Visual Communications Journal Fall 2020 Volume 56 Number 2

2019 Gutenberg Photography Winner | Color Digital Category | College and University Division

Sarah Anderson | Pittsburg State University

Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) Haji Naik Dharavath, Ph.D. | Central Connecticut State University Hans Kellogg, M.S. | Ball State University Online Workflow Game Richard M. Adams II and Thomas Hoffmann-Walbeck Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada and Hochschule der Medien, Stuttgart, Germany Color Correction in Video: Testing the Accuracy and Efficiency for Achieving Brand-Correctness using DaVinci Resolve Student Author: Amanda Sports | Graduate student in Graphic Communications, Clemson University Faculty Mentor: Erica Walker PhD | Clemson University

VOLUME 56 NUMBER 2 FALL 2020 Acknowledgements GCEA Board of Directors

Editor President – Rion Huffman Gabe Grant, Eastern Illinois University Pittsburg State University 1701 S. Broadway Associate Editor Pittsburg, KS 66762 620-235-4848 Dan Wilson, Illinois State University [email protected]

Editorial Review Board President-Elect – John Craft Jr Cynthia Carlton-Thompson, North Carolina A&T State University Appalachian State University Bob Chung, Rochester Institute of Technology Katherine Harper Hall John Craft, Appalachian State University Boone, NC 28608 Charles Weiss, Clemson University 828-262-6362 Tom Schildgen, Arizona State University [email protected] Mark Snyder, Millersville University James Tenorio, University of Wisconsin–Stout Vice-President of Publications Erica Walker, Clemson University Pradeep Mishra Renmei Xu, Ball State University Arkansas State University P.O. Box 1930 Page Design and Formatting State University, AR 72467 Dina Vees, California Polytechnic State University (870) 972-3114 [email protected] About the Journal Vice-President of Membership The Visual Communications Journal serves as the official journal of Laura Roberts the Graphic Communications Education Association, and provides Mattoon High School a professional communicative link for educators and industry 2521 Walnut Avenue personnel associated with design, presentation, management, Mattoon, IL 61938 and reproduction of graphic forms of communication. Manuscripts 217-238-7785 submitted for publication are subject to peer review. The views [email protected] and opinions expressed herein are those of authors and do not necessarily reflect the policy or the views of the GCEA. Vice-President of Communication Kelly Smith Article Submission Adlai E. Stevenson High School Please follow the guidelines provided at the back of this Journal. One Stevenson Drive Lincolnshire, IL 60069 847.415.4178 Membership and Subscription Information [email protected] Information about membership in the Association or subscription to the Journal should be directed to the GCEA Vice-President of Treasurer – Dina Vees Membership. California Polytechnic State University Graphic Communications Reference Sources San Luis Obispo, CA 93407 The Visual Communications Journal can be 805-756-1127 found on EBSCOHost databases. [email protected] ISSN: Print: 0507-1658 Web: 2155-2428 Immediate Past President Thomas Bell Millersville University 40 E. Frederick St. Millersville, PA 17551 717-871-7220 [email protected]

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Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) Haji Naik Dharavath, Ph.D. | Central Connecticut State University Hans Kellogg, M.S. | Ball State University

Introduction distance, the dots of a printed image blend to create A simple digital image could be a binary picture, [h(x, an optical illusion of a continuous tone-like image. y)], with each point being either completely black or completely white (Pnueli & Bruckstein, 1996). A G7 stands for grayscale (or gray) plus the seven digital halftone is a pixel map, with an expanded bit primary and secondary colors known as the subtractive depth, that gives the impression of a continuous tone and additive: Cyan, Magenta, Yellow, Black (CMYK) image with multiple shades of gray. An 8-bit grayscale and Red, Green, Blue (RGB). G7 is a method which image contains 256 different levels of gray from white specifies calibration procedures for printing visually to black. A 24-bit image is a combination of three, acceptable colors with an emphasis on matching 8-bit images of the Red, Green, and Blue primaries colorimetrically derived aim-points for the print yielding a continuous-tone color image composed reproduction processes to print with a common visual of a full spectrum of shades and color, from near appearance. Today, the G7 method is used in many white to dense black. In a traditional printing (offset, applications of printing such as offset lithography, digital offset, gravure or flexography) workflow, the flexography, and digital (color laser or inkjet). It uses method by which continuous-tone photographic a pre-defined one-dimensional neutral print density images are transformed to a printable image is curve (NPDC) to match neutral tonality/gray balance. called halftoning. In this method, the image on the G7 specifications are owned by International Digital printed sheets are covered with varying size dots, Enterprise Alliance (IDEAlliance). The colorimetric representing the varying tones in the image. The ink formulas of the G7 are defined in the American (paste or liquid ink or dry toner) printed which creates National Standards Institute and the Committee on the dot, has a uniform density. At normal viewing Graphic Arts Technology Standards/Technical Report

