Determinants of Successful Arthropod Eradication Programs
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Common Pathways by Which Non-Native Forest Insects Move
Journal of Pest Science (2019) 92:13–27 https://doi.org/10.1007/s10340-018-0990-0 REVIEW Common pathways by which non‑native forest insects move internationally and domestically Nicolas Meurisse1 · Davide Rassati2 · Brett P. Hurley3 · Eckehard G. Brockerhof4 · Robert A. Haack5 Received: 18 February 2018 / Revised: 29 April 2018 / Accepted: 12 May 2018 / Published online: 30 May 2018 © Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2018 Abstract International trade and movement of people are largely responsible for increasing numbers of non-native insect introductions to new environments. For forest insects, trade in live plants and transport of wood packaging material (WPM) are considered the most important pathways facilitating long-distance invasions. These two pathways as well as trade in frewood, logs, and processed wood are commonly associated with insect infestations, while “hitchhiking” insects can be moved on cargo, in the conveyances used for transport (e.g., containers, ships), or associated with international movement of passengers and mail. Once established in a new country, insects can spread domestically through all of the above pathways. Considerable national and international eforts have been made in recent years to reduce the risk of international movement of plant pests. International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs) No. 15 (WPM), 36 (plants for planting), and 39 (wood) are examples of phytosanitary standards that have been adopted by the International Plant Protection Convention to reduce risks of invasions of forest pests. The implementation of ISPMs by exporting countries is expected to reduce the arrival rate and establishments of new forest pests. However, many challenges remain to reduce pest transportation through international trade, given the ever-increasing volume of traded goods, variations in quarantine procedures between countries, and rapid changes in distribution networks. -
The Painted Apple Moth Eradication Programme (B)
CASE PROGRAM 2006-10.2 The Painted Apple Moth Eradication Programme (B) In late August 2002, Murray Sherwin, Director-General of the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) had to decide whether to reverse his department’s recommendation, made to Cabinet barely a month before, for the future management of the Painted Apple Moth (PAM) incursion. The fast-breeding moth, discovered three years earlier, threatened New Zealand’s plantation forests as well as its native bush, potentially robbing the economy of $356 million in exports. Despite eradication efforts, including the controversial use of aerial sprays, new areas of infestation were still being discovered. Murray Sherwin had become chief executive less than a year ago, arriving at MAF as controversy was building around his Forest Biosecurity Group’s management of PAM. MAF’s recommendation to Cabinet in July 2002, based on the weight of internal and external advice, and concern about the $90 million estimated cost of an all-out eradication attempt, was to continue with containment activities while further investigating other means of managing the pest. Government’s response was to allocate $11 million in immediate resources and call for more detailed information on the options of long-term management, or a renewed attempt at full eradication. Sherwin realised there was substantial political support, despite the odds, for eradication. He now needed to know whether his department, besieged by media and community criticism, could believe in and commit to the task. This case was developed by the Australia and New Zealand School of Government (ANZSOG) and funded by the New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF). -
Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for Lambdina Fiscellaria
Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for Lambdina fiscellaria July 2018 Larva of the eastern hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria . Image courtesy Connecticut Agricultural Experiment Station, Bugwood.org PRA for Lambdina fiscellaria © M G Tuffen Rapid Pest Risk Analysis (PRA) for Lambdina fiscellaria 4th November 2018 Author: M G Tuffen Address: Teagasc, Ashtown Research Centre, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland [email protected] This document was produced as part of the Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine (DAFM) funded Forestry Management Research (FORM) project as a collaboration between Teagasc and DAFM. Please treat this document and its associated appendices as confidential and as a working document that may be subject to change in response to new information. Teagasc Contact Dr Helen Grogan Address: Teagasc, Ashtown Research Centre, Dublin 15, D15 KN3K, Ireland [email protected] DAFM Contact Dr Sheila Nolan Address: DAFM Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, W23 VW2C, Ireland [email protected] 2 PRA for Lambdina fiscellaria © M G Tuffen Executive Summary The hemlock looper, Lambdina fiscellaria, is a North American forest pest of coniferous and broadleaved trees. The pest has a complicated taxonomy. It is widely reported as having three subspecies on the basis of differences in feeding preferences of the larval stages, but there are no morphological differences and some authors argue the pest should be treated as a single species. All three subspecies are considered in this PRA, which examines the risk of this pest to the island of Ireland (the PRA area), consisting of Ireland and Northern Ireland. Lambdina fiscellaria fiscellaria, also known as the eastern hemlock looper, is distributed in eastern North America and larvae show a preference for Abies balsamea (balsam fir) but will also feed on Picea glauca (white spruce), Tsuga canadensis (eastern hemlock) and a number of broadleaved trees. -
Strategies for the Eradication Or Control of Gypsy Moth in New Zealand
Strategies for the eradication or control of gypsy moth in New Zealand Travis R. Glare1, Patrick J. Walsh2*, Malcolm Kay3 and Nigel D. Barlow1 1 AgResearch, PO Box 60, Lincoln, New Zealand 2 Forest Research Associates, Rotorua (*current address Galway-Mayo Institute of Technology, Dublin Road, Galway, Republic of Ireland) 3Forest Research, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua Efforts to remove gypsy moth from an elm, Malden, MA, circa 1891 May 2003 STATEMENT OF PURPOSE The aim of the report is to provide background information that can contribute to developing strategies for control of gypsy moth. This is not a contingency plan, but a document summarising the data collected over a two year FRST-funded programme on biological control options for gypsy moth relevant to New Zealand, completed in 1998 and subsequent research on palatability of New Zealand flora to gypsy moth. It is mainly aimed at discussing control options. It should assist with rapidly developing a contingency plan for gypsy moth in the case of pest incursion. Abbreviations GM gypsy moth AGM Asian gypsy moth NAGM North America gypsy moth EGM European gypsy moth Bt Bacillus thuringiensis Btk Bacillus thuringiensis kurstaki MAF New Zealand Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MOF New Zealand Ministry of Forestry (defunct, now part of MAF) NPV nucleopolyhedrovirus LdNPV Lymantria dispar nucleopolyhedrovirus NZ New Zealand PAM Painted apple moth, Teia anartoides FR Forest Research PIB Polyhedral inclusion bodies Strategies for Asian gypsy moth eradication or control in New Zealand page 2 SUMMARY Gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae), poses a major threat to New Zealand forests. It is known to attack over 500 plant species and has caused massive damage to forests in many countries in the northern hemisphere. -
Radiation Biology and Inherited Sterility of Light Brown Apple Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Developing a Sterile Insect Release Program
HORTICULTURAL ENTOMOLOGY Radiation Biology and Inherited Sterility of Light Brown Apple Moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae): Developing a Sterile Insect Release Program RAJENDRA SOOPAYA,1 LLOYD D. STRINGER,2,3 BILL WOODS,1 ANDREA E. A. STEPHENS,2,4 2 1 1 2 RUTH C. BUTLER, IAN LACEY, AMANDIP KAUR, AND DAVID M. SUCKLING J. Econ. Entomol. 104(6): 1999Ð2008 (2011); DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1603/EC11049 ABSTRACT The radiation biology of two geographically isolated populations of the light brown apple moth [Epiphyas postvittana (Walker)] was studied in Australia and New Zealand as an initiation Յ of a SIT/F1 sterility program. Pharate and 2 d pre-emergence pupae were exposed to increasing radiation doses up to a maximum dose of 300 Gy. Fertility and other life history parameters were measured in emerging adults (parental) and their progeny (F1-F3 adults). Parental fecundity was signiÞcantly affected by increasing irradiation dose in pharate pupae only. For both populations, parental egg fertility declined with increasing radiation. This was most pronounced for the irradiated parental females whose fertility declined at a higher rate than of irradiated males. At 250 Gy, females Յ 2 d preemergence pupae produced few larvae and no adults at F1. No larvae hatched from 250 Gy-irradiated female pharate pupae. At 300 Gy, males still had residual fertility of 2Ð5.5%, with pharate pupae being the more radio-sensitive. Radiation-induced deleterious inherited effects in offspring from irradiated males were expressed as increased developmental time in F1 larvae, a reduction in percent F1 female survival, decreased adult emergence and increased cumulative mortality over Ն subsequent generations. -
