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Iceland's Contested European Policy
An evolving EU engaging a changing Mediterranean region Jean Monnet Occasional Paper 01/2013 Iceland’s contested European Policy: The Footprint of the Past - A Small and Insular Society by Baldur Thorhallsson Copyright © 2013, Baldur Thorhallsson, University of Malta ISSN 2307-3950 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means – electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise – without any prior written permission from the Institute for European Studies, University of Malta. Publisher: Institute for European Studies, Msida, Malta. The Institute for European Studies The Institute for European Studies is a multi-disciplinary teaching and research Institute at the University of Malta, offering courses in European Studies which fully conform to the Bologna guidelines, including an evening diploma, a bachelor’s degree, a masters and a Ph.D. The Institute also operates a number of Erasmus agreements for staff and student exchanges. Founded in 1992 as the European Documentation and Research Centre (EDRC), the Institute was granted the status of a Jean Monnet Centre of Excellence in 2004. The Institute is engaged in various research and publication activities in European Integration Studies and is a member of the Trans-European Policy Studies Association (TEPSA), the LISBOAN network, EPERN, EADI, and the two Euro-Mediterranean networks, EuroMeSCo and FEMISE. The Institute is also a member of the Council for European Studies (hosted at Columbia University). The research interests of its staff include comparative politics and history of the European Union (EU); EU institutions; EU external relations and enlargement; small states in the EU; Malta in the EU; Euro-Mediterranean relations; Stability and Growth Pact; economic governance of the euro area; Europe 2020; EU development policies, climate change, international economics, economic causes and consequences of globalisation and EU trade and cohesion policy. -
A Review of International Fisheries Management Regimes
Cefas contract report C7372 A review of international fisheries management regimes Authors: Stuart A. Reeves, James B. Bell, Giulia Cambiè, Sarah L. Davie, Paul Dolder, Kieran Hyder, Hugo Pontalier, Zachary Radford & Duncan Vaughan Issue date: 02/08/2018 Cefas Document Control Title: A Review of International Fisheries Management Submitted to: Georgina Karlsson/Charlotte Wicker Date submitted: 02/08/18 Project Manager: Stuart A. Reeves Report compiled by: SAR Quality control by: Defra various & Kieran Hyder Approved by & Kieran Hyder, 8/1/2018 date: Version: 3.5a Version Control History Author Date Comment Version SAR et al. 20/06/17 Compiled from individual 2 chapters SAR et al. 19/07/17 Working version for comment 2.1 SAR et al. 1/09/17 Complete draft for comment 2.2 SAR et al. 21/11/17 Revised to take account of 3.1 comments SAR et al. 12/12/2017 Further revisions in response to 3.2 comments SAR et al. 12/12/2017 Revised structure inc. MRF 3.3 chapter SAR et al. 24/1/2018 Further corrections & enhanced 3.4 exec summary. SAR et al. 26/2/2018 Minor corrections 3.4a SAR et al. 27/7/18 Pre-publication corrections & 3.5 formatting SAR et al. 02/08/18 Fixing minor typos & formatting 3.5a A review of international fisheries management regimes Page i A review of international fisheries management regimes Page ii An international review of fisheries management regimes Authors: Stuart A. Reeves, James B. Bell, Giulia Cambiè, Sarah L. Davie, Paul Dolder, Kieran Hyder, Hugo Pontalier, Zachary Radford and Duncan Vaughan1 Issue date: 02/08/2018 Head office Centre for Environment, Fisheries & Aquaculture Science Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK Tel +44 (0) 1502 56 2244 Fax +44 (0) 1502 51 3865 www.cefas.defra.gov.uk Cefas is an executive agency of Defra 1 Contact Address: c/o Natural England, Suite D, Unex House, Bourges Boulevard, Peterborough, PE1 1NG. -
Fishing for Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of ‘Rights-Based’ Fisheries Management in Iceland’S Westfjords