Visual Communications Journal Fall 2020 1 (ANSI/CGATS TR015). Published reports reveal there space with all 1617 patches held to within a tight are three ways G7 master compliance can be achieved: tolerance. This assures the printing system will a) output device NPDC to G7 NPDC [P2P251x target reproduce the entire color space, not just the primary image], b) use of output device ICC profile, and and secondary colors of CMYK and RGB. The G7 c) the use of device link profile (DLP = source as Colorspace can also relate to either the absolute GRACoL2013 ICC profile + the destination device white point or the substrate-relative aim values. ICC profile). G7 master compliance includes three levels in the G7 master qualification: G7 Grayscale, Gray balance represents the combination of specific G7 Targeted, and G7 Colorspace. These levels amounts of cyan, magenta, and yellow inks to produce demonstrate G7 master capabilities of a print facility. a neutral shade of gray. With slight increases in cyan pigment required to produce a neutral gray, shifts G7 Grayscale in hue will occur with any imbalance of these three This is the fundamental level of G7 commonly seen in components. In addition to the color gamut, the gray most color print reproduction. Regardless of printing balance is an additional requirement for pleasing process, if a digital printer or printing press reproduces color-reproduction. The imbalance is due to impurities the defined neutral tone ramp as a neutral gray, then of the inks, chromaticity deviation of the substrates, or all other colors in the reproduction are believed to other attributes. To establish the proper gray balance be without colorcast. This is determined by printing a for a specific process, a full set of tint charts can be target specified on a stable printing system and then reproduced. Careful evaluation of the printed tint measuring the target using the correct ink/toner curves charts will provide the specific values for that specific to bring the printing system into alignment with the reproduction process. The ISO 12647-7 document G7 ideal neutral density curve. Aligning the various states that the gray balance can be printed and reproduction processes and obtaining the same neutral measured at the CMY overlap (overlap of C = 50%, M aim points is critical for consistent reproduction. = 40%, and Y = 40%). The deviation can be determined from the calculation of ∆H* (deviation of hue, h*) or ∆C* G7 Targeted (deviation of chroma, c*) and it requires the colorimetric The secondary level of G7 is achieved when G7 data of CMY overlap printing from the L* a* b* model. grayscale is matched, and the solid ink measurements for primary, and secondary (CMY and RGB) are also The quality of a color image reproduced through within the G7 target specifications. This can be any printing process (digital or traditional) is largely achieved through the absolute white point or using the influenced by the properties of paper. While paper is substrate-relative conditions. However, G7 Targeted considered a commodity, its properties are a long way compliance is not limited to the reference print from being standardized (Wales, 2009). Additional conditions in ISO 12647-2 or in ISO/PAS 15339. The attributes must be monitored in order to produce G7-calibrated dataset can be used as a G7 reference quality printed materials; a high quality color image. print condition. G7 Targeted achievement certifies The press operator must carefully manage several that the facility not only conforms to G7 Grayscale, print parameters, such as the source colors (a source but it can also achieve a higher level of compliance. profile of ISO or ANSI standard), press calibration, press characterization (device destination profile), G7 Colorspace and the screening option. Without controlling these The highest level of G7 compliance, and the most parameters to a print job a color mismatch would result. stringent is the G7 Colorspace. It includes all the requirements of the G7 Targeted level; and therefore Purpose of the Research the G7 Grayscale level. This also includes the matching The purpose of this applied research was to of an entire Reference Print Condition (RPC). This demonstrate the use of a complete color managed level of control demonstrates that the reproduction workflow (CMW) and to meet the specified G7 master maintains an extremely tight tolerance throughout compliance levels by creating and utilizing output the complete color space. An entire TC1617x target device ICC profiles. The experiment was conducted is printed and compared against the specific color using a color managed digital color printing workflow

