Academia Arena 2016;8(2) http://www.sciencepub.net/academia
Aquatic Animal Diversity of Manawar Tawi River, Jammu and Kashmir, India
Adhfur Sherwani and Dr. Malik Mukhtar
1. Research Scholar, Department of Environment Science 2. Professor, Department of Entomology SKUAST-K [email protected]
Abstract: Animal diversity is an important biotic component of any aquatic ecosystem. Huge biodiversity is found in Manawar water system. The Manawar Tawi is one of the most important rivers of Jammu region. It is one of the major tributaries of the Chenab River. In this study zooplankton and macro zoo benthos diversity was estimated. It was revealed on the basis of the present study on animal diversity that the members of the Ephemeroptera thrive well in the River Manawar Tawi, besides various other species. Besides others twenty two species of fishes belonging to five families have been recorded from the River Manawar Tawi. Therefore, these can be used as the most appropriate and efficient bio-indicators for assessing the health of the important aquatic ecosystem. [Adhfur Sherwani and Malik Mukhtar, Aquatic Animal Diversity of Manawar Tawi River, Jammu and Kashmir, India. Academ Arena 2016;8(2):133-140]. ISSN 1553-992X (print); ISSN 2158-771X (online). http://www.sciencepub.net/academia. 2. doi:10.7537/marsaaj08021602.
Keywords: Aquatic, Animal, Diversity, Tawi, River
Introduction communities of some wetlands of Kashmir; Khajuria Human survival depends on biodiversity, not (1992) studied the nekton and benthos of lake Mansar only for food, fibre, health but also for recreation. of Jammu; Thakial (1997) studied the benthos of Relationship of biodiversity with ecosystem stability Jammu region; Kaul (2000) studied the effect of and resilience has been the subject of concern of industrial water on Behlol nallah of Jammu; Jyoti et ecologists for some time now (Odum, 1971). Man has al. (2003) studied the effect of pilgrimage on the been the sole cause of concern in view of threats quality of benthos of stream Banganga of Jammu; caused to these habitats in particular and biodiversity Pandit and Yosuf (2003) conducted study on the in general due to his greed and development activities rotifer community of Kashmir Himalayan lakes; Qadri and ignorance about the importance of these habitats. and Yosuf (2004) conducted study on the ecology of Freshwater biodiversity is increasingly threatened by macrozoobenthos of Nigeen lake; Bhat and pandit unsustainable development worldwide. While the (2006) studied the substrate influence on international strategies (Caring for earth agenda 21) macrozoobenthos dwelling a small tributary of vishav produced in recent years have succeeded in stream of Kashmir; Mahdi et al. (2006) undertook highlighting guiding principles for improved study of buniyar stream entomofauna. management and conservation of inland freshwater However, no work has been done so far on the ecosystems, much remains to be done in terms of animal diversity of Manawar Tawi River of Jammu information and public awareness, resource region. Therefore, it was felt desirable to undertake assessment, integral management, species protection the study on animal diversity of Manawar Tawi River. and capacity building to define a set of practical action Study Sites that could reduce effectively the degradation of fresh The Manawar Tawi is one of the most important water biodiversity. rivers of Jammu region. It is one of the major The aquatic habitat and their biodata have been tributaries of the Chenab River. There are eight main extensively investigated since the early 19th century. tributaries of the Manawar Tawi River. These areas- However, a very few studies have been made on the Rajouri Tawi, Sukhtao, Khandal, Nallah, Jamola Wali aquatic animal diversity of Jammu and Kashmir. Dutta Tawi, Dhelloriwali Tawi, Kalar Kas, Panda Kas, (1978) undertook studies on the limnology of gadigarh Nehari Tawi. The main water source of Manawar stream of Jammu region; Kaul et al. (1980) studied the Tawi is snow and some perennial springs. There are ecology of freshwater snails of haigam wetland of about 20 high altitude lakes along the northern Kashmir; Qadri et al. (1981) undertook study on the boundary of the district in the Pir-Panjal range. two trout streams of Kashmir; Pandit et al. (1985) ‘Manawar Tawi’ derives its name from a town studied ecological relationships between invertebrate ‘Manawar’, which is in Pakistan. There are different and macrophytes of two Himalayan lakes; Gupta names of this river in Rajouri district. Locals used to (1992) studied feeding biology of two lakes of Mansar call the tributaries of this River as ‘Nallahs’, and the of Jammu; Pandit (1992) studied the ecology of insect tributaries of ‘Nallah’ Manawar Tawi is a third stream
