Agaricales: Amanitaceae

Home , Amanita, Amanitaceae, Amanita pseudoporphyria, Amanita subjunquillea, Torrendia

The vegetation type of study areas is classified as temperate plentiful. Stipe 110–195 × 14–16 mm, slightly tapering TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON AMANITA SECTION PHALLOIDEAE mixed broadleaf forests and is dominated by broadleaf upward, white to whitish (1A1), unchanging when bruised, (AGARICALES: AMANITACEAE) IN WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA species such as Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron densely covered with floccose squamules below and below and arboretum and some coniferous trees such as Cedrus annulus. Context white (1A1), soft, brittle, stuffed to solid. 1 1 2 1 T. Mehmood , R.P. Bhatt , A.K. Chowdhary and U. Singh deodara (Tulloss 2008). Partial veil superior, fragile, white (1A1), often turn off or detached due to handling. Universal veil at stipe base 30–70 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 2 Collections × 20–27 mm, saccate, limbate, white, membranous. Odour Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India indistinct. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. Specimens were collected from temperate forests during the * Correspondence: [email protected] Basidiospores (5.0–) 6.0–7.5 (- 8.5) × (4.5- ) 5.0–6.5 (- 7.0) monsoon season which occurs from July to September. Fresh µm, L=6.3–7.2 µm (L' = 6.8 µm; W=5.4- 6.3 W' = 5.7µm; Q = ABSTRACT specimens were photographed, collected, described, and then dried using a field drier (40°–50° C). (1.05- ) 1.12- 1.25 (- 1.32); Q=1.17- 1.22 Q' = 1.19 µm; The section Phalloideae of genus Amanita contains the mushrooms that are mainly responsible for fatalities from mushroom- amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally poisoning all over the world. A study encompassing the taxonomy and ecology of Amanita section Phalloideae was carried Macroscopic and microscopic observations broadly elongate, smooth, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled; apiculus sublateral; contents monoguttulate. out in Uttarakhand region of Western Himalaya, India to observe their mycorrhizal (symbiotic) associations with some Methodology follows that of Tulloss 2008. Macromor- vascular plants. During the survey, five taxa viz., Amanita manginiana sensu W.F Chiu, Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang phological or field characters like shape, size, colour, & Yoshim. Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo, Amanita subjunquillea var. alba Z. L. Yang and Amanita subjunquillea Imai texture, smell, spore print, habit and habitat were are morphologically described and illustrated. A. manginiana is reported for the first time from Indian mycobiota. The present documented in the forest or base camp from the fresh and communication will be beneficial for the local mushroom hunters to get rid of the Amanita created mushroom-poisoning in dissected young to mature basidiomata (Tulloss 2012). this part of Indian Himalaya. Colour codes and terms mostly follow Methuen Handbook

Keywords: Amanita, Mushroom-poisoning, Mycorrhiza, Phalloideae, Taxonomy. of Colour (Kornerup et al., 1978). Samples were dried with a field drier. micro morphological characters were observed INTRODUCTION Amanita sect. Phalloidae, which were collected from the with the help of a compound microscope from the dry Western Himalayas and are presented here with taxonomic materials mounted in a mixture of 5% KOH, 1% Phloxin and Amanita Pers. is widely distributed throughout the world and and ecological data. 1% Congo red. Drawings of micromorphological features most species form obligatorily mycorrhizal associations were made with the Camera lucida at 2000× magnifications. with many vascular plants (Yang et al., 1999). Amanita is METHODOLOGY Microphotography was made with the respective dedicated also known for several deadly poisonous species along with cameras attached to the compound microscopes: Olympus STUDY SITE some highly valued edible species (Zhang et al., 2010). In CH20i and Magnus MIPS. recent decades, mushroom poisoning cases caused by Fig. 2a. Amanita manginiana (a–d) Basidiomata in its habitat (e) The research was carried out in temperate region of amanitas have been frequently reported in East Asia (Kawase RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Basidiospores (f) Elements of universal veil on stipe base (g) Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya (Fig. 1) located between et al., 1992; Li 1996; Zhang et al., 2002). Amanita sect. Basidia at different stages of development latitudes 28°43'-31028' N and longitudes 77°34'- 81°03' E. Phalloideae (Fr.) QueAl. is characterized by a non- Taxonomy Precipitation peaks during July (15.5 mm average) followed Bilateral, divergent; mediostratum 25–35 µm wide, appendiculate, non-striate pileus and a limbate or saccate by August (14.1 mm average). Amanita manginiana sensu W.F. Chiu, Science Reports of filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, volva on the bulbous stipe base. The diagnostic microscopic National Tsing Hua University, Series B, Biological & with inflated cell 20–65 × 10–25 µm thin-walled; features include amyloid basidiospores and a pileipellis Psychological Sciences 3: 166 (1948) (Fig. 2a & 2b). vascular hyphae not observed. Subhymenium 28–38 composed of gelatinous filamentous hyphae (Yang 1997). Basidiocarp medium–sized. Pileus 60–110 mm wide, µm thick; with basidia arising from small subglobose to The sect. Phalloideae currently comprises approximately 61 intially hemispherical then convex to plano-convex and ovoid cells, 15–25 × 10–20 µm dominating. Basidia taxa that have been described worldwide (Cai et al., 2014; finally plane, greyish brown (6D2) brown (6E4) over disc, (25–30–40(–50) x (8.0–) 9.5–11.5(–12.5) µm. Lamellar Tulloss et al., 2017). The cyclooligopeptide toxins found in appearing fibrillose, viscid when moist, shining. Context members of this group, include amatoxins, phallotoxins, and 6–8 mm thick, thinning slowly toward margin, whitish, edge sterile; inflated cells, subglobose to broadly virotoxins (Helfer et al., 2014). In Asia, species of sect. unchanging when aged or bruised. Margin non striate, ellipsoid 20–28 × 16–20 µm, Colourless, thin-walled. Phalloideae viz.A. exitialis, A. subjunquillea var. alba, A. uplifted in age, appendiculate. Universal veil on pileus hyaline. Pileipellis 110–140 µm thick, 2-layered; upper subjunquillea A. pallidorosea, A. cf. pseudoporphyria, A. usually absent. Lamellae free, crowded, (10–14 layer 60–80 µm thick, filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm fuliginea, A. fuligineoides have caused hundreds of fatalities lamellae/10mm) white (1A1), unchanging when cut or wide, slightly gelatinized, hyaline, Colourless, thin- (Yang 2005; Chen et al., 2003; Cai et al., 2014; Chen et al., Fig. 1. Map showing sampling sites in Uttarakhand region of bruised, 6–12 mm broad, white (1A1) inside view, cream walled, lower layer 50–60 µm thick, filamentous, 2014). In the present study, we described five species of Western Himalaya white in mass. Lamellulae truncate, of several lengths, undifferentiated hyphae 2–5 µm wide, non-gelatinized,