2 Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) (CMDCPW) to determine the effect ICC output device its front-end application. A two-page custom test profiles (ODP) have on the G7 master compliance. image (12” x 18” size) was created for proofing and The experiment utilized an Amplitude Modulated printing and used throughout this experiment, (See (AM) digital halftone screening process. It was aimed Figures 1 & 1A). The test target contained the following at achieving the G7 master compliance through elements: an ISO 300 generic images for subjective an ICC based CMW. As previously stated, the G7 evaluation of color, an ISO 12647-7 Control Strips master compliance print evaluation can be achieved (2013, three-tier), and a TC1617x target for gamut/ by using the output device’s ICC profile for printing. profile creation (Figures 1A & 1B). Table 1 presents This experiment adopts this method to achieve the the variables, materials, conditions, and equipment compliance. The compliance of the G7 master includes associated with this experiment. The analysis of the three compliance levels in the G7 master qualification: printed samples provided colorimetric, densitometric, G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and G7 Colorspace. and spectrophotometric data extracted through the use of an X-Rite Eye-One Spectrophotometer Limitations of the Research and an X-Rite i1iO Scanning Spectrophotometer. For this research, limitations in the technology of the graphics laboratory were acknowledged. Prior In the chosen screening technique, a total of 100 to printing and measuring the samples, the digital samples of target color images were printed (N = 100). color output printing device, and color measuring Of 100 samples of each group, 80 samples (n = 80) instruments (spectrophotometer and densitometer) were randomly selected and measured, noted by the were calibrated against the recommended reference. letter “n” (n = 80). This sample size is needed to make The print condition associated with this experiment the reliability of data is accurate. It is well documented were characterized by, but not restricted to, the that a large sample size is more representative of the inherent limitations: colored images (TC1617x, ISO300, sampling population (subjects). Each printed sheet is and ISO12647-7) chosen for printing. Additionally, measured by using the scanning spectrophotometer, the desired rendering intent applied, type of digital data was then saved, and later combined in the printer, type of paper, type of toner, resolution, Chromix/IDEAlliance Curve 4 application. Glass, screening technique, color output profiles, and G.V. & Hopkins, K.D. (1996) provides an objective calibration data applied are acknowledged. Several method to determine the sample size when the variables affected the facsimile reproduction of color size of the total population is known. The following images in the CMDPW, and most were mutually formula was used to determine the required sample dependent. The scope of the research was limited to size, which was 80 (n) printed sheets for this study: the color laser (electrophotographic) digital printing system (printing proof/printing), substrates, types n = [ 2 NP (1-P) ] / [ d2 (N-1) + 2 P (1-P) ] of color measuring devices, color management and χ χ control applications (data collection, data analysis, n = the required sample size profile creation, and profile inspection) used within the university graphics laboratory. Findings were 2 = the table value of chi-square for 1 degree of not expected to be generalizable to other CMDPW χ freedom at the desired confidence level (3.84) environments. It is quite likely, however, that others will find the method used and data collected both N = the total population size useful and meaningful. The research methodology, experimental design, and statistical analysis were P = the population proportion that it selected to align with the purpose of the research, is desired to estimate (.50) taking into account the aforementioned limitations. d = the degree of accuracy expresses Research Methodology as a proportion (.05) The digital color printing device used in this experiment is a Konica-Minolta bizhub C6000 Digital Color Press, with a Creo IC-307 raster image processor (RIP) for

Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) 3 Figure 1A: Test Image for the experiment Figure 1B: Test Image for the experiment Table 1 Experimental and Controlled Variables Variable Material/Condition/Equipment Test image Custom Test Target, 2 pages Control strips/targets ISO 12647-7 (2013), TC1617x Other Images B/W and Color for Subjective Evaluation Profiling Software X-Rite i1PROFILER 1.8 Profile Inspection Software Chromix ColorThink-Pro 3.0 Image Editing Software Adobe PhotoShop-CC Page Layout Software Adobe InDesign-CC Source Profile (RGB) Adobe 1998.icc Destination Profile (CMYK) Custom, Konica-Minolta.icc Reference/Source Profile (CMYK) GRACoL2013.icc Color Management Module (CMM) Adobe (ACE) CMM Rendering Intents Absolute Computer & Monitor Dell OPTIPLEX/LCD Raster Image Processor (RIP) Creo IC-307 Print Controller Printer Konica-Minolta bizHub C6000 Color Laser Achieved CMYK SID for all print runs (AM vs. FM) C = 1.47; M = 1.37; Y = 0.90; and K = 1.79 Type of Screen and Screen Ruling AM, 190 LPI Print Resolution 600 x 600 DPI Toner Konica-Minolta Color Laser Type of Paper Weight/thickness Hammermill 100LB Matte Coated, Sheetfed Type of Illumination/Viewing Condition D50 Color Measurement Device(s) X-Rite Eye-One PRO Spectrophotometer with Status T, 20 angle, and i1iO Scanning Spectrophotometer Data Collection/Analysis Software IDEAlliance/Chromix Curve 4.0

