Directory of Source Materials for the History of Oceanography; UNESCO
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Chapter 7 100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation
CHAPTER 7 WUNSCH AND FERRARI 7.1 Chapter 7 100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation CARL WUNSCH Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts RAFFAELE FERRARI Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts ABSTRACT The central change in understanding of the ocean circulation during the past 100 years has been its emergence as an intensely time-dependent, effectively turbulent and wave-dominated, flow. Early technol- ogies for making the difficult observations were adequate only to depict large-scale, quasi-steady flows. With the electronic revolution of the past 501 years, the emergence of geophysical fluid dynamics, the strongly inhomogeneous time-dependent nature of oceanic circulation physics finally emerged. Mesoscale (balanced), submesoscale oceanic eddies at 100-km horizontal scales and shorter, and internal waves are now known to be central to much of the behavior of the system. Ocean circulation is now recognized to involve both eddies and larger-scale flows with dominant elements and their interactions varying among the classical gyres, the boundary current regions, the Southern Ocean, and the tropics. 1. Introduction physical regimes, understanding of the ocean until relatively recently greatly lagged that of the atmo- In the past 100 years, understanding of the general sphere. As in almost all of fluid dynamics, progress circulation of the ocean has shifted from treating it as an in understanding has required an intimate partnership essentially laminar, steady-state, slow, almost geological, between theoretical description and observational or flow, to that of a perpetually changing fluid, best charac- laboratory tests. The basic feature of the fluid dynamics terized as intensely turbulent with kinetic energy domi- of the ocean, as opposed to that of the atmosphere, has nated by time-varying flows. -
The Voyage of the “Challenger”
The Voyage of the "Challenger" From 1872 to 1876 a doughty little ship sailed the seven seas and gathered an unprecedented amount of information about them, thereby founding the science of oceanography by Herbert S. Bailey, Jr. UST 77 years ago this month a spar since that pioneering voyage. It was the philosophy at the University of Edin decked little ship of 2,300 tons Challenger, rigged with crude but in burgh. He did some dredging in the sailed into the harbor of Spithead, genious sounding equipment, that Aegean Sea, studying the distribution JEngland. She was home from a voyage charted what is still our basic map of of flora and fauna and their relation to of three and a half years and 68,890 the world under the oceans. depths, temperatures and other factors. miles over the seven seas. Her expedition Before the Challenger, only a few iso Forbes never dredged deeper than about had been a bold attack upon the un lated soundings had been taken in the 1,200 feet, and he acquired some curious known in the tradition of the great sea deep seas. Magellan is believed to have notions, including a belief that nothing explorations of the 15th and 16th cen made the Rrst. During his voyage around lived in the sea below 1,500 feet. But turies. The unknown she had explored the globe in 1521 he lowered hand lines his pioneering work led the way for the was the sea bottom. When she had left to a depth of perhaps 200 fathoms Challenger expedition. -
Miles Down! Oceanography Through History
MILES DOWN! OCEANOGRAPHY THROUGH HISTORY The history of oceanography is an international story of invention, individual adventure, and exploration that remains little-known. This exhibition presents an historical overview, using timelines, text, photographs, and profiles of oceanographic expeditions and individual scientists from around the world. Image: Colette Kerry From water’s edge, the oceans are as mysterious as the stars. In the 21st century, deep-sea exploration – like space exploration - is no longer a fantastic idea, but a fact of scientific life. How did we move below the surface to study the depths of the sea? This exhibition tells the story of curious humans posing questions about the oceans and developing the tools and technology to move miles down to explore the sea. The oceans that cover 71% of the world’s surface hide complex worlds within their depths. How ocean waters behave, what creatures inhabit the seas, what lies on the ocean floors, what makes up seawater: these are the questions that underlie the scientific study of the oceans - the science of oceanography. Oceanography is the scientific study of the oceans as complex, interrelated systems. It is a mixed science that combines many different approaches to understanding the watery portion of our planet. Physics explores the physical properties of the oceans, the currents and waves. It’s a study of matter and energy and the relation between them. Chemistry is concerned with the properties, composition, and structure of substances in the oceans and the changes they undergo when they combine or react. The geology of the seafloor explores the earth’s history, composition, structure and processes. -
