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Home , Acraga, Alabama argillacea, Chalodeta, Dalceridae, Eupterotidae, Hemileucinae

ISSN 1809-127X (online edition) © 2011 Check List and Authors Chec List Open Access | Freely available at www.checklist.org.br Journal of lists and distribution pecies

S with erva-mate, the South American Holly (Ilex

of paraguariensisButterflies and St. Hil.), (Insecta: in Rio Grande ) do Sul, Brazilassociated ists L Edegar Fronza 1,2*, Alexandre Specht 3 and Elio Corseuil 4

Alegre, RS, Brasil. 2 1 UniPontifíciaversidade Universidade de Caxias doCatólica Sul, Campus do Rio Grandeda Região do dosSul, Vinhedos,Faculdade Laboratório de Biociências. de Biologia, Avenida DepartamentoIpiranga, n° 6681, de CiênciasPartenon. Exatas CEP 90619-900. e da Natureza. Porto

Alameda João Dal Sasso, n° 800, Universitário, Caixa Postal 32. CEP 95700-000. Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brasil. * 3 CorrEmbrespondingapa Cerrados. author. BR E-mail:020, Km [email protected] 18. Caixa Postal 08223. CEP 73310-970. Planaltina, DF, Brasil. 4 Rua Cecimbra Jaques, 111. CEP 90870-150. Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Abstract: The result of an inventory on the lepidopteran fauna associated with the South American Holly (erva-mate)

collections from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, the systematic collection within commercial erva-mate farms located in Anta Gorda,is described. RS, and This on theinventory occasional was collections based on afrom bibliographic native trees review, within the the examination Região dos Vinhedos of specimens campus deposited of the Universidade in scientific

all Lepidoptera were collected. A list of 75 lepidopteran taxa belonging to 16 families is presented, including 27 new occurrencesde Caxias do for Sul. the Every erva-mate fifteen crop,days ofbetween which 1420 speciesAugust represent2005 and new19 August records 2006, for the 150 state. trees were visually inspected and

Introduction restricted knowledge of their species diversity, biology, Among the plants explored in the southern region of and population dynamics. Nevertheless, together, these , the erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis – Aquifoliaceae, can limit production, making periodical monitoring South American Holly) is a very evident crop with fundamental, considering that ecological imbalances, including those occurring due to the monoculture importance that forms one of the most characteristic agro- itself, can elevate one or more species to condition forestrysignificant systems socioeconomic, (Bozzetto 1995; environmental Tormen 1995). and As cultural a tree (Penteado 1995). that is naturally ombrophilous, it becomes predisposed to pest attacks after being subjected to physiological alternative cultural management and, at the same time, stress, when cultivated in open areas, and especially as a contributeGiven that to the specific knowledge knowledge of the can provide fauna grounds associated for monoculture (Carpanezzi 1995; Borges et al. 2003). The with regional native plants, the objective of this study is to contribute an updated list of the Lepidoptera associated to generate impacts that favor some phytophagous insect with the erva-mate plant. species.simplification The observed of the ecosystem incidence of to pests a monoculture is less abundant tends in natural erva-mate stands that include other forest Materials and Methods species (Borges et al. 2003). The inventory data of the Lepidoptera associated to the Almost one hundred phytophagous insects are erva-mate crop was obtained from a bibliographic review, associated with erva-mate plants, especially among the Lepidoptera and Coleoptera (Diaz 1997). With respect to collections within the state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), from Lepidoptera, species which harm erva-mate plants have thefrom systematic the examination collection of specimens within commercial deposited in erva-mate scientific been mentioned since the beginning of the last century crops, and from occasional collecting. (Jorgensen 1921; Ronna 1934; Parseval 1937; Bourquin The bibliographic research encompassed all literature 1944). The number of harmful species has increased on the erva-mate plant, from Brazil, Paraguay, over time, where, Penteado (1995) listed 20, Azevedo and Corseuil (1996) 30, and Diaz (1997) 41 lepidopteran taxa. This increasing tendency in the number of associated onlyand Uruguay, generic level registering information the first were author considered to record when a species is mainly due to most previous research only associatedspecific Lepidoptera specimens species were present on the crop.in collections. The records with recording species with large economic impact, namely Hedypathes betulinus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) (d’Avila collections of the following instituitions: the Museu de et al. 2006) and Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Hemiptera: Specimen examination included those from scientific Psyllidae) (Chiaradia et al. 2002), and the failure to Católica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCTP); consider the ecosystem as a whole. Most Lepidoptera theCiências Museu e Ramiro Tecnologia Gomes of Costa, the Pontifícia Fundação Universidade Estadual de occur at low population levels, without causing expressive Pesquisa Agropecuária, Porto Alegre (MRGC); the Museu economic damage to the erva-mate crop, resulting in very Anchieta de Ciências Naturais, Porto Alegre (MAPA); the

