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Behavior Analysis and Learning, Third Edition Third Edition BEHAVIOR ANALYSIS AND LEARNING W. David Pierce • Carl D. Cheney Behavior Analysis and Learning Behavior Analysis and Learning Third Edition W. David Pierce University of Alberta Carl D. Cheney Utah State University LAWRENCE ERLBAUM ASSOCIATES, PUBLISHERS 2004 Mahwah, New Jersey London Editor: Bill Webber Editorial Assistant: Kristin Duch Cover Design: Kathryn Houghtaling Lacey Textbook Production Manager: Paul Smolenski Full-Service Compositor: TechBooks Text and Cover Printer: Hamilton Printing Company This book was typeset in 10.25/12pt. Goudy. The heads were typeset in Optima and Goudy. Copyright C 2004 by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, retrieval system, or any other means, without prior written permission of the publisher. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Publishers 10 Industrial Avenue Mahwah, New Jersey 07430 www.erlbaum.com Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Pierce, W. David. Behavior analysis and learning / W. David Pierce & Carl D. Cheney.—3rd ed. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 0-8058-4489-9 (alk. paper) 1. Behaviorism (Psychology) 2. Learning, Psychology of. I. Cheney, Carl D. II. Title. BF199.P54 2004 150.19434—dc21 2003001719 Books published by Lawrence Erlbaum Associates are printed on acid-free paper, and their bindings are chosen for strength and durability. Printed in the United States of America 10987654321 To B. F. Skinner When an organism acts upon the environment in which it lives, it changes that environment in ways that often affect the organism itself. Some of these changes are what the layman calls rewards, or what are generally referred to technically as reinforcers: when they follow behavior in this way they increase the likelihood that the organism will behave in the same way again (Ferster & Skinner, 1957, p. 1) Table of Contents Foreword xiii Preface xv Chapter 1 A Science of Behavior: Perspective, History and Assumptions 1 In this chapter 1 Science and behavior 2 Focus on B. F. Skinner 8 A brief history of behavior analysis 11 Science and behavior: Some assumptions 19 Key words 23 On the web 23 Study questions 23 Brief Quiz 25 Chapter 2 The Experimental Analysis of Behavior 27 In this chapter 27 Functional analysis of behavior 27 Functional analysis of the environment 30 Advanced issue: Perceiving as behavior 31 Tactics of behavioral research 36 Focus on issues: Internal and external validity in experiments 40 Internal validity 41 External validity 44 Single-subject research 45 Key words 49 On the web 49 Study questions 50 Brief quiz 51 Chapter 3 Reflexive Behavior and Respondent Conditioning 53 In this chapter 53 Phylogenetic behavior 53 Ontogenetic behavior 58 vii viii Table of Contents Temporal relations and conditioning 65 Second-order respondent conditioning 67 Complex conditioning and compound stimuli 68 The Rescorla–Wagner model of conditioning 69 Advanced issue: Conditioning effects and the Rescorla–Wagner equation 71 On the applied side: Drug use, abuse, and complexities of respondent conditioning 76 Key words 79 On the web 79 Study questions 80 Brief quiz 81 Chapter 4 Reinforcement and Extinction of Operant Behavior 83 In this chapter 83 Operant behavior 83 Focus on research: Reinforcement, intrinsic motivation, and creativity 87 Focus on issues: Reinforcement and the Premack Principle 90 Extinction 100 Focus on research: Reinforcement, problem solving and creativity 102 A note on remembering and recalling 111 On the applied side: Extinction as a modification procedure for temper tantrums 112 Key words 113 On the web 114 Study questions 114 Brief quiz 115 Chapter 5 Schedules of Reinforcement 118 In this chapter 118 The importance of schedules of reinforcement 118 Focus on issues: Science and behavior analysis 119 Focus on teaching: A system of notation 123 Schedules of positive reinforcement 124 Focus on rate of reinforcement and behavioral momentum 126 Ratio and interval schedules of reinforcement 128 Focus on research: The generality of schedule effects 134 Advanced issue: Analysis of schedule performance 138 Schedule performance in transition 144 On the applied side: Schedules of reinforcement of abstinence from cigarette smoking 146 Key words 148 Table of Contents ix On the web 148 Study questions 149 Brief quiz 151 Chapter 6 Aversive Control of Behavior 153 In this chapter 153 Contingencies of punishment 154 Focus on issues: Use of punishment in treatment 158 Contingencies of negative reinforcement 162 Focus on research: An analysis of avoidance behavior 166 Side effects of aversive procedures 168 On the applied side: Coercion and its fallout 177 Key words 179 On the web 179 Study questions 179 Brief quiz 181 Chapter 7 