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Child Labour in the Republic of Serbia

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Child Labour in the Republic of Serbia MEDIA REPORTING ON CHILD LABOUR IN THE REPUBLIC OF SERBIA Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS) International Labour Organization (ILO) Copyright © International Labour Organization 2018 First published 2018 Publications of the International Labour Office enjoy copyright under Protocol 2 of the Universal Copyright Convention. Nevertheless, short excerpts from them may be reproduced without authorization, on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to ILO Publications (Rights and Licensing), International Labour Office, CH-1211 Geneva 22, Switzerland, or by email: [email protected]. The International Labour Office welcomes such applications. Libraries, institutions and other users registered with a reproduction rights organization may make copies in accordance with the licences issued to them for this purpose. Visit www.ifrro.org to find the reproduction rights organization in your country. FUNDAMENTALS Media reporting on child labour in the Republic of Serbia, International Labour Office, Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch (FUNDAMENTALS), Geneva: ILO, 2018. ISBN: 978-92-2-132173-6 (Print); 978-92-2-132174-3 (Web PDF) International Labour Office; ILO Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work Branch Also available in Serbian: Izveštavanje medija o zloupotrebi dečjeg rada u Republici Srbiji, ISBN: 978-92-2-132175-0 (Print); 978-92-2-132176-7 (Web PDF), Geneva, 2018. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Funding for this ILO publication is provided by the United States Department of Labor (USDOL) under cooperative agreement number IL-24943-13-75-K of the Project “Country Level Engagement and Assistance to Reduce Child Labour (CLEAR)” (GLO/13/22/USA). This publication does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. 100 per cent of the total costs of the Project GLO/13/22/USA is financed with federal funds, for a total of USD 7,950,000. The designations employed in ILO publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the International Labour Office concerning the legal status of any country, area or territory or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers. The responsibility for opinions expressed in signed articles, studies and other contributions rests solely with their authors, and publication does not constitute an endorsement by the International Labour Office of the opinions expressed in them. Reference to names of firms and commercial products and processes does not imply their endorsement by the International Labour Office, and any failure to mention a particular firm, commercial product or process is not a sign of disapproval. Information on ILO publications and digital products can be found at: www.ilo.org/publns. Visit our website: www.ilo.org/childlabour Only available in electronic format. Photocomposed by Dina Alwani, Beirut. TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 6 DEFINITION: CHILD WORK AND CHILD LABOUR .................................................................................... 6 THE ROLE OF THE MEDIA............................................................................................................................ 8 BACKGROUND ........................................................................................................................................... 10 AIM OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................................................... 10 METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................................................................ 11 OVERVIEW OF THE NATIONAL INSTITUTIONAL AND NORMATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE MEDIA RELEVANT TO THE PROTECTION OF CHILDREN FROM CHILD LABOUR ............................. 13 INSTITUTIONAL FRAMEWORK ................................................................................................................... 13 SELECTED INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS ........................................................................................... 15 RELEVANT LEGISLATIVE FRAMEWORK FOR THE OPERATION OF MEDIA ........................................ 16 STRATEGIC FRAMEWORK ........................................................................................................................... 19 OVERVIEW OF THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDIA CONTENT IN PRINT, BROADCAST AND ONLINE MEDIA IN SERBIA RELATED TO CHILD LABOUR .......................................................... 21 OVERVIEW OF THE QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDIA CONTENT IN PRINT, BROADCAST AND ONLINE MEDIA IN SERBIA RELATED TO CHILD LABOUR ......................................................... 27 A. FINDINGS ON THE PRESENCE OF THE PHENOMENON OF CHILD LABOUR IN THE MEDIA ....... 27 B. FINDINGS ON THE PORTRAYAL OF THE PHENOMENON OF CHILD LABOUR IN THE MEDIA .... 28 THE THEMATIC FOCUS OF THE ANALYSIS: FORMS OF CHILD LABOUR AND APPEARANCES IN THE MEDIA OF THE CATEGORIES UNDER ANALYSIS .....................................................................32 DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS (INCLUDING LIMITATIONS) .......................................................... 37 LIMITATIONS .................................................................................................................................................. 38 SUMMARY OF RESULTS .............................................................................................................................. 39 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................................................. 40 ANNEX I: KEYWORDS .............................................................................................................................. 41 ANNEX II: KLIPING – REFERENCE LIST OF MEDIA ............................................................................... 43 OVERVIEW OF THE QUANTITATIVE ANALYSIS OF MEDIA CONTENT IN PRINT, BROADCAST AND ONLINE MEDIA IN SERBIA RELATED TO CHILD LABOUR INTRODUCTION DEFINITION: CHILD WORK AND CHILD LABOUR Child work may present abuse and exploitation of a child, but not always and not in all situations. The child’s age, state of health, type of work, circumstances under which the work is carried out, as well as difficulties in or disruption of education will determine whether it is a permissible case of child work or a case of child labour. There is a distinction between child labour and child work, where child labour means work that is harmful to the health, mental and physical development of the child – unsuitable with respect to the interest, age and developmental needs of the child – whereas child work is used for the so-called admissable work of a child in the right conditions. The Serbian language does not make a distinction between the terms child work and child labour in this way. For this reason, at the beginning of the study it is necessary to clarify why the specific expression is important when discussing this phenomenon. When a child helps his/her parents with housework, takes part in the family business or earns pocket money in his/her spare time or during the holidays, with these tasks being appropriate to his/her age and mental-physical abilities and carried out in a safe environmentthen we cannot talk about this as an instance of child labour. On the contrary, the timely and occasional involvement of children in the performance of certain tasks can contribute to their development, teach them skills and give them experience which is important for the future.1 Also, this kind of work affects the adoption of positive values including an awareness of the relation between effort and realized benefits. The engagement of children (child work) taking place in accordance with the best interests of the child and within the law, is not considered to be a case of child labour. In almost all countries in the world, it is considered that a child may be employed at 14, 15 or 16 years of age, depending on the national situation. This age usually coincides with the completion of primary education or some form of professional training of the child, which is also recommended by international law.. However, for ages 15 to 18 there are special employment restrictions or prohibitions stipulated in relation to night work, or work in hazardous conditions, with chemicals, etc.2 Problems furthermore arise when children at a very early age work under hazardous conditions, because this is when child labour occurs. The term child labour refers to work that, by its nature and the circumstances in which it is carried out, harms the well-being of the child, abuses and exploits children and prevents or hinders their education, development and future life. This work can be paid or unpaid, may take place in the marketplace or outside it, and can be in the form of regular or occasional jobs. Child labour corresponds to work that is mentally, physically, socially and morally dangerous and harmful to the child, affecting the child’s education by: ♦ hindering the child from attending school; ♦ forcing the child to drop
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