4 Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) G7 Compliance for Digital as the printer resolution was applied during the Color Press (printer) printing. No color management or color correction Prior to printing the patches/target image, the printer techniques were applied during the printing. was calibrated for amplitude modulated (AM) screening technique with 600 x 600 dots per inch (DPI) resolution Printed patches of TC1617x were measured in CIE L* as per the manufacturer’s specifications. This is a* b* space using the i1PROFILER application with designed to assure repeatable results; standardizing an X-Rite i1iO spectrophotometer. The printer profile the performance of the devices according to the was then created and stored. The profile format device manufacturer specifications. The calibration version is 4.00 and it is considered as the Output curve consists of the maximum printable densities of Device Profile (ODP) of AM screening. This profile each color (CMYK) used for the printing (Figure 2). was used as a destination profile (DP) in the workflow. The calibration data (range of CMYK densities) were The source profile (SP) used in the experiment is a saved in the calibration lookup tables of the RIP and a GRACoL2013 for characterized reference printing calibration curve was created. Test target TC1617x was conditions-6 (CRPC-6). See Figure 3 for an output used for the output device profile creation process. device profile comparison of GRACoL 2013 profile vs. AM Screened profile, gamut volume of the profiles, and L* a* b* values of each profile used (Figure 3).

Figure 2: Calibration of a Digital Printing Press In a generic color managed digital printing workflow, the digital front-end (DFE) platforms (raster image processor or RIP) of digital presses offer opportunities for the operator to manipulate the output color quality to meet the expected demand of the customer. In order to print a quality color image, the user must carefully manage several print parameters, variables, and Figure 3: Output Device Profiles Comparison of attributes, associated with the digital printing process. AM Screened vs. GRACoL2013 CRPD-6 Ref.

Output Device Profiles (ODP) Printing with ODP for G7 Compliance for G7 Compliance As stated earlier, AM screening technique was applied The test target image (TC1617x) was placed into an during the printing in the experiment (see Figure 4) Adobe InDesign-CC layout of 12” W x 18” H size and was considered a group within the experiment, and a PDF file was created devoid of any image/ noted by letter “K” (K = 1). A group involves a set of color compression (Figures 1 & 1A). Hammermill print parameters, such as: a digital halftone screening brand, 100 LB matte-coated digital color printing technique [amplitude modulate (AM)], the calibration paper 12” x 18” was used for printing the research curve (of AM screened), a color source profile [General samples. A total of 100 sheets/copies of TC1617x Requirements for Applications in Commercial offset were printed with the calibration curve attached. Also, Lithography for characterized reference printing an amplitude modulated (AM) halftone screening conditions-6 (GRACoL2013 for CRPC-6)], and a color technique with 190 lines per inch (LPI) and 600 DPI destination profile of a digital press (AM screened).

Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) 5 As parameters illustrate in the figure 4 (Schematic The TC1617x maintains the same patch count as Illustration of Sequence of Print Parameters for G7 the IT8.7/4 (1,617 – hence the name is TC1617x) by Compliance), the test target of 12” x 18” was printed removing 29 duplicate patches from the IT8.7/4 and for use in the experiment. The test target contained replacing them with the 29 patches in columns 4 and the following elements: TC1617x target, ISO 12647-7 5 of the P2P51, absent in the IT8.7/4. Data derived (2013) control strips, an ISO 300 and custom images of from the TC1617x target image was the difference color and b/w for subjective evaluation of color. A total between the characterization data set (TC1617x) and of 100 sheets/samples were printed for the screening the printed sample. The reference file content for the technique used by enabling the color management image (TC1617x) was the CMYK dot percentage values technique at the RIP. The digital press AM calibration and nominal CIE L* a* b* characterization data values curve, AM screening destination profile, and the source for the GRACoL2013-CRPC6 reference. Analyzed G7 profiles all were applied during the printing (Figure 4). master compliance levels (reference/target) data (G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and G7 ColorSpace) with G7 colorimetric formulae and formats were presented in the following sections for each of the levels.