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order River. The head water stream of ‘Manawar Statistical mean ( ), standard deviation (S.D), Tawi’ rises on the southern slope of Pir-Panjal correlation ®, linear regression, multiple regression, Mountains and is known as ‘Thanna-Nallah’. Thanna- diversity index, (Shannon Weiner, 1964 alpha Nallah originates from a mountain (2,542m above diversity and beta diversity), Jaccard evenness, m.s.I.). The head of Thanna-Nallah is located between concentration of dominance, similarity indices and 740221/2 East longitude and 330321/2 North latitude. It dissimilarity indices were under computed. then flows southwards and is joined by another Nallah Diversity Index: Diversity s the mathematical from the eastern side known as ‘Darhali-Nallah’. expression that combine three components of These two Nallahs meet each other between 740 18\ community structure-richness (number of species East longitude and 330 24\ North latitude ‘Darhali- present), evenness (the distribution of individuals Nallah’ originates from a mountain which is (3,555 m among species) and abundance (total number of above m.s.I.). Its head is located between 740 30\ East organisms present). It is used to describe the response longitudes and 330 26\ North latitude. After confluence of a community to the quality of its environment. For of these two Nallahs the river passes through the the statistical analysis of the biological components Rajouri town. For this study three sites (S1, S2 and S3) Shannon-Weiner diversity index (1964) and alpha have been taken a different depth of river. diversity (Kent and Coker, 1994) were calculated. Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index: Species diversity Material and Methods H Standard methodology was followed for index ( ) was calculated using the Shannon Weiner estimation of following parameters as described information function ( Shannon and Weiner, 1964; s below: ni ni log Zooplankton: Zooplankton was sampled monthly N 2 N during two annual cycles at three different sampling Diversity index ( H ) = l1 sites. Macro zooplankton were sampled by towing Where, plankton net vertically in river water to the maximum H = Shannon-wiener index of diversity; depth of 10 cm and then hauled at a speed of 10 cm Ni= Total no of individual of a species; /sec. Horizontal towing through plankton net was also N=total no of individuals of all species done to estimate the distribution of zooplankton in the Alpha diversity (α): Alpha diversity is the measure of surface water of the river. For micro zooplankton occurrence of species in any ecosystem (Kent and (naupli, rotifers, titinnids) 2 liter samples were Coker, 1994). It was analyzed by counting the total collected and passed through a 35 µm mesh net. All number of species present during on sampling. the samples were immediately fixed with 4 % Alpha diversity=N formalin solution and identification was done with the Where help of Inverted Compound Microscope. N=Total number of species present Macrozoobenthos: Macrozoobenthos colonizing the Beta Diversity (β): Beta diversity is a comparison of substrate were collected with the help of the Surber diversity between sites or communities, usually Sampler (0.50nm mesh net) and by hand picking from measured as a amount of species changed between the the stones. The percentage cover of different sized ecosystem. Following (Whittaker 1975), beta diversity substrata within each Surber quadrat was estimated was computed to determine the rate of species visually using the substrate sized classes (after Bovee changed across the sites. and Milhous 1978) of sand (0.06-2mm), fine gravel Concentration of Dominance (C): The concentration (2-32mm), coarse gravel ( 32-64), cobbles (64- of Dominance (C) was computed following Simpson 256mm) and boulders (>256mm). (1949): Quantitave estimation of macrozoobenthos was s 2 n based on numerical counting i.e. units per square C i meter (ind. /sq. m).The macrozoobenthos were N i 1 preserved in 4% formalin. These macrozoobenthos Dominance were identified to the possible lowest taxonomic level Where, and counted. The qualitative analysis of the benthic C= Concentration of Dominance samples were made with the help of Needham and ni = total no. of individuals of a species Needham (1962); Hynes (1971); Macan (1974); Elliot N=total no. of individuals of all species et al.