Master‘s Thesis Fishing For Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of ‘Rights-based’ Fisheries Management in Iceland’s Westfjords Katie Auth Advisor: Níels Einarsson, Ph.D. University of Akureyri Faculty of Business and Science University Centre of the Westfjords Master of Resource Management: Coastal and Marine Management Ísafjörður, May 2012 2 Supervisory Committee Advisor: Níels Einarsson, Ph.D., Director of the Stefansson Arctic Institute Reader: Gísli Pálsson, Ph. D., Professor of Anthropology at the University of Iceland Program Director: Dagný Arnarsdóttir, MSc. Katie Auth Fishing For Common Ground: Broadening the Definition of ‘Rights-based’ Fisheries Management in Iceland’s Westfjords 45 ECTS thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of a Master of Resource Management degree in Coastal and Marine Management at the University Centre of the Westfjords, Suðurgata 12, 400 Ísafjörður, Iceland Degree accredited by the University of Akureyri, Faculty of Business and Science, Borgir, 600 Akureyri, Iceland Copyright © 2012 Katie Auth All rights reserved Printing: Háskólaprent, Reykjavík, June 2012 3 Declaration I hereby confirm that I am the sole author of this thesis and it is a product of my own academic research. __________________________________________ Student‘s name 4 Abstract Since the 1980s, so-called “rights-based” fisheries management regimes – specifically those designed to apply market forces to problems of inefficiency and overfishing by divvying up fixed, tradable proportions of a total allowable catch among individuals or cooperatives – have become both one of the most widely advocated and most contentious aspects of marine resource management. Iceland, promoted by some as a successful international model of this approach, has been the site – for nearly thirty years – of fierce debate and controversy regarding the system’s effects on regional development, social justice and wealth disparity. -
House of Ice and Cod: the U.S.-Icelandic Alliance Throughout the Cold War
ABSTRACT HOUSE OF ICE AND COD: THE U.S.-ICELANDIC ALLIANCE THROUGHOUT THE COLD WAR From 1946 to 2006, the Icelandic government made sure to protect their people, their elves, and their cod from foreign powers. However, in a Cold War world, the need for spheres of influence on the part of the United States complicated Iceland’s security. The U.S. foreign policy makers intended to use economic and military coercion to create an alliance with Iceland. Iceland joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and offered an airbase in Keflavík to help the United States’ goal of collective security. The Icelanders and the British fought in three cod wars dragging the United States in to mediate between allies. The question of stationing military personnel and weapons further complicated their relationship. This work uses the range from 1946 to 2006 to show the ways in which two countries dealt with situations involving economics, the military, and the issues of alliance. Also, by showing these situations, one can view how the Cold War was truly a global war where nations large and small were affected in some way. Jeffrey Allen Moosios May 2015 HOUSE OF ICE AND COD: THE US-ICELANDIC ALLIANCE THROUGHOUT THE COLD WAR by Jeffrey Allen Moosios A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in History in the College of Social Sciences California State University, Fresno May 2015 APPROVED For the Department of History: We, the undersigned, certify that the thesis of the following student meets the required standards of scholarship, format, and style of the university and the student's graduate degree program for the awarding of the master's degree. -
Iceland's Search for Shelter
n Fræðigreinar STJÓRNMÁL & STJÓRNSÝSLA A small state in world politics: Iceland’s search for shelter Baldur Thorhallsson, Professor in political science, University of Iceland Abstract The aim of this paper is to determine Iceland’s foreign policy options in relation to shelter theory. Iceland has been seeking political and economic shelter ever since the United States deserted it in 2006, by closing its military base, and in 2008, by refusing to provide it with assistance following its economic collapse. Iceland has made several new security and defence arrangements with its neighbouring states, applied for membership of the European Union and was the first European country to make a free-trade agreement with China. Moreover, the president of Iceland pressed for closer political and economic ties with Russia. Prominent Icelandic politicians frequently claim that Brexit will create a number of opportunities for