RF Connector Guide RF Connector Guide

RF Connector guide RF Connector guide

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WAIVER HUBER+SUHNER AG It is exclusively in written agreements that we provide our custom- Radio Frequency Division ers with warrants and representations as to the technical specifications and/or the fitness for any particular purpose. The facts and 9100 Herisau/Switzerland figures contained herein are carefully compiled to the best of Tel. +41 (71) 353 41 11 our knowledge, but they are intended for general informational Fax +41 (71) 353 44 44 /11.2008 648116 purposes only. hubersuhner.com HUBER+SUHNER®

RF CONNECTOR GUIDE Understanding connector technology

Published by HUBER+SUHNER (www.hubersuhner.com) HUBER+SUHNER RF CONNECTOR GUIDE 4th edition, 2007

HUBER+SUHNER® is a registered trademark of HUBER+SUHNER AG Copyright© HUBER+SUHNER AG, 1996 Published in Switzerland by HUBER+SUHNER AG, Switzerland All rights reserved. In particular no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored, or translated, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permis- sion of HUBER+SUHNER AG.

Request of reproduction must be addressed to HUBER+SUHNER AG, CEO. Document no. 648116 Printed in Switzerland PREFACE

After having been in the RF Interconnection Market for more than fifty years, we felt the need to provide our business associates around the world with a booklet containing key information on coaxial connectors. Today, key concepts behind RF technology have not changed much - and this is what this booklet, the HUBER+SUHNER RF CONNECTOR GUIDE, is all about. It contains HUBER+SUHNER know how and experience in the field of connectors. Primarily, we aim this booklet at non-technically and technically skilled people who are daily confronted with purchasing, distributing or maybe installing RF connectors. The Guide is a reference to coaxial connectors, which embraces the underlying theory, design technology and performance features behind RF connectors. It should enhance the understanding of possible usage, so that people with no or little RF knowledge are able to consider or even select the best suitable connector for their application problem. However, we have to stress that the Guide cannot stand alone as a definite solution to all connector problems. . The chapters of this booklet are arranged chronologically, starting with RF theory and ending with electrical measurements. Chapter 1 is a short form of general RF theory, which is partly based on fundamental electrotechnique. We have tried to simplify the description of the most used RF connector phrases and features, though not omitting the complementary. It is probably difficult to interpret the equations if the reader has no knowledge of electrotechnique. However, the attached explanations are thought to give the non-technical reader the gist of RF behaviour and thereby compensate for the various technical expressions. Chapter 2 contains an abstract of some of the materials used for coaxial connectors. Knowledge of material technology is important as the material influences the flexibility of design and the performance of the connectors, which applies to both the base materials and the surface finish, i.e. the plating. This chapter is supplemented by the Appendices 5.1 and 5.2, which contain tables with quantities characterising the materials (5.2) and electrochemical potentials (5.1) between them, respectively. Chapter 3 is about the design features of connectors and connector series. Every series has a different design and features that vary. This is important to know because the connector performance has to stand up to the requirements of the application. Additionally, some of the typical applications or market segments in which the connectors are being applied are listed. Chapter 4 is intended to give the reader an impression and practical cognition of the electrical test and measurement techniques for coaxial connectors. As with the theory in Chapter 1, the parameter theory behind the measurement quantities is described to provide the reader with background information. Furthermore, it is valuable input for the understanding of the measurement procedures and eventually of the graphs resulting from the practical tests. The glossary is a summary of common RF expressions. It should help the reader to find explanations to specific terms quickly without having to flip through the whole booklet first.

HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE 3 PREFACE

The company portrait is also included in this booklet if further information about our company is desired. Finally, a separate formula booklet is enclosed in the pocket at the back cover of this booklet. It contains all equations described in the GUIDE. Among other things, it includes conversion tables to convert reflection quantities into, say, return loss. I hope you will find the HUBER+SUHNER RF CONNECTOR GUIDE as useful as we wanted it to be. HUBER+SUHNER AG July 2007

4 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE CONTENTS PAGE

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY...... 9

CHAPTER 2: MATERIALS...... 41

CHAPTER 3: RF CONNECTOR DESIGN...... 59

CHAPTER 4: TESTS AND MEASUREMENTS...... 109

CHAPTER 5: APPENDICES...... 136

CHAPTER 6: REFERENCES...... 143

CHAPTER 7: INDEX...... 161

CHAPTER 8: NOTES...... 165

HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE 5 . ELCIN 22 REFLECTIONS 1.3 PAGE 11 9 LINES RF OF FUNCTION AND CONSTRUCTION 1.2 FREQUENCY HIGH OF GRADUATION AND DEFINITION 1.1 THEORY CONTENTS RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION 1. .. emfrDfnto fteMsac 25 22 23 20 18 19 Mismatch the 16 of Definition Termsfor 12 Discontinuities Various from Reflection 1.3.3 (Voltage) 11 Wave Reflected 1.3.2 1.3.1 15 12 10 Propagation of Velocity 1.2.8 Frequency and Wavelength Frequency Cut-off 1.2.7 1.2.6 Line RF the of Impedance Line RF a in Reactances and Resistances Line RF 1.2.5 a along Field Electromagnetic Line RF 1.2.4 Typical A 1.2.3 Lines RF of Types 1.2.2 1.2.1 Designations Band 1.1.1 .. elcinfo w rmr icniute 30 Discontinuities more or two from Reflection 1.3.5 .. oprsnbetween Comparison 1.3.4 UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ... eunLs R Loss Return Coefficient Reflection 1.3.3.2 1.3.3.1 20 Wavelength and Frequency between Relationship 1.2.7.1 low-loss a of Impedance Characteristic 1.2.5.1 ... nlec fDeeti aeilo the on Material Dielectric of Influence 1.2.8.1 ... otg tnigWv ai SR27 VSWR Ratio Wave Standing Voltage 1.3.3.3 ...... iea ihFeunis16 Frequencies High at Line eoiyo rpgto 21 Propagation of Velocity ...... Γ ,R ...... L L ...... n SR29 VSWR and ...... Γ ...... 25 26 7

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.4 ATTENUATIONLOSSOFRFLINES...... 31 1.4.1 Determination of the Attenuation Loss...... 32 1.4.2 Attenuation Loss Components of Conductor and Dielectric...... 32 1.4.3 Shielding...... 33

1.5 THE SKIN EFFECT...... 35

1.6 PASSIVE INTERMODULATION (PIM)...... 36 1.6.1 Specifications...... 37

8 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE h iiaini h pe rqec range: frequency upper the microwaves in to limitation LF The from ranges into divided Frequencies 2 Figure equivalent an with replaced 2). be Figure can range (see LF a diagram and circuit MHz calculation, the the RF in in transistors used controlling be when to example, have For LF. often and parameters RF LF between range, limit exact the specify to element possible ohmic not is with It circuits RF and LF Equivalent 1 Figure (RF): resistances, circuit inductive and capacitive into transformed be resisti will a circuit with (LF) model circuit equivalent an at look we When ranges frequency various how and this frequency of low section to compared first divided. the is In frequency are chapters. high following what the define for to common base try of or we knowledge help chapter, fundamental a with as reader transmission thought the why provide equations, should and including it how techniques time, transmis- of RF same RF impression the of an At theory do. give they the should as in It perform parameters cables. lines typical and to connectors FREQUENCY explanations coaxial on HIGH containing laid lines, is OF sion emphasis GRADUATION main the AND chapter, first DEFINITION this In THEORY RF BASIC 1.1 TO INTRODUCTION 1 HMz1–3GHz kHzMHz 0 F–tcnqe otgsadcret r defined. are currents and Voltages m techniques – RF ehiusUuly nythe only Usually, techniques – W rfrt al 1) Table to (refer UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER LF-View FRF LF E (lcrc or -(electric) e(hi)eeet h eitneRi o frequency low a in R resistance the element, (ohmic) ve H (antc ilscnb indicated be can fields -(magnetic) C and RF-Vie L epciey nahg frequency high a in respectively, w m W 9

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

High frequency begins where currents and voltages become frequency dependent or where the wavelength becomes important (λ ≃ length of component)

1.1.1 Band Designations Abbreviations used: VLF very low frequency LF low frequency MF medium frequency RF high frequency VHF very high frequency UHF ultra high frequency SHF super high frequency EHF extremely high frequency

Number of Range Frequency Range Wavelength Name Abbreviation

Myriametre Waves 4 3 ... 30 kHz 100 ... 10 km VLF (Longest waves)

Kilometre Waves 5 30 ... 300 kHz 10 ... 1 km LF (Long waves)

Hectometre Waves 6 300 ... 3000 kHz 1 ... 0.1 km MF (Medium waves)

Decametre Waves 7 3 ... 30 MHz 100 ... 10 m HF (Short waves)

Metre Waves 8 30 ... 300 MHz 10 ... 1 m VHF (Ultrashort waves)

Decimetre Waves 9 300 ... 3000 MHz 1 ... 0.1 m UHF* (Ultrashort waves)

Centimetre Waves 10 3 ... 30 GHz 10 ... 1 cm SHF* (Micro waves)

11 30 ... 300 GHz 1 ... 0.1 cm Millimetre Waves EHF*

Table 1 Band Designations according to “VO Funk” (Radio Transmission Association) according to DIN 40015. * Coaxial connectors with operating frequencies within these ranges will be dealt with here.

10 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE iue4Vrostpso Flines RF of types Various 4 Figure Lines RF of Types 1.2.1 system. the in variations and losses to contribute connec- and both Cable will cable. specified assembly) the complete than better the not (i.e. if to, tors con- equal minimum power) the example: set for of, will performan terms usually (in size, this specification physical as chosen, as cable such RF the specifications is nector selection connector in factor important line most RF The a along propagation of Direction 3 Figure the between distance the where length. assemblies, assembly cable the of is that termination is the method and used source commonly LINES most tra The of RF termination. method a OF efficient to FUNCTION most the AND represent CONSTRUCTION lines Coaxial 1.2 NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION oxa ieTowr ieWvgieMcosrpline Micro-strip Waveguide line Two-wire line Coaxial h ups fR ie st ud Fsgasfo oret emnto ihmini- with termination a to source a from signals changes RF guide and to losses is mal lines RF of purpose The ore(od Termination (load) Source UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ieto fPropagation of Direction onco Pairs Connector e t.Tecnetr hsnms aea electrical an have must chosen connectors The etc. ce, sitn inl rmasuc Fgr )vaaR line RF a via 3) (Figure source a from signals nsmitting 11

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.2.2 A Typical RF Line

Outer Conductor Dielectric (Insulator) Inner Conductor (Centre Contact)

Figure 5 Construction of a RF line

Due to the concentric inner and outer conductor construction, the coaxial line is well protected against outside influences. The signals will be transmitted in TEM-mode (Transversal Electric and Magnetic field) until the upper frequency limit, the so-called cut-off frequency (refer to Chapter 1.2.6 on page 18), is reached. The mechanical construction of the RF line determines this point. Basically, the smaller the mechanical dimensions the higher the frequencies. No fields exist in the direction of propagation of the energy. (Transversal means the electric and the magnetic field lines are perpendicular to the cable axis). The greater part of electrical properties are independent of the frequency, e.g. impedance and velocity of propagation. Only the attenuation loss increases at higher frequencies, caused by skin effect and dielectric losses. (For explanation of RF expressions refer to the Glossary).

1.2.3 Electromagnetic Field along a RF Line The voltage and the current lines propagate in different ways within the RF line. The voltage waves (electric field lines) pulsate from the surface of the inner conductor towards the inner diameter of the outer conductor (see Figure 6).

H E

Figure 6 Cross section view: Electric and magnetic fields inside the RF line

12 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ogtdnlscinve hw nte iwo h pro the of view another shows view section longitudinal A distance. electrical int most is strength conductor field inner maximum the The towards increases strength field Electric 8 Figure are: field magnetic and field electric the of calculation for equations The factors connector between relationship the that shown. so chapter, be this can in included are line equations RF RF a basic references in As fields magnetic and electric The 7 Figure line. the inside field electric an causes Figu to voltage conductor (refer the inner surface whereas the its around near field magnetic intensity pulsating greatest circular the a with causing line RF the along propagates current The urn nteinro ue conductors outer or inner the on Current = i potential instantaneous so-called (the conductors outer and inner between Voltage = u d=Outerdiameterofinnerconductor conductor outer of diameter Inside = D NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION lcrcfedE field Electric ifrnears h line) the across difference E = ln UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER  u D → d  (volts × 1 r ∕ metre) nea h ufc fteinrconduct inner the of surface the at ense 1 (2) (1) V + - tes-aldisatnoscurrent) instantaneous so-called (the i r e7adFgr ) h urn rae antcfield, magnetic a creates current The 8). Figure and 7 re antcfedH field Magnetic aaigvlaeadcret(ee oFgr below). 9 Figure to (refer current and voltage pagating EH H = 2 → E × (amperes i r twl eraewt increasing with decrease will It or. π × 1 r ∕ metre) 13

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

ab c de

Electric Field

H V Magnetic Field

Currents

± Voltages

u Incident Voltage u Incident Current i i

a’ b’ c’ d’ e’

Direction of Propagation

Figure 9 Longitudinal section view of travelling voltage and current (idealized)

The incident voltages and current travel together along the line at the same instant

14 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE atridctn hs ifrneo 90 of difference phase a indicating factor = j 2 frequencies higher At 2 frequencies higher At iue1 qiaetcrutwt n eie e ntlength unit per Impedance defined R and L with circuit Equivalent 11 Figure unit per defined is circuit entire the and up added results: are model Ro circuit and equivalent Ri following resistances the the length, and Lo and Li inductances the If line RF of circuit Equivalent 10 Figure Line RF a in Reactances and Resistances 1.2.4 NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION Z C thge rqece ’adG aen nlec nteimpedance the on influence no have G’ and R’ frequencies higher At o 2 1 Z ’G’ C’ UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 0 oRo Lo Ri Li meac ewe n ,suc n emnto Fgr 11). (Figure termination and source 2, and 1 between impedance = Z 0 ’R’ L’ = π π C islargerthanG’fC’ islargerthanR’fL’ G  G R ′+ ′+ j2 j2 π π fC fL ° ′ ′ ’=Cnutneprui length unit per Conductance length unit = per Capacitance G’ length unit = per Resistance C’ length unit = per Inductance R’ = L’ odcac fteinsulation the of Conductance conductors the between = Capacitance G conductor = outer the of Resistance C conductor inner the of = Resistance Ro conductor outer = the of Inductance conductor Ri inner the of = Inductance Lo = Li (3) 15

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.2.5 Impedance of the RF Line If the dielectric is not solid but air, the waves propagate at the velocity of light c.

1 c = (4) ε0 × m0

(ε0 and m0 are described on page 20)

With a solid dielectric, the characteristic impedance of a standard transmission line is normally expressed as

R + jωL Z0 = (5) G + jωc

where ω =2πf and f is the frequency under consideration. j is the standard “operator” used in circuit analysis to indicate a phase difference of 90°. The impedance of a coaxial line can also be determined by the ratio of diameters (refer to Figure 13) and the dielectric constant εr.

377Ω D 60Ω D 138Ω D Z = × ln = × ln = × log (6) 2πε r d εr d εr d

1.2.5.1 Characteristic Impedance of a low-loss Line at High Frequencies In a practical microwave circuit it is frequently possible to assume that a line is lossless (lossless line), i.e. that R and G are both zero whereupon the impedance is more simply expressed as:

L′ Z0 = (7) C′

L’ = Cable inductance per unit length C’ = Cable capacitance per unit length

16 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE iue1 imtr finradotrconductors outer and inner of Diameters 13 Figure Different 12 Figure or: stesm tayrfrnepaeayhr nteln,poie htteR iei ooeeu seFgr 12 Figure (see homogeneous is line RF the that provided line, below). a the on in anywhere plane respectively) reference which any field, impedance, at characteristic magnetic same the the by the determined is line and transmission the electric of property (the a current, constant, is the wave travelling to voltage the of ratio The n h ilcrcconstant ratio dielectric the the by and determined is C’ capacitance cable The ThecableinductanceL’isdeterminedbytheratio . NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION ε conductor outer the of diameter Inside = D conductor inner the of Diameter = d hrceitcImpedance Characteristic r • • ilcrccntn fteislto material insulation the of constant Dielectric = n ytedeeti constant diameter dielectric conductor the by inner and to the diameter by conductor determined outer is of line ratio (coaxial) transmission a of impedance The h meac sidpneto h ielnt n frequency MHz) and 1 length > approximately line (at the of independent is impedance The UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ormgei il strength field magnetic poor field magnetic strong impedance: high a with Line il strengths field ε r = fteislto material. insulation the of antcfedstrength field Magnetic lcrcfedstrength field Electric ε r fteislto material insulation the of D d D d [ohm] oreeti il strength field electric poor field electric strong impedance: low a with Line = Z 0 = H E (8) 17

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

Impedance Air εr =1 Foam PE εr =1.5 PTFE εr =2.05 PE εr =2.28 50Ω 2.30 2.78 3.30 3.52

75Ω 3.49 4.63 6.00 6.60 D Table 2 Diameter ratios d of various εr

50 Ω line 75 Ω line

εr =2.28 εr =2.28

Figure 14 Different impedances caused by different insulator diameters

• A reduction of the inner conductor diameter increases impedance • An increasing dielectric constant reduces impedance

1.2.6 Cut-off Frequency As mentioned in Chapter 1.2.2, the upper frequency limit is also called the cut-off frequency and can be approxi- mated by:

f 2 × c c ≈ 300’000 km/s c ≈ (9) (D + d) × π × εr

The cut-off frequency is the frequency at which other waves than TEM waves can take place, i.e. a field component in the direction of propagation appears, causing significant changes in the characteristics of the RF line (e.g. resonances).