(1988); Wallace et al. (1990); Ward and Whipple (1992) and Edngton and Hildrew (1995) and many Coefficient of Similarity (S): The coefficient of standard keys of Freshwater Biological Association. Similarity (S) will be computed following Jaccard U.K. (1942). Statistical Treatment of Data
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C Zooplankton: The zooplankton in Manawar Tawi River were sparsely populated due to its high water Coefficient of Similarity C = CBA velocity. The seasonal diversity and abundance of Where, zooplankton has been presented in Table (1 species), C= No. of common species rotifera (03 species) and copepoda (02 species) in the A=total no. of species in community A; Manawar Tawi River. Zooplankton showed maximum B= total number of species in community B; abundance during spring season and minimum during monsoon. The zooplankton did not show the regular Results presence in the Manawar Tawi. Therefore, it was not Aquatic animal diversity of Manawar Tawi is possible to study the monthly variations in density of represented by zooplankton, Macrozoobenthos and zooplankton of Manawar Tawi. fish. These aquatic animals act as secondary producers in the aquatic ecosystem of Manawar Tawi.
Table 1: Seasonal abundance of Zooplankton in River Manawar Tawi recorded for the period November 2009 – October 2011 Zooplankton Winter Spring Summer Monsoon Autumn (Nov-Jan) (Feb-Mar) (Apr-Jun) (Jul-Aug) (Sept-Oct) Protozoa Vorticella species ++ +++ ++ - + Rotifera Lecane bulla + +++ + - ++ Trichocera sps ++ ++ ++ - + Cephalodella + ++ + - ++ Copepoda Nauplius ++ +++ ++ - + Cyclops sps + ++ + - + +++: Abundant; ++: Common; +: Rare; -: Absent
Macrozoobenthos: Macrozoobenthos of Manawar The monthly variations in the macrozoobenthos Tawi River were represented by the orders of dwelling Manawar Tawi was calculated. The density Ephemeroptera (may flies), Trichoptera (caddis flies), of macrozoobenthos was found to be maximum (2,310 -2 Diptera (true flies), Coleoptera (beetles) of class ind.m ) in the month of April at S2 and minimum (644 -2 insecta, and some members of Mollusca and Annelida. ind.m ) in August at S3 during the first year of InManawar Tawi river, a total of 25 taxa of observations. During the second year of observations, macrozoobenthos were recorded during the two year it was found to be maximum (2,095 ind.m-2) in -2 study period. These were represented by December at S3 and minimum (447 ind.m ) at S2 in Ephemeroptera (54%), Trichoptera (17.5%), Diptera August. The seasonal macrozoobenthos density was -2 (9.5%), Coleoptera (5.5%), Mollusca (3.5%) and found to be maximum (2,061 ind.m ) in spring at S2 -2 Annelida (10%) during the period of study.The and minimum (741 ind.m ) in monsoon at S3 during Ephemeroptera was represented by the nymphs of the first year of observations. It was maximum (1,889 -2 -2 Heptagenia lateralis, Heptagenia fuscogrisea, ind.m ) in spring at S1 and minimum (641 ind.m ) in Ecdyonurus insignis, Rhithrogena semicolorata, monsoon at S2 during the successive year of Caenis horaria, Epeorus, Leptophlebia Choroterpes, observations. Baetis muticus, Ephmerella notata and Ameletus Ephemeroptera (Mayflies): In the Manawar Tawi inopinatus. The Trichoptera was represented by the River, Ephemeroptera was represented by the families nymphs of Parapsyche, Psychomyia,Orthotrichiaand Heptageniidae, Caenidae, Leptophlebidae, Baetidae, Allocapnia. The Diptera was represented by two Ephemerellidae and Siphlonuridae. Ephemeroptera species Tribe tendipedini and Antocha saxicola. The was the most dominant Taxon in the Manawar Tawi Coleoptera was represented was only one species River. Psephenus herricki. The Mollusca was represented by The density of Ephemeroptera was found to be -2 Gyraulus hirsutus and Sphaerium simile and the maximum (1,179 ind.m ) in March at S3 and -2 Annelida was represented by Placobdella minimum (352 ind.m ) in July at S2 during the first multilineata, Placobdella spp., Helobdella and year of observations. It was found to be maximum -2 Haemopis. (1,177 ind.m ) in April at S2 and minimum (249