145 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 146 The vegetation type of study areas is classified as temperate plentiful. Stipe 110–195 × 14–16 mm, slightly tapering TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON AMANITA SECTION PHALLOIDEAE mixed broadleaf forests and is dominated by broadleaf upward, white to whitish (1A1), unchanging when bruised, (AGARICALES: AMANITACEAE) IN WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA species such as Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron densely covered with floccose squamules below and below and arboretum and some coniferous trees such as Cedrus annulus. Context white (1A1), soft, brittle, stuffed to solid. 1 1 2 1 T. Mehmood , R.P. Bhatt , A.K. Chowdhary and U. Singh deodara (Tulloss 2008). Partial veil superior, fragile, white (1A1), often turn off or detached due to handling. Universal veil at stipe base 30–70 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 2 Collections × 20–27 mm, saccate, limbate, white, membranous. Odour Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India indistinct. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. Specimens were collected from temperate forests during the * Correspondence: [email protected] Basidiospores (5.0–) 6.0–7.5 (- 8.5) × (4.5- ) 5.0–6.5 (- 7.0) monsoon season which occurs from July to September. Fresh µm, L=6.3–7.2 µm (L' = 6.8 µm; W=5.4- 6.3 W' = 5.7µm; Q = ABSTRACT specimens were photographed, collected, described, and then dried using a field drier (40°–50° C). (1.05- ) 1.12- 1.25 (- 1.32); Q=1.17- 1.22 Q' = 1.19 µm; The section Phalloideae of genus Amanita contains the mushrooms that are mainly responsible for fatalities from mushroom- amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally poisoning all over the world. A study encompassing the taxonomy and ecology of Amanita section Phalloideae was carried Macroscopic and microscopic observations broadly elongate, smooth, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled; apiculus sublateral; contents monoguttulate. out in Uttarakhand region of Western Himalaya, India to observe their mycorrhizal (symbiotic) associations with some Methodology follows that of Tulloss 2008. Macromor- vascular plants. During the survey, five taxa viz., Amanita manginiana sensu W.F Chiu, Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang phological or field characters like shape, size, colour, & Yoshim. Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo, Amanita subjunquillea var. alba Z. L. Yang and Amanita subjunquillea Imai texture, smell, spore print, habit and habitat were are morphologically described and illustrated. A. manginiana is reported for the first time from Indian mycobiota. The present documented in the forest or base camp from the fresh and communication will be beneficial for the local mushroom hunters to get rid of the Amanita created mushroom-poisoning in dissected young to mature basidiomata (Tulloss 2012). this part of Indian Himalaya. Colour codes and terms mostly follow Methuen Handbook

145 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 146 basidiospores, and the volva with more inflated cells. cells, subglobose to subclavate, 40–68 × 12–26 µm. Interior Discussion: Amanita oberwinklerana belongs to the Furthermore, the stipe base of A. pseudoporphyria is often surface of universal veil (on stipe base) composed of subgenus Lepidella (E-J Gilbert) Corner & Bas section not rooting (Yang 1997; Yang 1999). elements with irregular arrangements; filamentous, Phalloideae (Fr.) Quel. It is characterized by its white to undifferentiated hyphae 2–7 µm wide. whitish pileus, smaller basidiospores and its basidiomata Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang Yoshim. Doi, lack a response to 5 % KOH solution. Amanita Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 25 (3): 120 oberwinklerana can be mistaken for A. virosa (Fr.) Bertill, A. (1999) (Fig 3a & 3b). Basidiocarp small to medium sized. subjunquillea var. alba and A. rimosa P. Zhang & Z.L. Yang Pileus 35–70 mm wide, hemispherical at first, then convex, on account of whitish basidiocarps of similar appearance. becoming applanate at maturity, white to whitish (1A1), Amanita virosa differs from Amanita oberwinklerana by sometimes slightly cream to yellowish white (1A2) over larger and more ellipsoid basidiospores (8–11 × 7.5–10 µm), centre, viscid to subviscid when wet. Context 2–3 mm thick, Fig. 2b. Amanita manginiana (a) Basidiomata thinning slowly toward margin, whitish to white (1A1). longer basidia and different structure of annulus (Neville et (b) Basidia at different stages of development (c) Margin nonstriated, nonappendiculate. Universal veil on al., 2004). Amanita rimosa differs by its rimose pileal Elements of universal veil on pileus surface (d) pileus usually absent. Lamellae 3–5 mm broad, free, surface, slightly gelatinized upper layer of pileipellis with Basidiospores Scale bars: a = 10 mm, b–d =10 µm crowded, white (1A1) Lamellulae attenuate, of various abundant inflated cells, and smaller globose basidiospores lengths. Stipe 50–88 × 13–14 cm, tapering upwards, apex (7–8.5× 6.5–8 µm), which are easily distinguished from hyaline or occasionally with yellowish brown slightly expanded, white to whitish, covered with finely Fig. 3a. Amanita oberwinklerana (a–b) Basidiomata in its Amanita oberwinklerana (Zhang et al., 2010). Amanita intracellular pigmentation. Universal veil on stipe base white fibrils or squamules. Context white, stuffed with habitat (c) Elements of universal veil on stipe base (d) oberwinklerana differs from A. subjunquillea var. alba by its negative response to 5 % KOH solution. Amanita pseudopo- comprising of irregularly arranged elements; white cottony material, hollow with age. Basal bulb Basidia at different stages of development (e) Basidiospores rphyria Hongo, Journal of Japanese Botany 32: 141 (1957) filamentous hyphae 2–4 µm wide, with inflated cells subfusiform to napiform 20–42 × 13–28 mm. Universal veil (Fig. 4a & 4b). Basidiocarp medium–sized. Pileus 56–120 dominantly subglobose to broadly ellipsoid on stipe base membranous, limbate with free limb up to 17 mm high, both surfaces white. Partial veil superior, thin, mm wide, intially hemispherical then convex to plano- 40–80x45–90 m, branching, hyaline, thin-walled. Stipe white (1A1), pendent, persistent, often collapsed with stipe convex and finally plane, greyish brown (6D3) brownish trama longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous surface (Sanmee et al., 2008). Taste not recorded. Odour beige to dark brown (6E3– 6F4) over disc, covered by radial hyphae dominating, 2–7 µm wide; acrophysalides cells, indistinct. Spore deposit white. Macrochemical test: pileal brown streaks, viscid when moist, shining. Context 4–9 mm 120–230 x 25–35 µm. Partial veil filamentous hyphae surface and context is negative. Basidiospores (7.0–) 7.3 – thick, thinning slowly toward margin, whitish, unchanging 2–7 µm wide, branching, hyaline, Colourless, thin- 9.8 (–10.5) × (6.0–) 6.5 – 8.6 (–9.5) µm, (Q = (1.10–) 1.14 – when cut or bruised. Margin nonstriate, uplifted in age, walled; inflated cells, clavate to broadly clavate, 1.20 (–1.28); Q = 1.10–1.18; Q' = 1.16), L=7.5–9.2 µm; L' = appendiculate. Universal veil on pileus usually absent, abundant, 20–45x10–35 µm, occasionally subglobose 8.5 µm, W = 6.8–8.0 µm; W' = 7.5 hyaline, Colourless, sometimes present as a single membranous patch, white to (12–25 x 10–20 µm). Taste not recorded, Odour smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, rarely subglobose to broadly dirty white (1A1). Lamellae free, crowded, (12–13 lamellae/10 mm at margin) white (1A1), unchanging when indistinct, Spore print white. ellipsoid, apiculus small. Basidia 30–43 × 9–13 µm, clavate, 2 to 4-spored; sterigmata 3–4 µm long. Lamellar edge sterile cut or bruised, 6–12 mm broad, white (1A1) inside view, Ecology: Solitary to scattered, growing on ground with inflated cells; globose to broadly ellipsoid up to Fig. 3b. Amanita oberwinklerana (a) Basidiomata (b) cream-white in mass. Lamellulae truncate, of several associated with the trees of Quercus leucotricophora, (25–45x10–16 µm). Lamellar trama bilateral: mediostratum Basidia at different stages of development, (c) Basidiospores lengths, plentiful. Stipe 130–195 x 14–16 mm, slightly Rhododendron arboreum. 23–42 µm wide, composed of abundant, long ellipsoid to (d) Elements of universal veil on pileus surface (e) Lamellae tapering upward, white to whitish (1A1), unchanging when cylindrical cells (28–90 x 8–14 µm), mixed with with bruised, densely covered with floccose squamules below and th edge cells Scale bars: a = 10 mm, b–e = 10 µm. Material examined : Phedkhal, 21 August 2014 T. branching, interwoven hyphae 3–6 µm wide; lateral stratum below annulus. Context white (1A1), soft, brittle, stuffed to th mehmood 14-442; same location, 02 September 2013 T. composed of abundant clavate to subclavate cells (20–62 x Partial veil composed of thin-walled, branching filamentous solid. Partial veil apical, white (1A1), sometimes turn off or th Mehmood 13-0121. Same location, 12 August 2015, T. 12–17 µm), mixed with filamentous hyphae 3–8 µm wide. hyphae 3–8 µm wide, mixed with abundant clavate to detached due to handling. Universal veil at stipe base 35– 68 Mehmood 15-915, 1904 m, N30°09.681' E78°51.222'. Subhymenium 29– 38 µm thick, with two to four layers of subclavate, colourless, hyaline, thin-walled inflated cells × 20–37 mm, saccate, 2–3 limbs, white, dirty white at below, subglobose to isodiametric cells up to (6–15 x 7–12 µm. turning brownish orange to brownish grey at margin of Discussion: Amanita manginiana belongs to Amanita (40–90 × 12–14 µm); vascular hyphae not found. Clamp Pileipellis 50–105 µm thick, composed of radially arranged, limbs, thick at bottom, thinning toward margin. Odour (subgenus Lepidella sect. Phalloideae). A. manginiana is connection absent in all tissues. Colourless, filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2–7 µm distinct as medicine. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. characterized by its greyish brown to brown pileus, broadly wide. Exterior surface of universal veil (on stipe base) of Basidiospores (6.0–) 6.3–8.5 (- 9.6) × (4.6- ) 5.0–6.3 (- 6.5) ellipsoid basidiospores. Amanita manginiana is somewhat Ecology: Solitary to Subgregarious on ground under mixed irregularly arranged elements; filamentous, undifferen- µm, L=6.2–8.1 µm (L' = 7.0 µm; W' = 5.1µm; Q = (1.15- ) similar to A. pseudoporphyria. However, A. forest of Quercus leucotricofora. Material examined: tiated hyphae 4–8 µm wide, interwoven, thin-walled, th pseudoporphyria has ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid Phedkhal, 20 July, 2014 T. Mehmood 14-255; same 1.25- 1.40 (- 1.43); Q=1.20- 1.38 Q' = 1.36 µm; amyloid, colourless, hyaline; with scattered to abundant inflated location, 05th Aug. 2015 T. Mehmood 15-846. broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, occasionally broadly elongate,

