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Agaricales: Amanitaceae

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Agaricales: Amanitaceae The vegetation type of study areas is classified as temperate plentiful. Stipe 110–195 × 14–16 mm, slightly tapering TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON AMANITA SECTION PHALLOIDEAE mixed broadleaf forests and is dominated by broadleaf upward, white to whitish (1A1), unchanging when bruised, (AGARICALES: AMANITACEAE) IN WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA species such as Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron densely covered with floccose squamules below and below and arboretum and some coniferous trees such as Cedrus annulus. Context white (1A1), soft, brittle, stuffed to solid. 1 1 2 1 T. Mehmood , R.P. Bhatt , A.K. Chowdhary and U. Singh deodara (Tulloss 2008). Partial veil superior, fragile, white (1A1), often turn off or detached due to handling. Universal veil at stipe base 30–70 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 2 Collections × 20–27 mm, saccate, limbate, white, membranous. Odour Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India indistinct. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. Specimens were collected from temperate forests during the * Correspondence: [email protected] Basidiospores (5.0–) 6.0–7.5 (- 8.5) × (4.5- ) 5.0–6.5 (- 7.0) monsoon season which occurs from July to September. Fresh µm, L=6.3–7.2 µm (L' = 6.8 µm; W=5.4- 6.3 W' = 5.7µm; Q = ABSTRACT specimens were photographed, collected, described, and then dried using a field drier (40°–50° C). (1.05- ) 1.12- 1.25 (- 1.32); Q=1.17- 1.22 Q' = 1.19 µm; The section Phalloideae of genus Amanita contains the mushrooms that are mainly responsible for fatalities from mushroom- amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally poisoning all over the world. A study encompassing the taxonomy and ecology of Amanita section Phalloideae was carried Macroscopic and microscopic observations broadly elongate, smooth, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled; apiculus sublateral; contents monoguttulate. out in Uttarakhand region of Western Himalaya, India to observe their mycorrhizal (symbiotic) associations with some Methodology follows that of Tulloss 2008. Macromor- vascular plants. During the survey, five taxa viz., Amanita manginiana sensu W.F Chiu, Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang phological or field characters like shape, size, colour, & Yoshim. Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo, Amanita subjunquillea var. alba Z. L. Yang and Amanita subjunquillea Imai texture, smell, spore print, habit and habitat were are morphologically described and illustrated. A. manginiana is reported for the first time from Indian mycobiota. The present documented in the forest or base camp from the fresh and communication will be beneficial for the local mushroom hunters to get rid of the Amanita created mushroom-poisoning in dissected young to mature basidiomata (Tulloss 2012). this part of Indian Himalaya. Colour codes and terms mostly follow Methuen Handbook Keywords: Amanita, Mushroom-poisoning, Mycorrhiza, Phalloideae, Taxonomy. of Colour (Kornerup et al., 1978). Samples were dried with a field drier. micro morphological characters were observed INTRODUCTION Amanita sect. Phalloidae, which were collected from the with the help of a compound microscope from the dry Western Himalayas and are presented here with taxonomic materials mounted in a mixture of 5% KOH, 1% Phloxin and Amanita Pers. is widely distributed throughout the world and and ecological data. 1% Congo red. Drawings of micromorphological features most species form obligatorily mycorrhizal associations were made with the Camera lucida at 2000× magnifications. with many vascular plants (Yang et al., 1999). Amanita is METHODOLOGY Microphotography was made with the respective dedicated also known for several deadly poisonous species along with cameras attached to the compound microscopes: Olympus STUDY SITE some highly valued edible species (Zhang et al., 2010). In CH20i and Magnus MIPS. recent decades, mushroom poisoning cases caused by Fig. 2a. Amanita manginiana (a–d) Basidiomata in its habitat (e) The research was carried out in temperate region of amanitas have been frequently reported in East Asia (Kawase RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Basidiospores (f) Elements of universal veil on stipe base (g) Uttarakhand, Western Himalaya (Fig. 1) located between et al., 1992; Li 1996; Zhang et al., 2002). Amanita sect. Basidia at different stages of development latitudes 28°43'-31028' N and longitudes 77°34'- 81°03' E. Phalloideae (Fr.) QueAl. is characterized by a non- Taxonomy Precipitation peaks during July (15.5 mm average) followed Bilateral, divergent; mediostratum 25–35 µm wide, appendiculate, non-striate pileus and a limbate or