Chapter 7 100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation
CHAPTER 7 WUNSCH AND FERRARI 7.1 Chapter 7 100 Years of the Ocean General Circulation CARL WUNSCH Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts RAFFAELE FERRARI Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts ABSTRACT The central change in understanding of the ocean circulation during the past 100 years has been its emergence as an intensely time-dependent, effectively turbulent and wave-dominated, flow. Early technol- ogies for making the difficult observations were adequate only to depict large-scale, quasi-steady flows. With the electronic revolution of the past 501 years, the emergence of geophysical fluid dynamics, the strongly inhomogeneous time-dependent nature of oceanic circulation physics finally emerged. Mesoscale (balanced), submesoscale oceanic eddies at 100-km horizontal scales and shorter, and internal waves are now known to be central to much of the behavior of the system. Ocean circulation is now recognized to involve both eddies and larger-scale flows with dominant elements and their interactions varying among the classical gyres, the boundary current regions, the Southern Ocean, and the tropics. 1. Introduction physical regimes, understanding of the ocean until relatively recently greatly lagged that of the atmo- In the past 100 years, understanding of the general sphere. As in almost all of fluid dynamics, progress circulation of the ocean has shifted from treating it as an in understanding has required an intimate partnership essentially laminar, steady-state, slow, almost geological, between theoretical description and observational or flow, to that of a perpetually changing fluid, best charac- laboratory tests. The basic feature of the fluid dynamics terized as intensely turbulent with kinetic energy domi- of the ocean, as opposed to that of the atmosphere, has nated by time-varying flows. -
Winter / Spring 2007
FOLLOWING SEASEA 2005-2006 Annual Report Issue Winter/Spring 2007 sea at thirty-five TABLETABLE OFOF CONTENTSCONTENTS Winter/Spring 2007 Cover Story SEA at Thirty-five SEA celebrates its 35th Anniversary year . .1 Features Ann Wickes Brewer A tribute to a SEA trustee emeritus . .4 Heading for a ‘roasted world’ John Bullard’s Boston Globe editorial . .9 In Every Issue Passages Events and news of general interest . .8 Scuttlebutt Alumni news from around the world . .10 Science Corner The evolution of oceanographic equipment . .26 Currents Mariah Klingsmith and Jarod Maggio (C-187) volunteer for the Peace Corps in the Philippines . .28 Special Report 2005-2006 Report to Donors From the desk of Board Chair, Linda Cox Maguire . .14 Annual Report . .15 Following SEA Winter/Spring 2007 Editor: Jan Wagner Cover Design: Lori Dolby Design: MBDesign Photography: Sandie Allen, Laurie Bullard, courtesy Colgate University, Mariah Klingsmith, Jarod Maggio, Amy Radar, courtesy Sparkman & Stephens, Jan Wagner, Become an alumni enrollment volunteer! For more information, Jim Watters, Laurie Weitzen contact Laurie Weitzen at (800) 552-3633, ext. 12 or [email protected] Following SEA is available online. If you’d like your prints, slides, or digital images considered for the next issue contact: Kerry Sullivan, ext. 20 or [email protected]. Sea Education Association, Inc., PO Box 6, Woods Hole, Massachusetts 02543 Phone 800-552-3633 Fax 508-457-4673 www.sea.edu Recycled Chlorine-Free Paper / Soy Ink captains October 1982 4 sea A lesson in determinationat thirty-five The story of SEA’s founding and the early years of struggle to gain a pathway to success is a lesson in determination on the part of Corwith Cramer, Jr. -
Alfonso Mucci Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences EPSC-542
Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences EPSC-542 Chemical Oceanography Tuesday and Thursday: 11:35AM-12:55PM FDA-348 Alfonso Mucci [email protected] Frank Dawson Adams (FDA) - 201 Teaching Assistant Pascle Daoust ([email protected]) FDA-349 2/66 EPSC-542 Chemical Oceanography Course outline Week Subject 1 Introduction -organization (course description and schedule), books, evaluation scheme. 2 History of chemical oceanography The ocean as a stratified body of water Origin and evolution of the early ocean 2/3 Seawater composition -Definition of salinity/chlorinity and concept of constant relative proportions -Determination of salinity -Salinity distribution in the ocean -Validity of the law of constant relative proportions 3 Properties of water -Isotopic composition -Anomalous physical properties of water -The structure of liquid water -Influence of solutes on the structure of water 4 The behaviour of electrolytes and non-electrolytes in solution -Electrostriction -Speciation and ion-pairing 4/5 Minor elements -Concept of residence time -Distribution of minor elements in the ocean 3/66 Course outline (continued) 6 Micronutrient elements -Phosphate and the phosphorus cycle -Nitrogen and the nitrogen cycle -The ocean's internal cycle -The horizontal segregation of elements in the deep-sea 7/8 Dissolved gases -Solubility of gases in seawater -The rate of gas exchange between the atmosphere and ocean -Disequilibrium between the atmosphere and ocean -Dissolved oxygen distribution in the ocean 9/10 CO2 and the carbonate system -The chemistry of the CO2-H2O system -pH measurements in seawater -Buffer capacity of seawater -The solubility and distribution of carbonate minerals in marine sediments 11/12 Deep-sea sediments -Origin of deep-sea sediments (e.g weathering, transport, authigenic and biogenic production) -Components of deep-sea sediments (e.g. -
