Sources and Ecology of E. Coli in the North Shore Channel and North Branch of the Chicago River

Sources and Ecology of E. coli in the North Shore Channel and North Branch of the Chicago River

Murulee Byappanahalli and Richard Whitman U.S. Geological Survey Porter, Indiana

U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey USGS Great Lakes Science Center, Lake Michigan Ecological Research Station (LMERS) Microbial Research at LMERS

Recreational Water Quality

Ecology of fecal indicator bacteria

Predictive modeling

Microbial source tracking Sources of FIB Determine the Relative Risk to Swimming-Related Illnesses

Source Relative risk

Human feces/sewage High

Non-human (e.g., animal feces) Moderate

Environmental (e.g., plants, soil, sand) Low (unknown?) Examples of Human Pathogens Potentially Present in Raw Domestic Wastewater

Organism Disease Symptoms Bacteria

E. coli (enteropathogenic) Gastroenteritis Diarrhea Salmonella typhi Typhoid fever High fever, diarrhea Other Salmonella spp. Salmonellosis Food poisoning Vibrio cholerae Cholera Severe diarrhea and dehydration

Protozoa

Cryptosporidium Cryptosporidiosis Diarrhea Entamoeba histolytica Amebiasis Prolonged diarrhea Giardia lamblia Giardiasis Mild to severe diarrhea Viruses

Adenovirus Respiratory disease Diarrhea, vomiting Enteroviruses Gastroenteritis Norwalk agent Gastroenteritis Rotavirus Gastroenteritis FIB Sources: Animals and the Environment Animals Environment (Moderate Risk) (Risk???)

E. coli O157:H7 Beach sand

Salmonella Soil/sediment

Campylobacter Plants (e.g., Cladophora)

Cryptosporidium Development of Recreational Water Quality Standards: Fecal Indicator Bacterial Concept

1900-1970: Total coliform Coliform bacteria bacteria (50-2400 colony- Fecal coliform bacteria forming units, CFU/100 mL) 1972-1986: Fecal coliforms E. coli (200 CFU/100 mL) Epidemiological and Pathogenic E. coli water quality studies were conducted 1986-Present: E. coli or enterococci (freshwater); enterococci (marine water) Primary Body Contact (e.g., New Epidemiological and swimming) water quality studies: 2003- 2007 126 E. coli or 33 enterococci/100 CFU mL* New water quality guidelines by 2012 *Geometric Mean E. coli and Enterococci are Used as Indicators of Water Quality in Great Lakes

E. coli Enterococci Presentation Objectives

To determine: • spatial-temporal distribution of E. coli in surface water and sediments along selected locations above and below the Northside Wastewater Reclamation Plant (NSWRP), • potential E. coli contributions from soil/sediment from wooded (forest), grassy, erosional/stream bank, and depositional areas to the river, Presentation Objectives (cont.)

• discuss the results of the USGS-MWRD project in light of the USGS research findings on ambient E. coli occurrences in the watersheds of Lake Michigan. Sampling Locations

Above outfall • Bridge Street (UPS-1): N42°03’21.96’, W87°42’03.29’ • Oakton Street (UPS-2; WW-102): N41°59.820’, W87°42.610’

NSWRP Outfall: NSOUT

East River at Carmen/Albany: N41°58’16.69”, W87°50’47.70”

Below Outfall • Foster Avenue (DNS-1; WW-101): N42°01.570’, W87°42.580’ • Wilson Avenue (DNS-2; WW-37): N41°57.860’, W87°41.800’ Bridge Street (UPS-1) Oakton Street (UPS-2) Foster Avenue (DNS-1) East River at Carmen/Albany Wilson Avenue (DNS-2) Map of Sampling Locations Sampling Design

North Shore Channel Segment • Triplicate samples of water and sediments were collected at upstream (UPS-1 and UPS-2), downstream (DNS-1 and DNS-2), and East River (at Carmen/Albany) locations

NSWRP plant outfall (triplicate water)

Five sampling events in 2008: • August 26 • September 9 • September 23 • October 7 • October 21 Sampling Design (cont.)