18 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE iue1 rqec n wavelength and Frequency 15 Figure Frequency and Wavelength 1.2.7 NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION h aeeghbcmssotra h rqec increases frequency the as shorter becomes wavelength The Generator 4GHz 2GHz 1GHz .. GHz 1...4 UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER λ 3 0cm 30 λ 2 0cm 30 1.1in.) (11.81 λ 1.1in.) (11.81 1 λ λ λ 1 3 2 =30cm =7.5cm =15cm Termination 59 in.) (5.91 1.1in.) (11.81 29 in.) (2.95 19

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.2.7.1 Relationship between Frequency and Wavelength The frequency and the wavelength are interdependent, a fact expressed by the following formulas:

v λ fandv c give λ c = × = (10)= (11) εr f × εr

v = Velocity of propagation λ = Wavelength f=Frequency

εr = Dielectric constant

1.2.8 Velocity of Propagation The transmission of the electromagnetic energy is not attached to a medium, but can evolve in free space (see Chapter 1.2.3 on page 12). The energy propagates at the velocity of light in air (metres per second).

1 v = c = (12) ε0xm0

The approximate value is: c ≈ 300.000 km/s (186411 miles/s) –7 m0 = Magnetic permeability of the medium (4.TT.10 Henry/m) –12 ε0 = Electric permittivity (8.854.10 Farad/m)

In a line, the velocity of propagation v is dependent on the dielectric constant εr of the insulation material. Thereby, the following relationship applies.

c v = (13) εr

20 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE iue1 aepoaaini aiu materials various in propagation Wave 16 Figure Propagation of Velocity the on Material Dielectric of Influence 1.2.8.1 NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION • • • 1GHz 1GHz 1GHz 1GHz ohefcsices ln ihtedeeti constant dielectric the with along increase effects Both wavelength the reduces air except material insulation propagation Every of velocity the reduces air except material insulation Every UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER PE Air elnPTFE Teflon omPE Foam ε ε r r =2.28 =1.0 0cm 20 ε r 1cm 21 =1.5 ε 45cm 24.5 r =2.05 78 in.) (7.87 82 in.) (8.27 0cm 30 96 in.) (9.64 1.1in.) (11.81 nsec 1 nsec 1 nsec 1 nsec 1 21

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.3 REFLECTIONS

An example of a line with several discontinuities (steps):

50 Ω –

Figure 17 Change of impedance as a result of discontinuities (mated connector pair)

A discontinuity on a RF line is a location where the impedance of the line changes

Discontinuities can be a result of e.g. – Changes in conductor diameters – Change in insulator diameter – Change in interface dimensions – Space between parts (gaps)

1.3.1 Reflected Wave (Voltage) A discontinuity can also be the short end itself in a short circuit, where there is total reflection.

Uincident

Ureflected

Short

Figure 18 Short circuit

The travelling incident voltage meets another voltage of Uincident at the short. The reflected wave has the opposite voltage magnitude of Ureflected, thus the sum is zero.

22 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE hs laswl ezr ttesuc (reference). source the at zero be will always phase circuit A open and short by shift and Reflection 20 Figure Discontinuities Various from Reflection 1.3.2 be im- then the 19). will because voltage Figure change the must to voltage of (refer The fraction V. reflected A +7 discontinuity. e.g. the of magnitude at a changes with pedance step the at arrives diameter) wave insulator travelling (smaller The impedance lower of result a as Discontinuity 19 Figure NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION n h otg olwec te ln h line the along other each follow well voltage as the and reflected be will current incident The UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ihImpedance High steicdn otg,bcuetecurrent the because voltage, incident the as Open-circuit current and voltage of reflection 100% polarity hnetepolarity the change 0%rfeto ftevlaeadcurrent Short and voltage the of reflection 100% Step elce otg hne the changes voltage reflected ⇒ 180 elce otg osnot does voltage reflected o Impedance Low ° hs shift phase ⇒ opaeshift phase No 23

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

Partially reflected voltage ⇒ 180° phase shift

that is Z1 >Z2

Partially reflected voltage ⇒ No phase shift

that is Z1

Figure 21 Phase shift as consequence of discontinuities

forward wave

transmitted wave

reflected wave

Figure 22 Waves reflected and transmitted at a discontinuity

– Every discontinuity creates a reflecting wave – On a line with a discontinuity, 2 travelling waves are propagating: The transmitted wave will continue forward and the reflected wave will return to the source.

RF line without discontinuities ⇒ Matched line RF line with discontinuities ⇒ Mismatched line

The extent of the mismatch or discontinuity will be determined by the quantity of the arising reflections.

24 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE h elcinfco suulyepesdi %: in expressed usually is factor reflection The exam- practical 4. For Chapter voltage. to forward refer the please to voltage measurement, reflected reflection the of of ples ratio the is (factor) coefficient reflection The iue2 elce waves Reflected 23 Figure Coefficient Reflection 1.3.3.1 Mismatch the of Definition for Terms 1.3.3 Note:ItispossiblethatU icniut rfrt hpe . npg 3.Ti nyapist h otg,tepwrwl elower. be will power the voltage, the to applies only This 63). page on 3.2 Chapter to (refer discontinuity a NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION Shortoropencircuit reflected. is voltage line forward Ideal the of percentage what or amount the expresses coefficient The UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER reflected U (U Γ back = back U U shge hnU than higher is ) Γ Γ Γ Γ Γ reflected forward =100% =1 possible) as low as be should =0% factor (The 0 = U forward Γ forward = U U reflected forward hsocr hnteipdneicessafter increases impedance the when occurs This . 100% x U further (14) 25

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.3.3.2 Return Loss RL

Uforward 1 RL = 20log [dB] (15)-furtheris: RL = 20log (16) Ureflected Γ

The return loss is a logarithmic measure of the reflection coefficient. Normally, the return loss is related to the power and not to the voltage.

The return loss is expressed in [dB] (decibel) and indicates the ratio of the transmitted power to the reflected power:

Ideal line ⇒ RL = ∞ [dB] (High return loss ⇒ no reflection) Short and open circuit ⇒ RL = 0 [dB] The return loss should be as high as possible

The return loss can also be defined when the impedance, before and after the discontinuity, is diffferent:

Z2 + Z1 RL = 20log (17) Z2 –Z1

Z1 Z2

Figure 24 Change of impedance

Return loss Reflected power in [%] Reflected voltage in [%]

0dB 100% 100 %

3dB 50 % 70 %

6dB 25 % 50 %

10 dB 10 % 31.5 %

20 dB 1% 10 %

30 dB 0.1 % 3.1 %

Table 3 Comparison of return loss to reflected power and voltage

26 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE smaue tapito h ie otee ilidct h u ftevlae fbt rvligwvsat waves travelling both of voltages the of sum the indicate will voltmeter a point: line, the particular this of voltage the point When frequency. a same the at have will measured waves Both is reflected. is other the propagate: and forward will travels wave waves One travelling two line, mismatched a VSWR Along Ratio Wave Standing Voltage 1.3.3.3 ln h ie u tnssil nohrwrs tayrfrnepae(ons,teewl lasb maximum a wave. be always standing will a there called (points), is plane wave reference travel This any actually voltage. at not words: minimum does other a wave In resulting or this still. that stands shown but be line, can the It along added. are waves travelling the that means This NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION hnU When VSWR da ieVW . TeVW hudb slwa possible) as low as be should VSWR (The 1.0 = VSWR = VSWR circuit open or circuit Short line Ideal h tnigwv ai stertoo h esrbemxmmvlaet h minimum the > to ( voltage line maximum RF measurable homogeneous the a of along ratio voltage the is ratio wave standing The = U reflected sum U U UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER forward forward 1)(0 (21) (20) (19) =U = forward Γ − + xU U U forward refelcted reflected +U reflected : VSWR U U λ ∞ min max ): = =U =U U t=time[s] [ distance = s U U forward forward forward u (s,t) sum forward 2)(23) (22) + – +U -U =U Γ Γ xU reflected xU reflected o (s,t) for m forward forward m] +U e (s,t) ref VSWR VSWR = = 1 1 (18) U U + − max min Γ Γ 27

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

Standing Waves:

Total reflection:

Umax VSWR = =∞ Umin

High reflection

Moderate reflection

Low reflection

No reflection

Umax VSWR = = 1 Umin

Figure 25 Various standing waves

28 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE iue2 al fcmaio fmgiue rfras otetbei h oml booklet) formula the in table the to also (refer magnitudes of comparison of Table 26 Figure between Relationship 4 Table between Comparison 1.3.4 NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION elcinCoefficient Reflection (30) (27) (24) Γ Γ Γ Γ = = UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER = VSWR VSWR alog U U reflected forward 1  20 + − R  SRRtr Loss Return VSWR 1 1 Γ ,R VSWR VSWR (31) (28) (25) L n SR(qain 4truh32) through 24 (equations VSWR and VSWR VSWR = Γ ,R = U U forward forward alog L = alog n VSWR and 1  + 1– 20 –U  + R 20 R  Γ U  reflected Γ + –1 reflected 1 eywl matched well very matched well matched matched poorly matched not eunLoss Return (32) (29) (26) RL = RL 20log RL = = 20log  20log VSWR VSWR U U Γ 1 reflected forward + − 1 1  29

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.3.5 Reflection from two or more Discontinuities

Wave 2 forward Wave 1 forward Wave transmitted

A reflected Sum A+B

B reflected

D = Distance between D discontinuities

A B

Figure 27 Reflections from several discontinuities

On lines with two or several discontinuities, two or more reflected travelling waves will propagate (see Figure 17 in Chapter 1.3 on page 22). The absolute reflected signal is the sum of the reflected individual signals.

A reflected

B reflected 1

Sum A+B

Total reflection = Areflected +Breflected

Figure 28 Two reflected waves (1) equivalent to total reflection (2)

30 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ekg po hedn)cue aitv osso h lcrclenergy. electrical the of losses radiative causes shielding) (poor Leakage direction. transmitting in – lost is energy Reflected – into converted be partly will energy electrical The signal the – of quantities: transmission these the influence during factors following lost three is The 30). energy (Figure much line how RF indicates the through loss transmission) (or attenuation cable The the through energy) of (loss loss Attenuation 30 Figure ATTENUATIONLOSSOFRFLINES1.4 length cable over spread signals Reflected 29 Figure in (e.g. distance the on depends signals reflected discontinuities. total the the between of wavelengths) magnitude the discontinuities, several or two With NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION si fet n h ilcrclosses. dielectric the and effect) (skin UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER nryi nryout Energy in Energy Γ onco onco B Connector A Connector elce inl aclec te out other each cancel signals Reflected P in h elce inl u up sum signals reflected The C’ al length Cable ’R’ L’ hra nry(et,cue ytecpe loss copper the by caused (heat), energy thermal G’ P out l ¡ frequency 31

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

1.4.1 Determination of the Attenuation Loss

Powerout Attenuation = α = 10 log [dB] (33) Powerin

The transmission loss (attenuation) indicates how much lower the outgoing power is in comparison to the incoming power. With the above equation (33), the value will be negative. To avoid confusion, the attenuation is often stated as a positive figure.

1.4.2 Attenuation Loss Components of Conductor and Dielectric

tangent σa = conductivity of the inner conductor σb = conductivity of the outer conductor εr =dielectricconstant tangent δ = characteristic of insulator material

Total transmission loss is:

αtotal = αconductors + αdielectric

Figure 31 Attenuation loss components

The cable attenuation loss is the sum of the conductor losses (e.g. copper losses) and the dielectric losses.

11.39 Ãrd ÃrD α α f dB m (34) conductors = c = Z × × d + D ∕

αdielectric = αd = 90.96 x f × εr × tanδ dB∕m (35)

The constants are calculated with f in [GHz] and the diameter d and D in [mm].

32 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE hc h urn est srdcdto reduced is density current the steel. which than better times 10 about conductivity a has copper h ie oaodhg ekg,go hedn utb civdb ul nlsddielectric. of enclosed construction fully physical a the by on achieved as be well must as shielding frequency good the leakage, high on avoid dependent To is line. leakage the The system. a in conside errors is even leakage energy the cables, radiating to for Except Due conductors. two the line. between transmission fields the magnetic from and leak shie electric 100% can the a maintain constraints, to manufacturing is and line mechanical RF good a of goal The Shielding 1.4.3 dominant. are losses dielectric dominant. the are GHz 10 losses about conductor From the GHz 10 about to Up constant dielectric Low materials – the of conductivity High – Alargecablediameter following: – the by achieved be can loss components attenuation cable lower three A the of function a as loss Attenuation 32 Figure [ ohm in impedance characteristic the is Z tance. o ocpe.Ta is: That copper. to son NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ρ α rd o oprinrcnutrand conductor inner copper a for 1 = 0 Mz1H 10GHz 1GHz 100MHz ne conductor Inner 1 e Ω rteeuvln hcns facnutra chvn h aeresis- same the having dc at conductor a of thickness equivalent the or ], ρ rd and ρ rD r h aeilrssiiiso h odco ncompari- in conductor the of resistivities material the are dn srrl esbe hrfr,pr fteenergy the of part Therefore, feasible. rarely is lding e ob os tcue nefrne(rs ak or talk) (cross interference causes It loss. a be to red δ stesi et,wihi eie stedphat depth the as defined is which depth, skin the is ρ Dielectric rD ≈ 0fraselotrcnutr because conductor, outer steel a for 10 ue conductor Outer f 33

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

Figure 33 A simplified illustration of a shielded connector (RF leakage low)

Figure 34 Example of the same connector, unshielded (RF leakage high)

Shielding means preventing D unwanted electromagnetic energy from penetrating into the connector D unwanted energy radiating from the connector (gaps) Shielding Effectiveness (SE): Determination of reduction in field strength resulting from placing a metallic shell between a source and receiver of electromagnetic energy.

34 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE omly tmcoaefeunis h ao ato h currenti the of part major the frequencies, microwave at Normally, h kndepth skin The xml ihcopper with Example K=factorforthemedium con- inner of surface outer contact, but outer conductor, effect. of outer skin surface the (inner the of surface called outside conductor is the the state at and This layer conductor tact). thin inner very the a of in inside flow stay will not direct does a which current through density the conductor, current towards a frequencies more hand, homogeneous other and a the more shows On forced travels, be effect. inductance will current magnetic conductor the the of inside fre- because lines increasing surface current an the that with resistance fact DC the its from to derives proportionally This increase quency. will conductor metal a of resistivity ohmic The frequencies different at depth Skin 35 Figure EFFECT SKIN THE 1.5 hc seuvln oaot9%o h oa urn i current total the of 95% about to equivalent is which NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION K δ = ie ariga lentn urn edt odc h oe nyo h near- the of only power the conduct to material tend surface current alternating an carrying Wires =   hl rs section cross whole the across current π m 0 × ietcretL Fmicrowave RF LF current direct UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER × Ã f δ 1 × nwihapo.3%o h urn lw,i acltda follows: as calculated is flows, current the of 37% approx. which in , m r × m = π  π × m m f r 0 × 1 .9Hm(eaiepreblt o copper) for permeability (relative H/m 0.99 = =4 m × π δ σ x10 = -7 K / preblt fvacuum) of (permeability H/m ρ σ f=frequency × 1  costewoecosscino h ie tvr high very At line. the of section cross whole the across ). resistivity = = conductivity = δ f × =skindepth 1 σ 1 lw tadpho prx 3 approx. of depth a at flows δ Ã 1 afew penetrates only current m m δ (38) & (37) (36) 3si depths, skin (3 35

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

–8 As approximation applies: ÃCo = 1.724 × 10 Ωm (Resistivity for copper at 27°C)

6 σ 58.00 10 (Conductivity for copper) Co = Ωm

1 K 503 δ = 503 × Co ≈ 6 f 58.00 10 ⋅  ⋅ Ωm 66mm = f[MHz]

All the following values apply to copper conductors:

Frequency Skin depth

50 Hz 9.3 mm

106 Hz = MHz 0.07 mm

109 Hz = GHz 0.002 mm

1012 Hz = 1000 GHz 0.07 mm

Table 5 Frequency vs skin depth

High frequency ⇒ thin skin depth High conductivity ⇒ thin skin depth

1.6 PASSIVE INTERMODULATION (PIM)

The phenomenan of intermodulation has become a very widely used term in connection with the interaction sen- sibility in systems, especially broadband radiocommunication or cellular communication systems. And what is active versus passive intermodulation actually? Active intermodulation is understood to mean the generation of mixed frequency products in transmission elements with non-linear characteristics (diodes, tubes, transistors). This is the case, for instance, when applying the signal of a local oscillator fLO along with the signal frequency fRF to the input of a component with non-linear characteristics in a radio receiver. By this, the intermediate frequency fIF equalling fRF –fLO is obtained. However, numerous other signals are created in addition to this mixed product. In case of components with non-linear characteristics, the mixed products are often desirable and are purposely utilised.