147 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 148 basidiospores, and the volva with more inflated cells. cells, subglobose to subclavate, 40–68 × 12–26 µm. Interior Discussion: Amanita oberwinklerana belongs to the Furthermore, the stipe base of A. pseudoporphyria is often surface of universal veil (on stipe base) composed of subgenus Lepidella (E-J Gilbert) Corner & Bas section not rooting (Yang 1997; Yang 1999). elements with irregular arrangements; filamentous, Phalloideae (Fr.) Quel. It is characterized by its white to undifferentiated hyphae 2–7 µm wide. whitish pileus, smaller basidiospores and its basidiomata Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang Yoshim. Doi, lack a response to 5 % KOH solution. Amanita Bulletin of the National Science Museum Tokyo 25 (3): 120 oberwinklerana can be mistaken for A. virosa (Fr.) Bertill, A. (1999) (Fig 3a & 3b). Basidiocarp small to medium sized. subjunquillea var. alba and A. rimosa P. Zhang & Z.L. Yang Pileus 35–70 mm wide, hemispherical at first, then convex, on account of whitish basidiocarps of similar appearance. becoming applanate at maturity, white to whitish (1A1), Amanita virosa differs from Amanita oberwinklerana by sometimes slightly cream to yellowish white (1A2) over larger and more ellipsoid basidiospores (8–11 × 7.5–10 µm), centre, viscid to subviscid when wet. Context 2–3 mm thick, Fig. 2b. Amanita manginiana (a) Basidiomata thinning slowly toward margin, whitish to white (1A1). longer basidia and different structure of annulus (Neville et (b) Basidia at different stages of development (c) Margin nonstriated, nonappendiculate. Universal veil on al., 2004). Amanita rimosa differs by its rimose pileal Elements of universal veil on pileus surface (d) pileus usually absent. Lamellae 3–5 mm broad, free, surface, slightly gelatinized upper layer of pileipellis with Basidiospores Scale bars: a = 10 mm, b–d =10 µm crowded, white (1A1) Lamellulae attenuate, of various abundant inflated cells, and smaller globose basidiospores lengths. Stipe 50–88 × 13–14 cm, tapering upwards, apex (7–8.5× 6.5–8 µm), which are easily distinguished from hyaline or occasionally with yellowish brown slightly expanded, white to whitish, covered with finely Fig. 3a. Amanita oberwinklerana (a–b) Basidiomata in its Amanita oberwinklerana (Zhang et al., 2010). Amanita intracellular pigmentation. Universal veil on stipe base white fibrils or squamules. Context white, stuffed with habitat (c) Elements of universal veil on stipe base (d) oberwinklerana differs from A. subjunquillea var. alba by its negative response to 5 % KOH solution. Amanita pseudopo- comprising of irregularly arranged elements; white cottony material, hollow with age. Basal bulb Basidia at different stages of development (e) Basidiospores rphyria Hongo, Journal of Japanese Botany 32: 141 (1957) filamentous hyphae 2–4 µm wide, with inflated cells subfusiform to napiform 20–42 × 13–28 mm. Universal veil (Fig. 4a & 4b). Basidiocarp medium–sized. Pileus 56–120 dominantly subglobose to broadly ellipsoid on stipe base membranous, limbate with free limb up to 17 mm high, both surfaces white. Partial veil superior, thin, mm wide, intially hemispherical then convex to plano- 40–80x45–90 m, branching, hyaline, thin-walled. Stipe white (1A1), pendent, persistent, often collapsed with stipe convex and finally plane, greyish brown (6D3) brownish trama longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous surface (Sanmee et al., 2008). Taste not recorded. Odour beige to dark brown (6E3– 6F4) over disc, covered by radial hyphae dominating, 2–7 µm wide; acrophysalides cells, indistinct. Spore deposit white. Macrochemical test: pileal brown streaks, viscid when moist, shining. Context 4–9 mm 120–230 x 25–35 µm. Partial veil filamentous hyphae surface and context is negative. Basidiospores (7.0–) 7.3 – thick, thinning slowly toward margin, whitish, unchanging 2–7 µm wide, branching, hyaline, Colourless, thin- 9.8 (–10.5) × (6.0–) 6.5 – 8.6 (–9.5) µm, (Q = (1.10–) 1.14 – when cut or bruised. Margin nonstriate, uplifted in age, walled; inflated cells, clavate to broadly clavate, 1.20 (–1.28); Q = 1.10–1.18; Q' = 1.16), L=7.5–9.2 µm; L' = appendiculate. Universal veil on pileus usually absent, abundant, 20–45x10–35 µm, occasionally subglobose 8.5 µm, W = 6.8–8.0 µm; W' = 7.5 hyaline, Colourless, sometimes present as a single membranous patch, white to (12–25 x 10–20 µm). Taste not recorded, Odour smooth, thin-walled, amyloid, rarely subglobose to broadly dirty white (1A1). Lamellae free, crowded, (12–13 lamellae/10 mm at margin) white (1A1), unchanging when indistinct, Spore print white. ellipsoid, apiculus small. Basidia 30–43 × 9–13 µm, clavate, 2 to 4-spored; sterigmata 3–4 µm long. Lamellar edge sterile cut or bruised, 6–12 mm broad, white (1A1) inside view, Ecology: Solitary to scattered, growing on ground with inflated cells; globose to broadly ellipsoid up to Fig. 3b. Amanita oberwinklerana (a) Basidiomata (b) cream-white in mass. Lamellulae truncate, of several associated with the trees of Quercus leucotricophora, (25–45x10–16 µm). Lamellar trama bilateral: mediostratum Basidia at different stages of development, (c) Basidiospores lengths, plentiful. Stipe 130–195 x 14–16 mm, slightly Rhododendron arboreum. 23–42 µm wide, composed of abundant, long ellipsoid to (d) Elements of universal veil on pileus surface (e) Lamellae tapering upward, white to whitish (1A1), unchanging when cylindrical cells (28–90 x 8–14 µm), mixed with with bruised, densely covered with floccose squamules below and th edge cells Scale bars: a = 10 mm, b–e = 10 µm. Material examined : Phedkhal, 21 August 2014 T. branching, interwoven hyphae 3–6 µm wide; lateral stratum below annulus. Context white (1A1), soft, brittle, stuffed to th mehmood 14-442; same location, 02 September 2013 T. composed of abundant clavate to subclavate cells (20–62 x Partial veil composed of thin-walled, branching filamentous solid. Partial veil apical, white (1A1), sometimes turn off or th Mehmood 13-0121. Same location, 12 August 2015, T. 12–17 µm), mixed with filamentous hyphae 3–8 µm wide. hyphae 3–8 µm wide, mixed with abundant clavate to detached due to handling. Universal veil at stipe base 35– 68 Mehmood 15-915, 1904 m, N30°09.681' E78°51.222'. Subhymenium 29– 38 µm thick, with two to four layers of subclavate, colourless, hyaline, thin-walled inflated cells × 20–37 mm, saccate, 2–3 limbs, white, dirty white at below, subglobose to isodiametric cells up to (6–15 x 7–12 µm. turning brownish orange to brownish grey at margin of Discussion: Amanita manginiana belongs to Amanita (40–90 × 12–14 µm); vascular hyphae not found. Clamp Pileipellis 50–105 µm thick, composed of radially arranged, limbs, thick at bottom, thinning toward margin. Odour (subgenus Lepidella sect. Phalloideae). A. manginiana is connection absent in all tissues. Colourless, filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 2–7 µm distinct as medicine. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. characterized by its greyish brown to brown pileus, broadly wide. Exterior surface of universal veil (on stipe base) of Basidiospores (6.0–) 6.3–8.5 (- 9.6) × (4.6- ) 5.0–6.3 (- 6.5) ellipsoid basidiospores. Amanita manginiana is somewhat Ecology: Solitary to Subgregarious on ground under mixed irregularly arranged elements; filamentous, undifferen- µm, L=6.2–8.1 µm (L' = 7.0 µm; W' = 5.1µm; Q = (1.15- ) similar to A. pseudoporphyria. However, A. forest of Quercus leucotricofora. Material examined: tiated hyphae 4–8 µm wide, interwoven, thin-walled, th pseudoporphyria has ellipsoid to broadly ellipsoid Phedkhal, 20 July, 2014 T. Mehmood 14-255; same 1.25- 1.40 (- 1.43); Q=1.20- 1.38 Q' = 1.36 µm; amyloid, colourless, hyaline; with scattered to abundant inflated location, 05th Aug. 2015 T. Mehmood 15-846. broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid, occasionally broadly elongate,