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Museu de Ciências Naturais of the Fundação Zoobotânica do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (MCNZ); the Museu 2003; Lamas 2004) and sent to specialists when necessary. Entomológico Ceslau Biezanko, Faculdade de Agronomia D’AbreraThe nomenclature1995; 1986; Kitching was and updated Cadiou following 2000; Willmott Davis Eliseu Maciel, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas (1964) for Psychidae; Heppner (1995) for , (MECB); the Coleção Andrej Menchoy Bertels of the Centro , Megalopygidae and ; Heppner de Pesquisa Agropecuária de Clima Temperado, EMBRAPA, (1996) for , and ; Pelotas (CAMB); the Museu de Ciências Naturais, Kitching and Cadiou (2000) for ; Lamas (2004), Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas (MUCP); the Setor for Hesperidae, and ; Pogue de Entomologia, Faculdade de Agronomia da Universidade (2002) for Spodoptera Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre (FASE); and the ; Scoble (1999) for Geometridae and Teston and collection of the Laboratório de Biologia do Departamento Corseuil (2004) for .; Poole (1989) for the remaining de Ciências Exatas e da Natureza of the Universidade de Caxias do Sul (CUCS). Results and Discussion Table 1 lists the Lepidoptera in alphabetical order, by between 20 August, 2005 and 19 August, 2006, for a total of 27The collections, systematic in collecting the municipality occurred of everyAnta Gorda,fifteen ofdays, the reference which cites the erva-mate as a plant and the occurrencegenus and species, of the taxon also includingin the state the of first Rio bibliographicalGrande do Sul. commercial erva-mate farms with a minimum regrowth Additionally, when deposited material exists, the collection ofEncosta one year Inferior and do without Nordeste the region, use of state of RS. Three were A list of 75 lepidopteran taxa belonging to 16 families examined in each farm. The study areas are located within isand/or presented, field capture including data 27 is new indicated. occurrences for the erva- selected and fifty randomly chosen trees were visually mate crop whose adults are shown in Figures 1-27. The number of lepidopteran taxa from published records, the a quadrilateral between the coordinates 28°56’40” S, specimens found in collections, and those obtained by 52°01’12”The occasional W; 28°57’11” collecting S, 52°01’13” occurred on W; several 28°56’56” native S, erva-mate52°00’56” W plants and 28°56’44” found in S, Bento 52°01’00” Gonçalves, W. within the A bibliographic review, with the updated nomenclature Região dos Vinhedos campus of the Universidade de Caxias collecting are presented in Figure 28. the feeding of reared larvae. Duringand the the exclusion systematic of collecting Lepidoptera in farms cited and/or as “sp.” occasional when do Sul, CARVI-UCS, from which leaves were removed for voucher material was not available, resulted in 48 taxa. obtained, including 26 new occurrences for the erva-mate RH After70 ± 10%, collection, with a larvae 14 hour were photophase, reared in and the fed CARVI with crop,collections of which in CARVI-UCS, 15 species thirtyrepresent seven new Lepidoptera records for were the erva-mateLaboratório leaves. de Biologia, Upon under emergence, a temperature adults were of 25 spread ± 1°C, state of Rio Grande do Sul. Six other taxa were found after and dried and eventually incorporated in the CUCS and examining collections, of which two are new records for MCTP collections as voucher material. The specimens the erva-mate crop, although one was also found during e.g. collecting. wereTable identified1. Lepidoptera using occurring specific on erva-mate bibliographic plants, indicatingresources the ( presence in the sampling (collecting in three commercial erva-mate farms within author to record the species for the crop and for the state of Rio Grande do Sul. #the Number municipality of individuals of Anta collected.Gorda, between * First recordsAugust 20, for 2005the erva-mate and August crop. 19, ** 2006, First andrecords occasional for the statesamples), of Rio Museum Grande doand/or Sul. Literature literature records:records, 1-with Baucke first

et al. 1974; 10- Bourquin 1943; 11- Bourquin 1944; 12- Bouvier 1930; 13- Corseuil et al. 2002; 14- De coll and Saini 1992; 15- 1960a; 2- Baucke 1960b; 3- Bertels and Bauke 1966; 4- Biezanko 1949; 5- Biezanko 1961; 6- Biezanko 1982; 7- Biezanko 1986; 8- Biezanko and Freitas 1938; 9- Biezanko et al. 30-Hayward Ronna 1969; 1933; 16- 31- Iede Ronna and 1934; Machado 32- 1989;Silva et 17- al. Jorgensen 1921; 18- Jorgensen 1932; 19- Kober andet al. Vargas 2005; 1960; 35- Teston 20- Koehler and Corseuil 1934; 21-2004; Koehler 36- Trujillo 1935; 22- Lima 1947; 23- Mabilde 1896; 24- Mattos 1982; 25- Muelo 1946; 26- Oliveira 1999; 27- Parseval 1937; 28- Pastrana 2004; 29- Ronna 1923; 1968; 33- Specht and Corseuil 1996; 34- Specht 1995; 37- Weimer 1894; 38- Weimer 1907. LITERATURE MUSEUM SPECIES SAMPLING # RECORDS RECORDS MATE RS Acharia barbara (Dyar, 1905) Limacodidae 1 Acharia nesea Limacodidae 5 30

