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Universidade Do Estado Do Rio De Janeiro Centro Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro Centro Biomédico Instituto de Medicina Social Marina Fisher Nucci “Não chore, pesquise!”: Reflexões sobre sexo, gênero e ciência a partir do neurofeminismo Rio de Janeiro 2015 Marina Fisher Nucci “Não chore, pesquise!”: Reflexões sobre sexo, gênero e ciência a partir do neurofeminismo Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Orientadora: Prof.a Dra. Jane Araújo Russo Rio de Janeiro 2015 CATALOGAÇÃO NA FONTE UERJ/ REDE SIRIUS/ CB/C C962 Nucci, Marina Fisher “Não chore, pesquise!” : reflexões sobre sexo, gênero e ciências a partir do neurofeminismo / Marina Fisher Nucci. – 2015. 222 f. Orientadora: Jane Araújo Russo. Tese (doutorado) – Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social. 1. Sexo - Teses. 2. Gênero - Teses. 3. Feminismo – Teses. 4. Neurociências – Teses. I. Russo, Jane. II. Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Medicina Social. III. Título. CDU 616.8:159.922.1 Autorizo, apenas para fins acadêmicos e científicos, a reprodução total ou parcial desta tese, desde que citada a fonte. ________________________________ ______________________________ Assinatura Data Marina Fisher Nucci “Não chore, pesquise!”: Reflexões sobre sexo, gênero e ciência a partir do neurofeminismo Tese apresentada, como requisito parcial para obtenção do título de Doutor, ao Programa de Pós- Graduação em Saúde Coletiva, da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Aprovada em 04 de setembro de 2015. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. Jane Araújo Russo Instituto de Medicina Social - UERJ Banca Examinadora: ________________________________________________________ Prof.ª Dra. Rafaela Teixeira Zorzanelli Instituto de Medicina Social - UERJ ________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Rogerio Lopes Azize Instituto de Medicina Social - UERJ ________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Fabiola Rohden Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul ________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Daniela Tonelli Manica Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro Rio de Janeiro 2015 AGRADECIMENTOS Primeiramente, agradeço ao CNPq pela bolsa de doutorado, oriunda do Prêmio Construindo a Igualdade de Gênero, que foi fundamental para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Agradecer à Jane Russo, minha orientadora, não é tarefa fácil. Tive a sorte de encontrá-la durante a graduação e desenvolver minha pesquisa de iniciação científica orientada por ela. De lá já se vão dez anos de convívio, e nem consigo estimar o quanto ela me ensinou ao longo desses anos. Além de profunda admiração, sou muito grata por todo estímulo, e também pela generosidade, gentileza, bom-humor e amizade. À Fabiola Rohden, que contribuiu enormemente para meu trabalho ao longo desses anos, e por quem tenho grande admiração. À Daniela Manica, por aceitar o convite para compor a banca, pelas generosas contribuições e felizes diálogos. Aos professores do IMS, Rogerio Azize e Rafaela Zorzanelli, por aceitarem o convite para participar da banca, e por serem grandes fontes de estímulo e inspiração. Aos professores do IMS, Sérgio Carrara e Horacio Sívori, e, em especial, Kenneth Camargo Jr., por ter participado de minha banca de qualificação. Ao Luiz Fernando Dias Duarte e Adriana Vianna, pelas instigantes disciplinas que cursei no Museu Nacional (UFRJ) durante o doutorado, cujas discussões foram fundamentais para o desenvolvimento deste trabalho. A todos os funcionários do IMS, em especial à equipe da Secretaria. Aos colegas e amigos do CLAM e IMS, em especial Livi Faro, valiosa companhia ao longo desses anos, Lucas Tramontano, Cristiane Thiago, Isabela Vieira, Regina Senna, Denise Oliveira, Lilian Chazan, Marcos Carvalho, Miriam Mariano, Mario Carvalho, Vanessa Leite, Bruno Zilli, Cely Costa e Felipe Lisboa. E também ao Raphael Bispo, Carla Gomes, Fabíola Cordeiro, Gustavo Saggese, Suzane Vieira, Fernanda Alzuguir, Paula Lacerda, Silvia Aguião, e ao Fabio Grotz, por sempre me enviar reportagens sobre cérebro e gênero na mídia. À Waleska Aureliano, por ter me recebido como sua estagiária docente na disciplina de Antropologia Biológica para o curso de Ciências Sociais da UERJ. Aos integrantes do Grupo de Estudos de Antropologia da Ciência e Tecnologia (GEACT) pelos amistosos e animados encontros, leituras e discussões, que tanto contribuíram para esta Tese. Que nossos encontros persistam, animando novas questões. Aos amigos e amigas cuja presença é tão importante na minha vida, pelos bons momentos compartilhados. Vocês sabem quem são. À minha família, em especial meus pais, Gloria e Marcio, por todo apoio, amor e incentivo, e