I the MUSICAL and PERSONAL BIOGRAPHIES of ADOLESCENTS with FOSTER CARE EXPERIENCE
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i THE MUSICAL AND PERSONAL BIOGRAPHIES OF ADOLESCENTS WITH FOSTER CARE EXPERIENCE ________________________________________________________________________ A Dissertation Submitted to the Temple University Graduate Board in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY by Michael L. Zanders May, 2011 Examining Committee Members: Kenneth Bruscia, Advisory Chair, Music Therapy Darlene Brooks, Music Therapy Ted Latham, Music Studies Charles Abramovic, Music: Keyboard ii © By Michael L. Zanders 2011 All Rights Reserved iii ABSTRACT This qualitative study examines the personal and musical lives of adolescents with foster care experience. Based on the researcher’s experience, it seemed that foster care adolescents had a different life experience with music than adolescents who were never in foster care. A structured interview, developed by the researcher, was used with a sample of 10 participants (6 males, 4 females) enrolled in out-patient therapy. Participants were chosen based on three criteria: 1) between the ages of 13-18 years, 2) present or past experience in foster care placements, and 3) willing and able to discuss their lives and musical backgrounds. Biographical inquiry was the specific method used to gather data on the musical lives of adolescents in foster care and to discern how the musical and personal biographies may have been related to one another. In this context, a musical biography was defined as the sum total of music experiences a person has had and the various meanings given to them, both in the past and present. It was assumed that one’s musical life is part of one’s personal biography, which also includes non musical events, experiences, and meanings. The study was organized according to two basic questions: 1) What music experiences had these adolescents in foster care had throughout their life span, and what meanings had they attached to those experiences, and 2) What relationships could be found between the musical and personal biographies? Results of the study showed that these adolescents with foster care experience used music consciously and actively in their everyday lives, similar to ways that adolescents with no foster care experience do. For example, adolescents with and iv without foster care experience share the same listening habits, music preferences, and how they use music. The results also showed that the music experiences of these adolescents did affect their life in foster care, and that their life in foster care did affect their overall relationship to music. In regards to foster care’s influence on an adolescent’s relationship to music, the results showed that when an adolescent had a relationship to music that was shared with a biological family member before foster care, this music relationship ceased when the participant entered foster care. Also, adolescents generally had a positive relationship with their foster family when involvement with music was encouraged. Conversely, music influenced the foster care experience of these adolescents. First, listening to music by oneself tended to increase in frequency and importance when the adolescent did not have a positive relationship or healthy attachment with the foster parent. Second, formal and active involvement in music (e.g., participating in school or group music, or taking lessons) seemed to be associated with a positive or healthy relationship with the foster family. Third, adolescents tended to listen to music for personal, psychological reasons, often to cope with the trauma, grief, and loss they continued to encounter throughout their lives. Implications for music therapy research, theory, and practice were drawn based on the conclusions. v DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my sweet little “guy” Max, and my lovely wife Gina. To Max, thank you for being so gentle and sensitive, and for waiting so patiently to play while I was busy doing my “homework.” I love you very much and I promise we will be out playing Wiffleball again soon. To my beautiful wife Gina, thank you for being continually supportive and encouraging, not only through this dissertation process but also throughout my PhD studies. You have been an unending inspiration to me not only as a student, but also as a father and husband. Although words could never fully describe my gratitude, please know that the energy and work put into this dissertation does not equal the amount of thanks I owe you. Impossibly, I love you more. vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First, I would like to thank the adolescents who participated in this study and Bethanna for the research opportunity. I am humbled by the willingness of these foster care youth to discuss their personal lives through all that they have endured. Without