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Burki Et Al. (2016) Downloaded from http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on October 18, 2017 Untangling the early diversification of rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, Haptophyta and Cryptista Research Fabien Burki1, Maia Kaplan1, Denis V. Tikhonenkov1,2, Vasily Zlatogursky3, Cite this article: Burki F, Kaplan M, Bui Quang Minh4, Liudmila V. Radaykina2, Alexey Smirnov3, Alexander Tikhonenkov DV, Zlatogursky V, Minh BQ, 2 1,5 Radaykina LV, Smirnov A, Mylnikov AP, Keeling P. Mylnikov and Patrick J. Keeling PJ. 2016 Untangling the early diversification of 1Department of Botany, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada eukaryotes: a phylogenomic study of the 2Institute for Biology of Inland Waters, Russian Academy of Sciences, Borok, Russia evolutionary origins of Centrohelida, 3Department of Invertebrate Zoology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia 4 Haptophyta and Cryptista. Proc. R. Soc. B 283: Center for Integrative Bioinformatics, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria 20152802. 5Canadian Institute for Advanced Research, Integrated Microbial Biodiversity Program, Toronto, Ontario, Canada http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 Assembling the global eukaryotic tree of life has long been a major effort of Biology. In recent years, pushed by the new availability of genome-scale data for microbial eukaryotes, it has become possible to revisit many evolution- Received: 24 November 2015 ary enigmas. However, some of the most ancient nodes, which are essential for Accepted: 22 December 2015 inferring a stable tree, have remained highly controversial. Among other reasons, the lack of adequate genomic datasets for key taxa has prevented the robust reconstruction of early diversification events. In this context, the cen- trohelid heliozoans are particularly relevant for reconstructing the tree of eukaryotes because they represent one of the last substantial groups that was Subject Areas: missing large and diverse genomic data. Here, we filled this gap by sequencing evolution, taxonomy and systematics high-quality transcriptomes for four centrohelid lineages, each correspond- ing to a different family. Combining these new data with a broad eukaryotic Keywords: sampling, we produced a gene-rich taxon-rich phylogenomic dataset that phylogenomics, eukaryotes, centrohelids, enabled us to refine the structure of the tree. Specifically, we show that (i) cen- tree of life, plastid evolution trohelids relate to haptophytes, confirming Haptista; (ii) Haptista relates to SAR; (iii) Cryptista share strong affinity with Archaeplastida; and (iv) Haptista þ SAR is sister to Cryptista þ Archaeplastida. The implications of this topology are discussed in the broader context of plastid evolution. Authors for correspondence: Fabien Burki e-mail: [email protected] 1. Introduction Patrick J. Keeling e-mail: [email protected] Reconstructing the tree of life is a challenging task, because the long evolutionary history since the origin of life has often confounded the phylogenetic signal that can be recovered today. Nevertheless, molecular-based phylogenies have made possible profound rearrangements in the tree, most recently using phylogenomics (i.e. the use of genomic-scale datasets with stronger phylogenetic power) [1]. Accordingly, the global tree of eukaryotes has been reshuffled once again, leading to a better understanding of the relationships between the largest assemblages, or supergroups, and the origins of some ‘orphan’ lineages [2]. However, contentious nodes between supergroups remain, as well as a few lingering ‘orphans’. Resol- ving the positions of these orphans is necessary for understanding their evolution, but also impacts the tree as a whole, because poorly sampled ‘orphan’ groups may lead to instability in the tree. One such group lacking proper genomic data is Centrohelida, a monophyletic Electronic supplementary material is available group of free-living predatory protists mainly found in freshwater and soil habitats, at http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2015.2802 or but also increasingly recognized to occur widely in marine environments [3]. With about 90 described species and a vast diversity of environmental sequences [4], cen- via http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org. trohelids have traditionally constituted the core of the original phylum Heliozoa, & 2016 The Author(s) Published by the Royal Society. All rights reserved. Downloaded from http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/ on October 18, 2017 which included a subset of microbial eukaryotes characterized Raineriophrys erinaceoides (Pterocystidae), as well as two 2 by a special type of pseudopodia, the