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-2 ind.m ) in August at S2 during the second year of summer season at S1 during the second year of observations. Seasonally, Ephemeroptera was found to observations. -2 be maximum (1,162 ± 88.4 ind.m ) in spring at S3 and Fish Diversity: -2 minimum (384.2 ± 45.3 ind.m ) in monsoon at S2 Twenty two species of fishes belonging to five during the first year of study. However, it was families have been recorded from the River Manawar -2 maximum (997.1 ± 176.7 ind.m ) in winter at S3 and Tawi. These are Schizothorax richardsonii, Tor tor, -2 minimum (341.51 ± 131.19 ind.m ) in monsoon at S2 Tor putitora, Labeo dero, labeo rohita, Garra gotyla during the second year of observations. gotyla, Garra lamta, Barilius bandelisis, Cirrhinus Trichoptera (Caddisfly): Trichoptera was mrigala, Crossocheilus latius, Punitus conchonius, represented by the families, Hydropsychidae, Puntius ticto, Cyprinus caprio, Rasbora daniconius Psychomyiidae and Hydroptilidae. Trichoptera was belonging to family Cyprinnidae; Glyptostemum -2 found to be maximum (490 ind.m ) in March at S2 reticulum, Glyptothorax kashmirensis, Glyptothorax -2 and minimum (81 ind.m ) in August at S1 during the telchitta, belonging to family Sisoridae; Nemacheilus first year of observations. It was found to be botia, Nemachelius kashmirensis belonging to family -2 maximum (429 ind.m ) in February at S2 and Homalopteridae; Salmo gairdenerii gairdenerii, -2 minimum (57 ind.m ) in August at S2 during the Salmo trutta fario belonging to family Salmonidae second year of observations. The seasonal density of and one species of family Mastacembelidae Trichoptera was found to be maximum (475.6 ± 202 (Mastacembelus armatus) have been recorded from -2 ind.m ) in spring at S2 and minimum (128 ± 51.7 the River Manawar Tawi. Two species (Salmo -2 ind.m ) in monsoon at S3 during the first year of gairdenerii gairdenerii and Salmo trutta fario) have observations. It was found to be maximum (394 ± been introduced on trial basis in the higher reaches of -2 38.2 ind.m ) in winter at S1 and minimum (71.71 ± River Manawar Tawi. Results of their success in the -2 6.90 ind.m ) in monsoon at S3 during the second year river are still awaited. of observations. Statist Ical Analysis Diptera (True flies): Diptera of Manawar Tawi was Shannon-Weiner Diversity Index ( ): The monthly represented by two families, (Tendipedidae and variations in diversity Index for macrozoobenthos Tipulidae). The mean monthly density of Diptera have been estimated. The values of diversity index fluctuated from 13 ind.m-2 – 281 indm-2 during the ranged from (2.7004-4.158) during the first year of first year and 30 ind.m-2 – 411 ind.m-2 during the observations. In the second year, it ranged from (2.973 second year of observations. Seasonally, Diptera was ± 4.028). Seasonally, it was maximum (4.114 ± 0.062) found to be maximum in winter and summer seasons. during the spring season and minimum (2.846 ± Coleoptera (Water beetles): Coleoptera was 0.206) in monsoon season during the first year of represented by one family (Psephenidae) in the study. It was again maximum (3.956 ± 0.062) in Manawar Tawi River. The mean monthly density of spring and minimum (3.037 ± 0.040) in monsoon Coleoptera ranged from 24 ind.m-2 – 201 ind.m-2 during the second year of study. during the first year and 0.0 ind.m-2 – 291 ind.m-2 Alpha Diversity: The mean monthly variations in during the second year of study. Seasonally, they Alpha diversity index (α) for macrozoobenthos ranged from (12.58 ± 17.79 ind.m-2 – 185.6 ± 13.7 dwelling Manawar Tawi have been estimated. Alpha ind.m-2) during the two year study period. diversity (α) for macrozoobenthos was calculated to Mollusca: The members of Mollusca were present at be maximum (25) in February at S2 and minimum (13) two sites only in the Manawar Tawi River. Mollusca in the month of August at S2 during the two year study were represented by two families: Planorbidae and period. Lymnaeidae. The mean monthly density of Mollusca Seasonally, it was found to be maximum (24) in -2 -2 ranged from 0.01 ind.m – 2 4.4 ind.m during the spring at S2 and minimum (18) in monsoon at S2 and period of study. S3 during the first year of observations. It was Annelida: Annelida was represented by only one maximum (23) in spring at S1 and minimum (17) in family, Piscicolidae. The mean monthly density of monsoon at S2 during the second year of observations Annelida fluctuated from 41 ind.m-2 – 558 ind.m-2 (Table 6.15). during the first year of study. However, it was 23 Beta Diversity: The variations in mean beta diversity ind.m-2 – 266 ind.m-2 during the second year of of macrozoobenthos dwelling Manawar Tawi River observations. has been estimated. Beta diversity was found to be Seasonally, it was minimum in (53.1 ± 17.1 (1.056) during the first year and (1.015) during the -2 ind.m ) in monsoon season at S2 and maximum successive year of study. (426.4 ± 114.9 ind.m-2) in summer season during the Concentration of Dominance: The monthly first year. It was minimum (50.5 ± 39.61 ind.m-2) in variations in the concentration of dominance for -2 monsoon at S2 and maximum (228.6 ± 34.9 in.m ) in macrozoobenthos have been estimated. The
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concentration of dominance varied between 0.0498- The riverine ecosystem of Manawar Tawi 0.0953 during the first year of study. During the comprised of boulders, cobbles, pebbles, sand and silt. successive year, the value of concentration of The nature of bottom substrate is one of the most dominance fluctuated between 0.0499-0.1. significant environmental parameters in influencing Coefficient of Similarity: The value for the the biodiversity of stream; wisely (1962); Minshall coefficient of similarity has been calculated. The (1968) Hynes (1971); Hawkins (1984); and Angradi degree of similarity indices for the macrozoobenthos (1996). Ward (1994) also pointed out that the boulders was statistically tested by using the coefficient of and cobbles are the dominant feature of headwater similarity. The value ranged from 92% between S1, S2 streams. The substratum is one of the main factors and S1, S3; 100% between S2, S3 and S3, S2. controlling the composition of biotic communities. Bhat and Pandit (2006) found gravel to support more Discussion genera of Macrozoobenthos as against sand. Aquatic macrozoobenthos are extremely diverse The density of macrozoobenthos showed a group of animals. They are very important food source significant negative correlation with water for aquatic predators such as fish, amphibians and temperature of Manawar Tawi River. Lekmkuhl birds. They play a major role in herbivory and the (1972) studied the influence of water temperature decomposition of organic materials, and therefore alterations on a benthic community. Several studies affect nutrient availability and serve as an important have also concluded that insect taxa-richness may be part of food chain in the ecosystem. Benthic influenced within the same stream ecosystem with invertebrates exist within a wide range of annual water temperature variations (Stanford and environments, and as such, their environmental Ward, 1982). requirements for pollution and clean water vary According to Hynes, (1971), water speed is an greatly as well. They have relatively long life cycles, important factor of major importance in running compared to groups such as zooplankton and waters. It controls the occurrence and abundance of phytoplankton and are appropriate for pollution species and hence the whole structure of aquatic response. The presence of some specific species is an insects community. The density of macrozoobenthos indicator of clean, unpolluted waters, while some showed a significant negative correlation with water other species can thrive well in polluted waters. velocity. In the monsoon season, due to frequent flash Because of these characteristics, macrozoobenthos are floods substrate instability occurs and this is the major commonly used to evaluate the ecological integrity of cause of disturbance of aquatic habitat of Manawar streams and as indicators of water quality assessment Tawi during monsoon season. Erman and Mahoney (Lenat and Barbour, 1987; Fore et al., 1996; Norris (1983) and Kamler (1967) had also analyzed the result and Norris, 1995 and Plank fin et al., 1989). of flow regime on macro invertebrate communities in Distribution, density and