Data Analysis & Research Findings The colorimetric computation methods for G7 compliance were used to analyze the collected data and presented in the following pages/tables. Subjective judgment on color difference or any deviation was not used in this particular study because the subjective judgment of color difference could differ from person to person. For example, people Figure 4: Schematic Illustration of Sequence of see colors in an image not by isolating one or two Print Parameters for G7 Compliance colors at a time (Goodhard & Wilhelm, 2003), but by A total of 80 randomly pulled printed copies of mentally processing contextual relationships between TC1617x printed target images were measured against colors where the changes in lightness (value), hue, G7 ColorSpace GRACoL 2013 (CGATS21-2-CRPC6) and chroma (saturation) contribute independently to in CIE L* a* b* space using an IDEAlliance (Chromix/ the visual detection of spatial patterns in the image Hutch Color) Curve 4.2.4 application interface with (Goodhard & Wilhelm, 2003). Instruments, such as an X-Rite i1iO spectrophotometer. The measured colorimeters and spectrophotometers, eliminate data was combined, averaged to run through this subjective errors of color evaluation perceived by application (Curve 4.2.4). The combined data set was human beings. In comparing the color differences then analyzed by using the Verify Tool of the application between two colors, a higher deviation ( E or H to determine the pass/fail of G7 master compliance or the C) is an indication that there is moreΔ colorΔ levels using G7 ColorSpace tolerances. Analyzed differenceΔ and a lesser deviation ( E or H or the data from the experiment revealed that the printed C) is an indication of less color difference.Δ Δ In this colorimetric values (G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and Δscenario of the color measuring/evaluation stage, a G7 Colorspace) were in match with the G7 master consistent and standardized light source (D50 or D65) compliance levels (reference/target) colorimetric values and angle of viewing (2º or 10 º) are important. (G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and G7 Colorspace). CIE L* a* b*, Delta L* Delta E and Test Chart (TC) 1617x is a new CMYK printer Delta Chroma (∆L, E and C) characterization target (test chart) combining the unique Colorimetric values of printedΔ colorsΔ against original patch values in the standard IT8.7/4 target with all the colors and the deviations (Delta’s) can be used to patch values in columns 4 and 5 of the P2P51 target. determine the visual variation in overall colors, The letter “x” distinguishes the final version from earlier hue, chroma, and lightness. The a*, b* coordinates prototype versions circulated during development. correspond approximately to the dimensions of

6 Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) redness – greenness and yellowness – blueness in Color Sensation). The following equation is used respectively in the CIE L* a* b* color space and to calculate the E (ANSI/CGATS.5-2003, p.29) are orthogonal to the L* dimension. Hence a color Δ value whose coordinates a* = b* = 0 is considered 2 2 2 achromatic regardless of its L* value. Calculation of ∆H* ΔE*= √(L1-L2) + (a1-a2) +(b1-b2) requires colorimetric data from the L* a* b* model. Where: 1 = Reference Color and 2 = Printed Color

Chromaticness difference (∆Ch) is the difference between the reference chroma (a*1 and b*1) and the measured chroma (a*2 and b*2) of a gray balance control patch (C50, M40, Y40). Weighted Delta Chroma (w∆Ch) is the delta Ch value after it is passed through a weighting curve that reduces the significance of Ch errors in the darker regions of the color. The weighting function is defined in the G7 specifications ([Technical Report (TR) 015] and the G7 master pass/fail document as follows: Figure 5: Schematic of L* a* b* & c*, h * Coordinates Metric hue angle h* and C* are defined w∆Ch = ∆Ch x [1 – max (0, (% - 50) / 50 x 0.75)] by the following formulas [Morovic, J., Green, P., & MacDonald, L. (2002)]. Delta L* (∆L*) is the difference in the lightness between the reference and measured sample -1 Metric hue angle: *ab=tan (b*) lightness regardless of any color. This makes ∆L* the h a* perfect metric for measuring tonality [Neutral Print Where: a*, b* are chromaticity Density Curve (NPDC)] error in G7. Colorimetrically, coordinates in L* a* b* color space ∆L* is the result of subtracting the L* of measured sample value from the reference L*, as follows: Chroma (C*) = [a2 +b2]1/2 ∆L* = L*1 – L*2 Where: a*, b* are chromaticity coordinates in L* a* b* color space Where: 1 = L* of Reference Color and 2 = L* of Printed Color Calculation of ∆C* (of two colors) and ∆L* requires colorimetric data from the L* a* b* Weighted Delta L* (w∆L*) is the delta L* value model. Difference in the chroma C* of two colors after it is passed through a weighting curve that (Reference vs. Printed) can be calculated by using reduces the significance of L* errors in the darker the following formula (Green et al., 2002). regions of the color. The weighting function is identical to that for w∆Ch, as follows:

∆Chroma (∆C) = C*1 – C*2 w∆L* = ∆L* x [1 – max (0, (% - 50) / 50 x 0.75)] Where: 1 = C* of Reference Color and 2 = C* of Printed Color Overall Color Variation ( E) of AM Screened (TC1617x Δimage) Assessment of color is more than a numeric expression. vs. GRACoL 2013 Ref. It is an assessment of the difference in the color The CIE L* a* b* values associated with the CMYK+RGB sensation (delta) from a known standard. In the colors AM screened image vs. G7 ColorSpace- CIELAB color model, two colors can be compared GRACoL 2013 [CGATS21-2-CRPC6 (reference)] are and differentiated. The expression for these color compiled in Table 2. Numerical color differences ( E) differences is expressed as E (Delta E or Difference were found when comparing the colors of the AMΔ Δ Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) 7 screened printed image vs. G7 ColorSpace within all seven colors (CMYK+RGB). Also, noticeable visual color differences were found in the solid color area [lightness, color hue and chroma]. Overall, both groups of images are similar in colors (See Figures 6), with the exception of the printed image consisting of higher L* for red, magenta, and green, etc. This results in producing the higher ΔE for these colors.

This higher color deviation (red, magenta, and green) might be the result of the substrate (paper) or inks used (age, condition, quality, etc.). These are the darker colors which produced lower L* value and in turn affected the higher deviation. The 2D color gamut comparison (Figure 6) reveals that the colors of the printed image closely match the reference colors. The goal was to determine the deviations among various attributes of color Figure 6: AM Screened Image vs. GRACoL 2013-CRPC-6 Ref. between these two groups of colors. The comparison is an indication that, in a color managed workflow (CMW), color matching of a target image can be achieved from device to device regardless of device color characterization and original colors. Subjective judgment was not used for the color comparison.

In addition to the colorimetric comparison of individual colors (Table 2), AM screened printing G7 ColorSpace

Table 2

Overall Color Variation of CMYK+RGB: AM Screened Image (TC1617x) vs. G7 ColorSpace AM Screened Image G7 ColorSpace / Target Color L* a* b* L* a* b* Difference Color(s) Color 1 Color 2 ΔE N = 80* N = N/A White (W) 97.22 2.79 -9.47 97.22 2.79 -9.47 0.00 Cyan 57.44 -31.30 -54.11 57.39 -36.88 -55.85 1.99 Magenta 51.49 76.06 -5.38 49.21 77.92 -7.10 2.40 Yellow 90.98 -5.36 91.29 91.09 -2.44 92.91 1.62 Black (K) 13.46 0.34 -0.11 16.30 0.24 -0.74 1.97 Red 50.64 67.72 47.65 48.19 70.73 48.27 2.59 Green 53.39 -66.80 26.68 51.25 -66.87 24.48 2.29 Blue 26.79 20.05 -51.57 25.62 21.18 -50.24 1.60 TAC 300 24.33 -0.07 -1.73 23.56 0.45 -1.35 1.02 TAC 400 9.74 0.55 -0.97 8.99 0.17 0.61 1.72