axopodia. Heliozoa was undescribed species: Acanthocystis sp. (Acanthocystidae) and rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org shown to be a polyphyletic assemblage, and today several Choanocystis sp. (Choanocystidae). Our analyses unambigu- relatively minor lineages are scattered across the tree [5]. ously confirm that centrohelids share a common origin with Centrohelids, however, have remained one of the last sub- haptophytes. More generally, we present compelling evidence stantially diverse groups of eukaryotes that has eluded for the phylogenetic position of the centrohelid–haptophyte phylogenetic placement in the tree of life. Different analyses group and Cryptista, altogether bringing us one step closer of the 18S rRNA and a small number of protein-coding to a fully resolved eukaryotic tree of life. genes (actin, a-tubulin, b-tubulin, EF2, HSP70, HSP90) led to placement in various regions of the tree, but never with good statistical support. For example, centrohelids were 2. Methods weakly inferred to branch close to members of the Viridiplan- Proc. R. Soc. B tae, specifically glaucophytes [6] or red algae [7]. Other Details of experimental procedure for culturing, molecular work, sequencing, assembling and gene preparation are described in studies showed the centrohelids to share affinities with hap- the electronic supplementary material. tophytes [4,8], or were inconclusive [9]. Even a larger-scale multigene analysis involving 127 genes was unsuccessful at 283 the task, placing centrohelids with low confidence as sister (a) Phylogenomic datasets construction : 20152802 to either haptophytes or the enigmatic telonemids [10]. Following the preparation of 263 genes for phylogenomic analysis More recently, the partial transcriptome sequencing for the (see electronic supplementary material), all taxa were listed with tiny centrohelid Oxnerella marina was included in a 187 SCaFoS [29], which amounted to 274 taxa. This list was first reduced genes dataset, which resulted in a less ambiguous monophy- to 234 taxa after removing all taxa with more than or equal to 20% letic grouping with haptophytes [11], reinforcing the phylum missing genes. A 234-taxa, 263-gene (234/263) supermatrix was Haptista originally proposed on weaker evidence [4,12]. then constructed to infer an initial maximum-likelihood (ML) tree with IQ-TREE v. 1.3.0 [30] under the LG þ G model. Based on this Beyond their intrinsic interest as a large group of eukar- initial tree, a phylogeny-driven taxon selection approach was yotes with unknown evolutionary origin, centrohelids also applied to reduce further the number of taxa by retaining only repre- hold some of the clues to better understand a larger and sentative sequences within strongly supported monophyletic groups a priori unrelated evolutionary mystery. Owing to their poss- (100% bootstrap support), discarding the longest branches and/or ible link to haptophytes [11], centrohelids may help to shed least complete sequences. Chimeric concatenated sequences were light on one of the most puzzling aspects of plastid evolution: also allowed by pooling highly incomplete taxa of the same genus the origin and evolution of complex red plastids [13,14]. (see electronic supplementary material, table S1 for details). This Centrohelids are heterotrophs, and no permanent plastid approach led to a final taxon sampling composed of 150 operational has ever been observed [15], although kleptoplasty has taxonomic units (OTUs). Because removal of ambiguously aligned been reported [16]. Haptophytes, on the other hand, are sites is directly influenced by the proportion of gaps, we then re- phototrophs and possess complex plastids derived from an extracted from the unaligned and untrimmed fasta files the 150 OTUs corresponding to our final selection, which were re-aligned endosymbiotic event with a red alga [17]. Haptophytes rep- with MAFFT-LINSI v. 7 and trimmed with BMGE v. 1.1 [31] resent one of four lineages harbouring such plastids, the using conservative settings (removal of sites with more than 20%, others being ochrophytes (photosynthetic stramenopiles), minimum block size of 8, substitution matrix BLOSUM 75). Finally, myzozoans (alveolates with plastids: apicomplexans, dinofla- from our starting dataset of 263 seed genes, only 250 were retained to gellates and chrompodellids) and cryptophytes (belonging to enter the final concatenated alignment (55 554 aa positions), which Cryptista, which also include goniomonads, katablepharids corresponded to genes with less than 50% missing OTUs. See elec- and Palpitia). Whereas the origins of stramenopiles and alveo- tronic supplementary material, table S1 for details about missing lates are better understood [18,19], haptophytes and Cryptista data, and electronic supplementary
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