Operant–Respondent Interrelationships and the Biological Context of Conditioning 183 In this chapter 183 Analysis of operant–respondent contingencies 184 Advanced issue: The nature of autoshaped responses 189 Focus on teaching: Operants and respondents 194 The biological context of conditioning 195 On the applied side: Activity anorexia and the interrelations between eating and physical activity 201 Key words 205 On the web 205 Study questions 205 Brief quiz 206 Chapter 8 Stimulus Control 208 In this chapter 208 Differential reinforcement and discrimination 209 Stimulus control and multiple schedules 210 Focus on teaching: Discrimination and the “bird-brained” pigeon 212 Focus on research: Searching for the determinants of contrast 216 Generalization 217 Errorless discrimination and fading 221 Complex stimulus control 224 Focus on research: Concept formation by pigeons 227 x Table of Contents On the applied side: The pigeon as a quality control inspector 229 Key words 231 On the web 231 Study questions 232 Brief quiz 233 Chapter 9 Choice and Preference 235 In this chapter 235 Experimental analysis of choice and preference 235 The matching law 241 Advanced issue: Quantification of behavioral choice and the generalized matching law 246 Implications of the matching law 254 Additional aspects of choice and preference 256 Matching on a single schedule of reinforcement 260 Advanced issue: A matching equation for a single schedule of reinforcement 260 On the applied side: Application of the quantitative law of effect 264 Key words 266 On the web 266 Study questions 266 Brief quiz 268 Chapter 10 Conditioned Reinforcement 270 In this chapter 270 Chain schedules and conditioned reinforcement 271 Focus on issues: Backward chaining 273 Determinants of conditioned reinforcement 275 Delay reduction and conditioned reinforcement 280 Advanced issue: Quantitative analysis of conditioned reinforcement 282 Generalized conditioned reinforcement 285 On the applied side: The token economy 289 Key words 291 On the web 291 Study questions 291 Brief Quiz 293 Chapter 11 Correspondent Relations: Imitation and Rule-Governed Behavior 295 In this chapter 295 Correspondence and observational learning 296 Table of Contents xi On the applied side: Training generalized imitation 307 Focus on issues: Rules, observational learning, and self-efficacy 312 Rule-governed behavior 313 Focus on research: Instructions and contingencies 317 Key words 320 On the web 320 Study questions 321 Brief quiz 322 Chapter 12 Verbal Behavior 324 In this chapter 324 Language and verbal behavior 324 Verbal behavior some basic distinctions 325 Operant functions of verbal behavior 327 Advanced issue: A formal analysis of manding and tacting 328 Research on verbal behavior 331 Additional verbal relations: Intraverbals, echoics, and textuals 335 Analysis of complex behavior in the laboratory 337 Focus on: Research reports of private events by pigeons 343 Symbolic behavior and stimulus equivalence 352 On the applied side: Three-term contingencies and natural speech 352 Key words 354 On the web 354 Study questions 354 Brief quiz 356 Chapter 13 Applied Behavior Analysis 358 In this chapter 358 Characteristics of applied behavior analysis 358 Research in applied behavior analysis 364 Focus on education: Personalized system of instruction and precision teaching 369 Applications of behavior principles 374 The causes and prevention of behavior problems 380 On the applied side—MammaCare—detection and prevention of breast cancer 384 Key words 387 On the web 387 Study questions 387 Brief quiz 389 xii Table of Contents Chapter 14 Three Levels of Selection: Biology, Behavior, and Culture 391 In this chapter 391 Level 1: Evolution and natural selection 393 Focus on research: Genetic control of a fixed-action pattern 398 Level 2: Selection by reinforcement 403 Level 3: The selection and evolution of a culture 409 On the applied side: Design of a culture 413 Key words 415 On the web 415 Study questions 415 Brief quiz 417 Glossary 419 References 449 Author Index 485 Subject Index 495 Foreword This book updates and expands an excellent textbook on principles of learned behaviors, the first two editions of which were authored by David Pierce and Frank Epling. Sadly, Frank died before this third edition, and Carl Cheney now joins David in describing develop- ments in contemporary behavioral theory and research. Both active researchers, Pierce and Cheney are adherents of a coherent theory pioneered by B. F. Skinner and known as exper- imental analysis of behavior. According to this view, to explain human behavior, we must understand the interactions between an individual and his or her environment. Behavior is lawful, and the laws involve relationships between responses, on the one hand,
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