Developing Host Range Testing for Cotesia Urabae
1 Appendix 2 Appendix 2: Risks to non-target species from potential biological control agent Cotesia urabae against Uraba lugens in New Zealand L.A. Berndt, A. Sharpe, T.M. Withers, M. Kimberley, and B. Gresham Scion, Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3046, New Zealand, [email protected] Introduction Biological control of insect pests is a sustainable approach to pest management that seeks to correct ecological imbalances that many new invaders create on arrival in a new country. This is done by introducing carefully selected natural enemies of the pest, usually from its native range. This method is the only means of establishing and maintaining self-sustaining control of pest insects and it is highly cost effective in the long term (Greathead, 1995). However there is considerable concern for the risk new biological control agents might pose to other species in the country of introduction, and most countries now have regulations to manage decisions on whether to allow biological control introductions (Sheppard et al., 2003). A key component of the research required to gain approval to release a new agent is host range testing, to determine what level of risk the agent might pose to native and valued species in the country of introduction. Although methods for this are well developed for weed biological control, protocols are less established for arthropod biological control, and the challenges in conducting tests are greater (Van Driesche and Murray, 2004; van Lenteren et al., 2006; Withers and Browne, 2004). This is because insect ecology and taxonomy are relatively poorly understood, and there are many more species that need to be considered. -
A Study of the Life Cycle of the Chequered Skipper Butterfly Carterocephalus Palaemon (Pallas) [Online]
24 October 2016 © Peter Eeles Citation: Eeles, P. (2016). A Study of the Life Cycle of the Chequered Skipper Butterfly Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas) [Online]. Available from http://www.dispar.org/reference.php?id=119 [Accessed October 24, 2016]. A Study of the Life Cycle of the Chequered Skipper Butterfly Carterocephalus palaemon (Pallas) Peter Eeles Abstract: Of all of the butterflies found in the British Isles, the complete life cycle of the Chequered Skipper is one of the most rarely observed, for several reasons. The first is that the distribution of the butterfly is restricted to north west Scotland where the level of recording is relatively low. The second is that, while many enthusiasts have made pilgrimages to see the adult butterfly, very few have put the same effort into locating the immature stages. Finally, the ecology of the butterfly requires the observer to put in a significant amount of time before they are rewarded with views of all stages. In this article, the author summarises his observations over a three year period, from 2014 to 2016. Introduction My first encounter with a Chequered Skipper (Carterocephalus palaemon) was on 2nd June 2006, when I visited Glasdrum National Nature Reserve (NNR), which is situated on the shores of Loch Creran in Argyllshire, Scotland. Despite the less-than-ideal weather, I managed to find two male butterflies roosting, closed-winged, among the raindrops. A return visit, two days later, proved to be much more fruitful and gave me my first opportunity to study the butterflies in more detail, in terms of both their appearance and behaviour. -
Eradication of Invading Insect Populations: from Concepts to Applications Andrew M