147 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 148 Pileipellis 120–170 µm thick, 2-layered; upper layer 80–90 maturity, white to whitish (1A1-2), sometimes slightly pale Ecology: Solitary to scattered, growing on ground µm thick, filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm wide, slightly cream to yellowish white (1A2) over centre, viscid to associated with the trees of Quercus leucotricophora, gelatinized, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled, with terminal subviscid when wet. Context 2–4 mm thick, thinning slowly Rhododendron arboreum, Myrica esculenta, with scattered th cells ellipsoid to clavate to fusiform, 70–270 × 25–38 µm; toward margin, whitish to white. Margin nonstriate, trees of Lyonia ovalifolia. Material examined: Phedkhal, 12 lower layer 50–100 µm thick, filamentous hyphae 2–5 µm nonappendiculate. Universal veil on pileus usually absent, August 2016. T. Mehmood 16-916; Phedkhal, 07th September wide, non-gelatinized, hyaline or occasionally with when present in the form of a single, white membranous 2016. T. Mehmood 16-1043. intracellular pale yellow pigment, thin-walled. Universal patch. Lamellae 3–6 mm broad, free, crowded and white. Lamellulae attenuate, of various lengths. Stipe 95–114 × veil on stipe base composed of irregularly arranged 12–17 mm, tapering upwards, apex slightly expanded, white elements; with abundant filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm wide, to whitish, covered with finely white fibrils or squamules. branching, interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled; inflated cells Context white, stuffed with white cottony material, hollow abundant to dominant, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid to with age. Basal bulb subglobose 23–41 x 14–32 mm. elongated (30–110 × 22–45) thin-walled, hyaline. Partial Fig. 4a. Amanita pseudoporphyria (a–b) Basidiomata in its Universal veil on stipe base membranous, limbate with free veil filamentous hyphae 2–7 µm wide, hyaline, Colourless, habitat (c) Basidiomata at basecamp (d) Volva (e) Lamellae limb up to 17 mm high, both surfaces white. Partial veil thin-walled; inflated cells, clavate to ellipsoid, abundant, (f) Basidia at different stages of development (g) Elements of superior, thin, white, pendent, persistent, often collapsed 60–95 × 10–25 µm, occasionally subglobose 12–25 × 10–20 universal veil on stipe base (h) Section showing hymenium with stipe surface. Taste not recorded. Odour indistinct. µm. Stipe trama longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous & subhymenium (i) Basidiospores Spore deposit white. Macrochemical test: pileal surface and hyphae dominating, 1–5 µm wide; acrophysalides clavate, context give bright yellow reaction to 5 % KOH solution. 120–310 × 25–45 µm. Clamp connection absent in all Basidiospores (6–) 6.5–9 (–10) × (5.5–) 6–8.5 (–9) µm, (L Fig. 5a. Amanita subjunquillea var. alba (a–d) Basidiomata in its tissues. =6.5–8.5 µm; L' = 8µm, W = 6–7.5 µm; W' = 7 µm; Q = habitat (e) Basidiospores (f) Basidia (g) Lamellae edge cells (h) (1.0–)1.4–1.12(–1.15); Q = 1.06–1.11; Q' = 1.08), hyaline, Elements of universal veil on stipe base Ecology: Amanita pseudoporphyria is one of the most thin walled, smooth, amyloid, globose to subglobose, with common species of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Uttarakhand, monoguttulate contents, apiculus small up to 1–3 µm. growing in mixed forests especially under Quercus Basidia 30–43 × 9–13 µm, clavate, 2 to 4-spored; sterigmata leucotricophora, Myrica esculenta, and Rhododendron 2–3 µm long. Lamellar edge sterile with inflated cells; arboreum. In China it occurs in conifer and mixed forests globose to broadly ellipsoid up to (25–45 × 10–16 µm). with Quercus and Pinus spp. (Tulloss 2017). Material Lamellar trama bilateral: mediostratum 22–40 µm wide, examined: India, Uttarakhand, Pauri district, Phedkhal, 31 composed of abundant, long ellipsoid to cylindrical cells Jul. 2013, T. Mehmood, 13-067; same location, 14 Aug. (28–90 × 8–14 µm), mixed with branching, interwoven 2014, T. Mehmood 14-429; same location, 19 Jul. 2016, T. hyphae 3–7 µm wide; lateral stratum composed of abundant th Mehmood 16-1108, Nagdev, 12 August 2015, T. Mehmood clavate to subclavate cells (20–60 × 12–17 µm), mixed with Fig. 4b. Amanita pseudoporphyria (a) Basidiomata (b) Fig. 5b. Amanita subjunquillea var. alba (a) Basidiomata (b) 15-913; Rudhraprayag Discussion: Amanita pseudopor- rare, filamentous hyphae 3–8 µm wide. Subhymenium Basidia at different stages of development (c) Basidiospores, (d) Basidia at different stages of development (c) Elements of phyria belongs to Amanita (subgenus Lepidella sect. 25–36 µm thick, with two to four layers of subglobose to Lamellae edge cells (e) Elements of universal veil on pileus surface universal veil pileus surface (d) Basidiospores (e) lamellae Phalloideae). In the field, outstanding morphological irregularly shaped cells up to (8–17 × 7–14 µm. Pileipellis Scale bars: a = 10 mm b–e = 10 µm edge cells characteristics of A. pseudoporphyria are the greyish brown 60–115 µm thick, composed of radially arranged, to grey pileus, white persistant partial veil, broadly ellipsoid Colourless, filamentous hyphae 2–8 µm wide. Exterior Discussion: This Amanita subjunquillea var. alba is smooth, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled; apiculus to ellipsoid basidiospores. Amanita pseudoporphyria is surface of universal veil (on stipe base) filamentous, commonly known as East Asian Destroying Angel. It sublateral, small, cylindric to truncate-conic, up to 3–5 µm somewhat close to A. manginiana sensu Chiu but, differs undifferentiated hyphae 4–10 µm wide, interwoven, thin- belongs to the subgenus Lepidella (E.-J. Gilbert.) Corner & long; contents monoguttulate. Basidia (33–)36–42(–52) × from the latter in its subglobose to broadly ellipsoid walled, colourless, hyaline; with scattered to abundant Bas section Phalloideae (Fr.) Quel. It is characterized by its (10–)10.5–11.5(–12.5) µm. Lamellar edge sterile; inflated basidiospores, and in the volva with few inflated cells. inflated cells, broadly ellipsoid to subclavate up to (43–78 × white to whitish pileus, smaller basidiospores and its cells dominating, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 22–27 × Moreover, the stipe base of A. pseudoporphyria is often 13–28 µm). Interior surface of universal veil (on stipe base) basidiocarp has a distinct yellow reaction with 5 % KOH. 15–22 µm, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled. Lamellar trama rooting, and their universal veils have greyish especially, filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3–8 µm wide, with Amanita subjunquillea var. alba can be mistaken for A. bilateral, divergent; mediostratum 30–45 µm wide, towards upper rim of limb (Yang 1997; Yang Doi 1999). scattered inflated cells. Partial veil composed of thin-walled, rimosa P. Zhang & Z.L. Yang, and A. oberwinklerana Z.L. filamentous hyphae 3–5 µm wide, branching, hyaline, thin- branching filamentous hyphae 3–8 µm wide, mixed with Yang & Y. Doi. on account of whitish basidiocarps of similar walled, with terminal cells ellipsoid to fusiform, 30–75 × Amanita subjunquillea var. alba Z.L. Yang, Biblioth. abundant clavate to broadly clavate to ellipsoid, Colourless, appearance. Amanita rimosa has a rimose pileal surface, 10–28 µm thin-walled; vascular hyphae not observed. Mycol. 170: 174. Abb. 143–144. 1997 (Fig. 5a & 5b). hyaline, thin-walled inflated cells (40–95 × 12–17 µm); slightly gelatinized upper layer of pileipellis with abundant Subhymenium 20–30 µm thick; inflated cells in 2–3 layers, Basidiocarp small to medium sized. Pileus 45–90 mm wide, vascular hyphae not found. Clamp connection absent in all inflated cells, and smaller globose basidiospores 7–8.5 × subglobose to ovoid, dominating, 15–25 × 10–20 µm. hemispherical at first, then convex, becoming applanate at tissues. 6.5–8 µm (Zhang et al.,2010) Amanita oberwinklerana differ