Acharia trimacula(Stoll, 1780) Limacodidae 5 23 moorei (Sepp, [1848]) Dalceridae: Acraginae 14 Adelpha calliphaneDyar, Fruhstorfer, 1898 1915 Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae 15 32 Adelpha hyas hyas Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae 30 32 2

Adelpha serpa serpa (Doyère, [1840]) Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae 3 3 Adelpha thessalia indefecta(Boisduval, Fruhstorfer, 1836) 1913 Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae 172 17 4 Adelpha thoasa gerona Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae 15

Adelpha zea (Hewitson, 1867) Nymphalidae: Limenitidinae 9 4 Alabama argillacea(Hewitson, 1850) Noctuidae: 31 31 (Hubner, 1823)

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Table 1. Continued.

LITERATURE MUSEUM SPECIES FAMILY SAMPLING # RECORDS RECORDS MATE RS Apatelodes martia Apatelodidae: Apatelodinae 9 7

Apatelodes tropea (Stoll, 1782) Apatelodidae: Apatelodinae 9 Argyrotaenia fletcheriella (Schaus, (Köhler, 1896) 1939) Tortricidae: Tortricinae Argyrotaenia sphaleropa (Meyrick, 1909) Tortricidae: Tortricinae 2814 5 Astraptes fulgerator fulgerator (Walch, 1775) Hesperidae: Pyrginae 17 32 illustris Saturniidae: 21 23

Automeris naranja (Walker, 1855) Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 8 10 Bertholdia soror Dyar,Schaus, 1901 1898 Noctuidae: Arctiinae 185 * 3835 Carales astur (Cramer, 1777) Noctuidae: Arctiinae 11 * 23 Cerodirphia opis Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 34 12

Citheronia brissotii(Schaus, brissotii 1892) Saturniidae: 7 25 23 brissotii meridionalis(Boisduval, Bouvier, 1868) 1927 Saturniidae: Ceratocampinae 15 3 Citheronia laocoon laocoon (Cramer, 1777) Saturniidae: Ceratocampinae 32 32 Chalodeta theodora Riodinidae: 1 * 23

Dalcerina tijucana (C. and R. Félder, 1862) Dalceridae: Dalcerinae 1 24 5 Dysschema sacrifica(Schaus, 1892) Noctuidae: Arctiinae 3 * 37 imperialis magnifica(Hübner, (Drury, [1831]) 1773) Saturniidae: Ceratocampinae 4 * Emesis mandana mandana Riodinidae: Riodininae 17 238 nigricans (Cramer, 1780) Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 26 11 23 Hylesia oratex Dyar,(Berg, 1913 1875) Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 22 13 Iridopsis aviceps Prout, 1932 Geometridae: Ennominae 1 * ** janeira Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 34 13

Leucanella viridescens (Westwood, [1854]) Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 2 23 Lophocampa citrina (Walter, 1855) Noctuidae: Arctiinae 16 32 Lumacra sp. (Sepp, [1843]) Psychidae 5 * ** Manduca albiplaga Sphingidae: Sphinginae 20 6

Megalopyge urens (Walker, 1856) Megalopygidae 6 3 5 Melanolophia sp. Berg, 1882 Geometridae: Ennominae 1 * ** Microgonia perfulvata Dognin, 1916 Geometridae: Ennominae 1 * ** Nyceryx continua continua Sphingidae: Macroglossinae 2 MRGC * 26 Oenoptila mixtata Geometridae: Ennominae * ** Walker,1856 Oxydia apidania Gueneé, [1858] Geometridae: Ennominae 18 17 Oxydia distichataCramer, [1779] Geometridae: Ennominae 36 23 Oxydia mundata Gueneé, [1858] Geometridae: Ennominae Oxydia sociata Guenee, [1858] Geometridae: Ennominae 2 28* ** Oyketicus geyeriWarren, 1895 Psychidae 27 30 Oyketicus kirbyi (Berg, 1877) P sychidae 27 29 Paracles fusca (Lands-Guilding, 1827) Noctuidae: Arctiinae 22 * 30 Paracles variegata(Walker, 1856) Noctuidae: Arctiinae 2 * 35 Parasa cucumenica(Schaus, Dyar, 1926 1896) Limacodidae 1 * ** Pelochita cinerea Noctuidae: Arctiinae 3 * 35

Periga circumstans (Walker, 1855) Saturniidae: Hemileucinae 14 * 7 ilus Walker, 1855 Sphingidae: Macroglossinae 17 Boisduval, lusca (Fabricius, 1870 1777) Sphingidae: Macroglossinae 20 23 Perigonia passerina Sphingidae: Macroglossinae 3 * **

Pherotesia subjecta Warren,Boisduval, 1905 [1875] Geometridae: Ennominae 1 * ** hipparchia (Cramer, 1777) Limacodidae 2 14 23 Pleuroprucha asthenaria Geometridae: Ennominae 1 * **

Polia marea Walker, 1861 Noctuidae: Hadeninae MRGC * 33 (Schaus, 1894) Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 4 | 2011 498 Fronza et al. | Lepidoptera associated with Ilex paraguariensis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

Table 1. Continued.