36 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ol edt eetdo vncniuu brea continuous even or repeated interference a The to avoided: lead be could should PIM why reason The the unstable find little to very important with components is the on it focus component, not given and behaviour. system a whole of the in behaviour level intermodulation intermodulation possible of worst influence the classify to order w In alone characteristics stable with setup measurement mea- A and tests on chapter the in PIM (see 126). dBc 175 page exceeding surements, dynamics measuring achieve conditions, to low-intermo- defined possible strictly with be under assembled tightened will and been it has designed connection carefully threaded every been and has mind, system in behaviour the dulation in component every and each if Only intermodulation: passive avoid to how Example difficulty. greatest the parts are individual of system, changes microscopic a from result in may which components level, the intermodulation and the system of particular instabilities the The on used. depends significance any have products passive or active Whether ideal. mathematical a only is linearity whose Absolute more but non-linear. or characteristics, as two transmission just of linear is combination having behaviour the theoretically by components generated in are occurring products frequencies (PIM) signal intermodulation passive hand, other the On o-otiuigcmoet tmr hn10dcaenal mosbe vnudrgo aoaoycondi- laboratory good er- under the even of impossible, pinpointing 20 nearly and from are systems magnitude dBc 150 in a than disturbances has more intermodulation which at of power), components detection (transmitting ror-contributing the sum However, level watts. 2-carrier 200 the to to up related dB –150 gen- in to are –100 systems telecommunication eral modern in products intermodulation third-order more for intermodulation limits specification passive The of problem the making band, receiving ever. the than and into acute transmission fall the transmis- already these and may of products system, channels intermodulation base third-order sion The single advance. a in determined in be exist cannot channels channels receiving transmission several systems, radio mobile In Specifications 1.6.1 NRDCINT AI FTHEORY RF BASIC TO INTRODUCTION asv intermodulation Passive intermodulation Active madnaeintegers) are n and (m f IM UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER = j n ¡ f 1 ± m ¡ f 2 j ⇒ ⇒ sue iercharacteristics linear assumed with components in products frequency Mixed characteristics non-linear with element transmission a in products frequency Mixed dw,maigls fcneto rpwrcut. power or connection of loss meaning kdown, l o ov h rbesivle nPMmeasurement. PIM in involved problems the solve not ill I)aiig a,i oiebs tto equipment station base mobile in say, arising, (IM) (39) 37

RF Theory INTRODUCTION TO BASIC RF THEORY

tions. However, the signal ratios between the transmission power and intermodulation should be greater than 150 dBc. This is especially so in the field of antenna feeder measurements. To meet such a requirement, all components must be designed, assembled and handled with extreme care (refer to chapter 3 on coaxial connector design, page 59).

Desired system specification: PIM > 150 dBc HUBER+SUHNER specification: PIM ≥ 155 dBc (dBc = power ratio related to carrier = dBcarrier) (dBm = absolute value related to 1mW)

If large intermodulation products are to be avoided, there are a lot of factors to be aware about when designing and handling connectors. The table below shows just a few of the elements influencing the magnitude of intermodulation.

Some typical contributions to intermodulation products: – Oxidazed metal contact surfaces (caused by aluminium/other oxidative plating materials, but can be avoided by using silver instead) – Ferromagnetic materials (steel, stainless steel etc. cause non-linear behaviour) – Current saturation (current and voltage will cease to be a linear function) – High corona level (plasma effect) – Small cracks (occuring at the contact surfaces etc.) – Oil or grease layers etc. (between the contact parts, not allowing pure contact)

Refer also to Chapter 4 on Tests and Measurements, page 109.

38 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE . LSISADRBE 52 48 45 RUBBER AND PLASTICS 2.4 PAGE MATERIAL PLATING 41 2.3 MATERIALS BASE 2.2 PLASTICS AND MATERIALS CONTACT 2.1 CONTENTS 2MATERIALS UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER .. P 54 53 54 53 53 52 51 50 50 49 51 Rubber Silicone 47 47 PPO 2.4.6 PEEK 2.4.5 PFA 2.4.4 46 PTFE 2.4.3 PE 2.4.2 47 46 2.4.1 SUCOPRO Alloy) (Copper-Tin-Zinc SUCOPLATE) 2.3.5 Nickel 2.3.4 41 Silver 2.3.3 47 Gold 2.3.2 2.3.1 Alloy Aluminium Steel Stainless 2.2.6 Alloy) (Copper-Zinc-Lead Brass 2.2.5 Alloy) (Copper-Tin-Phosphorus Bronze Phosphorus 2.2.4 Alloy Copper Beryllium 2.2.3 Copper 2.2.2 2.2.1 Design and Requirements 2.1.1 ...... 39

Materials iue3 otc hoy(lto ltsrae irsoia view microscopical – surface) flat on (flat theory Contact 36 Figure fluencesthesizeofthecontactarea(refertoFigure36below). 6. changes Table area, in below contact The listed the characteristics, In related maintained. material is the contact from carry electrical indirectly or the to directly that arise here it transmission is signal expect it in you as parts path, system, two signal the the electronic between area in contact an significant actual The of is loss. power devices or two distortion unacceptable between without signals contact the through the the provides influence connector would needs. material a customer the complex When how the and meet why to know how to also designer but the performance, for de- connector the important In is effectiveness. it cost however, and and process, quality characteristics sign alloys, the available of aware meet performance, be to material alloy must the best designer dictating the the interrelationships Certainly, select application. to contact difficult new it a make for which requirements properties, the of combinations varying has Design material contact and A Requirements 2.1.1 connectors. chosen already connector of your for purposes material reference contact for desired just the choose or electro- you application, example help for can specifications, They material conductivity. additional and contain potentials 5.2 chemical and 5.1 Appendix in tables The cables. s and of comparisons and descriptions cover will chapter This the well operate. how will determining characteristics, system connector or the device defines overall essentially process design begin- connector the in the materials of (plating) elec- ning interface to and regard insulating with base, mentioned the been Choosing have performance. constants environmental or dielectric PLASTICS trical or materials booklet, AND this in MATERIALS one CONTACT chapter the Within 2.1 2MATERIALS UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ufc smoothness surface FF FF F FF UFC 2 SURFACE 1 SURFACE ocrsteter ttn httera ufcsaentpretysot,wihin- which smooth, perfectly not are surfaces real the that stating theory the concerns m otc aeil n lsisue o connectors for used plastics and materials contact ome A-spots area contact apparent area contact effective 41

Materials MATERIALS

The bulk surface consists of high and low regions, where only a few of the regions touch each other. Thesespotsarecalledasperities(A-spotsorthehighregions),providingthesumoftheeffective metal-to-metal contact spots under sufficient load (refer to Figure 36). The number, density and size of the A-spots vary. Their characteristics are dependent upon applied load (contact force F ), surface hardness, surface geometry and the presence of oxide or contaminant films on the surfaces.

Requirements Influencing factors Material characteristics

Mechanical Surface smoothness – Machining and plating

Contact geometry – Design and tolerances

Contact force – Elasticity of material – Heat treatment – Dimensions and tolerances

Insertion and extraction forces – Material fatigue – Contact finish – Dimensions and tolerances

Electrical Bulk resistance Conductivity/resistivity

Contact resistance Oxide film and contaminants

Current capacity Electrical and thermal conductivity

Insulation resistance Conductivity of the insulation

Attachment Soldering – Solderability – Bond strength – Solder – Heat stability – Dimension and tolerances

Compliant pin (or PRESS-FIT) – Formability – Spring force and strength – Dimensions and tolerances

Crimping – Formability (cold welding) – Springback – Strength – Dimensions and tolerances

System Reliability – Stress relaxation – Machinability – Solderability

Environmental Corrosion resistance Meteorological resistance

Temperature, etc. Temperature range

Table 6 Requirements and influences

42 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE MATERIALS fteAsoswihmksu h atrssac.Tecnatrssac safnto fcnato omlforce. normal or contact of function a is resistance sum contact the The is resistance. resistance part constriction the The up resistance. makes film which the A-spots through the contami- break or of will film voltage oxide i.e. the material, of “insulating” minimum of a layers thin Only of nants. up built is contacts the between resistance film below. The 38 Figure to refer Please A-spots). of (“narrowness” resistance constriction and film) conne (oxide the resistance film of characteristics surface and area) contact and loss. minimum with The applied load the transmit to able be should specified. application than lower dimen- be connector will of change factors The a other to and leads force which contact demating, the and Finally, mating increase). by (tolerances insertion off sions of worn number the be reducing will thus material factors, above-mentioned Some the cycles. of quantity the reduce may which the properties of softness and force spring low strength, and abrasion Low part mating the of angle lead-in and friction of requirements. coefficient design points, contact of s number before force, contact allowed num- wear, The insertions be important. are means cycles cycles insertion the insertion insertion, of about talking ber When friction. of coefficient the and force tact instability. electrical causing The contaminants corrosive of penetration between the interface avoiding the establishes thus material the surfaces, of connecting force spring the integrity, electrical maintain to contact the ables The geometry Contact 37 Figure decreasing and area contact stress. increasing of contact order in purpose designs contact the geometric shoul With different of force spots. examples shows few contact below or the one stress, on contact concentrated the are they decreasing when of stress connected. infinite surfaces produce the will of points contact size The the determine below) 37 Figure (see form contact and The UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER neto n xrcinforces extraction and insertion otc resistance contact resistance bulk otc geometry contact otc oc F force contact peeo ltCosdclnesClne nflat on Cylinder cylinders Crossed flat on Sphere ssonaoe rvdstecnatbtentosrae.We h osatfreen- force constant the When surfaces. two between contact the provides above, shown as , FFFF steata odciiyo eitvt ftemtra asisl.Temtra hsnfrthe for chosen material The itself. mass material the of resistivity or conductivity actual the is ato h oa onco eitne rssfo h otc oc,goer (design geometry force, contact the from arises resistance, connector total the of part a , sas atricesn rdcesn h fetv rata otc ra h design The area. contact actual or effective the decreasing or increasing factor a also is as aldmtn n eaigfre)aedrcl rprinlt h con- the to proportional directly are forces) demating and mating called (also edsrbtdoe rae ufc ra h figure The area. surface greater a over distributed be d giiatfcosbgnt hne hs atr can factors Those change. to begin factors ignificant ufc n pigmtra r oro h influencing the of four are material spring and surface tn ufcs tcnb iie nobl resistance, bulk into divided be can It surfaces. cting lto flat on Flat 43

Materials MATERIALS

Rconstriction Rfilm Rfilm Rconstriction Rfilm

Rbulk CR

CR = Contact Resistance F R = Resistance

Figure 38 Contact resistance

Note: The above factors are called resistances, though the contact points might be regarded as conductive or positive to the transmission of current. It is a resistance because the material will always be a hindrance to the current flow, not neutral and not supporting. Otherwise, the theoretical ideal line without losses would be achiev- able. The current capacity is the maximum current allowed for a given temperature rise. Base materials with higher conductivities (electrical and thermal) allow greater current flow with lower temperature rise, depending on the contact material, geometry and normal force. The insulation resistance is the resistance to current flow, usually depending on the resistivity of the insulating material, e.g. a PTFE dielectric, in the connector. The mechanical and electrical attachment of a connector to a PCB or a cable will be done by a solder, a press-fit or a crimp process. The solder attachment demands an excellent solderability of the solder-substrate (e.g. tin-lead plated solder legs) and plating (e.g. silver or SUCOPLATE). In addition, the temperature stability of the base material (e.g. beryllium copper) and the contact material at the solder-substrate interface must be high to avoid metallurgical changes. The press fit process is a mechanical attachment which demands good formability features of the compliant pins, as a section will be deformed when pushed through the plated-through-hole on the PCB. A high material strength prevents buckling by insertion and good spring properties will provide reliability of the joint. The attachment of cables to connectors (cable assemblies) usually requires a crimp tool to crimp (cold welding) the conductors together. The material that is crimped onto the connecting parts, i.e. the inner conductor of the cable to the inner contact of the connector, must be formable. The process of cold welding makes it possible to furnish an acceptable electrical and mechanical connection of crimps. The environmental influences of a product play an important role when choosing a material for a certain application. The operating environment has specific characteristics such as temperature range, presence of vibration, shock and corrosive elements like gases and salt water emissions. The connector must be made of materials and to be designed so that can withstand these conditions without lacking any other property.

44 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE MATERIALS e h ag fmtrasblwt esm ftems infcn aeil hngo recletelectrical, excellent or good when required. materials significant is most performance the Naturally, environmental of brass. cho- and some have and be we mechanical copper to but alloys, below beryllium copper-based materials many as of especially range such are the alloys, There sen available. used are widely metals other most of the number huge of a some with dealing be will We uninter- an a for lines. talking”; needed coaxial “cross basis in from the circuits form keep They they applications. frequency loop; radio rupted of parts MATERIALS important are BASE materials Base 2.2 inoperative. it make even or performance system transmission conne entire a the when reduce that may is it facts these applica- overlooking final of the connect vantage of a requirements designing in total engineer the the with help would evaluated This be tion. designing then before should factors critical properties the material of The isolation connector. meaning the “methodically”, done be should material of choice The process Design 39 Figure below. connector typical 39 a Figure of in chart flow shown The is prices. process lower and design durability greater indus- cycles, addition, development In shorter depend cable. as a only well to not as or miniaturisat does board requiring print selection by panel, design The a the materials. onto influence attachment of trends final try selection the the on also is but process itself, connector design the the on in steps critical the of One UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER PROPERTIES MATERIAL ' ONCO EURMNS&STANDARDS & REQUIREMENTS CONNECTOR NUTYTED&CSOE NEEDS CUSTOMER & TREND INDUSTRY RTTP VERIFICATION & PROTOTYPE EIN&ANALYSIS & DESIGN EINPROCESS DESIGN QUALIFICATION PRODUCTION b b b b b o,hge prtn eprtr,fse prtn speed operating faster temperature, operating higher ion, dte raetebudre o Feeg hnused when energy RF for boundaries the create they nd raatdpretyt h utmrsnes h disad- The needs. customer’s the to perfectly adapted or tro onco arcno efr sexpected as perform cannot pair connector a or ctor 45

Materials MATERIALS

Base Materials are the basic materials of the connector components, before applying possible alloying. Selecting the proper material considers the following requirements; – Good electrical conductivity (minimise bulk resistance, especially as frequencies go up) – Machinability and ductility – easy and reasonable to shape, machine or form – Good stability and tensile strength to withstand mechanical influences – Good stress relaxation – resisting strain and elevated temperatures – Hardness – reducing the wear deterioration of contact metallisation – Reasonable price

2.2.1 Copper Generally, copper is one of the most commonly used metals for conducting electrical signals due to its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity. The higher the conductivity, the greater the current flow will rise. For RF connectors and cables, however, copper is usually applied as an alloy base metal or an electrodeposited metal. The corrosion and chemical resistance of copper are fair to good, though the surface will turn black and form a green patina if exposed to sulphur compounds. The high melting temperature and the fairly high tensile strength (softer than brass) gives it excellent machinability. This can be achieved despite its tendency to smear; i.e. cold stamped or hot formed. As mentioned above, copper is also applied as a plating. For obtaining a better adhesion of the final protective plating, copper is often deposited as plating flash on the base materials. That is one of the reasons why it has been a well-known silver-plated base material for coins through the ages. Various connector and cable components: Crimp ferrules, wires and tapes. Copper is also used as final coating on cable aluminium wires. Used as underplating on base materials: Steel, brass, aluminium zinc and copper-beryllium. Underplating for final platings: Solder coatings and tin-nickel plate.

2.2.2 Beryllium Copper Alloy As with copper, beryllium copper has a good electrical and thermal conductivity. It can be used unplated, because the corrosion resistance is good, except to ammonia and strong acids and bases. Strong bases and adverse environments can even cause stress corrosion cracking. The good thermal conductivity and very high tensile strength allow it to be exposed to high temperatures without risking melting and deterioration of other qualities. This metal, typically named CuBe2, is an alternative to the pure or even silver-bearing copper, as it has a better corrosion resistance. Another difference between copper and beryllium copper is the lower electrical and thermal conductivity of CuBe2. Its machinability is better than that of copper, but not as good as that of brass. In addition, beryllium copper can be heat-treated and has excellent long-term spring characteristics. However, it is significantly more expensive than other materials used for contact parts. Beryllium copper is used for the following connector components: Contact sockets (electrical contacts) and spring elements.

46 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE aei h o etn eprtr,wihlmt h osblte fuigtemtli ihtmeaueapplica- Anticorodal temperature high in metal the using of disadvan- possibilities A the steel. limits even tions. which and temperature, brass melting e.g. low as the metals is heavier tage and expensive certain more in to cost-effective alternative more be an to and considered is applications which machinability, high with metal lightweight a is It resistance. conductivi thermal and electrical good has it content, ium MATERIALS lmnu srrl sdi t lmnayfr u ahra naly yia ersnaiei Anticorodal is representative typical A alloy. an as rather but form elementary its in used rarely is Alloy Aluminium Aluminium 2.2.6 contacts. outer and bodies for material copper. base beryllium as than used machine only to is difficult of steel more housing stainless a is Usually, e.g. steel as stainless product, that a mind of in component Keep outer connector. the excellent RF are for resistance used a corrosion is fair material and the temperature machin- when melting poor comparatively high especially and stability, characteristics, conductivity conductors. high electrical outer its low e.g. hand, a other metal, has the hard it On as a ability. parts, requiring contact applications for for used extensively used not mostly is is It such, as s industry are connector steel the stainless in and steel industry, mechanical the Steel In Stainless 2.2.5 pins. contact and conductors outer Housings, parts: connector following the for used is Brass re- mechanical and environmental these meet can which quirements. materials conductor metallic SUCO good or adding silver by gold, proved either it with water plated sea is to brass Normally, good; brass. attack is also oils various will and acids atmospheres and rural Ammonia Further- fair. and well. is marine electricity the and industrial, disturb heat may against thermal that conducts resistance brass chips copper, the of beryllium more, tangles with long As preventing piece-part. thus the easily, of break that shape additives final to from process derived machining is brass” the “free-cutting in name The chips material. cause machined easily an is brass Alloy) metal base (Copper-Zinc The Brass 2.2.4 conductors. outer and contacts resilient sockets, contact Large components: connector the for used is techni- Bronze the when or copper, CuBe. beryllium of mandate use the not might permit be do not This do can specifications characteristics. product Bronze equivalent the cal bending. of reasonably considerations and the cost stamping the of if i.e. because case working, the alloys be cold copper from other strength to its substitute alloy gets This attractive only compounds. an which zinc metal, and phosphorus soft few quite a including a (Sn) is tin and (Cu) copper of combination a is (Copper-Tin-Alloy) Bronze Bronze 2.2.3 Anticorodal hc sesl ahndwiertiigissl-rtciecaatrsis nadto,ms onco applica- connector most addition, In characteristics. Anticorodal self-protective using its tions retaining while machined easily is which UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ® ® sacmon ossigo lmnu,mgeim iio n ed eas ftehg alumin- high the of Because lead. and silicon magnesium, aluminium, of consisting compound a is opnns ois oyprsfrCT oncosadcomponents. and connectors CATV for parts body Bodies, components: ® ontrqieaplating. a require not do m ftems rqetyue eas tils steel, Stainless metals. used frequently most the of ome yadasl-rtcigpoet,a xeln oxidation excellent an property, self-protecting a and ty LT.Tecroinrssac n teghaeim- are strength and resistance corrosion The PLATE. 47 ® ,

Materials MATERIALS

A short summary table of the base materials is shown below. The ratings can only be regarded as comparison averages due to the endless number of available alloys.

