Universidad Aut´Onoma De Chiapas (UNACH), Y No Ha Sido Presentada Previamente Para La Obtenci´On De Otro Grado En ´Esta Universidad U Otras

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Universidad Aut´Onoma De Chiapas (UNACH), Y No Ha Sido Presentada Previamente Para La Obtenci´On De Otro Grado En ´Esta Universidad U Otras UNIVERSIDAD AUTONOMA´ DE CHIAPAS Estudios de Materia Oscura con el detector HAWC TESIS QUE PARA OBTENER EL T´ITULO DE MAESTRO EN CIENCIAS F´ISICAS PRESENTA LIC. LENIN PEREZ´ ESTRADA DIRECTOR DE TESIS DRA. KAREN SALOMECABALLEROMORA´ CO-DIRECTOR DE TESIS DR. PATRICK J. HARDING TUXTLA GUTIERREZ´ CHIAPAS, DICIEMBRE 2017 Prefacio Esta Tesis es presentada como parte de los requisitos para optar al grado de Maestro en Ciencias F´ısicas, de la Facultad de Ciencias en F´ısica y Matem´aticas (FCFM) de la Universidad Aut´onoma de Chiapas (UNACH), y no ha sido presentada previamente para la obtenci´on de otro grado en ´esta Universidad u otras. La misma contiene los resultados obtenidos en investigaciones llevadas a cabo en la Facultad de Ciencias en F´ısica y Matem´aticas (FCFM), en el Laboratorio Nacional de los Alamos (LANL), y estancias en el observatorio de rayos gamma HAWC (High Altitude Water Cherenkov), los resultados han sido discutidos en las reuniones (meetings) de la colaboraci´on de HAWC, durante el per´ıodo comprendido entre enero de 2015 y abril de 2016, bajo la direcci´on de la Dra. Karen Salom´eCaballero Mora, profesora titular de la FCFM y el Dr. Patrick Harding profesor investigador de Los Alamanos National Laboratory (LANL), Estados Unidos. Lenin P´erez Estrada [email protected] Universidad Autonoma´ de Chiapas Tuxtla Guti´errez, Diciembre 2017. Agradecimientos Quiero agradecer enormemente a la U.N.A.C.H., al M.C.T.P. y la Facultad de Ciencias en F´ısicas y Matem´aticas (FCFM) por haber sido una segunda casa y brindarme el privilegio de estudiar en esta universidad. Al Dr. Arnulfo Zepeda Dom´ınguez, por aceptarme como ayudante de investigador en el 2012, por sus innumerables apoyos, consejos, correcciones, por su gran benevolencia y disponibilidad, por haberme motivado a iniciar la maestr´ıa, mis m´as sinceros agradeci- mientos. Al CONACyT por el apoyo otorgado a trav´es del proyecto CB 123197, CB 243290, al programa de becas mixtas nacional 2015-marzo 2016, a la FCFM por los apoyos a trav´es del PIFI, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015 y 2016. A mi madre, por su inmenso amor, por su ejemplo de constancia y esfuerzo para salir siempre adelante, por su nobleza, su sencillez y cari˜no. A mi padre, al que tanto admiro, a quien debo mi esp´ıritu de lucha, por sus infinitas ense˜nanzas que son siempre estimulantes, por su admirable pasi´onpor ayudar a los dem´as. A mis hermanos, por sus grandes consejos, aunque poco nos vemos, siempre est´an en mis pensamientos. A la Dra. Karen Salom´eCaballero por haber aceptado dirigir esta tesis, por sus valiosas correcciones, apoyos y consejos. Al Dr. Patrick Harding por aceptarme en Los Alamanos National Laboratory, por ense˜narme el m´etodo para buscar materia oscura con los datos del experimento High Altitude Water Cherenkov, por su valioso apoyo. Al Dr. Jorge Mastache por sus comentarios, sugerencias y aportaciones al desarrollo de la tesis. A mis profesores: Olindo Corradini, P´avel Castro, Sendic Estrada, Idrish Huet, Karen S. Caballero, Ariel Flores, Robeto Arceo, C´esar Alvarez,´ Sergio Mendoza, les agradezco toda mi formaci´on, sus consejos, su pasi´on por la ciencia y sus ganas de ense˜nar. Muchas gracias. Acknowledgement I would like to thank the U.N.A.C.H., M.C.T.P. and the Faculty of Sciences in Physics and Mathematics (FCFM) for being a second home and giving me the privilege to study at this university. To Dr. Arnulfo Zepeda Dominguez, for accepting me as a research assistant in 2012, for his innumerable supports, advice, corrections, for his great benevolence and availability, for having motivated me to start the master degree, my most sincere appreciation. To the CONACyT for the support granted through the project, to the national mixed scholarship program 2015- March 2016, to the FCFM for the support through the PIFI, PROFOCIE 2014, 2015, 2016. To my mother, for her immense love, for her example of perseverance and e↵ort to always go forward, for her nobility, her simplicity and charity. To my father, whom I admire so much, to whom I owe my spirit of struggle, for his infinite teachings that are always stimulating, because your admirable passion for helping others. My brethren, by their great counsels, though little we see, are always in my thoughts. To Dr. Karen Salom for accepting to direct this thesis, for her valuable corrections, supports and advice. Dr. Patrick Harding for accepting me at the Los Alamos National Laboratory, for teaching me the method for searching dark matter with the data of the experiment High Altitude Water Cherenkov, for