biomass of benthic lotic ecosystems. organisms depend upon the physico-chemical The hydromedian depth of Manawar Tawi was characteristics of water, the nature of sediments or significantly negatively related with the density of substratum, biological complexes such as food, macrozoobenthos. Transparency of river water favours predation and other factors. the abundance of macrozoobenthic communities. The benefits of using macrozoobenthos in Transparency of Manawar Tawi River was ecological assessment include their characteristics significantly positively related with the (Plankfin et al., 1989). Macrozoobenthos are found in macrozoobenthic density. Increased turbidity is most aquatic habitats. There are a large number of unfavourable for macrozoobenthos because load of species, and different stresses produce different suspended solids reduce the benthic populations by macrozoobenthos communities. Macrozoobenthos creating unfavourable conditions on bottom due to generally have limited mobility and are therefore blanketing action. Gusain (1994) also stated that the indicators of localized environmental conditions; since sediments carried by floods during the monsoon they retain (bio accumulate), therefore, can be utilized increase the turbidity. These sediments fill the as indicators against different toxic substances. interstices amomg the rocks and thereby reduce the Macrozoobenthos are small enough to be easily density of macrozoobenthos. The macrozoobenthic collected and identified. Sampling of density. Free carbon dioxide concentration showed a macrozoobenthos is relatively simple. It requires significant negative relationship with the minimal equipment, and does not adversely affect the macrozoobenthos. It was found to be highest in other organisms. Macrozoobenthos are the primary monsoon season. food source for recreationally and commercially Macrozoobenthic species are differently sensitive important fish. to any biotic and abiotic factor in the environment. They have been used as an indicator of the condition
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of an aquatic ecosystem (Rosenbergh and Resh, A total of twenty five taxa of macrozoobenthos 1993). Changes in the presence/absence, density, was recorded from the River Manawar Tawi during behaviour of these organisms can indicate that the the period from November 2009-October 2011. These physical and chemical conditions are outside their were represented by Ephemeroptera (54%), preffered limits (Rosenberg and Resh, 1993). Presence Trichoptera (17.5%), Diptera (9.5%), Coleoptera of numerous families of highly tolerant organism (5.5%), Mollusca (3.5%) and Annelida (10%). usually indicates poor water quality (Hynes, 1998). Ephemeroptera was the most dominant group in The Shannon-Weiner diversity index for aquatic the Manawar Tawi River. Mahdi et al. (2006) also insects remained above 2.70 throughout the study found Ephemeroptera as the dominant group in their period, indicating the good quality of water. study on Bunyar stream of Kashmir. Ephemeropterans Seasonally, diversity index for macrozoobenthos was occupies a diverse range of fresh water habitats and recorded highest (4.114±0.06) in spring and lowest are usually one of the best representative aquatic (2.846±0.206) in monsoon season. The high value of invertebrates in streams and rivers of high altitude macrozoobenthos indicates that the communities were Himalaya. They display ecological and behavioural most diverse during the spring season. specializations and constitute a very interesting group Whittaker (1975) introduced the concept of for assessing biodiversity in rivers (Dolisy and Dohet, alpha, beta and gamma diversity. The measurement of 2003). Moreover, the knowledge of their ecology and number of species at a particular site is example of life history is essential for understanding the alpha diversity. Given an environment gradient, beta biological structure of streams and lakes. They can be diversity can vary among regions and also within a extensively used as indicator species of river water gradient. The total beta diversity is the ‘gradient quality. Their study is essential in order to assess the length’. A short gradient has low beta diversity. The more accurate conservation status and biodiversity of beta diversity concept relate to changes in diversity