149 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 150 Pileipellis 120–170 µm thick, 2-layered; upper layer 80–90 maturity, white to whitish (1A1-2), sometimes slightly pale Ecology: Solitary to scattered, growing on ground µm thick, filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm wide, slightly cream to yellowish white (1A2) over centre, viscid to associated with the trees of Quercus leucotricophora, gelatinized, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled, with terminal subviscid when wet. Context 2–4 mm thick, thinning slowly Rhododendron arboreum, Myrica esculenta, with scattered th cells ellipsoid to clavate to fusiform, 70–270 × 25–38 µm; toward margin, whitish to white. Margin nonstriate, trees of Lyonia ovalifolia. Material examined: Phedkhal, 12 lower layer 50–100 µm thick, filamentous hyphae 2–5 µm nonappendiculate. Universal veil on pileus usually absent, August 2016. T. Mehmood 16-916; Phedkhal, 07th September wide, non-gelatinized, hyaline or occasionally with when present in the form of a single, white membranous 2016. T. Mehmood 16-1043. intracellular pale yellow pigment, thin-walled. Universal patch. Lamellae 3–6 mm broad, free, crowded and white. Lamellulae attenuate, of various lengths. Stipe 95–114 × veil on stipe base composed of irregularly arranged 12–17 mm, tapering upwards, apex slightly expanded, white elements; with abundant filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm wide, to whitish, covered with finely white fibrils or squamules. branching, interwoven, hyaline, thin-walled; inflated cells Context white, stuffed with white cottony material, hollow abundant to dominant, subglobose, broadly ellipsoid to with age. Basal bulb subglobose 23–41 x 14–32 mm. elongated (30–110 × 22–45) thin-walled, hyaline. Partial Fig. 4a. Amanita pseudoporphyria (a–b) Basidiomata in its Universal veil on stipe base membranous, limbate with free veil filamentous hyphae 2–7 µm wide, hyaline, Colourless, habitat (c) Basidiomata at basecamp (d) Volva (e) Lamellae limb up to 17 mm high, both surfaces white. Partial veil thin-walled; inflated cells, clavate to ellipsoid, abundant, (f) Basidia at different stages of development (g) Elements of superior, thin, white, pendent, persistent, often collapsed 60–95 × 10–25 µm, occasionally subglobose 12–25 × 10–20 universal veil on stipe base (h) Section showing hymenium with stipe surface. Taste not recorded. Odour indistinct. µm. Stipe trama longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous & subhymenium (i) Basidiospores Spore deposit white. Macrochemical test: pileal surface and hyphae dominating, 1–5 µm wide; acrophysalides clavate, context give bright yellow reaction to 5 % KOH solution. 120–310 × 25–45 µm. Clamp connection absent in all Basidiospores (6–) 6.5–9 (–10) × (5.5–) 6–8.5 (–9) µm, (L Fig. 5a. Amanita subjunquillea var. alba (a–d) Basidiomata in its tissues. =6.5–8.5 µm; L' = 8µm, W = 6–7.5 µm; W' = 7 µm; Q = habitat (e) Basidiospores (f) Basidia (g) Lamellae edge cells (h) (1.0–)1.4–1.12(–1.15); Q = 1.06–1.11; Q' = 1.08), hyaline, Elements of universal veil on stipe base Ecology: Amanita pseudoporphyria is one of the most thin walled, smooth, amyloid, globose to subglobose, with common species of ectomycorrhizal fungi in Uttarakhand, monoguttulate contents, apiculus small up to 1–3 µm. growing in mixed forests especially under Quercus Basidia 30–43 × 9–13 µm, clavate, 2 to 4-spored; sterigmata leucotricophora, Myrica esculenta, and Rhododendron 2–3 µm long. Lamellar edge sterile with inflated cells; arboreum. In China it occurs in conifer and mixed forests globose to broadly ellipsoid up to (25–45 × 10–16 µm). with Quercus and Pinus spp. (Tulloss 2017). Material Lamellar trama bilateral: mediostratum 22–40 µm wide, examined: India, Uttarakhand, Pauri district, Phedkhal, 31 composed of abundant, long ellipsoid to cylindrical cells Jul. 2013, T. Mehmood, 13-067; same location, 14 Aug. (28–90 × 8–14 µm), mixed with branching, interwoven 2014, T. Mehmood 14-429; same location, 19 Jul. 2016, T. hyphae 3–7 µm wide; lateral stratum composed of abundant th Mehmood 16-1108, Nagdev, 12 August 2015, T. Mehmood clavate to subclavate cells (20–60 × 12–17 µm), mixed with Fig. 4b. Amanita pseudoporphyria (a) Basidiomata (b) Fig. 5b. Amanita subjunquillea var. alba (a) Basidiomata (b) 15-913; Rudhraprayag Discussion: Amanita pseudopor- rare, filamentous hyphae 3–8 µm wide. Subhymenium Basidia at different stages of development (c) Basidiospores, (d) Basidia at different stages of development (c) Elements of phyria belongs to Amanita (subgenus Lepidella sect. 25–36 µm thick, with two to four layers of subglobose to Lamellae edge cells (e) Elements of universal veil on pileus surface universal veil pileus surface (d) Basidiospores (e) lamellae Phalloideae). In the field, outstanding morphological irregularly shaped cells up to (8–17 × 7–14 µm. Pileipellis Scale bars: a = 10 mm b–e = 10 µm edge cells characteristics of A. pseudoporphyria are the greyish brown 60–115 µm thick, composed of radially arranged, to grey pileus, white persistant partial veil, broadly ellipsoid Colourless, filamentous hyphae 2–8 µm wide. Exterior Discussion: This Amanita subjunquillea var. alba is smooth, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled; apiculus to ellipsoid basidiospores. Amanita pseudoporphyria is surface of universal veil (on stipe base) filamentous, commonly known as East Asian Destroying Angel. It sublateral, small, cylindric to truncate-conic, up to 3–5 µm somewhat close to A. manginiana sensu Chiu but, differs undifferentiated hyphae 4–10 µm wide, interwoven, thin- belongs to the subgenus Lepidella (E.-J. Gilbert.) Corner & long; contents monoguttulate. Basidia (33–)36–42(–52) × from the latter in its subglobose to broadly ellipsoid walled, colourless, hyaline; with scattered to abundant Bas section Phalloideae (Fr.) Quel. It is characterized by its (10–)10.5–11.5(–12.5) µm. Lamellar edge sterile; inflated basidiospores, and in the volva with few inflated cells. inflated cells, broadly ellipsoid to subclavate up to (43–78 × white to whitish pileus, smaller basidiospores and its cells dominating, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, 22–27 × Moreover, the stipe base of A. pseudoporphyria is often 13–28 µm). Interior surface of universal veil (on stipe base) basidiocarp has a distinct yellow reaction with 5 % KOH. 15–22 µm, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled. Lamellar trama rooting, and their universal veils have greyish especially, filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 3–8 µm wide, with Amanita subjunquillea var. alba can be mistaken for A. bilateral, divergent; mediostratum 30–45 µm wide, towards upper rim of limb (Yang 1997; Yang Doi 1999). scattered inflated cells. Partial veil composed of thin-walled, rimosa P. Zhang & Z.L. Yang, and A. oberwinklerana Z.L. filamentous hyphae 3–5 µm wide, branching, hyaline, thin- branching filamentous hyphae 3–8 µm wide, mixed with Yang & Y. Doi. on account of whitish basidiocarps of similar walled, with terminal cells ellipsoid to fusiform, 30–75 × Amanita subjunquillea var. alba Z.L. Yang, Biblioth. abundant clavate to broadly clavate to ellipsoid, Colourless, appearance. Amanita rimosa has a rimose pileal surface, 10–28 µm thin-walled; vascular hyphae not observed. Mycol. 170: 174. Abb. 143–144. 1997 (Fig. 5a & 5b). hyaline, thin-walled inflated cells (40–95 × 12–17 µm); slightly gelatinized upper layer of pileipellis with abundant Subhymenium 20–30 µm thick; inflated cells in 2–3 layers, Basidiocarp small to medium sized. Pileus 45–90 mm wide, vascular hyphae not found. Clamp connection absent in all inflated cells, and smaller globose basidiospores 7–8.5 × subglobose to ovoid, dominating, 15–25 × 10–20 µm. hemispherical at first, then convex, becoming applanate at tissues. 6.5–8 µm (Zhang et al.,2010) Amanita oberwinklerana differ