Beryllium Phosphorus Stainless Aluminium Features Copper copper bronze Brass steel alloy

Contact resistance* ++ + + + – +

Abrasion resistance – 0 0 – + –

Discoloration – 0 0 + + +

Price + –– + ++ – –

Table 7 Comparison of common base materials Note: Rating varies from ++ (excellent/very low price), + (good/low price), 0 (fair), – (poor) to – – (very poor/very high price). *Contact resistance should be as low as possible (++ = very low/excellent). Further properties: Refer to Appendix 5.2.

2.3 PLATING MATERIAL

The second topic in this section is plating. This booklet will confine itself to some frequently used metallic platings (interface materials), as these provide the best electrical conductivity, abrasion, etc., compared to e.g. well- known plastic coatings.

Metallic Plating usually has to: – Add conductive material to supply sufficient current carrying capacity (good electrical and thermal conductivity) – Diminish or eliminate surface oxidation and provide protective coating over conductors (such as copper alloy base metal) and resist cracking/spalling – Provide good contact between conductors – Achieve a good solder or weld attachment surface – Obtain a better wear resistance (abrasion resistance and hardness) – Provide interconnections from one conductive layer to another

(A rule-of-thumb for the choice of a plating or no plating at all is that normally pure, noble base metals do not need a plating, whereas most non-noble metals do. However, as connectors made of noble metal only would not be an economical solution, the noble metals are normally applied in thin layers on the non-noble base metals.) Electrolytically deposited metals are not only applied to the base materials to make the components look shiny and attractive. These coating materials have very important influences on the electrical and environmental performance of the connector and cable items. HUBER+SUHNER has specialised in this technology and is a compe- tent partner for developing and applying proper coatings for specific uses and conditions. SUCOPLATE and SUCOPRO were developed with the purpose of supplying platings which could resist oxidation and ensure a strong non-abrasive yet attractive surface for a reasonable price.

48 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE MATERIALS iavnae h odpaigvrainSCPOcnb fee rfrt hpe ..,pg 51). page 2.3.5, chapter to (refer these offered avoid be to can – Therefore SUCOPRO matings). variation repeated plating by gold (e.g. away the of gold – diffusion the disadvantages wear a sub and in porosity to from result lead arise thereby would spots and spots metal surface metal the base to high resistant, material of corrosion (because base contamination is the of risk gold the Though are wear-through. possible as and thin porosity) as plating gold the making by disadvantages The layer. thinner a applying from standards suppliers RF Some gol prevent chosen. of thereby is thickness alloy plating suitable the connector, another minimum or the the minimum, of defined a even cost to have the kept usually minimise is to However, plating material. gold plating the of suitable thickness most the the is oxide as no gold (i.e. gold required, resistance Whenever reliability. contact of are low high film) provide layer constantand and a thicker line and connector a surface untarnished the apply an for resistance, plane to excellentcorrosion ground an want the as might act designer then will the which etc., plate, base space, military, “lubri- of i.e. sort applications, a some as In function would it thereby and smear to tendency disadvantages, high some a has has cant”. applications It poor. solder are for gold properties gold because wear legs, soft its tin-lead the as However, underplated tin-lead. nickel than e.g. conductivity of surface. that better solderable than a good better a has also provide gold) is gold (soft of legs gold performance connector underplated electrical the nickel The When the application. surface, particular PCB a a for onto use soldered to is metal best the really plating is other plating gold to sometimes However, compared expensive quite is However, gold oxide. because of gold, free to is materials(seeFigure40). under-plating surface as gold deposited a often atmospheres polluted is highly nickel in mat- Even conduc- continuous required. Inner and copper. are resistance or (repeatability) oxidation nickel excellent ing on conductivity, deposited good be e.g. can when Gold gold-plated, plating. frequently for are is tors applications RF temperature. in melting gold of high most use and major and The ductility air usually its by is of unaffected Gold because that and machinability is version. electricity gold good hard of and characteristic a a Another heat transmission. has and of signal it electrical conductor gold for material good fine superb a a soft it is makes a which It reagents, as strength. both more available it give metal to precious alloyed a is Au) (symbol Gold Gold 2.3.1 application. your for when combination course, or of price metal besides plating features, base important right the most the four to choosing the adhesion probably good are They naturally underplating. and High the resistance or materials: contact material deposited low electrolytically resistance, wear of good characteristics conductivity, typical electrical are features plating above-mentioned The UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER o oesre ogaateago efrac and performance good a guarantee to series some for d eun orso rfrt iue4,pg 0.Base 50). page 40, Figure to (refer corrosion sequent 49

Materials MATERIALS

creeping corrosion products protective Ni oxide in pores

Au plating Ni underplate

Cu alloy base metal

”Active” pores ”Passive” pores

Figure 40 Pore corrosion – microscopical view

To avoid diffusion, nickel is frequently used as underplating, a so-called diffusion barrier, which slows down the speed of diffusion considerably. The nickel underplating can only be deposited on non-magnetic base materials because of the high relative permeability (refer to nickel on page 50). With the purpose of reducing the risk of wear-through and still retaining ductility, it is important to choose a thin gold plating with a moderate hardness. Commonly gold-plated connector components: Inner conductors, springs and generally the bodies and outer conductors of PCB connectors (only for soldering). Can be deposited on the following base materials: Copper, brass, nickel and silver.

2.3.2 Silver The symbol for silver is Ag. This noble metal is often used for the plating of coins. Silver is a little harder but also somewhat cheaper than gold. Its excellent electrical and thermal conductivity makes it very suitable for surface plating. Silver is used in RF applications for making solder (plating) contacts. Having the best conductivity of all metals also means that this metal can carry a high current load with the least loss. This characteristic is particularly advantageous when a low passive intermodulation product is desired (refer to Chapter 1.6 on page 36). The other features of silver are that it is easily shaped, has a very good conductivity of heat, good corrosion resistance in air and water and – in addition – the lowest contact resistance. A disadvantage is that silver tarnishes (creates an oxide film on the surface) when exposed to ozone, hydrogen sulphide and sulphur. Tarnishing can be slowed down by passivation. Various silver-plated connector/cable components: Conductors, contacts and sleeves. Can be deposited on the base materials: Most ferrous, non-ferrous metals, nickel and copper.

2.3.3 Nickel The non-noble metal called Ni, nickel, is harder than gold, malleable, ductile and a fair conductor of heat and electricity. In RF applications, nickel is often applied as a coating material, but it is also widely used as an alloying constituent in stainless steel, other corrosion-resistant alloys and in coinage. Commonly, nickel is used as underplate with top coatings of gold (see above) or other noble metals. Nickel is typically deposited in layers owing to its crystal structure, which makes it suitable as a barrier to copper diffusion through gold. Such a barrier prevents the migration of base material atoms to the top plating layer. Therefore, oxidation is effectively eliminated.

50 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE plctoswt ivra nepaig ue odcosadcretcryn parts. carrying current and conductors Outer underplating: ferrules. as crimp silver and with bodies Applications Connector only: SUCOPLATE – applications Plating than expensive less is SUCOPLATE as plating, silver for substitute silver. good a is it addition, from distribution In thickness process. plating electrolysis consistent the the a exceeding has it without Furthermore, materials, mV. 250 base of alloy potential copper electrochemical maximum and silver nickel, with direct-contacted be outermost can SUCOPLATE the in signal lifetim transmitted long the a of guarantees most also carry increases. PLATE frequency to the able as is conductor, conductivity the of high surface its SUCO- with a under silver plating silver The a have flash. conductors outer PLATE the Usually away. worn thou- is than material more the allowing before surface matings resistant sand abrasion and hard a leave conductors outer SUCOPLATEd resistance. o otc eitneo bu omx m 3 max. to 1 about of resistance contact low A MATERIALS ifso are gis od opr i n ic eo 0° h i saoposadnon-magnetic. ( and temperatures low amorphous At is occurs. NiP adhesion microcrys weak the to or structure 300°C its Below changes zinc. it 500°C and and tin 300 copper, Between gold, against barrier diffusion corrosio a good very provides layer become nickel-phosphorus not The will joints protection solder improved the gold, and of resistance layer thin contact a low contains brittle. only stable, it provides Because thus corrosion. It and and oxidation soldering. oxidation against against while underlayer nickel-phosphorus wetting the layer good protects gold – for The itself allows underlayer. oxidation phosphorus) to (13% subject alloy not nickel-phosphorus is a which with – plating gold thin a is SUCOPRO SUCOPRO 2.3.5 than less of level PIM a has it that silver, as well as just commu- stations. performs in transceiver SUCOPLATE (PIM) products base intermodulation as passive such negligible obtaining systems for nication important also property is non-magnetic area The resistance. contact corrosion the lower in and zinc. performance and electrical tin lower Copper, a SUCO has components: free), generally three which (nickel the non-allergic of composed and alloy non-magnetic copper Being a is SUCOPLATE material plating The SUCOPLATE 2.3.4 M materials: base the on conductors. deposited outer be and Can Bodies as components: skin, connector sensitive nickel-plated on Various effect contact. repeated unfortunate by an allergy de- has the nickel nickel on a Besides, depends provoke plating. risk can the flaking it The of nickel. thickness electroplated the of applications deposition and in layered process the risk use positing to the the material, due plating high limits final fairly permeability as is Used high flaking fair. is of Its resistance Corrosion characteristics. acceptable. magnetical not are poor materials magnetic and where electrical fair a has It UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ® Cpe-i-icAlloy) (Copper-Tin-Zinc ,ee nsvr environments. severe in even e, s eru n o-eru metals. non-ferrous and ferrous ost – 0C ocagso h odrn rpriswr detected. were properties soldering the of changes no 20°C) Ω ymtn a eahee u oislwseii contact specific low its to due achieved be can mating by o udo s,tego orso eitneo SUCO- of resistance corrosion good the use, outdoor For eitne ihwa eitneadhrns,and hardness, and resistance wear high resistance, n LT sa trcieatraiefrnce plating, nickel for alternative attractive an is PLATE aln n t adesicessbtn brittleness no but increases hardness its and talline – 5 dBc. 155 51

Materials MATERIALS

The main advantages of SUCOPRO are: • Excellent wear resistance • Non-magnetic • Excellent corrosion resistance • Excellent wettability / solderability • Very high strength of soldered joints without embrittlement • Low contact resistance

Features Gold Silver Copper Nickel SUCOPLATE® SUCOPRO

Contact resistance ++ ++ ++ + ++ ++

Passive PIM* ++ ++ N/A 0 ++ ++

Residual magnetism ++ ++ ++ –– ++ ++

Abrasion resistance + 0 – + + +

Adhesion ++ + ++ + ++ ++

Discoloration ++ –– – –– + ++

Price –– – + 0 + 0

Table 8 Comparison of common plating materials Note: Rating varies from ++ (excellent/very low price), + (good/low price), 0 (fair), – (poor) to – – (very poor/very high price). * PIM means the passive intermodulation product; ++ = very low (less than the required –155 dB). Refer also to Chapter 1.6. Further properties: Refer to Appendix 5.2.

2.4 PLASTICS AND RUBBER

2.4.1 PE Polyethylene (PE) is one type of plastic from the big group of polyolefine plastics (e.g. polypropylene, ethylenevi- nylacetate). It has a low density, good electrical and dielectrical properties, which makes the plastic material suitable for RF applications. Its high water diffusion resistance, low water absorption and high resistance to chemicals (except oxidative acids) also provide the possibility of applying this material in adverse environments, without deteriorating mechanical or electrical properties. Furthermore, it shows good machinability. It is soluble to varying degrees in halogenated hydrocarbons. Long outdoor storage can cause discoloration. The disadvantage of PE is its low melting temperature. When it burns, it will burn like wax. In other words, the material will drip by burning, but as it is halogen free, it will not emit any toxic chlorine or fluorine gases. Other halogen free plastics are PE (PEX), LSFH (low smoke, free of halogen), SPE (foamed PE) and Radox by HUBER+SUHNER. Most of them can be crosslinked, thus increasing their flame resistance and form stability. As mentioned above, PE is also available in a foamed form (SPE), used mostly in RF cables. Applications with PE: Turned insulators, wire and cable insulation, cable jacket material, corrugated cables and packaging.

52 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE plctoswt TE nuaos akt,at-deiecoatings. anti-adhesive gaskets, Insulators, PTFE: with Applications applica- technical for used plastics fluorine known industry. well the most the in usually of is one tions is it It Instead, viscosity. state. high cold a its in of pressure) because (die extrusion moulded or moulding treated injection be of cannot PTFE methods insulator. thermoplastic connector the for applicable by it makes which elasticity, of modulus properties, low a dielectrical by coefficient. matched resistivity surface and low extremely electrical its to due excellent plastic anti-adhesive The very a and antistatic an is it addition, In substance. jelly-like a into turn will it higher, +482 MATERIALS plctoswt EKRdainrssatwr nuain iecaig insulators. coating, wire insulation, wire fumes resistant emit PEEK:Radiation not with does Applications and retardant flame is PEEK applications, cable smoke. certain or (when aluminium for of Important that radiation. of of 30% is doses weight its materials that other fact strengthening the for and used strength high very conductivity, electrical good Its allows also structure PEEK. crystalline The of conditions. extreme remoulding very in thermal superbly perform moisture to and plastic hydrolysis the radiation, enable withstand form to any strength in and resistance abrasion high its addition, In FEP. and PFA temperature melting a and temperatures high at 334 stability of form excellent strength, tensile excellent high comprises a It structure. as such crystalline properties partially a with plastic heavy-duty a is Polyether-Etherketone) (or PEEK PEEK 2.4.4 –200 from thermostability good a has It tem- high at possible only is process remoulding the resistance, peratures. flame high the remoulding Besides Furthermore, possible. moulding. FEP. are injection welding and and and extrusion PTFE by worked both thermoplastically be than can PFA limit FEP, temperature with As higher a and stability) form and hardness (higher modulu elasticity their concern significantdiffer- plastics most The three (fluoroethylenepropylene). FEP these to between similar also ences is it and PTFE, like plastic fluorine a is PFA PFA 2.4.3 –200 (from thermostable very is It acids. nitrous as can it such However, chemicals. alkalines most by to resistance attacked excellent an be with plastic fluorine a is (PTFE) Polytetrafluorethylene PTFE 2.4.2 plctoswt F:Isltr,wr n al aktmaterial. jacket cable and wire Insulators, PFA: with Applications good. be ch to most considered to is resistance conditions excellent atmospheric an has PFA PTFE. abras high with a as include features mechanical good to fair Its UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ° ° F C( n a o lmaiiy ntebgnigo h etn hs,a bu +327 about at phase, melting the of beginning the In flammability. low a has and ) 633 ° F .Teaiiyt eitceias xetfrcnetae upui cd scmaal oPTFE, to comparable is acid, sulphuric concentrated for except chemicals, resist to ability The ). lomk tsial sa nuaigmtra o alsepsdt high to exposed cables for material insulating an as suitable it make also ) ° o+250 to C ° needn ffeunyadtmeauerne are range, temperature and frequency of independent C(– o eitneadago niahsv performance, anti-adhesive good a and resistance ion featct n oettmeaue F a lower a has PFA temperature. lowest and elasticity of s mcl.Terssac osvr eerlgcland meteorological severe to resistance The emicals. 392 ° o+482 to F ° F n odeetia conductivity. electrical good and ) ° o+250 to C ° C( ° C/– +620 392 ° ° F) Fto 53 or

Materials MATERIALS

2.4.5 PPO Polyphenylene oxide (PPO) is an amorphous thermoplastic with an excellent resistance to hydrolysis, aqueous media such as detergents, acids and bases at high temperatures. On the other hand, PPO is not resistant to Ke- tone, chlorinated and aromatic hydrocarbons, which dissolve the material. Its dielectrical features comprise excellent thermal conductivity and a negligible loss factor, barely influenced by external temperature, frequency or moisture. As with PEEK, PPO has a high temperature stability, but at a lower temperature then PEEK. Compared to PC (Polycarbonate), however, it has the same inflexible and tough structure, combined with high dimension stability at high temperatures. Additionally, its low water absorption enables PPO to be used in outdoor applications. Applications with PPO: Thermal and electrical insulator parts, switch housings, covers.