Iceland and lead to closer cooperation with Britain. However, Iceland has not yet secured shelter of an extent comparable to what it had enjoyed from the United States. In this paper, we will answer questions such as: What does shelter theory tell us about Iceland’s overseas relations with the US, NATO, the EU, Britain, Russia, China, and the Nordic states? Will Iceland receive more reliable shelter provided by multilateral organizations than by a single shelter provider? Keywords: Foreign policy; small states; shelter theory; Iceland. Introduction Iceland has been searching for shelter ever since the US closed its military base in the country in 2006 and refused to provide it with a rescue package following the 2008 economic crash. -
The Fisheries Dimension
From Membership to Partnership, the EU and its Relations with the UK after Brexit: the Fisheries Dimension Dr Thomas Appleby Associate Professor in Property Law, University of the West of England, Bristol Abstract Fishing in European waters has been a contentious issue since the sixteenth century and was a key factor in the development of the international law of the sea itself. At the time the UK joined the EU and shared its waters with Member State vessels it also lost access to its traditional fishing grounds off Iceland. The Common Fisheries Policy developed a centralised approached based around historic fleet size rather than productivity of Member States’ waters. Controls were centered around technical measures, reduction in capacity and quota. These worked: the collapse of fish stocks was halted and started to recover a little. However many stocks are still potentially illegally allocated beyond scientific levels, and fishing continues unmanaged in the EU’s suite of offshore marine protected areas. The management institutions need greater transparency and stronger adherence to the law. There is scope to build a future relationship between the EU and the UK: the UK and some of its overseas territories needs the EU market, many stocks are shared, and the parties will need to agree on scientific approaches. However, It is likely that the UK is due a greater allocation of stocks than the current system. As we approach the endgame of the Brexit negotiations it is important that both sides reflect that fishing represents less that 0.1% of their economies and over-politicisation of a small sector will not help either party in the context of the larger negotiations. -
Why Did the Cod Wars Occur and Why Did Iceland Win Them? a Test of Four Theories
Why Did the Cod Wars Occur and Why Did Iceland Win Them? A Test of Four Theories Sverrir Steinsson MA Thesis in International Affairs School of Social Sciences June 2015 Why Did the Cod Wars Occur and Why Did Iceland Win Them? A Test of Four Theories Sverrir Steinsson MA Thesis in International Affairs Advisors: Silja Bára Ómarsdóttir and Guðni Th. Jóhannesson Faculty of Political Science School of Social Sciences University of Iceland June 2015 This thesis is submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in International Affairs at the University of Iceland. This thesis cannot be reproduced without the author’s consent. © Sverrir Steinsson 2015 090390-3689 Reykjavík, Iceland 2015 Abstract Few attempts have been made to provide theoretical explanations for the occurrence and outcomes of the Cod Wars. In this thesis, I test hypotheses derived from four IR theories and perspectives on the Cod Wars: the Rationalist Explanations for War perspective, which sees information problems, commitment problems and issue indivisibility as drivers of conflict; Liberal IR theory, which expects democracy, commercial ties, and institutions as pacifying influences; Structural Realism, which expects states to pursue their security interests; and Neoclassical Realism, which expects statesmen’s pursuit of security interests to be distorted by domestic pressures. I find that Liberal and Structuralist Realist expectations were not met, that rational miscalculation and misinformation contributed to the occurrence of the disputes, and Neoclassical Realist expectations were fully met in all of the disputes. Following these tests, I provide a new, structurally informed explanation of the Cod Wars. -
Your Guide to Iceland's Scenic Wonders, Top Adventures, and Must