LITERATURE MUSEUM SPECIES FAMILY SAMPLING # RECORDS RECORDS MATE RS aurota aurota (Cramer, 1775) Saturniidae: 17 23 Rothschildia aurota speculifera Saturniidae: Saturniinae 7

Rothschildia jacobaeae (Walker, 1855) Saturniidae: Saturniinae 8 189 37 Sabulodes sp. (Walker, 1855) Geometridae: Ennominae 3 * ** Spodoptera cosmioides Noctuidae: Xyleninae 1 * 23

Stenalcidia dukinfieldia(Walker, 1858 Geometridae: Ennominae 1 * ** armata Schaus, 1897 Stenoma decora Zeller, 1877 2814 Tachuda pachydexius Zeller, Forbes, 1854 1939 OecophoridaeNotodontidae 1 * ** Talima sp. Limacodidae 1 * ** Thelosia camina Apatelodidae: Apatelodinae 19 19

Thyrintheina arnobia Schaus, arnobia 1896 Geometridae: Ennominae 2 9 ** Titya proxima Stoll, 1782 Lasiocampidae: Macromphalinae 3 * 7 Urbanus proteus(Burmeister, proteus 1878) Hesperidae: Pyrginae 25 23 Utethesia ornatrix (Linnaeus, 1758) Noctuidae: Arctiinae 37 (Linnaeus, 1758) 28 Furthermore, larvae belonging to this subfamily contain the greatest increase in number of taxa, going from four to urticating hairs (Lemaire 2002) and can cause problems 13, Inwhich the is current reinforced list, by Geometridae observations was from the local family farmers with and inconveniences among laborers. The occurrence who report an increase in the occurrence of “looper/ of Leucanella janeira and Cerodirphia opis was recently Thyrintheina recorded (Specht et al. 2005), although the literature arnobia arnobia, recorded in the erva-mate crop from has two citations of Cerodirphia spanworm”Argentina (Chiarelli . 1943; Within De Coll this and group, Saini 1992; Trujillo and Penteado (1995). 1995), and referred to as the eucalyptus pest in Brazil Perigonia passerina sp. by Iede and Machado (Peres Filho and Berti Filho 2003; Holtz et al. 2003), (1989) and Cadiou (2000), and, Nyceryx identified continua using continua the image, both in Grande do Sul. D’Abreranew records (1986) for the and crop, the weresystematic Sphingids proposal collected of Kitching during presentsAmong its the first Adelpha distributional record for the state (2003) of Rio and Lamas (2004), only A. hyas hyas and A. thessalia Pengonia lusca F. forma ilus 1921) and indefecta were recorded,, identified already cited using in Willmottthe bibliography Perigoniafield activities. lusca ilus The (Muelo taxa registered1946) are herein in the considered literature as although under names considered synonyms. The records being P. ilus, following the systematic[sic] (Jorgensen proposal of Kitching of A. serpa hyas, published by Bertels and Baucke 1966 and and Cadiou (2000). Likewise, Perigonia lusca, considered as one of the main pests of this crop in Argentina (De citing A. hyas, were eliminated as they have A. serpa hyas coll and Saini 1992; Trujillo 1995) and also registered in Azevedoas a synonym. and Corseuil 1996 and based on Mattos (1982) Paraná (Alves et al. 2001), is considered as being P. lusca The erva-mate Thelosia camina (Kober and lusca. Vargas 1960), whose presence in crops had already been The Noctuidae, previously represented by three detected in 1931 and 1934 (Parseval 1937), was not found species, now has eleven, including the Arctiinae (sensu in collections nor was it collected during this study. This Lafontaine and Fibiger 2006). Spodoptera cosmioides is species is described in the literature as one of the main one of the new records among the Lepidoptera sampled pests for this crop, due to the intensive damage it caused during systematic collecting. Although the literature during past decades. However, the attack by larvae of this already has a citation of Spodoptera sp., by Diaz (1997), species has not been further recorded in the literature, referring to Trujillo (1995), this taxon does not appear in the publication. This is possibly based on De Coll and by recently deposited specimens in the MCTP (under Saini (1992), who present the image of a caterpillar of this numbersalthough adults15744 have and 15745).been captured in light traps, reflected which corresponds to the description of Zenker et Saturniidae presented the highest number of taxa al. (2007) for S. cosmioides. Another new record is of Polia (Figure 29), with the collection of circumstans marea, resulting from the examination of specimens in representing a new record. The larvae with the highest collections with an occurrence record for Rio Grande do defoliating potential are found within this group, be Sul (Specht and Corseuil 1996). it due to the size of the specimens, which require a Two families are included in the list: Lasiocampidae larger quantity of food for their development, or due and , represented by the occurrence of Titya to their gregarious behavior, observed mostly among proxima and Tachuda pachydexius, respectively. Several the Hemileucinae, which can completely defoliate trees. other collected specimens are not included here because

Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 4 | 2011 499 Fronza et al. | Lepidoptera associated with Ilex paraguariensis in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil the larvae, clearly different from the listed species, died due hosted by the crop. Likewise, H. nanus was not included to pathogens and parasitoids, preventing the emergence of adults. Vellozo (1951) who mentions only Hylesia sp. without a The examination of the previously deposited material because the citation by Santos et al. (1988) was based on Leucanella memusae registered by Pastrana (2004) records for the erva-mate crop: Nyceryx continua continua wasspecific not name.included because it is a synonym of L. viridescens. inand the Polia State’s marea scientific, of which collections the former resulted was also in twocollected new For the same reason, although previously registered by during the present study. These two species belong to the Silva MRGC, whose collection is characterized by providing host because it refers to L. viridescens cited by Baucke (1960b). plant information, which, with rare exceptions, does not Spechtet et al. al (1968),. (2005) this also citation registered should L. memusae, not be considered taking the occur in other collections. The absence of information in name adopted by Silva et al other collections only permitted the occurrence record by Furthermore, according to Lemaire (2002), the locality and season. This indicates the importance of also geographical distribution of L.. (1968)memusae into does consideration. not include including biological information for specimens which are Argentina. deposited in collections. With this information it is possible The diversity revealed in this study is well above to assemble precise data banks on species occurrence, that which had been registered for this crop (Figure pest status, host plant range, and would assist in the detection of long-term environmental and ecological collected are represented by few specimens. This means changes. that28), greateralthough attention the majority should of bethe given species to theand Lepidoptera subspecies and other insects associated with this crop, in virtue of Biblis both their ecological function and management practices. hyperiaThe final cited list by excludedDe Coll and some Saini taxa (1992) from wasthe literature excluded Rapid population growth of many insect species is duebecause to identification the published problems image corresponds and incongruences. to the caterpillar observed as a result of increases in crop area, the formation of Adelpha hyas hyas. Hylesia paulex and H. remex cited by Borges et al. (2003) were not included, as the record refers and the management of native plants into monocultural only to the presence of adults, captured in light traps, of artificially selected genetically similar populations, which does not necessarily indicate that their larvae are Penteado 1995). systems (Andow 1983; 1990; Iede and Machado 1989; 1 2

3 4

Figures 1-4. New records for the erva-mate crop: 1- Bertholdia soror; 2- Carales astur; 3- Chalodeta theodora; 4- Dysschema sacrifica. Photos: Edegar Fronza.

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5 6

7 8

9 10

11 12

13 14

Figures 5-14. New records for the erva-mate crop: 5- magnifica; 6- Iridopsis aviceps; 7- Lumacra Melanolophia sp.; 9- Microgonia perfulvata; 10- Nyceryx continua continua; 11- Oenoptila mixtata; 12- Oxydia sociata; 13- Paracles fusca; 14- Paracles variegata. Photos: Edegar Fronza. sp.; 8-

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15 16

17 18

19 20

21 22

23 24

Figures 15-24. New records for the erva-mate crop: 15- Parasa cucumenica 16- Pelochita cinerea; 17- Periga circumstans Perigonia passerina; 19- Pherotesia subjecta; 20- Pleuroprucha asthenaria; 21- Polia marea; 22- Sabulodes sp.; 23- Spodoptera cosmioides; 24- Stenalcidia dukinfieldia. Photos: Edegar Fronza. ; 18-

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25

26 Figure 29. Number of Lepidoptera taxa per family occurring on erva- mate plants in the state of Rio Grande do Sul.

Acknowledgments: To the curators Eduardo J. E. Silva (MECB), Elvia E. S. Vianna (MUCP), Felipe do Canto Quadros (MCTP), Fernando R. Meyer (MAPA), Luciano A. Moura (MCNZ), Mirtes Mello (CAMB), Vera R. S. Wollf (MRGC) and their staff, for permitting access and support during specimen examination. To José A. Teston and Alfred Moser, for

Mastersthe identification degree. To ofthe the Coordenação Arctiinae andde Aperfeiçoamento Geometridae, respectively. de Pessoal Tode Professor Gervásio Carvalho for his advice during the finalization of the

27 Nível Superior - CAPES, for the fellowship. Literature Cited Alves, L.F.A., D.L.Q Santana and R.M.C. Brancalhão. de Perigonia lusca (Fabr.) (Lep:, Sphingidae) em erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis) no Brasil. Neotropical Entomology 30(2):2001. 339-340. Ocorrência

pest populations whit particular reference to wheat and . Andow,Agriculture, D. 1983. Ecosystems The extent and of Environment monoculture 9: and25-35. its effects on insect Andow, D.A. 1990. Population dynamics of insect herbivore in simple and diverse habitats. Ecology 71(3): 1006-1017.

