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THE ERA OF SERENDIPITY
Ranger 3, 5 missed moon; gamma ray detectors worked and gave firs detection of background (1962 flights; report 1964 Nature, Metzger, Arnold etal)e Ranger 4 crashed, 6 transmitter failed, 7 finally sent back moon pictures 1962 rocket flight to look at lunar X-ray fluor escence (finally seen by ROSAT!) finds Sea X-l~ X-ray backgrou d, Nobel for Giacconi! 1967-73, Kosmos and Vela satellites find gamma ray bursts 1967 OSO-3 meant for solar stuff; saw flares as intended; also upper limits for extra-SS source gammas (Peterson +) and ~ackground detection (the "Kraushaar point") . GRB location by triangulation using ~ ray moni tors on just about everything flown down to present Figure 12-9. ang r 3 through. contain,. {1. ei ntie package ( en at 'he top 0 tIe -'raft) thot ll'O, to' be hard-la zded on the L '. 0011.
Ie .'. our THE APOLLO ERA
Some del berate non-5S science on AESEP and ALSEP (12- 7) (11) Most notably the corner reflectors - lndeed moon is moving away from earth, ut also significant limits on violation of GR Apollo 16 -- some UV imaging, cosmic ray data Apollo 17 (December 1972, last flight) The sad tale of the Lunar Surface Gravimeter, which would have worked very well where the group had put earlier gravimeters (SouthnPble fer Louis Slichter of UCLA). In fact was as d,eployed a better seismometer than t- e rea
siesmometers, but NASA pulled the plug e
Apollo 18-20 cancelled~ Would have included LSG. reflight and a good deal more other SClence e t lS
.X','··
at lst J
) .1.
( es . uc ,d li e Figure 20-.1. iVeil Ann lr ng, conl111ander; !vlichael C llins~ eM d pile t; and 'cr. ,'iT ldriu, Jr. "pilot. n8 a n . --.... .rIIl_ igL r :'0-8. E. P ril I nral paLka. .re set II on the ,Woon s urface. j' ldrin lea\'e~ the fa er refl ,ctor to el up he ,e; ,ni'" experi1ne T? 1. • , { / " (' I ri on the r. 1iI ..... ,r.·.} I rmslr n"... dI1 1 t', r ~ - =" '~I' _. .... • ..:l.t." .•• ~ _ .• • • , .•• • --.~. , '-.~ '._ 1. "JIll. ~4...' • ,f... _..L: .. I , . •J f. o' Economics I-fOOt II A 0110 15 Saturn V 15 1 u ched from Pad A, l.1unch Co plex 39, f(t:nnedy "'pa.ce enter, Florida, July I, on a. lunar liiiOT,;g missl~n. " ,. / I, J .... ,. { . ~ - " " .... .II . ( ' , . /1 .- \ - . ; ,~• , •• ' r Fi...ur 23-11, The (T i' or.' '1]0 17: rlt:fi 1.0 righU Harris in elunitt. E~l(1{l.:ne CenHzll {siftill~ J, lIll RJ,'mold Erun.\,. /"," 1 Nl\.'--'A tc includ '~. a .: 'iel ist CHl ;. I -i1,'[ ( n . )u r L, .'lon 1 .' ...."""I, 1 S ( ] e • .1\ • ,. , 1 j .' I 7 ..... " .~.~~ .. ~... , r WHAT WER. THE RUSSIAN DOT~.C? A good dea of space SCle ce 1961":"65 published in open literature, mostly Doklady, which I have not read. The Salyut!Soyuz era 1971+ Salyut 4, 1974, X~ray observations of the C ab Nebula (but Uhuru launch Dec. 1970) As for UV competition, OAO-2 = Dec 1968 Copernicus = Aug 1972 TD-l = March 1972 Igure '9- . The launch (1 So 1U,7 11 frnu1 Baik_ nul' n June 6 19/1. - - "Il-"""" M ~'III"..1..1 i1,..·'l.~~ 'OlI,Mj"'" , ...... £._,~ .. ~ ~"',. .