MATTER OF REPORT .................................................................................... 5 1.2 PURPOSE AND OBJECTIVE OF THE REPORTS .............................................................. 6 1.3 CURRENT REPORT: METHODOLOGY ......................................................................... 7 CHAPTER 2: GROWTH STRATEGY & OBJECTIVES ................................................. 8 2.1 THE GROWTH STRATEGY OF THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD IN EGYPT.................... 9 2.1.1 Setting the foundations for a mass movement .................................................... 9 2.2 ORIGINAL OBJECTIVES .............................................................................................. 12 2.2.1 Islam is the Solution .......................................................................................... 12 2.2.2 Totalitarian reform ............................................................................................ 14 2.2.3 Using the language of violence .......................................................................... 16 2.2.4 Creation of an Anti-systemic movement ........................................................... 17 2.2.5 -
The Power of Ideas. the Influence of Hassan Al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb on the Muslim Brotherhood Organization1
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Przegl¹d Strategiczny 2015, nr 8 Ronnie AZOULAY DOI 10.14746/ps.2015.1.12 Israel National Water Company “Mekorot” THE POWER OF IDEAS. THE INFLUENCE OF HASSAN AL-BANNA AND SAYYID QUTB ON THE MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD ORGANIZATION1 This article examines the conceptions of the political thoughts of Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb, two of the most important Arab theorists of the Muslim world during the twentieth century. They are often considered as Islamists or radical Islamists. While al-Banna was the theoretician of the Muslim Brotherhood and is represented by the mainstream of the Muslim Brotherhood, Qutb’s writings are represented by the militant Islam movements. This article also attempts to account for some of the differences be- tween the two theorists’ views. The article aspires to widen the spectrum of political science and give insight to Western knowledge. In addition, this article focuses on the most significant ideas of Hassan al-Banna and Sayyid Qutb, what similarities and dif- ferences exist, what each leader’s contribution has been, and how these ideas continue to affect the Muslim Brotherhood movement until today. MUSLIM BROTHERHOOD – BACKGROUND Following the deep ideological crisis within the Muslim world during the nineteenth century, thinkers such as al-Afghani (1839–1897), Muhammad Abduh (1849–1905) and Rashid Rida (1865–1935) attempted to find creative solutions that would rescue the Muslim world from the superiority of the West. Rashid Rida developed the concept that a great disaster has fallen upon the Islamic world due to Salafist theory being neglected. -
Sayyid Qutb's Ties to Extremists
Sayyid Qutb’s Ties to Extremists www.counterextremism.com | @FightExtremism Sayyid Qutb’s Ties to Extremists Key Points Qutb was a chief ideologue of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt who was also widely popular on the Egyptian street. The Egyptian government executed him in 1966 for promoting the overthrow of the state. Qutb popularized the concepts of takfir— excommunication of Muslim apostates—and jahiliyya— the deplorable state of ignorance prior to the revelation of the Quran that has enveloped the secular Muslim community as well as non-Muslims. Qutb wrote that only the creation of an Islamic state ruled by sharia (Islamic law) could end the state of jahiliyya. Qutb is widely considered the progenitor of the modern jihadist movement as his writings directly inspired the Muslim Brotherhood and notorious extremists who passed through the organization, including Osama bin Laden of al-Qaeda, Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi of ISIS, and the founders of Palestinian Islamic Jihad. 1 2 Often referred to as the father of modern Islamism, Egyptian author Sayyid Qutb was a lead theologian of the Muslim Brotherhood in the mid-20th century. Qutb’s hardline interpretations of the Quran and his excoriation of the failures of Western society inspired the modern jihadist movement and led the Egyptian government to execute him in 1966. His influence can be seen in violent groups such as al-Qaeda, ISIS, and the Taliban, and among such notable extremists such as Osama bin Laden, Abu Bakr al- Baghdadi, and Khalid Sheikh Mohammed. Terrorism expert Paul Berman at one point dubbed Qutb “the intellectual hero of every one of the groups that eventually went into Al Qaeda, their Karl Marx (to put it that way), their guide.”1 Qutb’s writings helped inform the Islamist ideology known as Qutbism, which advocates violent jihad—including the killing of secular Muslims—in order to implement sharia (Islamic law). -