p. 35-45 In Prefeitura Municipal de Venâncio Aires (org.). Erva-mate: Azevedo,diagnósticos E.C.G. and e E. perspectivas Corseuil. 1996. de desenvolvimentoInsetos ocorrentes. Venâncio em erva-mate; Aires: Prefeitura Municipal. Sibine bárbara Dyar, 1905 (Lep. Eucleidae) em erva-mate no Paraná. Iheringia, Série Zoologia 12: 7-9. Figures 25-27. New records for the erva-mate crop: 25- Tachuda Baucke, O. 1960a. Notas entomológicas II: Automeris Hübner, pachydexius; 26- Talima sp.; 27- Titya proxima. Photos: Edegar Fronza. Iheringia, Baucke,Série O. Zoologia 1960b. 12:Notas 11-19. entomológicas III: O gênero 1819 (Lepidoptera, Hemileucidae) no Rio Grande do Sul. cultivadas no Rio Grande do Sul. Pesquisa agropecuária brasileira 1: Bertels,17-46. A.M. and O. Baucke. 1966. Segunda relação das pragas das plantas Biezanko, C.M. 1949. Acraeidae, Heliconidae et Nymphalidae de Pelotas e seus arredores. Pelotas: Ed. do autor. 16 p. Biezanko, C.M. 1961. , , Dalceridae, Eucleidae, Megalopygidae, et da Zona Missioneira do Rio Grande do Sul. Arquivos de Entomologia, Série B, 14:1-12.

Revista Centro de Ciências Rurais 12(1): 59-75. Biezanko, C.M. 1982. Sphingidae da região sueste do Rio Grande do Sul. Lasiocampidae, e Lymantridae da Região Missioneira Biezanko,do Rio Grande C.M. 1986. do Sul. Adelochephalidae, Revista Centro de Ciências Saturniidae, Rurais ,

16(2): 89-112. BiezankoBoletim C. M. Escola and R.G.Agronomia de Freitas. “Eliseu 1938. Maciel” Catálogo 25: dos 1-32. insetos encontrados na cidade de Pelotas e seus arredores. Fascículo I – Lepidopteros. alimenticias de las orugas de los lepidopteros uruguayos. Revista Biezanko,Centro C.M., Ciências A. Ruffinelli Rurais and D. Link. 1974. Plantas y otras sustancias Figure 28. Number of Lepidoptera taxa associated with erva-mate plants Borges, L.R., S.M.N. Lázzari and F.A. Lázzari. 2003. Comparação in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, resulting from the bibliographic review, dos sistemas de cultivo 4(2): nativo107-148. e adensado de erva-mate, Ilex paraguariensis three commercial erva-mate farms within the municipality of Anta de insetos. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia Gorda,examination between of scientific August 20, collections 2005 and and August sampling 19, 2006, (field and collecting occasional in St. Hil., quanto à ocorrênciaAutomeris e flutuação aurantiaca populacional, Weyen., samples). There is a new record (Nyceryx continua continua) both from 1907 (Lep. Saturniidae). Revista Sociedade Entomologica 47(4): 563-568. Argentina , the collections and the collecting. Bourquin,Comunicaciones F. 1943 Observaciones 12 (2): 149. sobre