EN61CH18-Liebhold ARI 1 February 2016 13:2 Eradication of Invading Insect ANNUAL Populations: From Concepts REVIEWS Further Click here to view this article's online features: to Applications • Download figures as PPT slides • Navigate linked references • Download citations • Explore related articles 1,∗ 2 • Search keywords Andrew M. Liebhold, Ludek Berec, Eckehard G. Brockerhoff,3 Rebecca S. Epanchin-Niell,4 Alan Hastings,5 Daniel A. Herms,6 John M. Kean,7 Deborah G. McCullough,8 David M. Suckling,9 Patrick C. Tobin,10 and Takehiko Yamanaka11 1US Forest Service Northern Research Station, Morgantown, West Virginia 26505; email: [email protected], [email protected] 2Biology Center of the Czech Academy of Sciences, 37005 Ceskˇ e´ Budejovice,ˇ Czech Republic; email: [email protected] 3Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Christchurch 8540, New Zealand; email: [email protected] 4Resources for the Future, Washington, DC 20036; email: [email protected] 5Department of Environmental Science and Policy, University of California, Davis, California 95616; email: [email protected] 6Department of Entomology, The Ohio State University, Wooster, Ohio 44691; email: [email protected] 7AgResearch Limited, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand; email: [email protected] 8Department of Entomology and Department of Forestry, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824; email: [email protected] 9New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research and University of Auckland, Christchurch 4704, New Zealand; email: [email protected] 10School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195; email: [email protected] 11Natural Resources Inventory Center, National Institute for Agro-Environmental Sciences, Ibaraki 305-8604, Japan; email: [email protected] Annu. -
A Misplaced Sense of Risk: Variation in U.S
United States Department of Agriculture A MISPLACED SENSE OF RISK: VARIATION IN U.S. STANDARDS FOR MANAGEMENT OF RISKS POSED BY NEW SPECIES INTRODUCED FOR DIFFERENT PURPOSES Roy G. Van Driesche, Robert M. Nowierski, and Richard C. Reardon LEVEL OF REGULATION FISH & FUR-BEARING ANIMALS PETS HORTICULTURE ANIMALS VECTORING DISEASE BIOCONTROL AGENTS nutria LEAST REGULATED Burmese python MOST DANGEROUS kudzu smothering trees kudzu native frog killed by chytrid fungus fire belly toad thistle-feeding weevil trees being killed by nutria MOST REGULATED python eating deer LEAST DANGEROUS thistle seedhead destroyed by weevil HORTICULTURE ANIMALS VECTORING DISEASE FISH & FUR-BEARING ANIMALS PETS BIOCONTROL AGENTS LEVEL OF RISK Forest Health Assessment FHAAST-2019-02 and Applied Sciences Team July 2020 The Forest Health Technology Enterprise Team (FHTET) was created in 1995 by the Deputy Chief for State and Private Forestry, USDA, Forest Service, to develop and deliver technologies to protect and improve the health of American forests. FHTET became Forest Health Assessment and Applied Sciences Team (FHAAST) in 2016. This booklet was published by FHAAST as part of the technology transfer series. https://www.fs.fed.us/foresthealth/applied-sciences/index.shtml Cover Photos: (a) nutria (Philippe Amelant, Wikipedia.org); (b) Burmese python (Roy Wood, National Park Service, Bugwood.org); (c) kudzu (Marco Schmidt, iNaturalist.org); (d) fire belly toad (Kim, Hyun-tae, iNaturalist.org); (e) thistle- feeding weevil (Eric Coombs, Oregon Department of Agriculture, Bugwood.org); (f) kudzu blanketing trees (Kerry Britton, USDA Forest Service, Bugwood.org); (g) native frog killed by chytrid fungus (Brian Gratwicke, iNaturalist. a b c d e org); (h) trees being killed by nutria (Gerald J. -
Feathers to Fur the Ecological Transformation of Aotearoa/New Zealand
158 AvailableNew on-lineZealand at: Journal http://www.newzealandecology.org/nzje/ of Ecology, Vol. 34, No. 1, 2010 special issue: Feathers to Fur The ecological transformation of Aotearoa/New Zealand Impacts of exotic invertebrates on New Zealand’s indigenous species and ecosystems Eckehard G. Brockerhoff1*, Barbara I.P. Barratt2, Jacqueline R. Beggs3, Laura L. Fagan4, Malcolm K. (Nod) Kay5, Craig B. Phillips6 and Cor J. Vink6 1Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), PO Box 29 237, Christchurch 8540, New Zealand 2AgResearch Invermay, Private Bag 50 034, Mosgiel, New Zealand 3School of Biological Sciences, Tamaki Campus, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92 019, Auckland, New Zealand 4Plant & Food Research, Private Bag 4704, Christchurch, New Zealand 5Scion (New Zealand Forest Research Institute), Private Bag 3020, Rotorua 3010, New Zealand 6Biosecurity Group, AgResearch, Lincoln Science Centre, Private Bag 4749, Christchurch 8140, New Zealand *Author for correspondence (Email: [email protected]) Published on-line: 9 November 2009 Abstract: Biological invasions have significantly affected New Zealand’s native species and ecosystems. Most prominent are the effects of exotic mammals and plants, whereas few invertebrate invasions are known to have major effects on native ecosystems. Exceptions are the well-known cases of Vespula wasps in Nothofagus forest ecosystems and Eriococcus scale insects in Leptospermum shrublands. This limited impact is surprising because over 2000 exotic invertebrates have become established in New Zealand, among them many pests of exotic crop plants. The low impact of exotic invertebrates that invaded forests and other native ecosystems in New Zealand is in contrast to the situation in other parts of the world where many invertebrates have become important pests. -