149 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 150 by its pileus lack a response to 5% KOH (Yang 1999. 1–5 µm wide; acrophysalides clavate, 108–215 × 20–35 µm, Morphologically. Amanita subjunquillea is closely related to amanitin in human urine using a novel on-line Amanita subjunquillea Imai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 424. fillamentious undifferentiated hyphae, 2–8 µm wide. A. phalloides (Fr.: Fr.) Link, Amanita arocheae Tulloss, turbulent flow chromatography mode coupled to (1933) (Fig. 6a & 6b). Ovrebo & Halling respectively. A. phalloides originally liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass reported from Europe differ by its olive-green, yellow green spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Journal of Basidiocarp small to medium sized. Pileus 30–70 mm to yellow Colourd pileus, a lower and stronger annulus and Chromatography, 1325: 92–98. wide, hemispherical at first, then convex to planoconvex, an enlarged stipe base (Yang 1997). Amanita arocheae finally plane, greyish yellow (4C4-5) or yellowish brown (originally reported from Colombia) is easily separated by its Kawase I, Shirakawa H, Watanabe M (1992). Deaths caused (5D8) sometimes brownish yellow, oxide yellow or yellow grayish to umber-brown Colour pileus (Tulloss et al., 1992). by Amanita subjunquillea poisoning and the distri- ochre at disc, light brown (5D7) towards margin. Pileus Amanita subjunquillea is commonly known as East Asian bution of this mushroom in Hokkaido. Transactions context white (3A1) but yellowish white (3A2) below pileus death cap. It is a deadly poisonous mushroom. Mycological Society of Japan, 33: 107–110. cuticle, 15–25 mm, thinning evenly toward margin, unchanging when cut or bruised. Margin non striated, non ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kornerup A, Wanscher JH (1978). mushroom poisons α- and appendiculate. Universal veil on pileus usually absent. β-amanitin. Methuen handbook of colour. London, Lamellae free, close, 3–7 mm thick, yellowish white (3A2) The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Botany 252-259. both in inside view in mass. Lamellulae truncate, of various Fig. 6a. Amanita subjunquillea (a–c) Basidiomata in its & Microbiology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar lengths. Stipe 50–145x10–25 mm, tapering upwards, habitat (d) Basidiospores (e) Elements of partial veil (f) Garhwal for providing all kinds of facilities during the Li JZ (1996). Two new records of Amanita in China. Acta. Basidia at different stage of development (g) Elements of willowish white (3A2) above annulus, light yellowish (3A5) present study. Tahir Mehmood is thankful to UGC for Mycol. Sin., 15: 154–156. universal veil on stipe base fibrils above annulus, light orange (5A4) fibrils or small providing fellowship. Financial assistance received from Neville P, Poumarat S (2004). Amaniteae: Amanita, below. Stipe context stuffed with white, soft, cottony, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment Limacella & Torrendia. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, hollowing with age, white (3A1) to yellowish white (3A2). and Development (GBPNIHED) is gratefully acknow- 1120-1123. Partial veil superior, pendent, persistent, thin, membranous, ledged. Special thanks to Mr. Raman Patel, Department of often adhered to stipe, ventrally white and yellowish. Geology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal for Peck CH (1900). New species of fungi, Bulletin of the Torrey Universal veil on stipe base 21–35x12–26 mm membranous, his kind help in technical assistance. Field assistance Botanical Club, 27: 14–21. limbate with limb up to 13 mm high, both surfaces white. received from Ms. Priyanka Uniyal and Mr. Aniket Ghosh is Spore deposit white. Basidiospores (6.0–)7–9(–9.6) × (5.0–) Sanmee R, Tulloss RE, Lumyong P, Dell B, Lumyong S also highly acknowledged. 6.3–7.8(–8.5) µm, (L= 7.2–8.5µm; L'= 8.0 µm; W= 6.5– 7.5 (2008). Studies on Amanita (Basidiomycetes: µm; W'= 7.2µm; Q = (1.05–)1.08–1.18(–1.21); Q= REFERENCES Amanitaceae) in Northern Thailand, Fungal 1.10–1.17; Q'= 1.16), Colourless, thin walled, smooth, Fig. 6b. Amanita subjunquillea (a) Basidiomata (b) Basidia at Diversity, 3: 97- 123. hyaline, amyloid, subglobose, sometimes subglobose to different stages of development (c) Basidiospores (d) Elements of Bhatt RP, Tulloss, RE, Semwal KC, Bhatt VK, Moncalvo Tulloss RE (2008). Notes on methodology for study of broadly ellipsoid. Basidia (26–)27–35 (–42) × universal veil pileus surface (e) Lamellae edge cells Scale bars: a JM, Stephenson SL (2003). Amanitaceae reported Amanita (Agaricales). Studies in the genus Amanita (9–)9.5–10.5(–11) µm, 4-sterigmata, clavate, basal septa = 10 mm b–e = 10 µm from India. A critically annotated checklist, without clamps. Lamellar edge sterile; clavate to broadly Mycotaxon 88: 249- 270. Pers, 1-12. clavate, 22–25 × 9–18 µm. Subhymeniumwst-near = 22–36 Ecology: Amanita subjunquillea is commonly associated Tulloss RE (2012). Biometric variables. Amanita Pers, µm; w -far = 38–52 µm, basidia arising mostly from with the trees of Quercus leucotricophora, Rhododendron Cai Q, Tulloss RE, Tang LP, Tolgor B, Zhang P, Chen ZH, st 1(1): 44-77. subglobose, ovoid to irregular cells up to 8–18 × 6–14 µm. arboreum and Myrica esculenta in temprate forests (Bhatt Yang, ZL (2014). Multi-locus phylogeny of lethal Hymenophoral trama bilateral, divergent, mediostratum 2003). amanitas: implications for species diversity and Tulloss RE, Stephenson SL, Bhatt RP, Kumar A (1995). 22–32 µm wide, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid cells, 20–50 × historical biogeography. BMC Evolutionary Biology, Studies on Amanita (Amanitaceae) in West Virginia Material examined: India, Uttarakhand, Pauri district, 10–20 µm, intermixed with filamentous, branched, hyphae, 14: 143- 155. and adjacent areas of the mid-Appalachians. Phedkhal, 19 Jul. 2013. T. Mehmood 13-0029. 24 Aug. up to 3–6 µm wide. Pileipellis 120–160 µm thick; Preliminary results, Mycotaxon, 56: 243–293. gelatinized, intermixed with filamentous, undifferentiated 2013; T. Mehmood 13-102; ibid., 29 Sep. 2013. T. Chen ZH (2014). New advances in researches on poisonous hyphae, colourless hyaline, thin-walled. Universal veil on Mehmood, 13-0121; ibid., same location, 03 Sep. 2016. T. mushrooms since 2000. Mycosystema, 33: 493–516. Tulloss RE, Ovrebo CL, Halling RE (1992). Studies on th stipe base filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 4–9 µm Mehmood 16-1385; Nagdev, 12 August 2015, T. Mehmood Amanita (Agaricales) from Andean Colombia, Mem. Chen ZH, Hu JS, Zhang ZG, Zhang P, Li DP (2003). wide, hyaline, thin walled, branched, interwoven, inflated 15-915; Adwani, 31 Aug. 2017, T. Mehmood 15-1577 (Pack New York Bot. Gard, 66: 1–46. Determination and analysis of the main amatoxins cells clavate up to (28–50 × 10–19µm). Partial veil 1900). and phallotoxins in 28 species of Amanita from China. filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 4–7 µm wide, inflated Tulloss RE, Yang ZL (2017). Amanitaceae. Botany, 1(1): Discussion: Amanita subjunquillea belongs to the subgenus Mycosystema, 22: 565–573. cells, clavate to ellipsoid 16–36 × 8–15 µm, occasionally 12-22. subglobose to ovoid 14–2 µm, thin walled, hyaline. Stipe Lepidella (E.-J. Gilbert.) Corner & Bas section Phalloideae Helfer AG, Meyer MR, Michely JA, Maurer HH (2014). Yang ZL (1997). Die Amanita-Arten von Südwestchina, context longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous hyphae (Fr.) Quel. It is characterized by its greyish yellow to yellowish brown pileus with subglobose basidiospores. Direct analysis of the mushroom poisons α- and β- Bibliotheca Mycologica, 170: 1– 240.