his valuable support. To Jorge Mastache for his comments, suggestions and contributions to the development of the thesis. To my teachers: Olindo Corradini, P´avel Castro, Sendic Estrada, Idrish Huet, Karen Salom´e, Ariel Flores, Robeto Arceo, C´esar Alvarez,´ Sergio Mendoza, thank you for all my training , his advice, his passion for science and his desire to teach. Thank you very much. Resumen La materia oscura es parte fundamental del Universo, siendo un 26.8 % de la composici´on de ´esta, su densidad de energ´ıa es aproximadamente cinco veces m´as abundante que la densidad de materia bari´onica conocida, 6.9 %, as´ıcomo el resto es del 68.3 % que corresponde a la energ´ıa oscura [1], ´esta densidad se conoce de acuerdo a las anisitrop´ıas del fondo c´osmico de microondas (CMB). A´un conociendo su densidad, s´olo se ha observado la interacci´on a trav´esde los efectos gravitacionales con la materia barionica, y su naturaleza contin´ua siendo un misterio. Sin embargo, se pueden hacer constricciones si consideramos la materia oscura. En esta tesis se presentan estudios realizados para estimar la materia oscura presente en el halo de galaxia M31. La estimaci´onse realiza de forma indirecta, calculando el flujo de rayos gamma proveniente de la aniquilaci´on de dicha materia oscura, medido por el experimento HAWC (High Altitude Water Cherenkov). El experimento est´aubicado en las faldas del volc´an de Sierra Negra, Puebla. Como candidato a materia oscura se consideran las part´ıculas masivas de interacci´on d´ebil (WIMPs por sus siglas en ingl´es Weakly Interacting Massive Particles) como materia oscura, se supone que los WIMPs se aniquilan en part´ıculas del Modelo Est´andar (SM) en los canales tt¯, µµ¯, W W¯ , ⌧⌧¯ y b¯b, se calcula el flujo diferencial de rayos gamma provenientes de la aniquilaci´on del del WIMPs. Se consideran energ´ıas del centro de masa para la interacci´on de 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 300 y 1000 TeV’s. Con el c´alculo del flujo diferencial se constri˜ne la secci´on eficaz de aniquilaci´on, que es comparable con el valor 26 3 1 est´andar 3 10− cm s− de la escala d´ebil. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos con uni ⇥ nivel de confidencialidad del 95 %, para el flujo diferencial y para la secci´on eficaz, ´estos ´ultimos comparables con los resultados presentados por el experimento Fermi-LAT. Abstract Dark matter is a fundamental part of the Universe, being 26.8 % of the composition of the Universe, its energy density is approximately five times more abundant than the density of known baryonic matter, 6.9 %, as well as the rest is 68.3 % corresponding to dark energy [1], this density is known according to the anisitropies of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). Even knowing its density, only the interaction through gravitational e↵ects with barium matter has been observed, and its nature continues to be a mystery. However, constrictions can be made if we consider dark matter. In this thesis studies are presented to estimate the dark matter present in the galaxy halo M31. The estimation is made indirectly, calculating the gamma-ray flux coming from the annihilation of said dark matter, measured by the HAWC (High Altitude Water Cherenkov) experiment. The experiment is located on the slopes of the Sierra Negra volcano, Puebla. As a candidate for dark matter, we consider the massive particles of weak interaction (WIMPs for its acronym in English) as dark matter, it is assumed that the WIMPs are annihilated in particles of the Standard Model (SM) in the channels tt¯, µµ¯, W W¯ , ⌧⌧¯ and b¯b,di↵erential gamma ray flow is calculated coming from the annihilation of the WIMPs. Energies of the center of mass are considered for the interaction of 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30, 50, 100, 300 and 1000 TeV’s. With the calculation of the di↵erential flow, the annihilation cross-section is construed, which is comparable with the standard value 3x10 26cm3s 1 of the weak scale. The results obtained are shown with a confiden- − − tiality level of 95 %, for the di↵erential flow and for the efficient section, the latter being comparable with the results presented by the Fermi-LAT experiment. ´Indice General 1 Indicios de Materia Oscura 3 1.1 Evidencias de Materia Oscura . 3 1.1.1 Curvas de rotaci´onde galaxias . 6 1.1.2 C´umulos de galaxias . 11 1.1.3 Lentes gravitacionales . 16 1.1.4 Radiaci´onde fondo de Microondas . 22 1.1.5 Estructura Cosmol´ogicaa gran escala . 24 1.2 Candidatos a Materia Oscura . 26 1.2.1 Candidatos: Axiones, neutrinos, WIMPs, LSP, KSP... 29 1.3 M´etodos de detecci´onde Materia Oscura . 34 1.3.1 Detecci´onDirecta de Materia Oscura . 34 1.3.2 Detecci´onIndirecta de Materia Oscura . 36 2 ObservatoriodeRayosGammaHAWC 41 2.1 Objetivos cient´ıficos y sensibilidad del observatorio HAWC .
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