many aquatic ecosystems. In general, they are between sites at local (beta) scales. An essential part moderately to slightly tolerant of pollution and usually of these relational concepts is the idea of species require high dissolved oxygen concentrations. turnover, the degree to which species present at one Substrate preferences are also variable with species side are replaced by other at a different gradient. present on rocks or gravel, mud and organic debris or Alpha diversity increases with decreasing altitude, on amongst vegetation. while beta diversity increases as geographic range Trichoptera was the second most dominating decreases and distribution of abundances among taxon in the Manawar Tawi. Trichoptera was found to species becomes more equitable. be the second most dominant group by Mahdi et al. It is concluded from the above discussion that the (2006) in their study on Bunyar stream of Kashmir. density of macrozoobenthos was found to be Trichoptera is very common in cool streams and rivers maximum during spring season when low water and in general are quite intolerant of pollution, current, high dissolved oxygen, low hydromedian requiring high oxygen concentrations. In the Manawar depth and low turbidity were recorded in the Manawar Tawi River, Trichoptera contributed 17.5% of the total Tawi River. A minimum density of macrozoobenthos macrozoobenthos. Dipterans comprised an average was recorded in monsoon season when condition of 9.5% in Manawar Tawi River. They live in nearly torrential water current, high turbidity and high every available freshwater aquatic habitat, and on the hydromedian depth prevails. Findings of Singh et al. whole are quite tolerant of pollution, surviving in low (1994), Sharma (1985) and Sunder (1997) are also in dissolved oxygen (Clifford, 1991). Bhat et al. (2006) conformity with the present observations. found Diptera and Trichoptera as dominant groups in Faith and Norris (1989) demonstrated that their study on Wangant Nalla. Khajuria (1992) macrozoobenthos assemblages are strongly influenced reported the dominance of Chironomus over other by the habitat in which they live. Variations in Dipteras in Manasar Lake. Diptera is one of the most distribution and abundance of benthic organisms may diverse orders of Insecta and their larvae are common be due to the characteristic of the stream size and in aquatic systems. distance from the source (Minshall, 1985), substrate The ability of the macrozoobenthos to cope with (Minshall and Minshall, 1996), vegetation (Vincent, the environmental heterogeneity (extreme fluctuations 1983), and fluctuations in temperature and stream in physico-chemical parameters) indicates that they discharge (Newbury, 1984; Bournard et al., 1987 and are a sensitive indicator of both environmental and Boulton and Lake, 1992). The degree to which this anthropogenic changes. Most aquatic habitats, spatial and temporal variability affecting richness, particularly free flowing streams and waters with diversity or biotic indices depend on the species acceptable water quality and substrate conditions, involved and effects on measures of support diverse macrozoobenthos communities, in richness/diversity. which there is a reasonably balanced distribution of
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species among the total number of individuals present. 10. Elliot, J.M., Humpesch, U.H. and Macan, T.T. Such communities respond to changing habitats and 1988. Larvae of the British Ephemeroptera: A Key water quality by alternations in community structure with Ecological Notes. Scientific Publication No. (invertebrate abundance and composition). However, 49. Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry many habitats especially distributed ones are House, Ambleside, Cumbria, UK, 1-145. dominated by few species. Macrozoobenthos have 11. Erman, D.C. and Mahoney, S.D. 1983. ‘Recovery been used to assess the biological integrity of stream after Logging in Streams with and without Buffer processes. The fluvial system of Manawar Tawi stripes’, Calif. Water Research Centre, University undergoes homeostasis after spates and regulates the of California, North California. 1-50. 12. Fore, L.S., J.R. Karr and Wisseman, R.W. 1996. quality and quantity of aquatic plants and animal life. 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