ICELAND The Insiders' Guide Your guide to Iceland’s scenic wonders, top adventures, and must-do experiences by our local experts. Contents Overview Contents & Surrounds Reykjavik Reykjavik Overview 3 East Iceland 32 Top 10 Experiences in Iceland 3 The Highlands 34 Climate and Weather 5 Where to Stay 6 Vatnajökull National Park 36 Getting Around 7 Adventure in the National Park 38 Greater Greater Cultural Highlights 8 Iceland Pronunciation Guide 10 Adventure in Iceland 39 Best Side Trips 11 Camping 40 Responsible Tourism 13 Hiking and Trekking 41 Visa Information 14 Diving, Kayaking, and Rafting 42 National Park Winter Activities 44 Vatnajökull Reykjavik and Surrounds 15 Caves and Glaciers 45 Reykjavik Must See and Do 16 Iceland's Hot Springs 47 Nightlife 18 How to See the Northern Lights 48 Day Trips 19 Where to See Wildlife 50 Adventure Greater Iceland 21 Essential Insurance Tips 51 Outdoor South Iceland 22 Our Contributors 52 West Iceland 25 See Our Other Guides 53 Northwest Iceland 27 Get a Quote 54 North Iceland 29 2 Welcome! From thundering waterfalls to Viking legends to the mesmerizing Northern Lights, Iceland is for lovers of nature and culture alike – and despite its chilly name, you won’t find friendlier people anywhere. Our Insiders' Picks Contents of the Top 10 Westfjords Experiences Akureyri in Iceland Lake Mývatn Overview Stand behind a waterfall Snaefellsnes Peninsula East Fjords Iceland features stunning waterfalls Vatnajökull Þingvellir National Park of all sizes and descriptions, but at National Park Reykjavik Seljalandsfoss, in South Iceland, you can actually walk behind the & Surrounds Reykjavik Reykjavik curtain of water. -
EU Energy and Environment Sub-Committee Brexit: Fisheries Written and Oral Evidence Contents
EU Energy and Environment Sub-Committee Brexit: Fisheries Written and Oral Evidence Contents Angling Trust — Written Evidence (FBR0013) .................................................................................... 3 Thomas Appleby — Written Evidence (FBR0012) ............................................................................. 9 Bertie Armstrong, Marcus Coleman, Hazel Curtis and Barrie Deas — Oral Evidence (QQ 12 – 21) ............................................................................................................................................................ 21 John Ashworth — Written Evidence (FBR0004).............................................................................. 43 Professor Richard Barnes, Professor Robin Churchill and Dr Bryce Stewart — Oral Evidence (QQ 1 – 11) .............................................................................................................................................. 44 Professor Robin Churchill, Professor Richard Barnes and Dr Bryce Stewart — Oral Evidence (QQ 1 – 11) .............................................................................................................................................. 64 Marcus Coleman, Bertie Armstrong, Hazel Curtis and Barrie Deas — Oral Evidence (QQ 12 – 21) ............................................................................................................................................................ 65 Hazel Curtis, Bertie Armstrong, Marcus Coleman, and Barrie Deas — Oral Evidence (QQ 12 – 21) -
The Best of Iceland
04_178416-ch01.qxp 5/29/08 8:59 AM Page 1 1 The Best of Iceland On each trip to Iceland, we are always struck by how often other travelers are—or intend to be—repeat visitors. Many come year after year, never exhausting Iceland’s endless variations of magnificent scenery and adventure. Returning travelers immedi- ately recognize the crisp, invigorating polar air, and what W. H. Auden called “the most magical light of anywhere on earth.” Iceland’s astonishing beauty often has an austere, primitive, or surreal cast that arouses reverence, wonderment, mystery, and awe. Lasting impressions could include a lone tuft of wildflowers amid a bleak desert moonscape or a fantastical promenade of icebergs calved into a lake from a magisterial glacier. The Icelandic people—freedom-loving, egalitarian, self-reliant, and worldly—are equally exceptional. They established a parliamentary democracy over a millennium ago, and today write, publish, purchase, and read more books per capita than any peo- ple on earth. Reykjavík, their capital, has become one of the world’s most fashionable urban hot spots. In November 2007, the U.N. named Iceland the world’s best coun- try to live in, based on life expectancy, education levels, medical care, income, and other criteria. 1 The Best Natural Wonders • Glymur: Iceland’s tallest waterfall is • Blue Lagoon: The central activity nimble and graceful: Streamlets at this spa—Iceland’s top tourist descend like ribbons of a maypole attraction—is bathing in a shallow, into a fathomless canyon mantled in opaque, blue-green lagoon amid a bird nests and lush mosses. -