saccate by August (14.1 mm average). Amanita manginiana sensu W.F. Chiu, Science Reports of filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm wide, hyaline, thin-walled, volva on the bulbous stipe base. The diagnostic microscopic National Tsing Hua University, Series B, Biological & with inflated cell 20–65 × 10–25 µm thin-walled; features include amyloid basidiospores and a pileipellis Psychological Sciences 3: 166 (1948) (Fig. 2a & 2b). vascular hyphae not observed. Subhymenium 28–38 composed of gelatinous filamentous hyphae (Yang 1997). Basidiocarp medium–sized. Pileus 60–110 mm wide, µm thick; with basidia arising from small subglobose to The sect. Phalloideae currently comprises approximately 61 intially hemispherical then convex to plano-convex and ovoid cells, 15–25 × 10–20 µm dominating. Basidia taxa that have been described worldwide (Cai et al., 2014; finally plane, greyish brown (6D2) brown (6E4) over disc, (25–30–40(–50) x (8.0–) 9.5–11.5(–12.5) µm. Lamellar Tulloss et al., 2017). The cyclooligopeptide toxins found in appearing fibrillose, viscid when moist, shining. Context members of this group, include amatoxins, phallotoxins, and 6–8 mm thick, thinning slowly toward margin, whitish, edge sterile; inflated cells, subglobose to broadly virotoxins (Helfer et al., 2014). In Asia, species of sect. unchanging when aged or bruised. Margin non striate, ellipsoid 20–28 × 16–20 µm, Colourless, thin-walled. Phalloideae viz.A. exitialis, A. subjunquillea var. alba, A. uplifted in age, appendiculate. Universal veil on pileus hyaline. Pileipellis 110–140 µm thick, 2-layered; upper subjunquillea A. pallidorosea, A. cf. pseudoporphyria, A. usually absent. Lamellae free, crowded, (10–14 layer 60–80 µm thick, filamentous hyphae 2–6 µm fuliginea, A. fuligineoides have caused hundreds of fatalities lamellae/10mm) white (1A1), unchanging when cut or wide, slightly gelatinized, hyaline, Colourless, thin- (Yang 2005; Chen et al., 2003; Cai et al., 2014; Chen et al., Fig. 1. Map showing sampling sites in Uttarakhand region of bruised, 6–12 mm broad, white (1A1) inside view, cream walled, lower layer 50–60 µm thick, filamentous, 2014). In the present study, we described five species of Western Himalaya white in mass. Lamellulae truncate, of several lengths, undifferentiated hyphae 2–5 µm wide, non-gelatinized, 145 ENVIS Centre on Himalayan Ecology ENVIS Bulletin Himalayan Ecology, Vol 25, 2017 146 The vegetation type of study areas is classified as temperate plentiful. Stipe 110–195 × 14–16 mm, slightly tapering TAXONOMY AND ECOLOGICAL NOTES ON AMANITA SECTION PHALLOIDEAE mixed broadleaf forests and is dominated by broadleaf upward, white to whitish (1A1), unchanging when bruised, (AGARICALES: AMANITACEAE) IN WESTERN HIMALAYA, INDIA species such as Quercus leucotrichophora, Rhododendron densely covered with floccose squamules below and below and arboretum and some coniferous trees such as Cedrus annulus. Context white (1A1), soft, brittle, stuffed to solid. 1 1 2 1 T. Mehmood , R.P. Bhatt , A.K. Chowdhary and U. Singh deodara (Tulloss 2008). Partial veil superior, fragile, white (1A1), often turn off or detached due to handling. Universal veil at stipe base 30–70 1Department of Botany and Microbiology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India 2 Collections × 20–27 mm, saccate, limbate, white, membranous. Odour Department of Zoology and Biotechnology, H.N.B. Garhwal University, Srinagar, Garhwal, Uttarakhand, India indistinct. Taste not recorded. Spore deposit white. Specimens were collected from temperate forests during the * Correspondence: [email protected] Basidiospores (5.0–) 6.0–7.5 (- 8.5) × (4.5- ) 5.0–6.5 (- 7.0) monsoon season which occurs from July to September. Fresh µm, L=6.3–7.2 µm (L' = 6.8 µm; W=5.4- 6.3 W' = 5.7µm; Q = ABSTRACT specimens were photographed, collected, described, and then dried using a field drier (40°–50° C). (1.05- ) 1.12- 1.25 (- 1.32); Q=1.17- 1.22 Q' = 1.19 µm; The section Phalloideae of genus Amanita contains the mushrooms that are mainly responsible for fatalities from mushroom- amyloid, subglobose to broadly ellipsoid, occasionally poisoning all over the world. A study encompassing the taxonomy and ecology of Amanita section Phalloideae was carried Macroscopic and microscopic observations broadly elongate, smooth, hyaline, Colourless, thin-walled; apiculus sublateral; contents monoguttulate. out in Uttarakhand region of Western Himalaya, India to observe their mycorrhizal (symbiotic) associations with some Methodology follows that of Tulloss 2008. Macromor- vascular plants. During the survey, five taxa viz., Amanita manginiana sensu W.F Chiu, Amanita oberwinklerana Zhu L. Yang phological or field characters like shape, size, colour, & Yoshim. Amanita pseudoporphyria Hongo, Amanita subjunquillea var. alba Z. L. Yang and Amanita subjunquillea Imai texture, smell,
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