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Chapter 1 • Colliding Worlds

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Chapter 1 • Colliding Worlds 5. For centuries, Native AmericansCHAPTER were hunter-gatherers. They primarily migrated in a southward direction and established thriving settlements in central Mexico and the Andes Mountains. A second wave 1 crossed the western mountain ranges and moved into the Mississippi Valley and eastern woodland regions of North America. 6. Around 6000 B.C., many societies Colliding developed farming based on corn, potatoes, and squash. Agricultural surplus led to populous, urbanized, and wealthy Worlds societies in Mexico, Peru, and the Mississippi Valley. 1450–1600 B. American Empires 1. The Aztecs and Incas established highly populated and powerful empires in ANNOTATED CHAPTER Mesoamerica and the Andes. OUTLINE 2. Tenochtitlán, the metropolis of the Aztec state with an impressive population of The following annotated chapter outline will help 250,000 by 1500, served as the center of you review the major topics covered in this chapter. an expansive and well-regulated tribute, I. The Native American Experience agricultural, and trade network. European A. The First Americans explorers were impressed by the city’s 1. The first people to live in the Western wealth and abundance of food items, Hemisphere were small bands of tribal textiles, and precious metals. migrants from Asia. They followed animal 3. Aztec priests and warrior-nobles ruled herds over land and by sea over fifteen over this empire by subduing most of the thousand years ago, when the last Ice Age people of central Mexico and sacrificing created a 100-mile-wide land bridge over captured enemies to the gods who they the Bering Strait, connecting Siberia and believed influenced life and farming Alaska. cycles. 2. Glacial melting then submerged the land 4. The Incas established a vast, highly bridge beneath the Bering Strait, reducing urbanized, and well-organized empire in contact between peoples in North America the high altitudes of the Andes Mountains, and Asia for three hundred generations. with Cuzco as its capital. This empire 3. Anthropologists also agree that a second relied upon a divinely ordained king for wave of migrants, the ancestors of the leadership and thrived through a Navajos and the Apaches, crossed the bureaucratized system of trade and tribute. narrow Bering Strait in boats C. Chiefdoms and Confederacies approximately eight thousand years ago. 1. The Mississippi Valley 4. A third migration around five thousand a. Although Native American years ago brought the ancestors of the civilizations in North America did not Aleut and Inuit peoples, the “Eskimos,” to grow to the size of the Aztec and Inca North America. empires, adoption of agriculture based 2 CHAPTER 1 • COLLIDING WORLDS on maize nevertheless contributed to d. The Lenni Lenape and Munsee Indians increased urbanization and more along the Delaware and Hudson rivers sophisticated social structures by A.D. maintained an independent and locally 1000. limited political leadership structure. b. In the Mississippi Valley, the city of e. Around 1500, one of the most Cahokia, with its impressive powerful Native American groups population of over 10,000, developed emerged in the region between Lake into the administrative and religious Erie and the Hudson River when the center of the region with nearly 30,000 Mohawks, Oneidas, Onandagas, inhabitants. Cayugas, and Senecas decided to end c. The 120 mounds in the area functioned years of warfare with each other and as burial grounds, bases for ceremonial formed the Iroquois Confederacy. buildings, or rulers’ homes. f. Instead of chiefs, councils of sachems, d. By 1350 overpopulation, or leaders, held political power and environmental factors, and warfare led made decisions. Although men were to the decline of this Mississippian the leaders, diplomats, and warriors, in civilization. Still, Mississippian this matriarchal society, women could institutions and practices endured for also influence council decisions. centuries along the river, and their g. Along the southern coast of the region influence reached as far east as the that would come to be called New Carolinas and Florida. England, the Narragansetts, 2. Eastern Woodlands Wampanoags, Mohegans, and Pequots a. In the eastern woodlands lived several were part of a dense network of distinct societies, including the powerful chiefdoms that competed for Algonquian and Iroquoian speakers to dominance and resources. the north, who shared several language h. In the northern, more cold and and lifestyle traits. They lived in semi- forbidding regions, including northern permanent villages where women New England and present-day Canada, farmed fields of maize, beans, and Native Americans established complex squash, gathered additional food items, yet smaller political units that and participated in community affairs, supported their lives as hunters and while men warred, hunted, and fished. gatherers. b. The seasonal practice of burning cleared forests of underbrush, enhanced agriculture, and improved hunting of big game. c. The political system among the peoples of the eastern woodlands varied widely. Some were chiefdoms in which a single ruler held absolute power. Others, such as the Powhatans in the Chesapeake region, had adopted a paramount chiefdom in which one chief emerged as the ruler over several subordinate chiefs and their respective communities. 