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Hylesia nigricans 180 figuras lythographadas em tamanho, formas e desenhos conforme p. 45-47 In F. Bourquin (ed.). Mariposas Vida, desarrollo, o natural. Estudo sobre a caça, classificação e conservação de uma Bourquin,costumbres F. 1944. y hechosObservaciones curiosos sobre de algunos lepidopteros (Berg, argentinos. 1875); colleção mais ou menos regular. Porto Alegre: Gundlach & Schuldt, Buenos Aires: El Ateneo. Bouvier, E.L. 1930. Sur la systématique des Saturnioïdes de la familie Estudos preliminares sobre pragas da erva-mate. Porto des Hémileucidés. Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de la 238 p. Académie des Sciences 191: 743-746. Mattos, N.F. 1982. Bozzetto, D.J. 1995. Aspectos econômicos e sociais da cultura da erva- Muelo,Alegre: A.C. Instituto 1946. Yerba de Pesquisas mate: su de cultivo Recursos y explotacion Naturais Renováveis.. Buenos Aires: 18 p. mate na região alta do Vale do Alto Taquari, Rio Grande do Sul, [PublicaçãoSudamericana, IPRNR 217 n°p. 9]. Brasil; p. 207-213 In H. Winge, A.G. Ferreira, J.E.A. Mariath and L.C. Tarasconi. Erva-mate: Biologia e cultura no Cone Sul. Porto Alegre: Sphingidae) ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul. Biociências 7(1): 167- Ed. UFRGS. Oliveira,177. R.B., A. Specht and E. Corseuil. 1999. Esfingídeos (Lepidoptera, Carpanezzi, A A. 1995. Cultura da erva-mate Parseval, M. von. 1937. As moléstias e pragas mais comuns da erva-mate no p.43-46 In H. Winge, A.G. Ferreira, J.E.A. Mariath and L.C. Tarasconi. Rio Grande do Sul. Porto Alegre: Secretaria do Estado dos Negócios, Erva-mate: Biologia e cultura no Cone Sul no. Porto Brasil: Alegre: conflitos Ed. eUFRGS. lacunas; Chiaradia, L.A., J.M. Milanez and A. Zidko. 2002. Estimativas das gerações Pastrana, J.A. (Coord.) 2004. Los lepidópteros argentinos: sus plantas anuais de Gyropsylla spegazziniana (Lizer, 1917) em função de sua hospedadorasda Agricultura, yIndústria otros sustratos e Comércio. alimentícios 30 p. [Boletim. 1ª ed. n° Buenos 55]. Aires: exigência térmica. Ciência Rural Sociedad Entomológica Argentina, 350 p. Chiarelli, A. 1943. Um geometrido prejudicial a la , Thyrinteina Penteado, S.R.C. 1995. Principais pragas da erva-mate e medidas arnobia. Revista Argentina de Agronomia32(3): 385-391. 10(3): 250-255. alternativas para o seu controle; p. 109-120 In H. Winge, A.G. Ferreira, Corseuil, E., A. Specht and C. Lang. 2002. Saturniideos (Lepidóptera, J.E.A. Mariath and L.C. Tarasconi. Erva-mate: Biologia e cultura no Cone Sul. Porto Alegre: Ed. UFRGS. Hemileucinae. Biociências 10(2): 147-155. Thyrinteina Saturniidae) Sphingidae registrados Mundi. para Hawk o Rio moths Grande of the do world Sul,. Faringdon: Brasil. I. arnobia Ciência E.W. Classey. 225 p. PeresFlorestal Filho, O. 13 and (2): E. Berti143-151. Filho. 2003. Exigências térmicas de D’Abrera, B. B. 1986. 1995. Saturniidae Mundi – saturniid moths of the world. Pogue, G.M. (Stoll, 2002. 1782) A world e efeitos revision da temperatura of the genus na suaSpodoptera biologia. Guenée Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Memoirs of the American Entomological Davis, D.R. 1964. Bagworm Moths of the Western Hemisphere. Society 43: 1-202. SmithsonianKeltern: Automeris Institution Press, United 178 p.States National Museum Bulletin 244: In J.B. Heppner (ed.). 1-232. Lepidopterorum Catalogus. : Brill. D’Avilla, M., E.C. Lúcio and J.V.C. Guedes. 2006 Bioecologia e manejo da Poole,Ronna, R.W.E. 1923. 1989. Apotamentos Noctuidae; de p.microfauna 501-1013. Rio-grandense. Egatea - I broca-da-erva-mate Hedypathes betulinus Série: Lepidópteros 3(4): 253-257. Cerambycidae). Ciência Florestal 16(2): 233-241. Ronna, E. 1933. Catálogo dos insetos até hoje encontrados nas plantas do Insectos y acaros Klug perjudiciales (1825) (Coleoptera: al cultivo Rio Grande do Sul. Egatea de la yerba mate en la Republica Argentina. Ronna, E. 1934. Catálogo dos insetos até hoje encontrados nas plantas do De Coll, O.R. and E.D. Saini. 1992. Rio Grande do Sul. Egatea 19(1):18(1/2): 15-20. 47-53; (4): 197-202. Diaz, C.Y.F. 1997. Perspectivas del manejo integradoMontecarlo: de plagas em Instituto yerba Hylesia nanus mate;Nacional p. de 371-390 Tecnologia In I Agropecuária. Congresso Sul-Americano 48 p. da Erva-mate e II Reunião Técnica do Cone Sul Sobre a Cultura da Erva-mate. Curitiba: Santos,(Joannesia G.P., N. pricepsAnjos and: Euphorbiaceae). J.C. Zanuncio. Revista1988. Biologia Ceres de Anais. Scoble(Walker, M.J. (1999). 