151 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 152 by its pileus lack a response to 5% KOH (Yang 1999. 1–5 µm wide; acrophysalides clavate, 108–215 × 20–35 µm, Morphologically. Amanita subjunquillea is closely related to amanitin in human urine using a novel on-line Amanita subjunquillea Imai in Bot. Mag. (Tokyo) 47: 424. fillamentious undifferentiated hyphae, 2–8 µm wide. A. phalloides (Fr.: Fr.) Link, Amanita arocheae Tulloss, turbulent flow chromatography mode coupled to (1933) (Fig. 6a & 6b). Ovrebo & Halling respectively. A. phalloides originally liquid chromatography-high resolution-mass reported from Europe differ by its olive-green, yellow green spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Journal of Basidiocarp small to medium sized. Pileus 30–70 mm to yellow Colourd pileus, a lower and stronger annulus and Chromatography, 1325: 92–98. wide, hemispherical at first, then convex to planoconvex, an enlarged stipe base (Yang 1997). Amanita arocheae finally plane, greyish yellow (4C4-5) or yellowish brown (originally reported from Colombia) is easily separated by its Kawase I, Shirakawa H, Watanabe M (1992). Deaths caused (5D8) sometimes brownish yellow, oxide yellow or yellow grayish to umber-brown Colour pileus (Tulloss et al., 1992). by Amanita subjunquillea poisoning and the distri- ochre at disc, light brown (5D7) towards margin. Pileus Amanita subjunquillea is commonly known as East Asian bution of this mushroom in Hokkaido. Transactions context white (3A1) but yellowish white (3A2) below pileus death cap. It is a deadly poisonous mushroom. Mycological Society of Japan, 33: 107–110. cuticle, 15–25 mm, thinning evenly toward margin, unchanging when cut or bruised. Margin non striated, non ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Kornerup A, Wanscher JH (1978). mushroom poisons α- and appendiculate. Universal veil on pileus usually absent. β-amanitin. Methuen handbook of colour. London, Lamellae free, close, 3–7 mm thick, yellowish white (3A2) The authors are grateful to the Head, Department of Botany 252-259. both in inside view in mass. Lamellulae truncate, of various Fig. 6a. Amanita subjunquillea (a–c) Basidiomata in its & Microbiology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar lengths. Stipe 50–145x10–25 mm, tapering upwards, habitat (d) Basidiospores (e) Elements of partial veil (f) Garhwal for providing all kinds of facilities during the Li JZ (1996). Two new records of Amanita in China. Acta. Basidia at different stage of development (g) Elements of willowish white (3A2) above annulus, light yellowish (3A5) present study. Tahir Mehmood is thankful to UGC for Mycol. Sin., 15: 154–156. universal veil on stipe base fibrils above annulus, light orange (5A4) fibrils or small providing fellowship. Financial assistance received from Neville P, Poumarat S (2004). Amaniteae: Amanita, below. Stipe context stuffed with white, soft, cottony, Govind Ballabh Pant Institute of Himalayan Environment Limacella & Torrendia. Edizioni Candusso, Alassio, hollowing with age, white (3A1) to yellowish white (3A2). and Development (GBPNIHED) is gratefully acknow- 1120-1123. Partial veil superior, pendent, persistent, thin, membranous, ledged. Special thanks to Mr. Raman Patel, Department of often adhered to stipe, ventrally white and yellowish. Geology, HNB Garhwal University, Srinagar Garhwal for Peck CH (1900). New species of fungi, Bulletin of the Torrey Universal veil on stipe base 21–35x12–26 mm membranous, his kind help in technical assistance. Field assistance Botanical Club, 27: 14–21. limbate with limb up to 13 mm high, both surfaces white. received from Ms. Priyanka Uniyal and Mr. Aniket Ghosh is Spore deposit white. Basidiospores (6.0–)7–9(–9.6) × (5.0–) Sanmee R, Tulloss RE, Lumyong P, Dell B, Lumyong S also highly acknowledged. 6.3–7.8(–8.5) µm, (L= 7.2–8.5µm; L'= 8.0 µm; W= 6.5– 7.5 (2008). Studies on Amanita (Basidiomycetes: µm; W'= 7.2µm; Q = (1.05–)1.08–1.18(–1.21); Q= REFERENCES Amanitaceae) in Northern Thailand, Fungal 1.10–1.17; Q'= 1.16), Colourless, thin walled, smooth, Fig. 6b. Amanita subjunquillea (a) Basidiomata (b) Basidia at Diversity, 3: 97- 123. hyaline, amyloid, subglobose, sometimes subglobose to different stages of development (c) Basidiospores (d) Elements of Bhatt RP, Tulloss, RE, Semwal KC, Bhatt VK, Moncalvo Tulloss RE (2008). Notes on methodology for study of broadly ellipsoid. Basidia (26–)27–35 (–42) × universal veil pileus surface (e) Lamellae edge cells Scale bars: a JM, Stephenson SL (2003). Amanitaceae reported Amanita (Agaricales). Studies in the genus Amanita (9–)9.5–10.5(–11) µm, 4-sterigmata, clavate, basal septa = 10 mm b–e = 10 µm from India. A critically annotated checklist, without clamps. Lamellar edge sterile; clavate to broadly Mycotaxon 88: 249- 270. Pers, 1-12. clavate, 22–25 × 9–18 µm. Subhymeniumwst-near = 22–36 Ecology: Amanita subjunquillea is commonly associated Tulloss RE (2012). Biometric variables. Amanita Pers, µm; w -far = 38–52 µm, basidia arising mostly from with the trees of Quercus leucotricophora, Rhododendron Cai Q, Tulloss RE, Tang LP, Tolgor B, Zhang P, Chen ZH, st 1(1): 44-77. subglobose, ovoid to irregular cells up to 8–18 × 6–14 µm. arboreum and Myrica esculenta in temprate forests (Bhatt Yang, ZL (2014). Multi-locus phylogeny of lethal Hymenophoral trama bilateral, divergent, mediostratum 2003). amanitas: implications for species diversity and Tulloss RE, Stephenson SL, Bhatt RP, Kumar A (1995). 22–32 µm wide, broadly ellipsoid to ellipsoid cells, 20–50 × historical biogeography. 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Chen ZH, Hu JS, Zhang ZG, Zhang P, Li DP (2003). wide, hyaline, thin walled, branched, interwoven, inflated 15-915; Adwani, 31 Aug. 2017, T. Mehmood 15-1577 (Pack New York Bot. Gard, 66: 1–46. Determination and analysis of the main amatoxins cells clavate up to (28–50 × 10–19µm). Partial veil 1900). and phallotoxins in 28 species of Amanita from China. filamentous, undifferentiated hyphae 4–7 µm wide, inflated Tulloss RE, Yang ZL (2017). Amanitaceae. Botany, 1(1): Discussion: Amanita subjunquillea belongs to the subgenus Mycosystema, 22: 565–573. cells, clavate to ellipsoid 16–36 × 8–15 µm, occasionally 12-22. subglobose to ovoid 14–2 µm, thin walled, hyaline. Stipe Lepidella (E.-J. Gilbert.) Corner & Bas section Phalloideae Helfer AG, Meyer MR, Michely JA, Maurer HH (2014). Yang ZL (1997). Die Amanita-Arten von Südwestchina, context longitudinally acrophysalidic; filamentous hyphae (Fr.) Quel. It is characterized by its greyish yellow to yellowish brown pileus with subglobose basidiospores. Direct analysis of the mushroom poisons α- and β- Bibliotheca Mycologica, 170: 1– 240.

