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A Chola Empire, 13 All India Anna Dravida Munnetra Christianity Kazhagam (AIADMK), 10–12, among Tamils in Britain, 177 85, 86, 176 as ‘non-ethnic pathway of Asylum seekers, 57, 98, 127, 173 incorporation,’ 128–131, 173 in Sri Lanka, 175 and Tamil congregations, 201 B in Tamil Nadu, 174–175 Bharatanatyam, 4, 8, 112, 114–118, and use of Christian spaces by 165, 179, 190, 194, 221 Tamil Hindus, 202–203 Black July, 5, 77, 79 Class/socio-economic status, 16, Brubaker, Rogers, 26–28, 33, 35, 36, 34, 39–41, 57, 92, 101, 108, 42, 78, 84, 91, 99, 100, 111, 110, 112, 115–118, 120, 113, 142, 164, 172, 186, 200, 123–127, 132, 194, 205, 220, 214 221 Colonialism British rule, 30, 55, 95, 123 C Dutch rule, 52, 53 Caste, 16, 39, 56, 57, 108, 112, 120, enslavement during, 52 123–127, 132, 174, 178, 194, French rule, 52, 53 205, 220, 221 labour migration during, 30, 53

Community associations as primordial, 33, 34, 78, 82, 87, and cultural performance, 119 88, 100, 218 and Hindu ritual, 185 Ethnic lens, 28, 128 and moral values, 112–113 and socialising, 113, 120, 121, 123, 125, 126, 132, 185 F and statehood, 108, 112, 120, Facebook, 91, 93, 99, 119, 122, 146 127, 132 Family and supplementary schools, 2, 43, global dispersal of, 160 112, 116, 118, 121, 126, 179, and ‘Tamil values,’ 163–164 184 transnational caring practices, 141, 163 Family-reunion migration, 51 D Food, 118, 126, 143, 149–152, 182, Diaspora 185 as aesthetic community, 217 Friendship as ‘categories’ and ‘groups,’ 33–35 through children, 130 as communities of through community association, co-responsibility, 88–96 215 as community of suffering, 78, through neighbourhoods, 111, 86, 100 215 as moral community, 15, 78, 88, through religion, 128–129, 201 217, 221 through work or study, 109, 131, as ‘nominal’ and ‘virtual,’ 36 215 as process, 36–39, 74, 99, 101, with non-Tamils, 128 140, 171, 214 as segmented, 15, 39, 122 as traumatic exile, 25, 26 G Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam Gandhi, Sonia, 84 (DMK), 10–12, 83–86, 172, Gender, 16, 34, 38, 41, 110, 141, 176 145, 220, 221 Dravida Nadu, 10 Global Tamil Forum (GTF), 77

E H Ethnicity Hinduism and religion, 34, 171–174, 178 among Tamils, 4, 174–176 as instrumental/circumstantial, and ‘South Indian’ identity in 33 diaspora, 193–195 Index 253

and Chariot Processions, 187–189 K in South Asia, 174–176 Kannathil Muthamittal, 1–2, 6–7, within community associations, 82–83, 216–217, 220 179–182, 203 Karunanidhi, 11–12, 83–85, 87 within homes, 152–159, 203 Kāvaḍi, 179, 188 Hindu temples aesthetics and architecture, 191, 193, 196, 197 L and authenticity, 196, 197, Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam 202–203 (LTTE)/Tamil Tigers deities within, 139, 154, 193, defeat of/’final offensive’ against, 196 6–7, 12, 56, 74, 76, 80, 84, in London, 76, 173, 189, 191, 93 195, 199, 200, 203, 204 diaspora support for, 7–8, 30, 73, and the LTTE, 76, 195 75–76, 96–99, 195, 218 in the South West, 197 intimidation by, 75–76, 195 and support for newly arrived London migrants, 173 Tamil Hindu festivals in, Tamil-run, 60–61, 76, 191–192, 187–189 195–197, 199–200, 203–204 Tamil Hindu temples in, 8, 14, use of non-Tamil temples, 191–192, 204 198–200 Tamil population of, 51, 56, in the West Midlands, 60, 192, 58–60, 64, 76, 87, 191 194, 196, 198 Long-distance nationalism, 7, 39, 73, 101, 213, 214