3. The Great Lakes travel on foot or by horseback to hunt, a. To the west, the Algonquian speakers fish, and gather provisions. of the Great Lakes region, including 5. The Arid Southwest the Ottawas, Ojibwas, and a. The Pueblo peoples, including the Potawatomis tribal groups, were Anasazis, Hohokams, and Mogollons, collectively known as the Anishinaabe developed agricultural settlements by people. In this region, core clan A.D. 600. They used irrigation to grow identities crossed tribal boundaries. crops by A.D. 1000 and lived in b. Their highly mobile life based on architecturally distinct, multi-room hunting, fishing, and traveling stone structures, or pueblos, built into influenced trade relationships, shaped steep cliffs. The Anasazi built several military alliances, and contributed to a small and large villages in and around multitude of social and political Chaco Canyon and connected them affiliations. through a vast network of roads. 4. The Great Plains and Rockies b. Drought brought on soil exhaustion a. In the Great Plains and Rocky and the collapse of Chaco Canyon and Mountain regions, the arrival of the other large settlements after 1150. horse—an escaped European import— People dispersed to smaller forever changed the cultures and settlements, and the descendants of geopolitics of the indigenous people these peoples—including the Acomas, even before they personally Zuñis, Tewas, and Hopis—populated encountered Europeans. present-day New Mexico, Arizona, and b. The Comanches became impressive western Texas when Europeans hunters, skilled raiders, and fierce arrived. warriors, and they greatly expanded 6. The Pacific Coast their territory. a. A multitude of distinct hunter-gatherer c. The peoples of the Sioux nation groups lived along the Pacific coast in expanded their domain westward into independent and socially stratified the Black Hills. The Crow Indians communities hunting game, gathering became successful bison hunters, seeds and nuts, and catching what the expert horse breeders, and adept sea and rivers had to offer. traders after their move to the eastern b. The Chinooks, Coast Salishes, Haidas, slope of the Rockies. and Tlingits, easily distinguished d. Despite this increased mobility of through their colorful totem poles and hunter-gatherers, several native use of large longhouses, emerged as peoples maintained agricultural the most powerful nations of the settlements, including the Hidatsa and Pacific Northwest owing to their Mandan Indians along the Missouri warrior culture, use of 60-feet-long River and the Caddo Indians in the dugout canoes, and superior fishing southern plains. capabilities. e. The Numic-speaking peoples of the D. Patterns of Trade Great Basin between the Rockies and 1. A complex network of trade routes the Sierra Mountains adopted several connected this vast Native American traits to survive in an area of sparse world and brought foods, tools, natural resources, including long-distance resources, and luxury goods to all regions. 4 CHAPTER 1 • COLLIDING WORLDS 2. The hunters and farmers of the Great II. Western Europe: The Edge of the Old World Plains often met in annual trade fairs, A. Hierarchy and Authority bartering their respective products. 1. In the traditional European social order, Regional trade practices included the authority came from above; kings and exchange of war captives as slaves or princes owned vast tracts of land, diplomatic gifts. conscripted men for military service, and 3. Long-distance trade usually centered on lived in splendor off the labor of the acquiring precious objects, such as copper peasantry. from the Great Lakes, seashells from 2. Noblemen who possessed large landed distant shores, or other highly prized estates had the power to challenge royal luxury items like grizzly bear claws and authority through control of the local eagle feathers. military and legislative institutions. 4. Chiefs, successful hunters, and formidable 3. In these male-dominated societies, or rulers usually controlled the majority of patriarchies, men governed families and locally produced items and traded goods, passed property and social status to their but the tradition of sharing and the desire male heirs.
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