1 Archives of Natural History, 47, 147-165. Accepted Version. Robert
Archives of Natural History, 47, 147-165. Accepted version. Robert McCormick’s geological collections from Antarctica and the Southern Ocean, 1839–1843 PHILIP STONE British Geological Survey, The Lyell Centre, Research Avenue South, Edinburgh EH14 4AP, Scotland, UK (e-mail: [email protected]) ABSTRACT: Robert McCormick (1800–1890) took part in three mid-nineteenth- century British Polar expeditions, two to the Arctic and one to the Antarctic. The latter, from 1839 to 1843 and led by James Clark Ross, is the best known. McCormick served as senior surgeon on HMS Erebus and was responsible for the collection of zoological and geological specimens. Despite the novelty and potential scientific importance of these early geological collections from Antarctica and remote islands in the Southern Ocean, they received surprisingly little attention at the time. Ross deposited an official collection with the British Museum in 1844, soon after the expedition’s return, and this was supplemented by McCormick’s personal collection, bequeathed in 1890. McCormick had contributed brief and idiosyncratic geological notes to the expedition report published by Ross in 1847, but it was not until 1899 that an informed description of the Antarctic rocks was published, and only in 1921 were McCormick’s palaeobotanical specimens from Kerguelen examined. His material from other Southern Ocean islands received even less attention; had it been utilized at the time it would have supplemented the better-known collections made by the likes of Charles Darwin. In later life, McCormick became increasingly embittered over the lack of recognition afforded to him for his work in the Polar regions. -
Challenger Deep Pdf, Epub, Ebook
CHALLENGER DEEP PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Neal Shusterman,Brendan Shusterman | 320 pages | 21 May 2015 | HarperCollins Publishers Inc | 9780062413093 | English | New York, United States Challenger Deep PDF Book January It was the first solo dive and the first to spend a significant amount of time three hours exploring the bottom. Raid on Alexandria Sinking of the Rainbow Warrior. The report by the HMS Challenger expedition reported two species of radiolarian when they discovered in the Challenger Deep. I kept thinking - am I going to spiral down one day? Enlarge cover. Other than that, the rest of the story kind of clicked and made sense. They are. The parrot is no better; he is malevolent, too, but funny. Each decade has its own civil rights fight, and I truly hope we tackle this next. In many mental-health books mental hospitals are demonized and described as prisons and mental torture houses run by cruel doctors and orderlies. The system was so new that JHOD had to develop their own software for drawing bathymetric charts based on the SeaBeam digital data. Marine Geophysical Research. Lin joined VictorVescovo to become, not only the first person born in Taiwan to go to the bottom of the Mariana Trench, but also the first from the Asian continent to do so. In , researchers on RV Kilo Moana doing sonar mapping determined that it was 35,ft deep with a 72ft error. Underwater vents cause liquid sulfur and carbon dioxide to bubble up from the crescent-shaped vent. I will admit that this book was a little confusing at the beginning but when the parallels made themselves more evident, I really started enjoying the book. -
Eric L. Mills H.M.S. CHALLENGER, HALIFAX, and the REVEREND
529 THE DALHOUSIE REVIEW Eric L. Mills H.M.S. CHALLENGER, HALIFAX, AND THE REVEREND DR. HONEYMAN I The arrival of the British corvette Challenger in Halifax on May 9, 18 7~l. was not particularly unusual in itself. But the men on board and the purpose of the voyage were unusual, because the ship as she docked brought oceanography for the first time to Nova Scotia, and in fact was establishing that branch of science as a global, coherent discipline. The arrival of Challenger at Halifax was nearly an accident. At its previous stop, Bermuda, the ship's captain, G.S. Nares, had been warned that his next port of call, New York, was offering high wages and that he could expect many desertions. 1 Course was changed; the United States coast passed b y the port side, and Challenger steamed slowly into the early spring of Halifax Harbour. We reached Halifax on the morning of the 9th. The weather was very fine and perfectly still, w :i th a light mist, and as we steamed up the bay there was a most extraordinary and bewildering display of mirage. The sea and the land and the sky were hopelessly confused; all the objects along the shore drawn up out of all proportion, the white cottages standing out like pillars and light-house!:, and all the low rocky islands loo king as if they were crowned with battlements and towers. Low, hazy islands which had no place on the chart bounded the horizon, and faded away while one was looking at them. -