Dictatorship of the Pious: the Theological Dimension of Muslim Extremism in Egypt, 1954-1997
Dictatorship of the Pious: The Theological Dimension of Muslim Extremism in Egypt, 1954-1997 by Ibrahim Badawi Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia March 2010 © Copyright by Ibrahim Badawi, 2010 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “Dictatorship of the Pious: The Theological Dimension of Muslim Extremism in Egypt, 1954-1997” by Ibrahim Badawi in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts. Dated: March 19, 2010 Supervisor: _________________________________ Readers: _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY DATE: March 19, 2010 AUTHOR: Ibrahim Badawi TITLE: Dictatorship of the Pious: The Theological Dimension of Muslim Extremism in Egypt, 1954-1997 DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: Department of History DEGREE: MA CONVOCATION: May YEAR: 2010 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. _______________________________ Signature of Author The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author‟s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained -
The Contexts of Religion and Violence
Journal of Religion & Society Supplement Series 2 The Kripke Center 2007 The Contexts of Religion and Violence Edited by Ronald A. Simkins The Striving Shaykh Abdullah Azzam and the Revival of Jihad John C. M. Calvert, Creighton University The Problem of Religion and Violence [1] Religion is typically upheld as a vehicle of peace. Yet, history reveals that religion is often entwined with violence. Any number of religions has justified violence under certain conditions, and others have been caught up in its processes. In ancient Near Eastern religions, war was holy in the sense of it being enjoined by the gods and fought for the extension of their lands. In Medieval times, the Roman Church preached crusades and implemented inquisitions. In recent decades, there has been Buddhist terrorism in Japan; Hindu terrorism in India; Jewish terrorism in Israel and the Israeli occupied West Bank; and Christian terrorism in Northern Ireland and the United States. The Christian-tinged Cosmotheism explicated in William Pierce’s The Turner Diaries inspired Timothy McVeigh to bomb the federal building in Oklahoma City (the problematic of religion and violence is succinctly laid out in Juergensmeyer; Hall). [2] As for Islam, Muslim activists throughout history have evoked jihad in the effort to spread the faith and defend it from its enemies, often in ways that employ violence. The terrorist attacks carried out by radicalized Muslims in recent years in New York, Washington, Madrid, and London confirmed in the minds of many Americans and Europeans the putative violence of Islam. Despite the plea of President George W. Bush for Americans to distinguish carefully between “good” and “bad” Muslims, the events of September 11, 2001 83 The Contexts of Religion and Violence reinforced the long-standing stereotype, strong in the West since Medieval times, that Islam is a religion that condones violent behavior. -
Sayyid Qutb's
No. 86 AUTOBIOGRAPHY, POLITICS AND IDEOLOGY IN SAYYID QUTB’S READING OF THE QUR'AN Umej Bhatia Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies Singapore SEPTEMBER 2005 With Compliments This Working Paper series presents papers in a preliminary form and serves to stimulate comment and discussion. The views expressed are entirely the author’s own and not that of the Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies The Institute of Defence and Strategic Studies (IDSS) was established in July 1996 as an autonomous research institute within the Nanyang Technological University. Its objectives are to: • Conduct research on security, strategic and international issues. • Provide general and graduate education in strategic studies, international relations, defence management and defence technology. • Promote joint and exchange programmes with similar regional and international institutions; organise seminars/conferences on topics salient to the strategic and policy communities of the Asia-Pacific. Constituents of IDSS include the International Centre for Political Violence and Terrorism Research (ICPVTR) and the Asian Programme for Negotiation and Conflict Management (APNCM). Research Through its Working Paper Series, IDSS Commentaries and other publications, the Institute seeks to share its research findings with the strategic studies and defence policy communities. The Institute’s researchers are also encouraged to publish their writings in refereed journals. The focus of research is on issues relating to the security and stability of the Asia-Pacific region and their implications for Singapore and other countries in the region. The Institute has also established the S. Rajaratnam Professorship in Strategic Studies (named after Singapore’s first Foreign Minister), to bring distinguished scholars to participate in the work of the Institute.