~~_ I miJt!lIle, W~J:; prc;,-..;nri/,.'li, A :,encs (if Ijjuneeri!lQ hi()Jo~rv L'xl')(~tij)K~J1l". III ~athl:! !lev,' <.. ~~. L. rile lr;H1~lcr cnnlp;lrIrllUl1 l1;id djlllL>n~,jnll' nl ()J) '/ 9,?-: informatioll ilhoul the c['fecl or \,'eighi.lt''''';lIr..Ls~ (III Ihe p'qWlh ',~ tl'l W'illl ;1 d(icklil~ lj.\tur'l' ,1t[lldlLJ [u it" !r\tnl, Dnct ~i Snyuz nf Ih:lll~ organi"nl'; Wa;.; pl:II1l1l;d ;IS ran llf fbI." '\ld\,Uf 1 Illl'" " Wih dlJck.:-d, Iht' C()"tnll!l:lUh cnll'rt'd lillt' slalil III through an S;(1]1. Observatiun:, would htL l'lllkCh'd 01} I.!H' f!rmvth nllrog air-light h;ll(:h, Tilt' Ir;lf1s!'(:r l'(llnP;triII ll'nt abo !ltl!i:;cd Ihe s\;! q;.gs Hnd 0:'11(.:1 small planh and insect", Gcm'lh: l.:!1ill1gL:\ oj' }~ '''(1II ~ ~ ~'" I"~ _~ ~dso "t'tm'sI. Itt, .. hin],·;>\.'l. •. t \ ••} ".' r' "...'r;IP,''1h( ... . 1 C'lflltT'l"l, , _.' .. l.. ,1, :mda.' ,E'f tdev'lm'> •. > Thi"j .. • shurr-Jived fruit flies v<,tllde! be collected :1::-- " .... eIl as dala ..ialler In"lrumCllL ,;;\[1,'1,'., I! LIt' (")non'lC I! iiI' fC 1e"'(,fpC (iOentllcd"'I' , at.,ou!. the g.rmvth of higher-order pllJnt:~, .L' Itll ~n llw Y'U,.:lI 1, BIJX ,. \\'~l\ l!te 'ir;lllnn'~ pnlll;U'Y ()jlll1.:;11 :l.~ 'fht' fourlh Sa 1yll t Ci llnjianlli\'nl. [hl' pl'lfH d"jot] Ull Ll. w; I' IfOllllrlllral in'!nllll,'n: !l W;l, d'.''''I~m'll ill idWlirl lItlrilvrr,Jt'l. 1I11pn~""lfrjtl'd ;Hld t'Hllld 110' lw tHIl'H'd lov tilt' "(l~mill' HI", .... lvl/ar ''"[It'l'l'': in l)iL' \'\,lh'h,:Il~I'l Lill!,!;': \\1 2000 30/H) .. \, ;\ l'! h:ld a lvng.!11 ilnd maximum di~llJlt'[er III ~111111U 'I,: Ill,'l g Fnt·us Bux: Sul~'lItl with Uorkl'd Sn~u~. 1, LJdCkcf SU'.~l U! 10 9 r{ 't F!~L~llde/\/f)U~ r~:H.L~r '~ ! " ) ,\"!';'" , '.' <., : ''l'iIJ'.jI' I. \,. ~ ~~~ ",I>:' ~ ~ ~:' .-. ~ J.tI2·_~~ ·L Vluln uinlntl "lllh!dc " , ~,. ,!, ~,':: .~~ ~ ~-~ ~- , " " , ...,..l\..""'r'-b-- >; L 'lL!,ci~;t' 1r('adll ill j 7 (" Si.:il'llriiil.: 111 .. 1rtll11Ln~ hav ..., . I, iLL: 11 rt}l.'krl [UL'! X, Propuhiol1 unit 9, /\tfilLhk IhnlS1L'r:-; 5 Ill, [\.,10\1[(' Ullnl'r:i P,H1hl~k: Uri(1111~k'-,u ,~ '. J l. 11'1" ;, 4 J ril .. \\'t,,:Y l-Ihl \jl;Jd' "" .. rill!' '\':\/1; / 2.13 \ Focus Box: Soyuz 11 Time-line and Sample Activities Date Sample Activities Date Sample Activities June 6 Launch from Tyurtam. June 18 Orion telescope observations. Television ~ ~- June 7 Docking successful. Diuacica'st.' _., • June 8 Safyut 1 systems activated. June 19 Aerosol content of atmosphere measured. June 9 Salyut engine used to change orbit. edic;rtests. Meteorological observations. June 10 Physical exercises. Medical tests. June 20 Television broadcast E,a~:h p'hotography. June 11 Spectroscopic Earth measurements. June 21 Orion Telescope studies. Gaama-ray Gamma-ray f8Tescope used to measure raa~tig.[~tud;.-Space environmen1slady...... --.. ----._~...... ,.. dJ"stributionOf celestrlal gamma-rays. June 22 Polarization of reflected ilignt from Earth. June 12 Television broadcast. Medical tests. Meteorological $tudy. Photography. June 23 Photography of USSR Engine firings. June 13 Earth ~esources experiments. Measurements June 24 Space endurance record. Weather observations. ol cosmic radiation. Physical exercises. Earth ph-~t~g~aphs. June 14 NaVi9atlo~'e;periment. Coordinated weather June 25 Experimental program actfvit'ies~ Preparation observations. .