2.4.6 Silicone Rubber In RF applications, silicone rubber is exclusively used for gaskets. The material is soft and elastic due to the influence of caoutchouc (India rubber). The purpose of rubber gaskets in connectors is normally to seal against moisture or other contaminants. However, it is not resistant to chemicals such as acids, but to almost everything else. For uses where a high flame resistance is desired, silicone rubber can also be applied. Applications with silicone rubber: Gaskets.

Silicone Features PE PTFE PFA PEEK PPO rubber

Elasticity + – 0 ++ ++ ++

Hardness 0 + ++ ++ +

Discoloration 0 + + + ++ +

Water absorption 0 ++ + 0 0 +

Abrasion resistance + ++ + ++ + –

Price + –– – –– – +

Table 9 Comparison of common plastics and silicone rubber Note: Rating varies from ++ (excellent/very low price), + (good/low price), 0 (fair), – (poor) to – – (very poor/very high price). Further properties: Refer to Appendix 5.2 on page 138.

54 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE 76 CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 63 MECHANISMS COUPLING PAGE 3.3 59 DESIGN CONNECTOR COAXIAL 3.2 REAL VS IDEAL - PERFORMANCE AND FUNCTION 3.1 CONTENTS DESIGN CONNECTOR RF 3. .. ld-nCuln 78 77 77 76 76 70 Coupling Slide-On Coupling Quick-Lock 63 3.3.5 Coupling Snap-On 3.3.4 Coupling Bayonet 3.3.3 64 Connection Threaded 3.3.2 3.3.1 62 61 59 Captivation Contact 3.2.3 Components Connector Coaxial Types Connection 3.2.2 3.2.1 Performance Environmental Performance Mechanical 3.1.3 Performance Electrical 3.1.2 3.1.1 ... nuao Deeti)68 66 67 (Dielectric) Insulator Contact) (Outer Conductor Outer 3.2.2.3 Conductor Inner 3.2.2.2 3.2.2.1 ... nuao atvto 74 72 73 Captivation Insulator Captivation Conductor Inner 3.2.3.3 Techniques Captivation 3.2.3.2 3.2.3.1 ...... 55

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.4 ATTACHMENTS...... 79 3.4.1 Attachment of Cable Inner Conductor...... 79 3.4.2 Attachment of Outer Conductor to Cable...... 80 3.4.3 Attachment to Panel...... 81 3.4.4 Attachment to the Print Board...... 83 3.4.5 Assembly Tools and Instructions...... 84

3.5 COAXIAL CONNECTOR SERIES AND CABLES...... 86 3.5.1 Coaxial Connector Series...... 86 3.5.2 Coaxial Cables...... 87 3.5.2.1 Cable Design...... 87 3.5.2.2 Cable materials...... 89 3.5.2.3 Halogen-free materials...... 90 3.5.2.4 Material selection guide...... 91 3.5.3 Electrical Cable Performance...... 91

3.5.3.1 Impedance Z0 ...... 91 3.5.3.2 Capacitance C...... 91

3.5.3.3 Cut-Off Frequency fG and Operating Frequency Range...... 91 3.5.3.4 Attenuation...... 91 3.5.3.5 Screening Effectiveness or Screening Attenuation αs92......

3.5.3.6 Velocity of Signal Propagation vR ...... 92 3.5.4 Cable Types and their Characteristics...... 92 3.5.5 Microminiature Connectors...... 93 3.5.5.1 Characteristics...... 93 3.5.5.2 Segments and Typical Applications...... 94 3.5.5.3 Typical Cables...... 94 3.5.6 Subminiature Connectors...... 94 3.5.6.1 Characteristics...... 94 3.5.6.2 Segments and Typical Applications...... 97 3.5.6.3 Typical Cables...... 98

56 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF . TNAD 107 GUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER STANDARDS 3.6 ..0PeiinCnetr 105 104 102 99 Connectors Precision 3.5.10 Connectors Large 3.5.9 Connectors Medium 3.5.8 Connectors Miniature 3.5.7 ..1Wti-eisadBtenSre dpos106 Adaptors Between-Series and Within-Series 3.5.11 ... yia als104 104 104 Cables Typical Applications Typical and Segments 3.5.9.3 Characteristics 3.5.9.2 3.5.9.1 ..11Caatrsis106 106 105 106 103 Applications and Segments 3.5.11.2 102 Characteristics 3.5.11.1 Applications 102 and Segments 3.5.10.2 Characteristics 103 99 3.5.10.1 101 Cables Typical Applications Typical and Segments 3.5.8.3 Characteristics 3.5.8.2 3.5.8.1 Cables Typical Application Typical and Segments 3.5.7.3 Characteristics 3.5.7.2 3.5.7.1 ...... 57

Design UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER perfor- electrical actual the of understanding the for guideline and dete view mance. general of a as difficulty serve the should show It line. to coaxial attempt an is below table Performance The Electrical 3.1.1 standards. internal or international the by modified, some down is of laid connector picture specifications existing a the an provide When alter connector. to not new should is a change purpose designing The when outlined. considerations be important will the of goal, associated the ideal with the connectors, RF reaching this for specifications of of obtainable problems/influences or scope real the and and ideal purpose general the the following, exceeding the In without examples practical give to de- not difficult is will is connector products single it booklet. non-standard a as of required, Design here, products. is issue special performance an so-called special application, be a or When needs specific price. con- its high RF to ideal very signed an a manufacture have to impossible would virtually it and as reasonable not nector, is it factors, influencing the all Summing s considerations. include economic performance and the con- influencing RF factors regard ideal an The with or line istics. homogeneous ideal achie a be the called cannot from is performance it ideal departures this conditions any Usually optimum nector. minimize With to dispersion. is and reflection goal loss, main costs, the to designed, is connector RF a When and ideal the theory, on chapter the to reference With comparison a connector, coaxial a of design REAL performan tion. practical obtainable real, VS the the to with IDEAL introduction functions ideal an - the and of PERFORMANCE theory RF AND from transition FUNCTION a As DESIGN 3.1 CONNECTOR RF 3 ocnutR inl rmatasitrt eevrwt iiu ossadreflections and demating losses and minimum mating with repeatable receiver and a fast to provide transmitter to a - from signals RF conduct to - e yloiga utoepr ftecnetrcharacter- connector the of part one just at looking by ved ai ucin facnetrcnb eie sbeing: as defined be can connector a of functions basic vrleetia,mcaia,evrnetl material environmental, mechanical, electrical, everal ewl eotie sfra osbefrec specifica- each for possible as far as outlined be will ce mnn da n eleetia pcfctoso a of specifications electrical real and ideal rmining 59

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Electrical Ideal Performance Realistic Performance Problems/Hints Specifications

Impedance [Ω]Z0 ± 0 (e.g. 50 or 75 Z0 ± X Because of dimensional ohm) steps and other discontinuities, it is impossible to maintain homogeneity of Z0 Frequency [Hz] DC up to cut-off The operating frequency Dependent high attenua- frequency fc (TEM) (i.e. interface dimensions tion, VSWR and mode limit the frequency) changes

VSWR 1.0 (no reflection) >1.0 Reflections caused by any discontinuity

RF Leakage Totally shielded Up to 120 dB Dependent on cable (no leakage) (frequency dependent) outer conductor (shielding) design and operating frequency

Insertion Loss 0 dB (No losses) The connector losses ≤0.5 dB above cable frequency can be ignored

Dielectric > The cable break- Often smaller Dependent on the ratio Withstanding Vol-tage down voltage D/d and dielectric

Working Voltage > The cable break- Often smaller Dependent on the ratio down voltage D/d and dielectric

Insulation Resistance ∞Ω(as high as < ∞Ω Dielectric losses, depen- possible) dent on insulation material and dimensions

Contact Resistance 0mΩ >0mΩ Contact forces, material characteristics (plating)

Table 10 Electrical Performance - Ideal vs Real The real electrical performance depends on the performance of the attached cable, cable entry, geometrical connector dimensions, inner conductor captivation etc. The max. frequency of the coaxial line will adjust to the operating frequency of the weakest component in the line, because the influencing factors (see above) arise from all and not only from one component. Example: A connector has a frequency (e.g. 10 GHz) and high VSWR magnitude. The attached cable has operating frequency of e.g. 5 GHz, but a high attenuation arising from the length of the cable and perhaps apertures in the jacket causing leakage. The sum of all these factors will give the actual operating frequency of the whole line, and not just the cable alone, which represents the component with the lowest frequency level (refer also to Chapter 4.2 [page 113] on practical measurements).

3.1.2 Mechanical Performance When it is not possible to obtain the desired or realistic mechanical performance for a new connector, the only guideline is the given standards. The task of designing a new connector, often based on non-standard enquiries,

60 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER levels. stress an the as classify way to same created the in been have changes climatic classes by climatic affected Therefore, be application. In not outdoor application. will an the laboratory in of a assembly surroundings in immediate assembly the cable on a words, dependent other much very is performance environmental Performance The Environmental 3.1.3 Real vs Ideal - Performance Mechanical 11 Table ones. new manufacture and reproduce develope to economical to more is then it parts as dimensions, standard connector standard existing the by supported be normally will al eeto force retention Cable Durability captivation Contact torque nut Coupling conductor center force Disengagement conductor center force Engagement Specifications Mechanical Disengagement = al stability Cable > ∞ direction rotational and/or axial in conductor ner in- the of movement No Ω 0 approaching tance resis- contact obtain still and hand by Turn 0N Performance Ideal force matings of number elsi Performance Realistic unavoidable are forces ing mat- because Movements dimensions interface to Proportional >0N Disengagement > al stability Cable > ≈ force ac onorm) to (acc. guaranteed be can 500 h insulator the of deformations to Due forces disengagement gagement/ en- and stability chanical me- watertight, if leakage, RF on Dependent friction sliding of magnitude on Dependent contacts spring and deformation friction, sliding roughness, on Depends Problems/Hints fcnetradcable and connector of dimensions and abrasion material on Dependent relaxation tact con- spring and abrasion material on Dependent 61

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Environmental Ideal Performance Realistic Performance Problems/Hints Specifications

Temperature range > Application Dependent on material Material changes requirements Influence on performance

Climatic classes > Application Dependent on material Material changes requirements Influence on performance

Thermal shock > Application Dependent on material Insulator characteristics requirements and material

Moisture Watertight Dependent on design Material and design de- resistance/sealing pendent Corrosion can lead to poorer electrical performance and risk of shorts

Corrosion None Dependent on surface and Material characteristics medium Electrochemical potentials between material

Vibration No negative effect Dependent on Coupling mechanism, e.g. mechanical stability contact interruption

Table 12 Environmental Performance - Ideal vs Real Another factor which can be severe for an outdoor cable assembly is corrosion as the result of moisture and salt water influence. Corrosion often arises because of wrongly chosen plating and underplating materials. An example is connectors for use in mobile applications: The body plating should be a corrosion resistant material, i.e. SUCOPLATE from HUBER+SUHNER. This material is non-abrasive, non-magnetic and allows good transmission without high thermal and electrical losses (refer also to Chapter 2 on materials).

62 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER types Connection 13 Table system. the of wiring/cabling the perhaps and connectors requirements of mechanical type and right electrical the their determining addition, for In specifications 13). the Table are to (refer understood clearly be must interco nected these show we why reason occurs. The connection signal connection existing the the the of Basically, transmission define connections. the to external where important and place is internal the it between is connectors, distinguish below coaxial listed of types phase The design types. the to on pass we Types Before Connection 3.2.1 DESIGN CONNECTOR COAXIAL 3.2 nection Type Con- 3 2 1 (internal) chassis a on PCB another or wire to PCB from Connection ternal) (in- wire or PCB to nent compo- from Connection Application (internal) case ponent com- inside Connection ncingop sbcuetedfnto ftecmoet ob con- be to components the of definition the because is groups nnection I connectors) DIN crimp solder, orpressfitattachment.(Presspinsor a e.g. using cable, flat a to PCB or PCBs between Connection circuitry) to lead component sockets; IC or plugs (Solder method. connection a separable or soldering using circuit, an integrated to connector PCB a of Connection interconnection) package to vice de- connections; housing or (Bonded soldering. re-flow e.g. using socket, the to circuit integrated the of Connection connectors) (useful Example 63

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Con- nection Application Example (useful connectors) Type

Connection from internal Connection of an enclosure to another chassis to another inter- subassembly, using i.e. a crimp or sol- nal chassis in the same 4 der connection method (e.g. BMA housing, case, or cabi- connectors net (between subassem- between subassemblies). blies)

Connection from one External connection from measure- piece of equipment to ment equipment to an accessory, us- 5 another (external ing e.g. crimp or snap-in attachments. interconnect) (Connectors with flange)

Connection from one Connection between two systems with 6 system to another (exter- cable assemblies. (All cable connec- nal system wiring) tors)

Table 14 Connection types (cont.)

The focus will be limited to the shaded groups in the table above, as these groups are common fields for traditional coaxial connectors. The faintly shaded group 3 is partly described, as it uses PCB connectors. The connectors described in this booklet will only apply to the above-mentioned connection groups, and the selection of series dealt with is specified in Chapter 3.5 (page 85).

3.2.2 Coaxial Connector Components The reason for using connectors is either to join two components or modules, or to gain access to a certain point in a circuit. A connector’s primary purpose is to provide an engagement/disengagement capability for your system (or circuit) without affecting a measurement in progress or the overall system’s performance. There are certain parameters which help to specify each coaxial connector type. Besides the impedance, the major areas of concern are upper frequency limit (cut-off), power capability, size and weight, environmental conditions (vibration, moisture, temperature), cost, field replaceability and contact characteristics, to name but a few. In addition, repeatability, life (mating cycles), VSWR and mechanical strength are important, if the connector is to be used for measurement applications. When designing a connector for using it in an application, the general requirement is to guarantee homogeneity along the finished RF line. The constancy of the characteristic impedance is the major aim when coupling lines with coaxial connectors. This requirement, often 50 Ω or 75 Ω, will be one of the factors giving the connector its shape.

64 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER respectively. and (hermaphroditic), (pin bonded contacts radially butted contacts), centre and called type) (also socket types contact conductor inner two about talk we Usually, Conductor Inner 3.2.2.1 ferrule crimp below. the discussed and insulator components the the conductor), (outer are body connector the conductor), (centre conductor inner The components Connector 41 Figure 41). (Figure below shown elements the of up built be normally will their connector and coaxial individually. components optimised described important The and most shown the be chapter will series, this specific In of components. independent several variations, of consists connector coaxial A size. the con- to larger a tolerances as the performance smaller of same The the ratio method. achieve the manufacturing to manufactured the to be of due to choice nector has the it in accurately role more a the is, play connector also a will connector page the on of 3.1 size Chapter the to However, (refer the connector part, finished piece the the of of price precision the piece manufacturing ). higher precision the 59 the higher high also the of but that that characteristics, mind is the in keep better performance to and essential design is possible it However, best parts. the obtaining for precondition Another rm ferrule Crimp onco body Connector Insulator ne conductor Inner Gasket npring Snap opignut Coupling 65

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Radial bonding inner conductor: The connection is established by use of a pin and socket contact. The outer conductor generally is slotted and the inside one tapers slightly forward, increasing the tension as they are pushed together. This ”wiping” action helps to clean the contacts as the connector is used.

Pin Socket

Figure 42 Radially bonded inner conductor

Butted contact inner conductor:

Hermaphroditic (sexless)

Figure 43 Butted contact inner conductor

3.2.2.2 Outer Conductor (Outer Contact) The contact area of the outer conductor (also identical with the connector body) is effected by the contact pressure normally caused by the coupling mechanism. Because the inner conductor can compensate for longitudinal tolerances, the contact pressure caused by the coupling mechanism affects the outer conductor contact area (torque of the screwed coupling mechanism). There are three fundamental constructions:

Frontal contact: The contact area is given by the same shape of two equivalent outer contacts. Hermaphroditic connectors use these types of outer contacts.

Hermaphroditic contact

Figure 44 Hermaphroditic (frontally bonded) outer conductor

Radially contacted outer conductors with spring contacts: The spring contact contacts not only frontally, but also radially. The slotted outer conductor is used instead of the normal butt face wherever a better retention is required.

66 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE hr r bu ordfeetisltrcmiain napi fcnetr,dpnetuo h eie con- desired the upon dependent connectors, of pair a loss. in return combinations tact. possible insulator lowest different four the about have are to There order and in dimensions properly mechanical the chosen that be means must This material cable. connected insulator the the as impedance same the have must impedance nector its thus and design connector the on influence FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ( constant dielectric the is material synthetic the considerably. of varies choice support the for dielectric criterion the prime of The are design materials actual synthetic the system, possible, positioning as economic closely an as make air approximate to To order used. In position. central sp its but air, in conductor be point would inner electrical material an From insulator conductor. outer ideal the the within view, conductor of inner the position to possible it makes insulator The (Dielectric) Insulator 3.2.2.3 conductor outer Slotted 46 Figure conductor outer faced Butt 45 Figure lte rslet contact (resilient) Slotted utdcontact Butted osnn u orda pigforces. spring radial to due loosening induced vibration to immune more is contact slotted The etr r coupled. con- are when nectors torquing correct ensures contact butted The ca ehnclcntutosaenee oke the keep to needed are constructions mechanical ecial oesr nieldnmcsse eair h con- the behavior, system dynamic ideal an ensure To . ε r .Ti ubrhsadirect a has number This ). 67

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Butted contact

Dielectric bead

Overlap (cylindrical)

Overlap (conical)

Figure 47 Butt, overlap (cylindrical and conical) and dielectric bead contact

Instead of a one-piece insulator, the possibility of mounting a two-piece is also available.