8 Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) and the G7 master compliance colorimetric deviation an ICC based color managed workflow (CMW). The (w∆Ch and w∆L) values for all the three levels (G7 G7 calibration method, using the P2P251x target, was Grayscale, G7 Targeted and G7 Colorspace) were a NOT used to derive the device NPDC to compare close match with the established tolerances for the with G7 NPDC for print (or press) runs 1, 2, 3, etc. G7 (see Tables 3A, 3B, and 3C), including the Neutral Print Density Curve [NPDC (CMY)] and NPDC (K). The conclusions of this study are based upon an analysis of colorimetric data, visual assessment, and Table 3A: G7 Master Compliance Levels associated findings. The guiding objectives of this study G7 Grayscale of AM Screen vs. G7 allowed testing of an accepted color management practice to gain a better understanding of the All Metrics Black (K) CMY (Overlap) G7 presumptions associated with the application of an Tolerance output device profile (ODP). The experiment examined w∆L* w∆L* w∆Ch the importance of calibration, characterization and G7 Grayscale of AM Screened Image (Tonality/Gray the color evaluation processes of the digital press Balance) which was capable of printing colors to match or Average 0.90 0.39 0.89 1.50 be in proximity of G7 master compliance levels. Maximum 2.37 1.18 1.72 3.00 Printed colorimetry from the experiment was compared Table 3B: G7 Master Compliance Levels against G7 ColorSpace GRACoL 2013 (CGATS21-2- G7 Targeted of AM Screen vs. G7 CRPC6) in CIE L* a* b* space using an IDEAlliance (Chromix/Hutch Color) Curve 4.2.4 application interface All Metrics ∆E 2000 G7 Maximum G7 with an X-Rite i1iO spectrophotometer. The measured Tolerance Tolerance data was run through this application (Curve 4.2.4). G7 Targeted of AM Screened Image The data was then analyzed by using the Verify Tool of the Curve 4.2.4 application to determine the Substrate 0.00 3.00 pass/fail of G7 master compliance levels using G7 K 1.97 5.00 ColorSpace tolerances (G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and CMY 2.40 3.5 G7 Colorspace). Analyzed data from the experiment revealed that the printed colorimetric values (G7 RGB 2.59 4.3 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and G7 Colorspace) were in match (aligned) with the G7 master compliance Table 3C: G7 Master Compliance Levels levels (reference/target) and colorimetric values (G7 G7 Colorspace of AM Screen vs. G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and G7 Colorspace). Therefore, the press run was passed by the Curve 4 application. All Metrics ∆E 2000 G7 Tolerance It is evident that integration of device profiles is G7 Colorspace of AM Screened Image important in a CMW and it also enables/allows the Average 1.28 3.5 workflow process to meet the G7 compliance levels 95% 2.33 5.0 via an ICC based CMW, instead of using G7 calibration methodology. This study represented specific printing Summary/Conclusions or testing conditions. The images, printer, instrument, This experiment used an output device ICC profile to software, and paper that were utilized are important achieve compliance. G7 master compliance includes factors to consider when evaluating the results. The three compliance levels in the G7 master qualification: findings of the study cannot be generalized to other G7 Grayscale, G7 Targeted, and G7 Colorspace. These digital printing workflows. However, the result of this levels demonstrate G7 master capabilities of a print research may be of interest to others when exploring facility. The experiment was conducted in a Color similar methodologies to other printing workflows. Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW). It was aimed at achieving the G7 master compliance through

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10 Aiming for G7 Master Compliance through a Color Managed Digital Printing Workflow (CMDPW) Online Workflow Game Richard M. Adams II and Thomas Hoffmann-Walbeck Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada and Hochschule der Medien, Stuttgart, Germany

Abstract the use of predefined functions. Used in 73% of This paper introduces an online game for teaching popular web sites (Open JS Foundation, n.d.). graphic arts workflow. The game is hosted on Ryerson University’s server at https://ryerson. • JSON — Javascript Object Notation, a standard ca/~wdp/workflow-game. The game currently file format for data interchange (JSON.org, n.d.). includes four workflows for print, including a stitched JSON is a compact and easy-to-read textual data brochure, RIPping process, deck of cards, and user- format. The JavaScript function ‘importJSON’ definable workflow; and one web workflow. can import straightforwardly JSON data inside a file, which is stored on the HTML server. Glossary of Terms • JavaScript — A programming language for the • MP3 — Standard format for music and World Wide Web that adds interactivity to web audio files (Musmann, 2006). pages, first introduced by Netscape in its Navigator browser in 1995 (Duckett, 2014; W3Schools, n.d.). Significance of Workflow in Script statements are enclosed in