- ._, for return to Earth. Television broadcast. June 15 Simultaneous space and aircraft photographic June 26 Micrometeorite measurements. Increased ,. I ~ studies. Joint Salyut and Meteor satellite exercises. Preparation for landing. cloud Dover measurements. June 27 Soyuz 11 checks. Television broadcast. ...-.._ - ...... --,.....-t~ June 16 Salyut systems evaluated. Atmospheric study. Weather observations. June 17 Spacecraft antenna tests. Medical tests. June 28 Medical tests. Soyuz system reactivation. Space en~ironl!1ent density measurement. June 29 Departure from Sa/yut 1. broadcast from the station had made the cosmonauts nearly Soviet space officials had hoped a successful Salyut lruS as well known as Gagarin and Leonov. The joyous recep sion would relie ve some of the pain the nation still felt about tion that had been planned in Moscow was now replaced by the lost Moon race. The tragic end of SoyuZ j 1 dashed those yet another somber procession as the cremated remains of hopes and caused a further time-consuming reevaluation of the cosmonauts were carried to the Kremlin wall and the Soviet manned spaceflight program. placed in a position of honor next to their comrades. Trib utes flowed in from around the world, and in what seemed Postflight Changes like an endless line, grief-stricken Soviet citizens walked by to pcty their last respects to a crew they had grown to After the disaster of Soyuz j j, the Soyuz craft was re greatly admire. designed. It was also decided that on future missions the cos t,./ 'l(>'~, ' U . ;,., .• "': " { :'i::!!'l' ~>.·r _... ; II. t r J..( t I ,,~ ,-1 ~tl .. \r::I/,; [1"', \1 fl,t r lit••'1. h r(~I~ ,"1,~: ~i;) ~:.j J1t 'I II ~ ·V'..: ,tI) !}~ \~'fJ,! nil ~ i'l, ltd! ,i III ~vrd;'l{' I ('i'~l ~j J : r'~ 'f;\ " "1fr:" ;~?~iJ"lJH:l"~~ , 'j, l, , Ide j ;,Ul,~'/ r Sk~·lab·~ St(1Ua J es an~h p. ~ ani j~\, r~~r~"'rrln.~..: "IJ~L;;·.:'".' t ~IJ )ii~d·,.'!i::, 'i~ jn·\1~·{'., I".~, c~ ~ < ---H',I ·[.If It llll! ()T rh'.'lf 11=11. hI. 11'. WOO,\ t(.1 !11 d, /11"'. '. l...t"I:;'" E, .. \. t,! . \11. I f~ ,~~n.~ ',~J .mt.l L1\'..I~l "i 111" l1:~hr l' .Ih·,l?;h.'d b~ III r dlI11!1.:ol1c-,' Pn,;;'[,' ,Ill., i•.'d l·> ;i nLdubt-:, h l.1, ,:I;:n t) t) ·"l;:.i ... L,n.·· ...\' )'1';\ ",)1.1I1.Im~: j I"h[.II,ld b.l!l\ ;:!'lip11 .', "J;, ,Ill ;'11 dir;: \,)! I· l~·~II':·~.lil!T;''; hieh;.'l' d"lI' .~';;,'~ II f'." \\ h:L:d" ,I ,I,1h h,l': k:l ~PL'·,~:tLJ fOf \ h~.'H' IL!Tt:' ~Ltrt\ ,. ~T!" .1 !r -'j '. L1 dh: <.) 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" tJ. l.J t > Ikre hUti~ <:~ ~n~JdrTJtr.liil HI~ ni :;r\~tr$. l'bcy l'an be !~u' II t!,I'U';JI\J" ni" r,j[',,:(,:~ II dl.Ulll!'h:r ,ind C.Hi CUl'Imm hun d(c'Ll' 111 hdlJLIIl' ,J ~!;\JS. fhHIOO, 01 [':-11' \i~. ('Xh! ~iil \J1Jr 111! \,io;<, bUI thf'~ h.,-"(:: ,hn:.t' b,j I~' ~h.Jr<:; pi J. ::I IIplH:a!•.mu megtll.