A. Keywords: B. Memory and information processing Subject: Psychology Processing – the operations we perform The brain processes the information we receive from our Topic: Memory on sensory information in the brain sense. It pays attention to it and makes decisions based Year: 11 Input – sensory information we receive upon it. We unconsciously or deliberately store some from our environment sensory information. This requires encoding the sensory Storage – the retention of information in our memory system information. Once this is done, the memory system can E. Understanding amnesia Encoding – turning sensory information store the memory trace for a few seconds or up to a Sometimes people experience a special type of into a form that can be stored in the lifetime. STM lasts around 18 seconds and holds about 7 forgetting called amnesia. This can often be after brain pieces of information. LTM can last for minutes or up to a trauma to the brain. Anterograde amnesia is Acoustic encoding – the process of an entire lifetime. storing sound in our memory the inability to store new long-term memories Visual encoding – the process of storing C Multi store model of memory Atkinson and Shiffrin after a brain injury. Retrograde amnesia is where something that is seen in our memory identified 3 distinctive different stores in our memory information before the brain injury cannot be system system. The sensory register receives all the sensory recalled. HM is famous case of both types of Semantic encoding – the process of information and if we pay attention to it information can amnesia as his brain was damaged during storing the meaning (definitions) of be transferred to our STM where information can stay for surgery. Since HM’s death his brain has been information in our memory system used to develop research on memory and Output – information we recall and our 15-30 seconds. If we rehearse it we can retain it in our behavioural responses STM for much longer. LTM can hold information amnesia. Retrieval – the recall of stored memories indefinitely and potentially has a limitless capacity. F Bartlett’s theory of reconstructive memory Short-term memory – our initial memory Memories aren’t an exact replication of what happened, store that is temporary and limited they are an active reconstruction where we use our Long-term memory – a memory store schemas (packets of knowledge about an event, person that holds potentially limitless amounts D. Expert Modelling: or place) to fill in gaps in recall. Schemas influence our of information for up to a lifetime Parul struggles to remember things due to a recent memory in the following ways: cause omissions where Duration – the length of time accident. Explain how Parul could try and remember new we leave out unfamiliar or unpleasant details; information can be stored in STM and transformations – details are changed to make them events. You should refer to the multi-store model in your LTM familiar or rational; familiarisation where we change Capacity – the amount of information answer. (2) details to align to our schema & rationalisation we add that can be stored in STM and LTM Multi-store model suggests rehearsal is needed to details into our recall to give a reason for something. Rehearse – when we repeat information transfer information to long-term memory (1) so Parul over and over to make it stick could verbally repeat information about new events over G. Wider thinking / further reading: Displacement – when STM becomes full and over again to try and remember them (1). https://learndojo.org/gcse-revision/aqa- and new information pushes out old psychology/memory/ Schema – a packet of knowledge about an event, person or place