68 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER both in captivation require entries directions. cable above-mentioned and the types of connection one various only the or table, series. following connector the every to for regard standards With international the by are given specifications test extent corresponding the certain of a and ranges to specifications temperature The and shocks. torques rotational and forces, variations axial temperature these forces, of external by caused mainly considerations. are assembling displacements and The manufacturing costs, high to t due captivation connector, only suggested the series, the of Therefore, to 3.4.4). related Chapter directly 58, be Figure cannot to (refer mechanisms important type, is the concerned, connector attachment are the cable connectors on of cable When type dependent components. is non-stationary it possibly and as external desirable, to always attachment the not is movements rotational and/or axial Avoiding causing materials, the of expansion thermal normal any restrict junctions. mount- perhaps when contact problems and over-tight to connectors lead captivation the could in the situation contacts However, This the all. movements. ing at movement rotational any preventing and/or exaggerated, be longitudinal, not axial, should reduces design captivation The dis- as such junctions. influence negative many the any too reaching diminish of of to purpose because trying the continuities and with performance designed mechanical normally and changes are geo-metrical electrical components through possible obtained the best usually is, is That mechanism components. capture optimized contact the the of as task, difficult a be can such This to guarantee subjected If to forces. stable mechanical be by should damaged be the connector un-captivated, could the If joint influences, captivated. solder be the must and tag displaced solder be could the especially insulator where but connectors, applications of microstripline types and all stripline for for exist should those connector coaxial a within components of captivation Captivation The Contact 3.2.3 rtra hte xa n/rrttoa:–Cneto ye(oncint external to (connection type Connection – movements Axial rotational: and/or axial whether Criteria, mechanism: Capture = Captivation yeo al n al entry cable and cable of Type – movements Rotational oncintps al nre n atyt h size the to partly and entries cable types, connection o opnns o cable) not components, h pcfe ehncladeetia standards. electrical and mechanical specified the 69

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Examples of Attachment Axial Captivation Rotational Captivation Application/Usage

Inner conductor –PCB n n Important, to avoid Important, to avoid dam- – with solder tag – Stripline damage of solder tag age of solder tag and –Microstrip – with slot and stress at the contact stress at the contact joints –aspincontact –Bonded joints – with tab contact

Inner conductor –Wiresoldering n n To avoid damage of the To avoid damage of the – with soldering bore –Wirewrap wire attachment wire attachment – with small post

Inner conductor – Field replaceable n — To guarantee the electri- –withfemalecontact – Solderless connections cal performance type – Plug-in connections

Flexible cable attach- – Flexible connections n – Mechanical stress on ment between components Generally important be- cables cause of electrical and mechanical influence

Semi-rigid cable – Excellent electrical n – Not required, because attachment performance, hence Important for short inner and outer contacts low VSWR loss and cable lengths, because are normally soldered negligible leakage the inner conductor of and/or crimped the cable could be displaced due to thermal or mechanical influence

Table 15 Axial and rotational contact captivation methods according to attachment

70 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER perfor- (desired performance influences. ideal other an of reaching lots of are problems there the with contactmance), a As choosing connector. when about the think for to factor mechanism main capture only the not are components the of shapes outer the However, changes, cap- “doubly-secure” of a combination obtain A to it. way retain best to the component unable be one would be tivation. another, only will one of component to shape relative other components the the both When that of it. risk adjustment captivate great to a possible is pressed be there be not changed, can would smooth is the conductor it of conductor the because but inner of insulator, the the form change of the to be surface that could con- way alternative outer The a it. the damaging such by without in insulator insulator the manufactured the into be and insulator, can the conductor by inner held The be ductor. normally will conductor inner the simply, Expressed Techniques Captivation 3.2.3.1 in u fe ti etradmr cnmclt tr iha nlsso h nw n rvosyue designs. used previously de- and known new the a of analysis develop an to with start possible to always economical more is and It better many. is it among often from but selection sign, one only are designs mechanical These below: shown are insulator or conductor inner the of captivation for suitable designs Several de be can disadvantages and advantages the Before betvsifunigteslcino otc atvto design(s): captivation contact of selection the influencing Objectives igwt asetc. cams with Ring – the –Swagings of inside the on made steps 4 or (3 sections stepped Internally – Dimple-captivation – –Shoulderorstep knurls Crossed – –Straightknurls Barb(s) – housings] of subassembly [insulator (internal captivations Epoxy – parts Pressed-in – osn rotrcontact) outer or housing pin]) centre and [insulator through bore and ot fmtra n auatrn ftemechanism the of manufacturing and material of Costs – mounting connector of Ease etc. – stadards) to (acc. performance mechanical optimal Obtaining – standards) to (acc. performance electrical optimal Obtaining – emnd h einotosms econsidered. be must options design the termined, 71

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.2.3.2 Inner Conductor Captivation The inner conductor must always be captivated in the axial (longitudinal) direction. The captivation technique also influences the dimensions of the insulator. This leads to discontinuities, causing impedance changes. The figures and table below show some of the possible captivation designs. The designs are characterized without distinguishing between size and cable connectors, stripline and microstripline etc. The order of the axial and rotational capture, A and R respectively, depends on the most significant retaining direction according to the design (Table 16).

1Barb 5 Shoulder (step)

Insulator Inner conductor 2Straightknurls 4Epoxy

3 Crossed knurls

Figure 48 Various inner conductor captivation techniques

Inner Conductor Captivation Axial ** Rotational**

1 Barb(s) ++ -

2 Straight knurls + ++

3 Crossed knurls ++ +

4 Epoxy-captivation ++ ++

5 Shoulder or step ++ -

Two-piece insulator* + -

Table 16 Captivation of the inner conductor * Captivation design not illustrated ** Rating from ++ (excellent) to - - (poor)

72 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER techniques captivation insulator Various 49 Figure captivated the insulator the and component captivating the How- is itself. conductor conductor outer outer an the that not component. and say insulator to the correct retaining is of it purpose outer ever, the the as with incorrect, designed is This be captivation. conductor will outer conductor the as to referred is captivation insulator the Sometimes Captivation Insulator 3.2.3.3 1 nenlysepdsections stepped Internally 3 conductor Outer Dimple 2 Swagings B A Insulator wtotcaptivation) (without conductor Inner 4 igwt cams with Ring rs eto B section Cross rs eto A section Cross 5 Epoxy tion sec- Stepped Swaging 73

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Insulator Captivation Axial** Rotational**

1 Internally stepped sections + ++

2 Swaging + ++

3 Dimple-captivation – ++

4 Ring with cams + ++

5 Epoxy-captivation ++ ++

Pressed-in insulator* + –

Table 17 Possible insulator captivations * Captivation design not illustrated ** Rating from ++ (excellent) to - - (poor)

As shown above, the choice of design depends on both the connector designs and of course the purpose of the captivation. If capture in both directions is required, it might not be sufficient to choose only one design. A combination of two designs, with axial and rotational captivation respectively, would be necessary.

74 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER SHV BNT, BNC, series the in Used systems. military as well MHV. as and applications measurement and test mating for fast reliable when is chosen often is connection bayonet The mechanism coupling Bayonet 51 Figure Coupling Bayonet 3.3.2 It applications. coupling. Telecoms stationary and stable, Military most Measurement, the and guarantees Test mechanism for the series suited because all 7/16, in is and used N and environments) TNC, vibration severe SMA, in SMC, (especially of reliable but slow is connection threaded The mechanism coupling Threaded 50 Figure Connection Threaded 3.3.1 Chap- to (refer 85). booklet this page in on described series 3.5 mated the ter for the used commonly not are mechanisms or of electrica whether types four and determine following The mechanical also specified and the pairs meet connector can mate pair to possible MECHANISMS it make COUPLING mechanisms Coupling 3.3 mmtru emte n h opigntcaptiva- nut coupling tion. the and permitted a torque max- and imum the to thread paid be must a attention Special of nut. coupling consists mechanism coupling The etdt irto.Arcigefc eue h trans- sub- the reduces when performance. effect mission contact rocking reliable A less vibration. a to jected is it that the is of bayonet disadvantage BNC The Connector). the through Navy (Bayonet known best is mechanism coupling This screw-snap-connection. a is coupling bayonet The hrceitc uha prtn frequency. operating as such characteristics l n eaigi required. is demating and hrfr,temechanism the Therefore, 75

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.3.3 Snap-On Coupling

The snap mechanism is often used for connectors with small mechanical dimensions and high packing density. Because this type of connection is easy to use, it is often designed into PCB applications.

Figure 52 Snap-On coupling mechanism

The main feature of the Snap-On mechanism is that it allows extremely quick engagement and disengagement. This mechanism is very reliable when used for small connectors such as MMBX, MMCX, SMPX, MCX and SMB series.

3.3.4 Quick-Lock Coupling

The coupling mechanism consists of a spring loaded outer contact that snaps over the specific designed shoulder on the female interface part and locks. A de- coupling nut is designed to support the de-coupling by opening the outer contact spring. In mated condition, the interface is locked and can be decoupled with a high force only.

Figure 53 Quick-Lock coupling mechanism

The Quick-Lock coupling mechanism combines the advantages of an excellent electrical performance known from threaded interfaces, with fast and time-saving coupling and de-coupling operation similar to a snap-on interface. QMA and QN are the known Quick-Lock interfaces available as an alternative to the corresponding threaded interface in a frequency band up to 6 GHz.

76 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE hm o nytefre,btas h urudnsadevrnetlcniin a eciei o h selec- attachment. the for cable criteria especially be attachment, may withstand conditions to right environmental able and the be surroundings of to the has tion also itself but mechanism forces, coupling the the only Because forces, cable. Not these the them. by by affected caused be those not as should such forces conductors severe the withstand to designed be to have connectors Usually, FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER pur illustrated. their and and described methods be attachment 63. the page following, on be 3.2.1 the can Chapter In connections in These 14 adapter. Table an in e.g. types connector, connection another the with with or compared feed-through panel e PCB, external a an to soldering and connector a between ATTACHMENTS connection The 3.4 use by retained is This housing. BMA, DIN as a such in used connectors be miniature also in can 1.0/2.3 ofasnapring. also The 54). and Figure multi-connectors in DIN (shown 1.0/2.3 various and for SMS used often is mechanism This mechanism coupling Slide-On 54 Figure Coupling Slide-On 3.3.5 ld otc area contact Slide h otcmo tahettcnqe o oxa connectors: coaxial for techniques attachment common most The conductor outer Slotted eann ring retaining Housing- Threaded – Pressing – –Clamping–Crimping–Soldering Plugging – ln a opnaefrthis. for compensate han- can easy dling hand other the On relative connections. quality threaded lower to its re- thereby its and is reliability style duced coupling of kind this of disadvantage boards. The mother to boards daughter the is of application interconnection typical A needed. high is a density where packing extensively used is mechanism slide The oe n sflest h niiulcmoet will components individual the to usefulness and poses eeti aeb natcmn,ete ihacable, a with either attachment, an by made is lement 77

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.4.1 Attachment of Cable Inner Conductor The inner conductor of the cable must have contact within the connector. This can be achieved by plugging the cable conductor directly into the connector centre contact. The connector conductor acts as a jack and the cable conductor as a plug. The plugged type is a loose and quick attachment and suited for applications where repeatable electrical performance (usually required for connectors in the GHz range) is required. The contact is not influenced by extreme temperatures and is less susceptible to displacement compared to the other methods.

Plugged Soldered Crimped

Figure 55 Attachments of the inner conductor

Soldering is an alternative technique commonly used for the attachment of semi-rigid cables and small flexible cables, where the attachment of the outer conductor is crimped, clamped or soldered. The advantages of this method are that the contact resistance low and the solder joint at the inner conductor does not need to be soft-an- nealed in advance. Although fairly reliable, soldering is a slow attachment technique, which must be carried out carefully. When soldering, the temperature influence on the cable dielectric is very high and additionally, too much solder flux may form small beads at the surface. Proper cleaning is an essential part of the soldering process. The crimp technique allows a fast and also reliable attachment and does not require any special skills. With regard to the crimping process, the factors described in Chapter 3.4.2 (page 78) have to be taken into account. There is no temperature influence, but the electrical performance of this method is reduced compared to the above-mentioned methods.

3.4.2 Attachment of Outer Conductor to Cable The outer conductor can be attached to the cable in various ways. However, an important parameter not to be ignoredisthecablesizeandtherequiredcableretentionforces. For optimal electrical performance, the connector and the cable dielectric diameters and sizes should always correspond to each other, thereby minimizing changes in diameter in the transition between cable and connector.

78 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER a within vary not does diameter outer the is, That thickness. varying group cable of certain wall a a to suited have perfectly ferrules are they All that connector. so and made are HUBER+SUHNER by used ferrules crimp The significant where application, demanding place. this take for changes material plating shape ideal an it makes SUCOPLATE of ductility onto The ferrule the of welding HU allowing cold plated), the or gold to ”squeezing” a or refer is SUCOPLATE (Please Crimping connector. with form. pre-assembled copper the the (i.e. damage material not but soft remould a to of die out crimp the made be to has ferrule crimp The would normally sleeve conical a used, is com- ferrule the no it. is If the ferrule connector). replace cable between crimp the the gaps to where attach possible 64], to cover cable [page to the 3.2.2 enabling mounted Chapter ponent 41, be Figure can to but adhesive (Referring crimping, melt connector. the hot by and with guaranteed of ferrule tube not braid heatshrink is a The protection required, necessary. moisture is Normally, is this connection. ferrule if the crimp secures a then joint, tool crimp crimping a a For reusable. disadvantage not main is The required. it is thecableispositionedbetweentheconnectorbodyontheinsideandthecrimpsleeve(ferrule)ontheoutside; that attachment is 3-piece method easy termination and quick this a of whenever used is 4) and (1 Crimping conductor outer the of Attachments 56 Figure ne conductor Inner sm-ii cables) (semi-rigid feil cables) (flexible .Soldering 3. .Crimping 1. rm ferrule Crimp al jacket Cable odrneck Solder E+UNRCailCnetr eea Catalogue). General Connectors Coaxial BER+SUHNER lm ring Clamp Washer rmig(eirgdcables) (semi-rigid crimping compression Solderless 4. feil cables) (flexible .Clamping 2. V-gasket conical sleeve Crimp Backnut 79

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

cable group, only the inner diameter with the purpose of adjusting it to the cable. This reduces the number of necessary crimp inserts (refer to Chapter 3.4.5 on page 83). To ensure a good crimp, the crimping forces and dimensions and the ferrule itself must remain constant. This can be obtained by using calibrated crimp dies with test components, which can reproduce exactly the same crimp action with the same force, without damaging the ferrule or making the attachment too weak or too strong. This method of assembly offers several distinct advantages over the clamping technique - cost is reduced, more uniform assemblies are obtained because of a straightforward process and a greater retention strength. Clamping (2) refers to a back nut with a rubber gasket, where the inner conductor is soldered. This method is very useful for weather-exposed applications, because the rubber gasket protects against moisture. However, clamping is a much slower attachment with a better electrical contact compared to crimping. This technique is also called solder-clamp. Another method is that of soldering (3) the outer conductor to the cable. This can be used for semi-rigid cable attachments and be combined with a clamp method for larger cables. A low temperature solder is employed to ensure a good mechanical and electrical connection. To guarantee a good solder joint it is important to control the process with special tooling (Chapter 3.4.5 on page 83). Another possibility of soldering attachment is used for connectors without pin and insulator. The technique is called solder-solder. Using this soldering method, the inner conductor and the insulator are the actual cable centre.

3.4.3 Attachment to Panel Whenever a connection from or to an instrument/chassis is needed, the attachment of the connector, adapter or cable assembly is made to the panel. Therefore, these types of attachments are called panel-mounts. In this chapter, we have chosen to describe four commonly used fixation techniques to panels; bulkhead (threaded), flange, hermetically sealed and field replaceable.

80 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER is through-hole the displacement, angular prevent To feed-through). called example, for (also of, wall box (metal) a through instrumentation panel-mounting for used an is (1)) 57 Figure (threaded version bulkhead The Panel-mounts 57 Figure .Hreial eld(ls bead) (glass sealed Hermetically 3. a -oefag mount flange 2-hole 2a. Panel Panel screws with Mounted ls bead Glass ce mount screw 2-hole, al side Cable Jack .Blha mounted Bulkhead 1. atnn nut Fastening (soldered/fix) bead Glass Panel .Fedreplaceable Field 4. mount flange 4-hole 2b. Panel Panel ce mount screw Hole, (replaceable) connector Flange al side Cable Jack 81

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

D-shaped. Because the connector is threaded and provided with a fastening nut, it is possible to mount the connector faster than a 4-hole flange connector (2b). However, this mounting method also requires that you can reach the connector on both sides of the panel. Usu- ally, this technique is used when the attachment has to withstand some vibrations. The advantages of a bulkhead mount are that it is a fairly inexpensive mounting technique and that the connector is replaceable. The two flange types shown above (2a and 2b) are applicable when the attachment can only be made on one side of the panel. The main hole in the panel for the inner conductor/housing is a normal through-hole, non-threaded, while the bores for the screws are threaded. The cost of this attachment is higher than the bulkhead type because of the extra bore operations. However, as with the bulkhead, this attachment also allows a replaceable connector. The third possibility is the hermetically sealed attachment (3), which is in fact a variation of the flange type, also called non-field. In this case, the connector has an integral glass seal with an inner conductor (soldered). It is then mounted to the package housing with screws. Afterwards, the connector will be soldered to another device inside the box. This of course means that the solder process is carried out after mounting and that the connector cannot be re-installed once soldered. This technique is used when mounting takes place indoors, where soldering equipmentis normally available and where the solder jointis easier to testfor leakage. The applications requiring hermetic sealing mostly concern devices with high pressure or vacuum tightness requirements. When mounting is carried out in the field, the field replaceable attachment (4) consisting of a connector and an external glass seal would be more advantageous, as the drop-in glass seal is soldered into the package housing in advance. The connector can be mounted to the panel and the inner conductor in the glass bead will attach to the connector centre contact with a jack-to-plug connection. This non-solder attachment is applicable when it is not recommendable to warp the surrounding devices. That is, the replacement of a damaged connector is also possible without affecting the hermetic circuit. Another attachment type is the hermetic panel feedthrough using metal-to-metal seals (spark plugs), which is normally for hermetic connections (not shown here). The panel feedthrough consists of an internal hermetic glass seal and an external metal-to-metal seal to be placed between the connector and the package. This connector has no flange and is mounted by being torqued into place. The spark plugs are available in various types; rigid gasket (made of stainless steel) for thicker walls, compression gasket (usually of kovar) and the formable type (made of copper). Another seal possibility is the use of an O-ring. As with the field replaceable flange types, this connector type also allows several re-installations without damaging the package housing.