them and Bethanna, this research would not have been possible. I would like to personally thank my dissertation chair, Dr. Kenneth Bruscia. I am forever indebted to him for being a tremendous support throughout my schooling, and especially throughout the dissertation process. Dr. Bruscia has been an influential part of my professional and personal life. Dr. Bruscia, please know you are truly special to me and I highly value our relationship. To Dr. Darlene Brooks, thank you for being on my dissertation committee and for also working with me as a Ph.D. student. I have appreciated your support and for helping me to continually improve my work. You will always have a fond place in my heart, particularly for our shared love of Temple basketball. Go Owls! I would also like to thank other members of the music therapy faculty—Dr. Cheryl Dileo and Dr. Ken Aigen—not only for reviewing and providing information for my proposal and dissertation, but also for working with me throughout my education and training at Temple University. To Dr. Dileo, we have shared a long history and I will always be grateful for our relationship. You have been instrumental to my music therapy career. To Dr. Aigen, although our relationship has been brief, I have enjoyed our conversations and your insights into music therapy practice. vii To Dr. Ted Latham, thank you for agreeing to serve on my dissertation committee. I appreciate all of your editing efforts, as I know how much work it is. Also thanks for introducing me to Schenker analysis; it was your class that led me to ask you to be on this committee. To Charles Abramovic, thank you for being the outside examiner for this study. Although, we may not know each other very well, I have always been an admirer of your pianistic excellence. I want to acknowledge my friends and family for sticking with me throughout this entire journey, not only through the many challenges of my doctoral work, but also through the dissertation process. Thank you everyone, hopefully we can celebrate soon. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ABSTRACT .....................………………………………………………………ii DEDICATION …………………………………………………………....iv ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ………………………………………...…………...v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION ……………...……………………………………………...1 Foster Care .......………………………………………………………………...1 Delivery of Services in Foster Care .........……………………………….3 Therapy Protocols for Foster Care Children ..……………………………7 Intensive Case Management ..........………………………………………7 Multi-dimensional Treatment ............……………………………..7 Treatment Foster Care .............…………………………………….9 Outpatient Therapy ........………………………………………………..9 Youth Mentoring .....………………………………………………….9 Other Protocols ..…………………………………………………..10 Psychological Problems of Foster Care Adolescents ...………………….11 Mental Health Interventions in Foster Care .........……………………...15 Personal Context of the Study ……………………………………………18 Need and Significance for the Study ...………………………………….21 b. RELATED LITERATURE ……………………………………………24 ix Music Therapy and Foster Care ...……………………………………….…24 Music Therapy and Axis I Diagnosis ...………………………………….26 Research Writings that Specify Axis I Diagnosis ......………………..28 Research Writings that Imply Axis I Diagnosis ....………………....31 Clinical Writings that Specify Axis I Diagnosis ....………………....32 Clinical Writings that Imply Axis I Diagnosis ..…………………..34 Music Preferences of Adolescents and Mental Health ..………………..…38 Summary ....………………………………………………………………....38 3. METHOD ..………………………………………………………………..…40 Design ………………………………………………………………...….40 Participants .......……………………………………………………………….40 Procedure .....………………………………………………………………...42 Materials ....………………………………………………………………....43 Structured Interview ..........……………………………………………..43 Data Processing ..…………………………………………………………..45 4. INDIVIDUAL CASES ..…………………………………………………..47 Steve ………………………………………….………………………...47 History/Background Information .....………………………………...47 Before Foster Care .......…………………………………………….…48 During Foster Care .......……………………………………………….48 His Experiences Today ..…………………………………………..50 Overall Experience .......……………………………………………….51 x Interpretive Summary ............……………………………………51 John ........……………………………………………………………....53 History/Background Information .....………………………………...53 Before Foster Care .......……………………………………………….54 During Foster Care .......……………………………………………….54 His Experiences Today ..…………………………………………..56 Overall Experience .......……………………………………………….57 Interpretive Summary ............……………………………………58 Mark .........……………………………………………………………...60 History/Background Information .....………………………………...60 Before Foster Care .......……………………………………………….61 During Foster Care .......…………………………………………….…63 His Experiences Today ..………………………………………..…65 Overall Experience .......……………………………………………….66 Interpretive Summary ............……………………………………67