Islands Største Vandfald Glymur I Botnsá: 190 Meter
14 ISLAND ISLAND 15 Dettifoss Hengifoss ISLAND Glymur Háifoss Reykjavik Seljalandsfoss Skógafoss Islands største vandfald Glymur i Botnsá: 190 meter. Háifoss i Fossá: 122 meter. Hengifoss i Hengifossá: 110 meter. Seljalandsfoss i Seljalandsá, 65 meter. Skógafoss i Skógá: 62 meter. Dettifoss i Jökulsá á Fjöllum: 44 meter. Gullfoss i Hvítá, 32 meter. Genforelsket i islandske vandfald Natur. Vandfald er lidt som Kender du den irriterende turisttype, der står verdens ubestridt mest seværdige og impone- fenland. For landet har ikke bare et væld af kolossale brusen få luften til at vibrere. vandfaldet. Flere gange ser vi både to og tre Ifølge legenden om Skógafoss- lettere reserveret ved en attraktion og med rende vandfald. Derfor er jeg en kende svær vandfald. Vandfaldene er ovenikøbet lige så Dets fald på 32 meter er fordelt på to trin buer, der i den grad medvirker til at gøre op- vandfaldet begravede den første katedraler og kirker. Har man tydelig opblæsthed indikerer, at vedkom- at dupere over noget vand, der ved hjælp af forskelligartede, som farvespillet er i en regn- på 12 og 20 meter, og da vi begynder at kunne levelsen mere bemærkelsesværdig. viking i området, Þrasi Þórólfsson, set de største, er man svær at mende har set noget langt mere ekstravagant tyngdekraften falder ud over et plateau eller bue. se omfanget af det, føles det faktisk lidt som I et par timer står, går og sidder vi rundt om en skat i en grotte bag vandfaldet. imponere. Men på Island tog og særligt? har boret sig vej gennem klipper. Den allerførste dag på Island kører vi direk- at gense sydamerikanske Iguazu, hvor man Gullfoss og lader os imponere over, hvordan spektakulære vandfald som Sådan en type er jeg, når det kommer til Men, og dem er der som bekendt altid ét af, te fra lufthavnen i sydvest og ind i landet mod også kan bevæge sig ud på et plateau og føle, Hvitá-floden gennem årtusinder har boret sig vandfald. -
144. Löggjafarþing 2014–2015. Þingskjal 1300 — 734. Mál. Iðnaðar- Og Viðskiptaráðherra Við Fyrirspurn Frá Birgi
144. löggjafarþing 2014–2015. Þingskjal 1300 — 734. mál. Svar iðnaðar- og viðskiptaráðherra við fyrirspurn frá Birgittu Jónsdóttur um Framkvæmdasjóð ferðamannastaða. 1. Hversu margir styrkir hafa verið veittir úr Framkvæmdasjóði ferðamannastaða, sundur- liðað eftir styrkþegum og fjárhæðum styrkja? Framkvæmdasjóður ferðamannastaða hefur úthlutað alls 344 styrkjum frá fyrstu úthlutun 2012 til 2015 en lög um sjóðinn, sbr. lög nr. 75/2011, tóku gildi í júní 2011. Heildarfjárhæð styrkjanna er 1.444.904.153 kr. Eftirfarandi tafla sýnir fjölda styrkja sundurliðað eftir styrkþegum og fjárhæð styrkja eftir árum. Í töflunni eru einnig upplýsingar um þau verk- efni sem hafa fengið styrk oftar en einu sinni með vísan til 3. tölul. fyrirspurnarinnar. Á vef Ferðamálastofu má finna nánari lista með rökstuðningi um verkefni hverrar úthlutunar: www.ferdamalastofa.is/is/umhverfis-og-gaedi/framkvaemdasjodur-ferdamannastada. Styrk- Upphæð Styrkt númer Styrkþegi Verkefni styrks, kr. aftur Úthlutanir 2012 12-001 Akureyrarstofa Heimskautsbaugurinn – Grímsey 250.000 12-002 Breiðdalshreppur Aðgengi að Flögufoss í Breiðdal 1.500.000 12-003 Ferðamálasamtök Suðurnesja Hundrað gíga garðurinn 1.500.000 12-004 Fjarðabyggð Skipulag og hönnun áningarstaðar við Söxu Stöðvarfirði 1.000.000 12-005 Fljótsdalshreppur Hengifoss, skipulag, hönnun og framtíðarsýn 2.000.000 12-006 Fornleifavernd ríkisins Stöng í Þjórsárdal, ásýnd og umhverfi, hönnunarsamkeppni 4.900.000 12-007 Framfarafélag Flateyjar Bætt aðstaða ferðamanna í Flatey 2.000.000 12-008 Gunnarsstofnun Skriðuklaustur – Skipulags- og hönnunarvinna 500.000 12-009 Hveravallafélagið ehf. Hveravellir – Virkjun borhola og veituframkvæmdir/hönnun 5.000.000 2. styrkur 12-010 Langanesbyggð Skoruvíkurbjarg, bætt aðgengi 1.050.000 12-011 Mýrdalshreppur Dyrhólaey, uppbygging 5.000.000 12-012 Ósafell ehf.