Soil/sediment samples from two recreational parks: Channelside Park Canoe Launch by Oakton St. and East River Park by Albany/Carmen Ave.: • wooded • grassy • erosional/stream bank • depositional areas Three sampling events: • September 23 • October 21 • October 31 Wooded Grassy

Depositional Erosional/Stream Bank Sample Analysis

Microbiology • All water, soil, and sediment samples were analyzed for E. coli by the DST technique (IDEXX Colilert-18) • Composited water and sediment samples were analyzed for enterococci

Soil and sediment samples • Textural composition and organic carbon Log Mean E. coli Densities in Water

4.5

4.0 ] ] r

e 3.5

t ] ¾E. coli densities in water of

a w

] both downstream locations

l 3.0 m

(Foster Ave. and Wilson Ave.) 0

0 ]

2.5 ] were significantly higher than at 1

N/ the upstream locations (Bridge

P 2.0 St. and Oakton St.). M

1.5

1.0 Bridge Outfall Albany outfall Oakton Foster Wilson Location Log Mean E. coli Densities in Sediment

4.0

] ¾E. coli densities in sediments 3.5

collected from Foster Ave. were t ] n ] significantly higher than at

e 3.0 ] m

i Albany Ave., but not from any

d e

s 2.5 other location.

g ]

/ N

P 2.0 ¾There were no correlations in M E. coli densities among 1.5 locations.

1.0 Bridge Foster Wilson Oakton Albany outfall Location Log Mean E. coli and Enterococci in Water and Sediment

4.5 4.5 E. coli E. coli enterococci enterococci

4.0 ] ] 4.0 r

t ]

e n

t 3.5 ] 3.5

i ] ] l ]

3.0 ] d 3.0 ]

] m

] ] e

] 0 ] g

2.5 ] 2.5 1

]

N/ N/

] P ] ]

P 2.0

2.0 M M ] 1.5 ] 1.5 ]

1.0 1.0 Bridge Outfall Albany outfall Bridge Foster Wilson Oakton Foster Wilson Oakton Albany outfall Location Location Sediments may Impact Overlying Water

) 6.0 m Water

] a

r Sediment

0 ] ]

0 5.0 ]

r ¾When comparing 100 ml

l ]

m of water to 100 g of

0 4.0 ] ]

1 sediment, E. coli densities

/ N

P in the sediment were

M ] (

3.0 i

l significantly higher than in o ]

c ]

. water at each location.

g 2.0

a e

M 1.0 Bridge Foster Wilson Oakton Albany outfall Location Other E. coli Sources and Their Potential Impact on River Water

Stream Banks and margins Forest Soils

Storm Sewers U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Recreational Parks: Run-off from Upland Soils and Stream Margins may Affect E. coli Densities in the River

) 4

)

N P

]

(

i (

l ]

i o

l ]

3 . 3

g E

] o g

] l

l ]

m 2 2

]

m ]

o U

1 D 1 Forest Stream Bank Forest Stream Bank Grassy Depositional Grassy Depositional Location Location

Channel-side Park Canoe Launch (near Oakton St.) East River Park

September 23, October 21, and October 31; n=120 Distribution of E. coli in Soils from Four Recreational Parks: Bridge St. to Albany Ave.

Howard/ Albany Foster Bridge St. 3.5 Touhy

3.0

) g

/ 2.5 PN

M 2.0

(

o c

1.5

E. g

o 1.0 L

0.5

0.0

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

F F F F F F F F F

F F F F F F F F F F F Location Storm Sewer Outfalls

Storm Sewers E. coli from Storm Sewer Outfalls Date/24-hr Cumulative Storm Sewer E. coli (mean log Rainfall (in) MPN/100 ml)

Evanston Lincolnwood

09/04/08 (2.69) 4.86 4.77

09/29/08 (0.60) 4.43 5.93

10/08/08 (1.20) 4.74 3.46

10/20/08 (0.46) 3.07 5.32 Fecal Indicator Bacteria are Commonly Found in the Watersheds of Lake Michigan

Creeks and streams (water, sediments)

Riparian soils

Beach sand Green alga Cladophora Linking Watershed Components: Riparian Soils with Creek and Sediments

Dunes Creek Watershed, Northwest Indiana Dunes Creek Watershed: E. coli of Stream Water and Sediments are Correlated

Stream Water-A Stream Sand-B E Margin Sand-C Sand @ 1 m from margin-D Soil @ 4 m from margin-E D B A C

Connected Lines Indicate Significant Correlation (Spearman rho, p=0.05, n=15)

Whitman, R.W., M. Fowler, D.A. Shively and M.N. Byappanahalli. 2002. Distribution and characterization of E. coli within the dunes creek watershed, Indiana Dunes State Park. Report for: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indiana Dunes State Park. Colonization Potential and Survivability of E. coli in Forest Soil

-1 Days after sterilization E. coli counts (MPN g ) -1 1.54 X 102 0 < 1 5 1.11 X 103 20 9.5 X 101 28 1.34 X 102 81 > 2.42 X 103 160 1.66 X 102 216 1.71 X 102 250 1.40 X 102 369 2.50 X 105