\ 'l1\e L:lr~'i: M,;~dl<1.nw eh uti (LMCi " une of lll. lW' 'C ,1 ,g~i \1"" tlJ ih~ • Hlk \\.,y tK'Ll ~d lit ii d,'lJn-t of ClP..lJl _' .1,i{1l1 pM',C,> {l par. r.:~ '" l.:~ . Ill' f1i!k~i, 11 ,. nt.lm~. b bllllr;n~ Ijf '1J.r. dl',mbUl.:d in d lhull!.. LI'ibun (Ja" uf ,l, ·11,i,:..ie" 11, \c eitlwf ,j "pH,' ,rwlle dike: our lY,Vil ; III :' k,v \\J>'} (It an ellipdcal sh{tp~· arrfd\irn~~1C'!Y 25 perce!1: 01 nil , , g.ll!\\le~ .lIt not 11avt:: a c1~jiJl.ihk ,bdlX' arid hkc iilt: L t-·'. tht.\ ,Irl~ C'lJ."tlkd a\ ln~'!!lJI,u' ~;du' Il'~ IITJ'lg~ t* E- i';:llf'Y 1\ \"..1 ,,lID"'-, LIn of,. .. I Me i:iken lhfllUgJI .. , ,) f1;d I It-: h. D , l\.:1r1 Henli.lC . b'Jr-i1k,: 1;lruc!\l[',- comp'-Js~J ;ffl d \ cd,w::r :Jn, :1'· ige ~::glilli :'t !;'lv m~ hydrllgl!J1 g .. l'JlJeu fl 'rhe Glowin ,'-nt' Sky '\.'t'~(~ L.. \.,n':::it(-d in \P;,h.:": h:- ...:':nt' 1-e.lh.: obJ('.({s i~trt: a~:-:(J '\ h n p;\"ing. Ufl.1ug:h the Eanh" J11T1U,p ,,'r~. Tlwrefrm::. be fur ' lh~ I.luMJi or (lll: Sk) I~. t t~ \r,,~ ,ky I' ilK! 'nly i'l('~n i::>.pl')f J \,~ 1tnlnJi;Jj,:d pmbe, A: !LJ73 ahot),H lUI,} i·r:lj' 'ou. e- I.. d !'l-::~n dl,\:u"·c'n:J. 1\111 lhe: P,) .~('>,,,ei,i II bewlh.re· g [;H't- \,I'rrulkrtii.:, Sumc-apl't',trt> I Jb~"':-Stxi;:i!'L-dwi[h!>~ .... h1],- (l!ht"h (o\ol:tr:d an t~h~nd~cl r ~iorJ of the skj. Some: \I,'~r k~..: ..lId .... ;IIJili nUl p!;,p,y \'. hij~'fh 'n. \~r,;; be-yom] il Snmc ,:!) ltteJ fluj,eJ \-ny r;,dltiUUIl. willie o[b .~ elTJiuet.llhi, ll· I tn ,J (illlt\l1UCU'. f:lC,rUlji!, In !~JdJTIl;tr \'.' liS p\!rpki(!r,i~l 1'1 nl~. tilt H. eiJ ~"l;'med I.U b<.: umh1rn 1. !;it.min~ in 'edt !;-ny~ l~~. rOOP AJ"j {d I 4" l\'ll Iii Hn:- .~( oi Jl~I.' l..iH L;«' \I,J,;L; r'i,,,rn( (1<:':Jid. ,J." \~ Jrt~r11 S~:~ "01~ t' ~; A~J !t!;~,H~C- rrd ~.;;! ~ 1"j 1'.1,--\ {.:" ,j 71'";;- \Olrlt/ o}'Jf: t .lJ·tHJ IJ~ if :iH B i/f:. 1I1lp Fonl ;;f I.lh tl Id 'mlfy IJlli: ,Olll (Ul i/1l'rcH'd"'ijl!'ll; 'll.l.,I/~}A lhb dlt tlbt'·, .~. ~nli 'i ·inn 'n~t> In'·lrUrIll:nL u~ ':'C(: thio; pur ", ) .,f MORE SERE D PITY + PLANNED (PASTEUR) CHANCE The Pioneer effect (uncertain IR radiation recoil more likely?) The fly-by effect (changes In tracking geometry and antennas used before/after perlgeon more likely?) (with thanks to Peter Bender) Factor of 50 improvement in limit on PPN param eter ~ , which comes from Cassini tracking behind Sun _ and the IIShapiro delay", which says light is s owed down in potential well by amount proportional to ~(1 + r ) where ~ = 0 is GR prediction Additional improvements on PPN limits can be. expected from Beppi-Colombo in a few years (or if you think GR is right, better numbers for J of the sun) 2 " ) j Life i Ule Univers .... ' ,.I .' .' \ 1 ,I, t r I U(~. F' u'e 13.12 I lU4U(~ carried l or lb . S"'l'_ ",.' -tern n lin~s 1n dnu Ii Sp,k\;craIL Sh· rt \ Ltli ';:d and da.' :II' ar nIi In1ers, /\11 e t '~ltcJTestrj 'Jl . 11m t en(}u~ h lo 'aH:h the <~ "l :'lhuuJd b\.' ~m'1I1 ~I ( u~h In L11 UtI' La ld tl nunlbcrs. C nne· . ' 1J . , C 1 I."".). . ©ASHLEI(,H t3RILLIAI0T l~85. ~~ POi- St-lo"'rS tJO.·~~77, SA 0·1'1. el'Fl-I'.ARA TE 0 Y R GU EME T FOR EVENTUALLY GETT.G ERE S TO KEEP GO NG IN THE RIGHT DIR CTION.