Book Review, of Systematics of Western North American Butterflies
(NEW Dec. 3, PAPILIO SERIES) ~19 2008 CORRECTIONS/REVIEWS OF 58 NORTH AMERICAN BUTTERFLY BOOKS Dr. James A. Scott, 60 Estes Street, Lakewood, Colorado 80226-1254 Abstract. Corrections are given for 58 North American butterfly books. Most of these books are recent. Misidentified figures mostly of adults, erroneous hostplants, and other mistakes are corrected in each book. Suggestions are made to improve future butterfly books. Identifications of figured specimens in Holland's 1931 & 1898 Butterfly Book & 1915 Butterfly Guide are corrected, and their type status clarified, and corrections are made to F. M. Brown's series of papers on Edwards; types (many figured by Holland), because some of Holland's 75 lectotype designations override lectotype specimens that were designated later, and several dozen Holland lectotype designations are added to the J. Pelham Catalogue. Type locality designations are corrected/defined here (some made by Brown, most by others), for numerous names: aenus, artonis, balder, bremnerii, brettoides, brucei (Oeneis), caespitatis, cahmus, callina, carus, colon, colorado, coolinensis, comus, conquista, dacotah, damei, dumeti, edwardsii (Oarisma), elada, epixanthe, eunus, fulvia, furcae, garita, hermodur, kootenai, lagus, mejicanus, mormo, mormonia, nilus, nympha, oreas, oslari, philetas, phylace, pratincola, rhena, saga, scudderi, simius, taxiles, uhleri. Five first reviser actions are made (albihalos=austinorum, davenporti=pratti, latalinea=subaridum, maritima=texana [Cercyonis], ricei=calneva). The name c-argenteum is designated nomen oblitum, faunus a nomen protectum. Three taxa are demonstrated to be invalid nomina nuda (blackmorei, sulfuris, svilhae), and another nomen nudum ( damei) is added to catalogues as a "schizophrenic taxon" in order to preserve stability. Problems caused by old scientific names and the time wasted on them are discussed. -
Captive Rearing the Endangered Mardon Skipper
Captive Rearing the Endangered Mardon Skipper (Polites mardon) and Taylor’s Checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori) Butterflies: Initial Results (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) DANIEL N. GROSBOLL The Nature Conservancy of Washington, 120 East Union Avenue, Suite 215, Olympia, WA 98501, U.S.A., email [email protected] Abstract: Many of the butterfly species or subspecies that are largely restricted to lowland grasslands in the Willamette Valley-Puget Trough-Georgia Basin Ecoregion are known to be rare and declining. The mardon skipper (Polites mardon) is listed as Endangered in Washington. The Taylor’s checkerspot (Euphydryas editha taylori) is a Species of Concern in Washington, and is red-listed and probably extirpated in Canada. Captive rearing and reintroduction, in conjunction with habitat restoration and enhancement, are essential components in the recovery of these butterflies. Initial results from captive rearing of the Taylor’s checkerspot and mardon skipper are promising. Survival to diapause was over 80% for Taylor’s checkerspot larvae that were reared from eggs laid by captive females. The larvae were fed two different known host plants, Plantago lanceolata and Castilleja hispida, prior to diapause. Both hosts were readily accepted, and prediapause weight did not differ between larvae fed the different hosts. Initial results from diapause survival for the Taylor’s checkerspot indicate that it can survive diapause in captivity. Stimulation of egg laying, asynchrony of larval development, and pupal eclosion timing have proven to be difficulties in mardon skipper captive rearing. Key Words: mardon skipper, Polites mardon, Taylor’s checkerspot, Euphydryas editha taylori, captive rearing, reintroduction, host plant, endangered butterflies, Willamette Valley-Puget Trough-Georgia Basin Ecoregion, Washington Introduction Throughout the Willamette Valley-Puget Trough-Georgia Basin Ecoregion, grasslands with a largely native plant community have declined in extent to about 2% of the area they occupied in 1850 (Crawford and Hall 1997).