2002 in Review
Bedford Institute of Oceanography 2002 in Review 40th Anniversary Edition BIO-2002 IN REVIEW 1 Change of address notices, requests for copies, and other correspondence regarding this publication should be sent to: The Editor, BIO 2002 in Review Bedford Institute of Oceanography P.O. Box 1006 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia Canada, B2Y 4A2 E-mail address:[email protected] The cover image is the CSS Hudson in the Canadian Arctic in the late 1980s. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, 2003 Cat. No. Fs75-104/2002E ISBN: 0-662-34402-2 ISSN: 1499-9951 Aussi disponible en français. Editor: Dianne Geddes, BIO. Editorial team: Shelley Armsworthy, Pat Dennis, and Bob St-Laurent. Photographs: BIO Technographics, the authors, and individuals/agencies credited. Design: Channel Communications, Halifax, Nova Scotia. Published by: Fisheries and Oceans Canada and Natural Resources Canada Bedford Institute of Oceanography 1 Challenger Drive P. O. Box 1006 Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2 BIO web site address: www.bio.gc.ca INTRODUCTION Anniversaries, in this case our 40th, are an opportunity for both celebration and reflection. We very much enjoyed our year of celebrations. Open House 2002, the special lecture by David Suzuki, the Symposium on the Future of Marine Science, and the Symphony Nova Scotia concert all contributed to the sense of community that is a strong characteristic of the Institute. The lectures by Dale Buckley (during the opening ceremonies for open house) and by Bosko Loncaravic (the first lecture of our symposium) provided rich memories of research high- lights over four decades. Both talks emphasized the key role of scientific advice to the government of Canada (such as input to the Gulf of Maine boundary dispute decided upon at the World Court in The Hague and the Arrow oil spill in Chedabucto Bay). -
Downloaded from Brill.Com10/02/2021 05:58:33AM Via Free Access 62 with Andersen
chapter 3 A Short Human History of the Ocean Floor Håkon With Andersen 1 Introduction It could be argued that representations are the key to understanding human actions. It is our inner picture of the sea floor that makes things happen – what- ever picture that is. The more so since the ocean floor is not directly accessible to us in any way – we depend on representations. So let us start this human history of the ocean floor reminding ourselves that our object of study is not direct accessible and that our impressions of the sea floor is always mediated in one way or another: by different technologies, by science or by literature or cultural traditions. Science came to play an important role in overtaking earlier guesswork and anecdotes about the sea floor. But even scientific views were changing. It suf- fices to remember the ridicule Alfred Wegener (1880–1930) was subjected to with his theory of continental drift from 1912. Not to mention the fascinating story of the cartographer Marie Tharp (1920–2003) and her detailed drawings of the ocean floor that finally contributed to the breakthrough of plate tectonics in the late 1960s and restored Wegener’s ideas. The representations developed afterwards combined with all sort of technological devices have made the ocean floor a place for a great variety of claims and hunt for resources. In this chapter, I will try to establish something that could be called a human history of the sea floor. A place so inaccessible requires other means and ways to figure out the relation between humans and the deep sea. -
Deep-Sea Life Issue 16, January 2021 Cruise News Sedimentation Effects Survey Series (ROBES III) Completed
Deep-Sea Life Issue 16, January 2021 Despite the calamity caused by the global pandemic, we are pleased to report that our deep ocean continues to be investigated at an impressive rate. Deep-Sea Life 16 is another bumper issue, brimming with newly published research, project news, cruise news, scientist profiles and so on. Even though DOSI produce a weekly Deep-Sea Round Up newsletter and DOSI and DSBS are active on social media, there’s still plenty of breaking news for Deep- Sea Life! Firstly a quick update on the status of INDEEP. As most of you are aware, INDEEP was a legacy programme of the Census of Marine Life (2000-2010) and was established to address knowledge gaps in deep-sea ecology. Among other things, the INDEEP project played central role in the creation of the Deep-Ocean Stewardship Initiative and funded initial DOSI activities. In 2018, the DOSI Decade of Ocean Science working group was established with a view to identifying key priorities for deep-ocean science to support sustainable development and to ensure deep- ocean ecological studies were included in the UN Decade plans via truly global collaborative science. This has resulted in an exciting new initiative called “Challenger 150”. You are all invited to learn more about this during a webinar on 9th Feb (see p. 22 ). INDEEP has passed on the baton and has now officially closed its doors.Eva and I want to sincerely thank all those that led INDEEP with us and engaged in any of the many INDEEP actions. It was a productive programme that has left a strong legacy.