1855) Geometrid (Lepidoptera: moths of Attacidae) the world: desfoliadoraa catalogue (Lepidoptera, de Cutieira Hayward, K.J. 1969. Datos para el estúdio de la ontogenia de lepidópteros Geometridae) 35(201): 479-485. argentinos. Miscelánea del Instituto Miguel Lillo 31: 1-142. 1016 p. Heppner, J.B. 1995. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist Part 2: Silva, A.G.D’A., C.R.. Gonçalves,London: CSIRO D.M. Galvão,Publishing, A.J.L. NaturalGonçalves, History J. Gomes, Museum. M.M. Hyblanoidea – – Tortricoidea. Gainesville: Association for Quarto catálogo dos insetos que vivem nas Tropical Lepidoptera. 243 p. plantas do Brasil, seus parasitos e predadores. Parte II – 1° Tomo. Rio Heppner, J.B. 1996. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist Part 4: deSilva Janeiro: and L. Ministério Simoni. 1968. da Agricultura. 622 p. – – Sphingoidea. Gainesville: Association (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) ocorrentes no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Specht,Biociências A. and 4(2): E. Corseuil. 131-170. 1996. Lista documentada dos noctuídeos andfor Tropical M.C. Rosado. Lepidoptera. 2003. Desempenho88 p. de Thyrinteina arnobia Stoll Specht, A., E. Corseuil and A.C. Formentini. 2005. Lepidópteros de Holtz,(Lepidoptera: A.M., H.G. Oliveira, Geometridae) A. Pallini, em M. EucaliptoVenzon, J.C. e Zanuncio, Goiaba: o J.S. Hospedeiro Marinho Nativo Não é um Bom Hospedeiro? Neotropical Entomology 32(3): - Hemileucinae. Biociências 13(2): 149-162. 427-431. Teston,importância J.A. and E. médica Corseuil. ocorrentes 2004. Diversidade no Rio Grande de Arctiinae do Sul. III. (Lepidoptera, Saturniidae erva-mate (Ilex paraguariensis Arctiidae) capturados com armadilha luminosa, em seis comunidades St. Hill.) e seu controle. Boletim de Pesquisa Florestal no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Entomologia Iede,Jorgensen, E.T. and P. D.C.1921. Machado. Sobre algunos 1989. Pragas nuevos da enemigos de la yerba-mate Ilex 77-90. paraguariensis. Revista de la Sociedad Científica del 18/19:Paraguay 51-60. 1(1): Tormen, M.J. 1995. Economia ervateira brasileira; p. 27-40 In H. Winge, 48(1): 27-30. A.G. Ferreira, J.E.A. Mariath and L.C. Tarasconi. Erva-mate: Biologia e Jorgensen, P. 1932. Lepidopterologisches aus Sudamerika. Deutsche cultura no Cone Sul. Porto Alegre: Ed. UFRGS. Entomologische Zeitschrift 46: 37-66. Trujillo, M.R. 1995. Agroecosistema yerbatero de alta densidad: plagas Hawkmoths of the world: an annotated y enemigos naturales; p. 129-134 In H. Winge, A.G. Ferreira, J.E.A. and illustrated revisionary checklist Mariath and L.C. Tarasconi. Erva-mate: Biologia e cultura no Cone Sul. Kitching,227 p. I.J. and J.M. Cadiou. 2000. Porto Alegre: Ed. UFRGS. Kober, E. and E. Vargas. 1960. Biologia. Ithaca: e controle Cornell da “lagartaUniversity da Press,erva- Vellozo, L.G.C. 1951. Sobre a ocorrência de Hylesia sp nos ervais do mate Thelosia camina Schaus, 1920; Lepidoptera – Eupterotidae). Paraná. Ciência e Cultura 3(1): 33. Revista Escola Agronomia Veterinária UFRGS 3(1): 7-35. Koehler, ” P. ( 1934. Catálogo preliminar de los lepidópteros argentinos Lepidopterenfauna von Rio Grande do Sul. Stettiner Entomologische daniños. Boletin Ministerio Agricultura de la Nacion 36(1): 25-45. Weymer,Zeitung G. 55(10-12): 1894. 311-333. Exotische Lepidopteren. VII. Beitrag zur Koehler, P. 1935. Notas sobre Automeriae (Lep. Saturn.) Argentinos. Weymer, G. 1907. Exotische lepidopteren. Deutsche Entomologische Revista Sociedade Entomologica Argentina 7: 79-91. Zeitschrift 20: 1-51. Willmott, K.R. 2003. The genus Adelpha: its systeatics, biology and (Lepidoptera). Entomological Society of Canadá biogeography (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae: Limenitidini). Gainesville: Lafontaine,610-635. J.D. and M. Fibiger. 2006. Revised higher classification of the Association for Tropical Lepidoptera. 323 p. Lamas, G. 2004. Checklist: part 4A. Hesperioidea – ; 138: p. Zenker, M.M., A. Specht and E. Corseuil. 2007. Estágios imaturos de 1-439 In G. Lamas (ed.). Atlas of neotropical lepidoptera. Gainesville: Spodoptera cosmioides (Walker) (Lepidoptera, Noctuidae). Revista Association for Tropical Lepidoptera. Brasileira de Zoologia 24(1): 99-107. Lemaire, C. 2002. The Saturniidae of America - Hemileucinae. Keltern: : April 2011 Boletim : June 2011 GoeckeFitossanitário & Evers. 2(3-4): 1388 233-251.p. Received : July 2011 Lima, A.D.F. 1947 [1945].Guia practica Insetos para fitófagos os principiantes de Santa Catarina. collecionadores Last Revised : July 2011 de insectos, contendo a descrição fiel de perto de 1000 borboletas com Accepted : Matthew Smart Mabilde, A. P. 1896. Published online Editorial responsibility Check List | Volume 7 | Issue 4 | 2011 504