E. coli recolonization of forest soil in a 0.05 m2 area

Whitman, R. L., M. B. Nevers, and M. N. Byappanahalli 2006. Examination of the Watershed-Wide Distribution of Escherichia coli along Southern Lake Michigan: an Integrated Approach. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72(11), 7301-7310 Spatial Distribution of E. coli in Soil Five Months After Hot Water Treatment

4.9 Log E. coli/ g soil 4.8 4.5 4.2 3.9 3.6 3.3 3.0 4.0 4.0 2.7 2.5 60 cm 2.4 - 60 cm

60 cm

Whitman, R. L., M. B. Nevers, and M. N. Byappanahalli 2006. Examination of the Watershed-Wide Distribution of Escherichia coli along Southern Lake Michigan: an Integrated Approach. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. 72(11), 7301-7310. E. coli is Commonly Found in Riparian Forest Soils of Dunes Creek E. coli was Recovered in Riparian Forest Soils in All Seasons

Site 1 Site 2 Site 3

g 3

N P

M 2

g o

L 1

0 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 4

N P

M 2

g o

L 1

0 03/26/03 05/28/03 09/25/03 03/26/03 05/28/03 09/25/03 03/26/03 05/28/03 09/25/03 04/28/03 07/30/03 10/23/03 04/28/03 07/30/03 10/23/03 04/28/03 07/30/03 10/23/03 Date Date Date

1.4 35

1.2 30

1 25

0.8 20

0.6 15 % Soil Moisture Soil % Counts (log MPN/g) 0.4 10 E. coli E.

0.2 5

0 0 012481632 Distance From Stream Margin (m) Mean E. coli () and percent soil moisture (z)

Byappanahalli, M., M. Fowler, D. Shively, and R. Whitman. 2003. Ubiquity and persistence of Escherichia coli within a midwestern stream. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 69:4549-4555. E. coli is Ubiquitous in Dunes Creek and Other Similar Watersheds

1 E. Counts coli (log or ml) MPN/g

0 N = 5 13 48 20 47 9 54 Spring Water Running Water Bank Sediment For est soil Standing Water Stream Sediment Spring Sediment

Substrate

Whitman, R.W., M. Fowler, D.A. Shively and M.N. Byappanahalli. 2002. Distribution and characterization of E. coli within the dunes creek watershed, Indiana Dunes State Park. Report for: Indiana Department of Natural Resources, Indiana Dunes State Park. Soil-borne E. coli Strains were Genetically Distinct

E. coli strains: Soil (■), geese Soil E. coli strains Soil E. coli (□), terns (●), deer strains (∆), and gulls (○) Second DiscriminantSecond Discriminant

soils (■), geese (□), terns (●), deer (∆), and gulls (○) First Discriminant

Byappanahalli M. N., R. W. Whitman, D. A. Shively, M. J. Sadowsky and S. Ishii. 2006. Population structure, persistence, and seasonality of autochthonous Escherichia coli in temperate, coastal forest soil from a Great Lakes watershed. Environmental Microbiology 8 (3), 504–513. E. coli Ubiquity in the Watersheds of Southern Lake Michigan: USGS Findings E. coli is commonly found in forest soils throughout the year, making soil a significant non-point source. E. coli may grow in the soil under certain conditions. Stream sediments are a source of E. coli to stream water during resuspension. Stream outfalls are a source of FIB to beach water. When examining indicator bacterial source, flux, and context, the entire lake and stream watershed as a dynamic interacting system should be considered. Summary

E. coli densities in water at downstream locations (Foster Ave. and Wilson Ave.) were significantly higher than at upstream locations (Bridge St. and Oakton St.).

High E. coli densities were found in sediments in both upstream and downstream locations.

E. coli was consistently found in soils from the wooded, grassy, erosional/stream bank, and depositional areas of the two recreational parks (Oakton St. and Albany Ave.) studied. Summary (cont.)

E. coli recovery in soils from other public parks along the North Branch of the Chicago River suggests its widespread occurrence in this environment.

Other E. coli contributions to the Chicago River include outfalls (e.g., East Park River) and storm drains, especially under high flow conditions. Acknowledgments

MWRDGC R&D North Side Wastewater Dr. Thomas Granato Reclamation Plant Analytical Microbiology and James Kaminski Monitoring Section Dr. Geeta Rijal Auralene (Toni) Glymph Richard Gore James Kaehn USGS IWD Staff Katarzyna (Kasia) Przybyla-Kelly Robert Renaud Dawn Shively Sharon Sopcak Phelan Ashley Lukasik Kenneth Johnson Alexander Wilczak ThankThank YouYou