151 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 152 Yang ZL, Doi Y (1999). A contribution to the knowledge of Zhang P, Chen ZH, Xiao B, Tolgor B, Bao HY, Yang ZL Amanita (Amanitaceae, Agaricales) in Japan. Bulletin (2010). Lethal amanitas of East Asia characterized by ECOLOGICAL NICHE MODELLING: AN IMPORTANT TOOL FOR PREDICTING of the National Science Museum. Series B, Botany, morphological and molecular data, Fungal Diversity, SUITABLE HABITAT AND CONSERVATION OF THE HIMALAYAN MEDICINAL 25: 107–130. 42: 119–133. HERBS

Yang ZL (2005). Flora fungorum sinicorum. Amanitaceae, Zhang ZG, Liu JQ, Chen ZH, Zhang P, Li DP, Cao FX, Zhou L. Singh*, Mohd. Tariq, K. Chandra Sekar, I.D. Bhatt and S.K. Nandi Science, Beijing, 27: 1–258. SR (2002). The investigation of 36 accidents by poisonous mushroom in Hunan, Modern Preventive G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment and Sustainable Development, Medicine, 29: 301–304. Kosi- Katarmal, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

*Correspondence: [email protected]

Himalaya is one of the largest and youngest mountain chains to biodiversity. ENM uses occurrence data in conjunction of the world and is considered as an unique repository of with environmental data to make a correlative model of the medicinal and aromatic plants. The Indian Himalayan region environmental conditions that meet a species ecological (IHR), spread over 12 states, covering nearly 16% of total requirement and predict the relative suitability of habitat area of the country's geographic area, accounts for about using computer algorithms. In short, it is sum of organism's 46% of the endemic plant species. The IHR, recognized one tolerance and requirements. The main assumption of this among the 34 biodiversity 'hot spots' in the world, is known approach is that if a species can be found in certain for its uniqueness, richness and representatives at all levels conditions at a particular area, then it should be able to (gene, species and ecosystem). The presence of rich survive and reproduce in other places under similar biodiversity is mainly attributed to diverse habitat types, conditions. which is influenced by wide altitudinal range (300-8000 m), varied climatic conditions, temperature regime and complex The rich diversity of the Himalaya with different topographical features. biogeographic locations and varied climatic conditions currently faces extreme threats. Among others the Over the years, rapid increase in human populations, anthropogenic activities is predominant, and as a result, habitat fragmentation, over exploitation of natural resources, most of the species of this region are now being in the changing climatic conditions and invasion of alien species, limelight of threatened categories. Hence need of the hour is and other factors have resulted in degradation of various to prioritize conservation, using best strategies for species ecosystems worldwide. The changing scenario over the reintroduction and rehabilitation. years, enforces us to identify species rich sites and areas where they can be reinforced and reintroduced not only to Keeping in view the relevance and importance of the sustain the biodiversity loss, but also to reap economic Himalayan plants, the Dept. of Biotechnology (DBT), Govt. benefits for ensuring livelihood. of India, New Delhi, under the National Networking Programme is funding this Institute a project entitled Species reintroduction is one of the successful “Preventing extinction and improving conservation status ecological engineering techniques in developing effective of threatened plants through the applications of restoration programmes for degraded habitats and biotechnological tools”. The project is being carried out in ecosystems including some high value and medicinally over 37 institutes/universities involving 76 scientists all important species of the IHR. Recent advancement in the across the country. Among various objectives, one such field of biodiversity conservation is the use of Geographical objective is the use of ENM tool to predict the probable Information System (GIS)/remote sensing (RS) modelling distribution sites and quantitative assessment of four techniques to identify species distribution sites and suitable medicinal herbs, namely Angelica glauca (Apiaceae), areas for re-augmentation programmes. One such modelling Dactylorhiza hatagirea (Orchidaceae), Paris polyphylla technique is Ecological Niche Modelling (ENM), which is (Melanthiaceae), and Podophyllum hexandrum in different basically a conceptual framework for understanding and geographic regions of Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya (Fig. anticipating geographic and ecological phenomenon related 1 a-d). All these species are of high medicinal value and are

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