3.4.4 Attachment to the Print Board When mounting a connector, it is important to be aware of the influence on the attachment from forces such as engagement, disengagement and mounting process forces such as pressing or soldering. These three mounting methods are frequently used in PCB applications. The so-called press-in method (see Figure 58, left) means that the PCB connector with press-in legs (compliant pins) is inserted into the defined through-plated holes on the printed board. Compared to the more traditional PCB type with soldering attachment (Figure 58, centre), press-in mounting guarantees the same electrical and mechanical performance, but makes a more secure contact and is easier to assemble than with soldering.

82 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE sebyla-ie(rmapo.2 0mntst bu iue)we oprdt rdtoa tools. traditional to compared reducing when of minutes) 5 purpose about the to with minutes developed 30 been - have 20 tools approx. The (from 7/16. lead-time DIN assembly and N connectors QUICK-FIT NER FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER used is latter The tool. stripping cable the sizes and cables, tool corrugated crimp stripping the for are HUBER+SUHNER from tools of process-control examples better Two inherently the to and components assembled incorrectly ignored be (repeatability). of can costs costs cor- tooling the if the However, to assemblies) tools. compared the 5000 when of than from cost more the available naturally (i.e. are is process tools disadvantage the The crimp HUBER+SUHNER. repeat these easily for can sets Calibration they calibrated. that rectly is tools such of advantage The de normally is repeatability. tool and A reliability process. avail- are assembly sets the and control tools assembly to various able yields, production high and Instructions attachment connector and good Tools guarantee To Assembly 3.4.5 (see print (perforation). the vib dering sur of to The resistance surface lower name. the of the because on quality by soldered contact higher suggested being is edge-mount as or right), surface-mount 58, the simi- Figure whith legs with type, board press-in print the the perforates socket to print lar The leads. solder with connector co edge-mount of the types and mount different three for used is method soldering The panel or PCB a to Attachments 58 Figure rs-n(odres odrn (perforation) Soldering (solderless) Press-in PCBoard 1 / 2 ”to1 5 / 8 Fgr 9,wihaeasmldwt h HUBER+SUH- the with assembled are which 59), (Figure ” aemutsle ehdgnrlyde o nuea ensure not does generally method solder mount face ain,sokadfre,cmae opesftadsol- and press-fit to compared forces, and shock rations, ncos h rn oktwt odrlg,tesurface- the legs, solder with socket print the nnectors, indfrteidvda sebymto ensuring method assembly individual the for signed PCBoard ufc-on (soldered) Surface-mount 83

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Figure 59 Cable stripping tools

Assembly tools are an important factor in manufacturing, and must be treated as such, because an incorrectly calibrated tool is as bad as no tool whatsoever. To ensure a reliable assembly, the connector manufacturers’ assembly instructions must be carefully followed. When in doubt about specific steps in the assembly process, please check with your HUBER+SUHNER representative.

Some advice on how to achieve a good, reliable and repeatable attachment : – Make sure the right attachment method has been chosen for the application by considering the exact requirements (electrical, mechanical and environmental). – If a tool is needed for assembling, carefully consider the advantages and disadvantages of the available tools. Recommended tools are those with calibration sets and guaranteed repeatability. – Follow the enclosed assembly instructions step by step. Check the results carefully. If in doubt, consult the manufacturer for help.

84 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER explain to attempt an is This cables. series. on the chapter between the and differences following applications and outlined, typical are similarities segments, cables the market suitable drawings, the as of well some as finally characteristics the series, connector each For types design into divided series connector Coaxial 18 Table is here classification The manufacturer. HUBER+SUHNER. to by manufacturer identified from as 18). characteristics vary Table on may to based (refer series size connector to of according classification types connector The design coaxial into defined up individually divided as are well They types. as used standardised commonly of selection series huge connector of a hundreds is Although series. there RF, of world Series the Connector In Coaxial CABLES 3.5.1 AND SERIES CONNECTOR COAXIAL 3.5 irmnaueMX MX MX MMPX, MMCX, MMBX, MCX, Precision Large Medium Miniature Subminiature Microminiature Type Design aebe netd ewl ocnrt n2 (50 20 on concentrate will we invented, been have ,QN N, TNC SHV, MHV, BNT, BNO, BNC, 1.0/2.3 QMA, QLA, SMS, SMC, SMB, SMA, BMA, Series C.,SK PC3.5, 7/16 Ω )ofthemost 85

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

The selected series are designed to operate in the frequency ranges as follows:

Connector Series

MMPX SK PC3.5 SMA BMA QMA N MMBX QN TNC SMC 7/16 MCX MMCX BNC SMB SMS 1.0/2.3 BNT QLA MHV SHV Frequency BNO [GHz] 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 Standard connectors

Table 19 Series by frequency ranges

In addition, several between-series and with-in series adaptors will finish this part of the chapter.

3.5.2 Coaxial Cables This chapter will focus on cables and their specifications suited for the series mentioned above.

3.5.2.1 Cable Design As an introduction to cable types, the cable and its various designs must be discussed. Normally, a coaxial cable consists of an inner conductor, dielectric and outer conductor for transmitting the electrical signal and a jacket to protect the inner transmitting parts against mechanical, chemical and environmental damage. The inner conductor may be a solid wire or, for improved flexibility, a stranded wire. A hollow tube is usually used for larger size cables instead of a solid wire to reduce the weight, the costs and to facilitate the bending of the coaxial cable. Please be aware that a stranded wire increases the insertion loss by approximately 5 to 10 %. Normally, the outer conductor will be braided (woven wires). Other designs are based on a combination of a wrapped tape with braided wires.

86 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER de- correct the selecting for important are that features the of some shows sign. below 20 Table installed. is cable the dep purposes, different for used each above designs The designs Cable 60 Figure h iecmo Fcbedsgsare: designs cable RF common five The conductor Inner conductor Inner conductor Inner Dielectric Dielectric ilcrcBraid Dielectric braid Inner Tape obesre (braided) screen Double (braided) screen Single orgtdCable Corrugated aeadscreen and Tape eirgdcable Semi-rigid otrconductor) (outer braid Outer HUBER+SUHNER niguo h prtn rqec ag n where and range frequency operating the upon ending SWITZERLAND Braid HUBER+SUHNERSWITZERLAN HUBER+SUHNERSWITZERLAND UE+UNRSWITZERLAND HUBER+SUHNER UE+UNRSWITZERL HUBER+SUHNER Jacket Jacket Jacket 87

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Design of outer Single screen Double screen Tape and screen conductor Design of inner Solid Stranded Solid Stranded Solid Stranded conductor Operating DC ... 1 GHz DC ... 5 GHz DC ... 18 GHz+ frequency range Screening – Good Excellent

Common Screen A: 90...95% Tape: 100% 90...95% coverages* Screen B: 85...90% Screen: 85...90% Flexibility** + +++ + ++ + ++

Design of outer Tube (semi-rigid) Corrugated conductor Design of inner Solid Solid Tube Screwed tube conductor Operating DC ... 18 GHz+ DC ... 5 GHz frequency range Screening Excellent Excellent Common 100% 100% coverages* Flexibility** n/a + +

Table 20 Cable design vs. features/purposes * Coverage is related to leakage - refer to Chapter 3.5.3.5 on page 91. ** The flexibility is rated from barely flexible (+) to very flexible (+++)

The higher the coverage, the better the prevention of RF leakage by the cable. Note: Some cable types may differ from the above mentioned designs.

3.5.2.2 Cable materials The materials used for cables may vary considerably from manufacturer to manufacturer, but to give a general impression of the options, some of the commonly used materials for each component are mentioned in the following:

88 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER (temp flexible) (abrasion-resistant, FEP 5.2. Appendix in found be can specifications material The temperature-resistant) (halogen-free, halogen) zero copolymer smoke, Fluoroethylene (low weather-resistant) (halogen-free, LSOH PUR (weather-resistant) Polyurethane PVC Radox Copolyolefin copolyethylene Mod. resistant) temperature flexible, PE (halogen-free, Polyethylene le flammable, (not SPEX Polyvinylchloride PTFE resistant) temperature (halogen-free, flexible) Materials (halogen-free, Jacket (halogen-free) PEX SPE PE Polytetrafluoroethylene – SPE Crosslinked – polyethylene Cellular – PE Crosslinked – Polyethylene – Materials Dielectric Tubes: Tapes: Wires: Materials Conductor Outer and Inner indauiim(ue odco o eirgdcables) Semi-rigid for conductor (outer aluminium Tinned – cables) Semi-rigid for conductor (outer aluminium Unplated – copper plated Silver – copper Tinned – copper Unplated – copper plated Silver – copper Unplated – –Coatedaluminum aluminum plated Copper – plated silver and copper Steel – steel plated copper Silvered – copper Tinned – copper Unplated – oe ao sargsee rd ako UE+UNRAG HUBER+SUHNER of mark trade registered a is Radox Note: DuPont of mark trade registred a is Teflon Note: rtr n chemical-resistant) and erature sfeil,tmeauerssat[Teflon]) temperature-resistant flexible, ss 89

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.5.2.3 Halogen-free materials As mentioned above, it would be necessary to use halogen-free materials for the jacket and/or for the dielectric. Halogens include iodine, bromide, chlorine and fluorine. They all are water-soluble. In case of a fire, the danger of using cables with materials containing halogens can be severe. The released chlorine emissions will amalgam- ate with the surrounding water (the moisture in the air and the water used for extinguishing the fire) and create hydrochloric acid. The other substances are caustic too. In this situation, the steam will cause metal corrosion and will be toxic when inhalated by human beings.

3.5.2.4 Material selection guide For a material selection guide and a detailed comparison of dielectric and jacket materials, please refer to the HUBER+SUHNER RF Cables General Catalogue.

3.5.3 Electrical Cable Performance Coaxial cables are defined with various electrical parameters. Some of the most important parameters are listed below:

3.5.3.1 Impedance Z0 Unit: Ω (Ohm) The most common impedance values are 50 and 75, but also 93/95 and others are sometimes used for special applications. The impedance depends on the diameter of the inner conductor and of the dielectric (mechanical dimensions) and on the dielectric material (εr). (Refer also to Chapter 1).

3.5.3.2 Capacitance C Unit: F/m, pF/m (Farad per metre, Picofarad per metre)

Similar to the impedance Z0, the capacitance is given by the mechanical dimensions of inner conductor and dielectric as well as electrical properties (εr) of the isolator.

3.5.3.3 Cut-Off Frequency fG and Operating Frequency Range Unit: Hz, MHz, GHz (Hertz, Megahertz, Gigahertz) The cut-off frequency depends on the diameter of the inner conductor, dielectric (mechanical dimensions) and on the dielectric material (εr). The frequency range will commonly be much lower than the cut-off frequency. Due to the much higher RF leakage on higher operating frequencies, the insertion loss will be influenced by increased radiation, especially in single braided cables.

3.5.3.4 Attenuation Unit: dB/m, dB/100m (Decibel per metre, decibel per 100 metre) Theinsertionlossisdeterminedbythediameterofthecable(thebiggerthecabledimensions,thelowertheatten- uation) and by the conductor and dielectric materials chosen. A conductor material with a low DC resistance

90 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER in mentioned is mm key). in coding diameter cable dielectric of and (The diameter connector reduced. considerably The HUBER+SUHNER be selection. the to cable possibilities correspond the of less and number or connector the more the enables must between conductor link inner the is cable and the diame- types, dielectric of cable range a possible defines and group cable ters The group. cable suitable the to A paid be application. must exact attention However, the knowing f without cable possible not a are is and variations types connector of cable a number the assemble huge simply and to series impossible will connector types is the the it between of as features table given, important cross-reference most or the com- combination tables, to A following possible the explained. also In is be materials. It designs. and and designs dimensions different various their with all available bine all are 21 Table in types cable four The detailed For types. cable RF four C brochures. with RF briefly cable HUBER+SUHNER deal the to to chosen have refer we please cables, information different Characteristics of number their large and a of Types Out Cable 3.5.4 determine only light) is the velocity of The speed the of (percent c of v % Propagation Unit: Signal of Velocity 3.5.3.6 contributors. error icant e screening measuring when connectors longer threaded Use The Note: scr effectiveness. screening the Ideally, high a screening. in the result lower the necessarily the double), not cable, does or coverage the (single high a braids that woven note br Please with the etc.). of designs parameters various cable on On depend also effectiveness. will screening screening excellent combinations semi-ri- foil/braid an the with are designs offer Exceptions Cable effectiveness. cable. also screening the possible of best length the the offer wich and types, braid cable of gid type the on depends effectiveness screening The (Decibel) Attenuation dB Screening Unit: or Effectiveness Screening 3.5.3.5 power. output to power input of ratio logarithmic a as expressed attenua- lower the is a lower in attenuation results The the wire copper that plated aware silver a be that means Please This tion. resistance. DC high a with one than better is ε r h oe h teuto.Iely h teuto hudb slwa possible. as low as be should attenuation the Ideally, attenuation. the lower the , ytedeeti osat( constant dielectric the by d rmeigtedfeetrequirements. different the meeting or eigefcieessol ea iha possible. as high as be should effectiveness eening R be eea aaou n te HUBER+SUHNER other and Catalogue General ables otedaee ftecnetrcnr otc.This contact. centre connector the of diameter the to i ie riigage ubro ie e spindle, per wires of number angle, braiding (i.e. aid ε fcieesbcueohrcnetr a esignif- be can connectors other because ffectiveness r ). α s 91

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Item Flexible Cable Feeder/Jumper m-Wave Cable Flexible Micro- Cable wave Cable

(RG 58 C/U, RG 223 /U) (SUCOFEED®) (SUCOFORM®, (SUCOFLEX®) Semi-Rigid)

Operat- ing fre- DC ... 5 GHz DC ... 5 GHz DC ... 18 GHz DC ... 50 GHz quency range

Features – General purpose – Low loss cable –Highfrequency – Flexible micro- – With single screening – Available with cable wave cable applicable up to large diameters –HighC.W.and –Lowloss 1GHz,withdouble and as corrgated peak power – Phase stable screening up to cable – For fixed installa- – High screening 5GHz tions – Excellent – Can be formed by electrical hand (Alu-SR, SU- performance COFORM)

Cable Available as U0 ... U45 M6 ... M42 Y1 ... Y12 groups assembly only

Dielectric 0.52mm..17.3mm 6.0mm .. 42.0mm 0.66mm .. 8.43mm dia- n/a (0.020”.. 0.681”) (0.236” .. 1.654”) (0.026” .. 0.332”) meters

Table 21 Cable types, operating frequency range, features and cable groups/dielectric diameter Note: All cable groups are in the HUBER+SUHNER connector and cable catalogues For further information please contact your application engineer at HUBER+SUHNER

3.5.5 Microminiature Connectors In the Microminiature connectors group, the MMBX, MMCX and SMPX series are available.

3.5.5.1 Characteristics The MMCX is a HUBER+SUHNER specified miniature version of the MCX connector (approx. 30% smaller). This connector series (50 ohm) has a Snap-on coupling mechanism, which is achieved by a snap ring. This mechanism guarantees rapid engagement and disengagement and a good reproducibility of electrical performance. In addition, the connectors have a low RF leakage due to a non-slotted outer conductor. The frequency range is DC - 6 GHz.

92 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ohm 75 MCX The ohm. 75 SMB ohm. and than 50 1.6/5.6 larger MCX with DIN is available the connectors also and with is the SMB connector mateable substitute MCX the is The can for GHz. which substitute 6 impedance, to a DC ohm as is 75 designs defined a ohm is 50 for it range because frequency dimensions. The group dielectric MMCX. this and the conductor in inner placed same smaller the is 30% has MCX about it though is the even However, diameter connectors, outer SMB its the than because lighter connectors, is Subminiature it the and of subgroup a is series MCX The Characteristics 3.5.6.1 Connectors Subminiature series. 3.5.6 this for suitable are inches) 0.059 to (0.02 mm 1.50 to diam- dielectric 0.51 cables. with respectively, from U1 flexible U0, eters to Y11 and Y3, crimp catalogue), connector full to (refer with groups cable and specified The cables semi-rigid to attached be can connectors cable MMCX Cables Typical 3.5.5.3 applications and segments Microminiature 22 Table such purposes, (T&M) measurement devel- handsets. and test (is mobile Telecoms for as be perhaps small or could as applications) applications telephone These be mobile important. to for is have especially coupling dimensions oped reliable outer and the easy where where PCBs, and as possible such as applications for suitable are connectors sur- Applications MMCX Typical and and Segments sockets PCB as 3.5.5.2 well as connectors cable traditional as available types. are face-mounted/edge-mounted connectors MMCX The connector plug MMCX 61 Figure MMCX Series etadMeasurements and Test Segments eeos(wireless) Telecoms & equipment T&M equipment portable e.g. equipment telecommunication mobile In Applications Typical nprn Sa lock) (Snap ring Snap 93

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

As with the MMCX it has a Snap-On coupling mechanism, which ensures high reliability and repeatability. Another feature is the reduction of space compared to the SMB connector.