aos meus queridos irmãos, Laura e João Pedro, e minha madrasta Simone. Aos meus avós, Lilia, Fausto, Lílliam, e, especialmente, ao vovô José, que nos deixou recentemente, mas que sempre incentivou minha pesquisa, e tenho certeza que adoraria ver este trabalho finalizado. Agradeço também ao Francisco, Miriam, Laura e Daniela Cid e Sei Shiroma, pelo carinho e acolhimento de sempre. E, em especial, ao Gabriel, por me acompanhar nesta jornada (e em todas as outras). Meu amor e companheiro, o crítico menos confiável do meu trabalho, mas a quem eu sempre recorri para opinar a cada versão de capítulo finalizada. Obrigada por tudo. À minha amada filha Clarice, tão esperada, que nasceu bem no meio deste trabalho, e que preenche diariamente minha vida de amor e alegria transbordantes. Se ter me tornado mãe enquanto pós-graduanda trouxe desafios próprios – sobretudo em um mundo em que a questão da “conciliação” da “maternidade” e da “vida profissional” ainda se impõe de forma tão contundente –, esta experiência trouxe junto também uma força que ainda desconhecia. RESUMO NUCCI, Marina Fisher. “Não chore, pesquise!”: Reflexões sobre sexo, gênero e ciência a partir do neurofeminismo. 2015. 221 f. Tese (Doutorado em Saúde Coletiva) – Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2015. Neste trabalho refletimos acerca das relações entre sexo, gênero, ciência e feminismo, a partir da análise da produção contemporânea de um grupo de pesquisadoras que se denominam como neurofeministas e que, desde 2010, se articulam em uma rede internacional chamada NeuroGenderings. O objetivo da NeuroGenderings é trazer uma perspectiva feminista crítica aos estudos recentes sobre o cérebro, sobretudo aqueles que buscam por diferenças entre homens e mulheres. As neurofeministas estão engajadas em produzir uma neurociência situada, assumidamente feminista, que não deixe de lado a materialidade dos corpos – e especialmente do cérebro –, ao mesmo tempo em que se preocupam politicamente com as hierarquias de gênero. Procuram, portanto, produzir uma neurociência empírica, capaz de produzir o que chamam de “zonas de proximidade entre moléculas e paisagens políticas”. Além disso, pretendem combater o “neurossexismo”, isto é, estereótipos em relação à masculinidade e feminilidade que estariam presentes em grande parte da produção neurocientífica, bem como em sua divulgação para o público mais amplo. Assim, mapeamos a rede NeuroGenderings a partir de duas estratégias metodológicas: a leitura e análise da produção bibliográfica das neurofeministas (tanto as publicações oficiais da rede, como publicações individuais das pesquisadoras) e a observação da reunião e conferência mais recente da NeuroGenderings, que ocorreu na cidade de Lausanne, na Suíça, em 2014. O neurofeminismo nos oferece relevante material analítico para refletirmos acerca dos ideais de cientificidade em disputa na ideia de uma neurociência feminista, levando em conta a crença de que ciência e política pertenceriam a esferas separadas e imiscíveis, e que neutralidade seria característica obrigatória à boa prática científica. Além disso, notamos aproximações entre o trabalho das neurofeministas e os trabalhos de um importante grupo de estudiosas do campo da ciência e gênero, chamadas de “feministas biólogas”. As feministas biólogas inspiram a produção neurocientífica, principalmente no que diz respeito à perspectiva antidualista, que rejeita a oposição entre sexo e gênero, natureza e cultura, encarando-os como entrelaçados e inseparáveis. Entretanto, embora o entrelaçamento entre sexo e gênero seja consenso entre as neurofeministas, não há acordos sobre a forma como esse entrelaçamento deve ser pensado em termos neurocientíficos. Assim, a discussão em torno do conceito de plasticidade cerebral evidencia alguns desses dissensos, bem como tensões entre ciências humanas e neurociência dentro da NeuroGenderings, rede marcada pela interdisciplinaridade. Essas tensões, porém, não inviabilizam o projeto neurofeminista de pensar o cérebro como um objeto compartilhado de conhecimento. Palavras-chave: Gênero. Sexo. Estudos sociais da ciência. Feminismo. Cérebro. Neurociências. ABSTRACT NUCCI, Marina Fisher. “Don’t cry, research!”: Reflections on sex, gender and science from neurofeminism. 2015. 221 f. Tese (Doutorado em Saúde Coletiva) – Instituto de Medicina Social, Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 2015. In this work, we reflected on the relationship between sex, gender, science and feminism, through the analysis of the contemporary production of a group of researchers who call themselves neurofeminists, organized since 2010 in an international network called NeuroGenderings. The goal of NeuroGenderings is to build a critical feminist perspective
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