I Indenture and kangani, 53 M Islam Malaysia among Tamils in Britain, 177, Bumiputera (sons of the soil) 201–202 policies of, 86 in Sri Lanka, 5–6, 175 colonial-era Tamil migration to, 2, in Tamil Nadu, 175 53 Tamil population of, 3 Mani Ratnam, 1–2, 82, 216–217, J 220 Jaffna, 3–5, 12, 13, 54, 77, 82, 83, ‘Marked’ and ‘unmarked’ categories, 93, 115, 186 113, 142, 164, 186 254 Index

Marriage/spousal migration, 32, 51, S 57, 64, 109 Saivism, 4, 154, 174, 175, 177, 193, Material culture, 15, 133, 140, 195, 197, 202, 217 142–159, 164 Sangam era, 10, 13 May remembrance day, 76, 92, 97, Saraswati Pūjā, 179–182, 185, 189, 100 190, 203 Murugan/Skanda Shri Venkateswara (Balaji) Temple, and Chariot processions, West Midlands, 41, 146, 187–189 193–200, 203 and ethno-nationalism, 172, Skanda Vale/The Community of the 175–176 Many Names of God, 192 in Hindu temples, 191–197 Skilled worker/professional migration, 32, 51–52, 54–56, 64, 66, 108, 109, 118, P 120–121, 123, 125–127, 129, Photograph albums, 146–147, 150, 132, 133, 144, 153, 203, 219, 165, 220 220 Prabhakaran, 12, 13, 75, 76 South West England Protective objects, 157–159 Tamil population of, 59, 62 Pūjā Sri Lanka/Ceylon areas within homes, 152–157, colonialism rule of, 30, 53, 95, 159, 165 123 in community associations, demographics of, 3, 75 179–181 Muslims in, 5, 6, 96, 175 in temples, 194, 197, 198, 200, Sinhalese ethno-nationalism in, 3, 202 4, 10–11, 30, 56, 95–96, 123, 175, 176, 218 Tamil ethno-nationalism in, 10, R 13, 75 Rajapaksa, 83, 85, 86, 99 war in, 2, 5–6, 11–12, 51, 54, 74, Rajiv Gandhi, 11 80–82, 84, 88, 92, 93, 96, assassination of, 12, 84 115, 160, 216–217 Refugees Student migration, 32, 51, 52, 54, from Sri Lanka, 2, 5, 7, 29–32, 55, 57, 63, 64, 66, 108, 109, 51, 54–57, 63, 77–79, 89, 118, 121–123, 127–129, 123, 218, 219 132, 133, 144, 153, 173, in Tamil Nadu, 5, 54 219, 220 trauma narratives of, 44–45 Superdiversity, 3, 38, 66–67 Index 255

T Tamil television, 116, 118, 146, Tamil language 148 among British-raised children, 14, Thai Poṅgal, 181–185, 189, 190, 96, 97, 107–108, 118, 132, 193, 203 148, 219–220 Transnational Government of number of speakers in England Tamil Eelam (TGTE), 77, and Wales, 59–60 90, 91 Tamil migration to Britain, 31, 55–60, 123, 204 in the colonial era, 52–54, 66 U within the European Union, 57 Up-Country Tamils, 3, 53 Tamil Nadu demographics of, 3, 174–175 ethno-nationalism in, 4, 10–13, V 83, 85, 172 Vaishnavism, 191, 193, 195, 198, refugee in, 1, 5, 54 202 Tamil population in England and Wales, 59 in India, 30, 41, 52, 84 W in Malaysia, 41, 51, 54, 64, 83, Werbner, Pnina, 8, 9, 15, 16, 28, 34, 87, 120, 214 38, 39, 78, 87, 88, 99, 117, in Mauritius, 52, 54 122, 147, 179, 186, 205, 214, in Singapore, 41, 51, 55, 192, 215, 217, 220 214 West Midlands in South Africa, 192, 214 Tamil population of, 59, 62 in Sri Lanka, 7, 30, 41, 74, 76, Westminster protests, 7, 89, 91–92, 77, 84, 97, 101, 120, 123, 126 97–100