Slotted outer conductor (Snap lock)

Figure 62 MCX plug connector (male)

Originally, the SMA series was specified for semi-rigid cable 0.141” and as precision connectors for microwave applications in the military industry. The SMA has high mechanical strength, mainly because of the threaded coupling mechanism, and a frequency range from DC to 18 GHz with semi-rigid cables (DC to 12.4 GHz when attached to a flexible cable and in some cases special designs operating mode free up to 26.5 GHz are available). HUBER+SUHNER SMA connectors are available with 3 different materials: standard beryllium-copper with gold-plating, stainless steel and the economic version in brass with SUCOPLATE plating. SMA connectors have various designs: cable connectors, receptacles, stripline, microstripline, hermetically sealed, PCB, shorts and various adaptors.

Threaded

Figure 63 SMA plug connector

The QMA interface has a very similar performance to the SMA, but in addition it offers an easier, faster and saver coupling operation, helping the customers to save significantly time during production of their systems. The packaging density of QMA is increased compared to SMA thanks to the fact that no torque spanner is required to fasten the coupling nut. QMA is designed for applications up to 6 GHz as required by today’s and tomorrow’s radio base stations.

94 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER tool. removal a use the to from 1.0/2.3 the remove To VSWR). necessary higher (at is too frequencies it higher at 41612, applicable range is frequency DIN but The reproducibility. GHz, high 4 and to connection DC fast is with provided ensures are which inserts mechanism, The 41612 coupling M). (DIN pattern Slide-On connectors layout a mixed in connec- D insertion 41626/2 (Type for DIN suitable standard is German and the tor) with accordance in designed is (inserts) series 1.0/2.3 The connector plug SMC 66 Figure connector. SMB the for can substitute and a connection proof as vibration cou- GHz a the 10 is for to except it up insulator) this, and of used conductor Because be connection. (inner threaded SMB a the uses to which identical mechanism, design pling a has ohm) (50 series SMC The connector plug SMB 65 Figure rapid is environments. feature have vibration main they moderate Its Generally, in GHz. techniques. even Snap-On 4 performance, use to that good DC connectors a from other range with frequency as a provided disengagement, is has and but connector, engagement and SMA mechanism the to coupling way Snap-On similar a a in with designed connectors of consists ohm) (50 series SMB The connector plug QMA 64 Figure Sa lock) (Snap conductor outer Slotted (Quick-Lock) conductor outer Slotted Threaded 95

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Snap ring (Snap lock)

Slide-on

Figure 67 1.0/2.3 insert, plug

The BMA series (50 ohm) consists of blind mate connectors with fixed as well as floating contacts. These types can accommodate a certain amount of axial and radial misalignment. The connector centerline to centerline is reduced, resulting in higher packing density and lower overall space and weight. They can be attached to flexible and semi-rigid cables. Frequency range is DC to 18 GHz.

Slide on (blind mate)

Figure 68 BMA plug connector

3.5.6.2 Segments and Typical Applications The main purpose of using the MCX connector is its reduced space requirements and ease of connecting, which is essential in almost every application, such as mobile base stations and T&M. SMA connectors are used in many different applications, but mostly in T&M and military/defence products, because they have a high durability and low VSWR (refer to Table 23, page 97). SMB connectors are used where a quick connection is required, e.g. internally in a mobile control station, and for applications with limited space. SMC connectors are also installed in mobile equipment as with the SMB, where a stable and permanent connection is needed. 1.0/2.3 inserts are used for various rack and panel purposes in mobile equipment (refer to Table 23). The inserts have full crimp attachment to flexible cables and crimp-solder attachment to semi-rigid cables. BMA connectors are suitable for applications where a multiple connector contact is required. This could be a selection of BMA connectors affixed to a panel board and coupled to a subsystem. They are characterized by their ease of assembly and reliability.

96 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER connectors subminiature for groups Cable 24 Table groups individually. cable typical series the each Therefore, for cables. mentioned different many be to will connectors Subminiature the attach to possible is It Cables Typical 3.5.6.3 applications and segments - Subminiature 23 Table BMA 1.0/2.3 SMC SMB U1,U2,U4,Y2,Y3,Y11 QMA SMA, MCX Series SMA BMA SMC QMA SMC, MCX, 1.0/2.3 SMC, Measurements SMB, and Test QMA MCX, SMA MCX, Series 2 9 1,U1 3 Y5 Y3, U11, U10, U9, U2, U4 U2, U1,U2,U4,U5,Y3,Y11U1,U2,U4,U5,Y3,Y11 Y5, Y3, S16 Y2, U11, U10, U9, U7, U4, U2, Groups Cable Military/Defence Avionics (wireless) Telecoms (fixed) Telecoms Telecoms Segments ibreradar Airborne systems panel and rack e.g. interconnections “blind-mating” System Sub-systems; purpose general and stations base mobile For 1.0/2.3) panel and (rack control station e.g. equipment telecommunication mobile In stations base in wiring Internal – receivers GPS Miniature – equipment T&M For Applications Typical .129 mm 1.51-2.95 mm 1.51-1.50 mm 0.51-1.50 mm 0.51-1.50 mm 1.51-3.75 mm 0.51-1.50 diameter Dielectric .54.51inches) .0591 (.0594 .54.46inches) .1476 (.0594 .54.11inches) .1161 (.0594 inches) .0591 (.020 inches) .0591 (.020 inches) .0591 (.020 97

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.5.7 Miniature Connectors The Miniature connector series ranges from some of the most commonly used connectors in electronics, such as BNC and TNC, to some of the more special connectors such as BNO (twinaxial) and BNT (triaxial). MHV and SHV connectors have a lower frequency range, but a much higher voltage range.

3.5.7.1 Characteristics The BNC series (Bayonet Navy Connector) consists of connectors featuring a two-stud bayonet coupling mechanism, which ensure quick and frequent mating. The connectors are available with 50 ohm for frequency range DC to 4 GHz and 75 ohm for DC to 1 GHz. The 75 ohm versions are standard 50 ohm connectors with a reduced dielectric at the interface. The 50 ohm and 75 ohm versions are intermateable.

Bayonet lock

Figure 69 BNC plug connector

The TNC series has the same design as the BNC, except for the coupling mechanism, which uses a threaded coupling. The tighter fit provided by this screw-on connection improves the interface control. Due to this coupling, they can also withstand shock and vibration. The frequency range for TNC 50 ohm is DC to 11GHz. However, the precision designs with dielectric support bead are able to work up to 18 GHz. The 75 ohm designs for impedance matching are suitable for precision video and computer cables.

Screw lock

Safety holes

Figure 70 TNC plug connector

98 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER some recently More types. two the mate to possible B not The market. is the it on connector, this appeared have BNC in designs the four-pin covered to not similar is is BNO which the cable, Although twin-conductor to called is attachment which requires male, 1 book. connector and of female 1 type mechanism, coupling This bayonet two-pin polarization. a with twinaxial, is series BNO The connector plug SHV 72 Figure mechanism. coupling bayonet a has the also as SHV well the as of pin design the The because housing. guaranteed, the is within handling recessed to are due socket shock electrical against protection excellent an are connectors ohm) (50 SHV connector plug MHV 71 Figure This conductor. inner the unmated. overlapping when insulators protection elongated have shock connectors good MHV gives but BNC, the to similar most means MHV M iniature H igh V S lae hs oncoshv okn otg pt . V hyapa al- appear They kV. 1.6 to up voltage working a have connectors These oltage. afe H igh V laecnetr u o35k) hntecnetri unconnected, is connector the When kV). 3.5 to (up connectors oltage Ohsn eie meac,btwrsu o20MHz. 200 to up works but impedance, defined no has NO aoe lock Bayonet aoe lock Bayonet 99

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Bayonet lock

Twinaxial

Figure 73 BNO plug connector

The BNT is a triaxial connector with three concentric contacts and a bayonet coupling similar to the BNC, which is mateable with the BNT. The only suitable cable is triaxial cable, which is not outlined here. The impedance between the inner conductor and the inner of two outer conductors is 50 ohm. The frequency range is DC to 3 GHz.

Bayonet lock

Triaxial

Figure 74 BNT plug connector

3.5.7.2 Segments and Typical Application The BNC is used for a very large number of purposes, such as industrial products, military and T&M. Normally, the TNC is used for similar applications as the BNC, but where a higher frequency range and higher vibration resistance are required. The threaded coupling makes them particular suitable for e.g. mobile radar applications. The MHV and SHV connectors are both useable in high voltage products, where electrical shock must be avoided when handled unmated. The twinaxial BNO is commonly used in the data communication industry. The BNT connectors are mostly used for T&M purposes.

100 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER precision a as available also is but GHz, 11 to specified is connector N The attached be cables. can and semi-rigid performance and medium excel- for flexible ensures applicable to is which It mechanism, connector. navy coupling means threaded N their mating. reliable by and characterised lent are ohm) 75 and (50 connectors N Characteristics 3.5.8.1 tradi- as defined be neither connectors. could large which as connectors, nor sized medium connector of Subminiature range tional a is series connector Medium Connectors The Medium 3.5.8 respectively. cables, triaxial and screened symmetrically are W and V groups connectors cable The miniature for groups Cable * 26 Table below. outlined groups cable suitable defined has series connector Each Cables Typical 3.5.7.3 applications and segments - Miniature 25 Table BNT BNO SHV MHV U11, U10, U9, U7, U5, U4, U3, U2, TNC U1, BNC Series BNT BNO use general + space Military, SHV MHV, TNC BNC, Series 1 2 W3* W2, W1, V1* U16 U15, U9, U7, U7,U15,U16 U33 U32, U31, U30, U29, U28, U18, U17, U16, U1,U2,U4,U7,U9,U10,U11,U15, Groups Cable 3,U2 U33 U32, U31, U30, U29, U28, U18, U17, U16, U15, etadMeasurement and Test Datacoms equipment Medical Nuclear Measurements and Test Segments –Criticalsignalmeasurement–Sensorprobes Forcomputernetworks(LAN) applications voltage High (T&M) equipment Nuclear equipment T&M For systems radar mobile and radio Military Applications Typical .140 mm 1.51-4.00 mm 3.51-4.00 mm 2.51-3.70 mm 2.51-3.70 mm 0.51-7.25 mm 0.51-7.25 diameter Dielectric .2 25 inches) .2854 (.020 inches) .2854 (.020 .54.55inches) .1575 (.0594 .32.55inches) .1575 (.1382 inches) .1457 (.0988 inches) .1457 (.0988 101

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

connector provided with a dielectric support bead with a frequency range up to 18 GHz. The 75 ohm design is not standardized and not intermateable with the 50 ohm type. In addition, some of the N connectors belong to the HUBER+SUHNER range of QUICK-FIT connectors. QUICK- FIT means quick assembling of corrugated cables, e.g. SUCOFEED, to these connectors, which consist of a minimum of components.

Threaded

Figure 75 N plug connector

3.5.8.2 Segments and Typical Applications N connectors are suitable for applications where a rugged design is needed and good signal transmission is required between two external subsystems, such as a connection from a control station to a mobile cellular base station. Furthermore, they are widely used in T&M applications.

Series Segments Typical Applications

N, QN Telecoms (wireless) Mobile base station usage

Test and Measurements For T&M equipment

Military/Defence (Avionics) Radar systems

Table 27 Medium - segments and applications

3.5.8.3 Typical Cables Medium sized connectors require large and rugged cables, which can transmit the signals virtually without loss. The suitable cables are: semi-rigid, flexible, superflexible and corrugated cables.

Series Cable Groups Dielectric diameter

N U2, U4, U7, U9, U10, U28, U29, U30, 2.51 - 23.50 mm U32, U33; Y3, Y5, Y7, Y8, Y9, Y11, Y12, (.0988 .9252 inches) M6, M8, M12, M23

QN U7, U9, U11, U29, U32, U33, S16, Y5, 1.50 - 9.50 mm Y12 (.0590 - .3740 inches)

Table 28 Cable groups for medium connectors

102 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE inpromne utdfrsga rnmsinfo eimt ihpwr h opigmcaimis mechanism coupling The connectors). power. N version 101, high QUICK-FIT page HUBER+SUHNER on a to 3.5.8.1 in available Chapter medium is to and from (refer GHz 7.5 to transmission up works connector signal 7/16 The intermodula- for threaded. good with suited loss transmission low performance, a has connector tion The name. its connector this given having mensions FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER HUBER+SUHNER considerably. special reduced of is aid assembling for the required With time assemble. as the well to as tools, difficult cables), QUICK-FIT be feed antenna can (eg traditionally cables which coaxial cables, large physically corrugated to attached normally are series above The Cables Typical 3.5.9.3 applications typical and segments market connectors, Large 29 Table protection lightning partly links, systems. be station feed to base antenna have cellular and products mobile these are: Therefore, applications Typical applications. non-corrosive. outdoor and transmission water-proof low-loss in used is 7/16 Applications Series Typical and Segments 3.5.9.2 connector plug 7/16 76 Figure diame- conductor inner an with mm connectors robust 7 and of large ter physically of consists ohm) (50 series DIN 7/16 The Characteristics 3.5.9.1 reliability. mechanical high and design rugged very a with connectors concerns group connector large Connectors The Large 3.5.9 /6Tlcm (wireless) Telecoms 7/16 Series .76inches) (.2756 Military/Defence Segments n nitra ue odco/oydaee f1 mm 16 of diameter conductor/body outer internal an and nen edsses EMPs systems, feed Antenna usage station base Mobile Applications Typical Threaded .29inches), (.6299 hs di- these 103

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

Series Cable Groups Dielectric diameter

7/16 U28, U29, U32, U33; U38, U44, M8, 6.51-42.50 mm (.2563 1.673 inches) M9, M12, M23, M32, M42

Table 30 Cable groups for large connectors

3.5.10 Precision Connectors Precision connectors are characterized by their improved electrical repeatability and high operating frequency.

3.5.10.1 Characteristics The PC3.5 series has an air dielectric interface and a thicker wall thickness than the SMA connectors due to the 3.5 mm (.118 in.) airline and has also a threaded coupling mechanism. This enables the connector to be applied up to 26.5 GHz and with adaptors to 33 GHz. The PC3.5 is intermateable with SMA and K.

Threaded

Figure 77 PC3.5 plug connector

SK connectors also have an air dielectric interface and a higher frequency range than PC3.5 connectors, from DC to 40 GHz (cut-off frequency up to 46.5 GHz), to which only few suitable cables can be attached. They are intermateable with both PC3.5 and SMA. The mechanical stability is high, and the repeatability is very good.

Threaded

Figure 78 SK plug connector

104 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE FCNETRDESIGN CONNECTOR RF UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER Adaptors 32 Table con- or extended be to has purposes. line Furtherm transmission component. external the or where internal applications an in with nected used are adaptors the above, written As Applications and Segments 3.5.11.2 facili- which feature, considerably. quick-connect connection a measurement with the air adaptors tates an ”QUICK-TEST” perhaps so-called and launched however, mechanism has mating, coupling slower HUBER+SUHNER threaded means the coupling Standard by Threaded MIL achieved in interface. usually between-series dielectric is (e.g. performance standardized high normally The is 339). which 55 performance, high a have a adaptors have The they addition, In A). Appendix durability. connec- and good feed-through specifications and panel and repeatability enable drawings high to for designs catalogue they mounting connector addition, chassis to In as connection. (refer male and tions to precision male or a standard or as female available to female are a either having by characterized are Adaptors Characteristics 3.5.11.1 example for line, transmission existing system. an external to extend an to line used and transmission be internal one also an from can between transition adaptors These a type. make different to or used similar a normally are adaptors between-series or Adaptors Within-series Between-Series and Within-Series 3.5.11 applications and segments - Precision 31 Table to (refer Y10 size cable as specified cable semi-rigid adjusted Typi- Y12. specially catalogue). and Y11 to connector Y5, attached Y3, purposes. is as measurement such connector and cables, SK semi-rigid test the typically for cally, are connectors used PC3.5 both to suited are groups SK cable The and PC3.5 series connector the Normally, Applications and Segments 3.5.10.2 dposTs n Measurement and Test Adaptors Measurement and Test SK PC3.5, Series eea use General Segments Segments r,te r omnyue o etadmeasurements and test for used commonly are they ore, xeso feitn connections/lengths existing of Extension applications equipment Testing Applications etn qimn applications equipment Testing Applications 105

Design RF CONNECTOR DESIGN

3.6 STANDARDS

It would be too complex and beyond the purpose of this book to describe all the standards which RF connectors must satisfy to. In the following, only the various standardization committees are listed. For further information, please refer to the specific addresses mentioned below or contact your national standardization boards.

Standardization Committee Origin and Description

MIL US, International standard Based on military requirements

IEC International Makes recommendations only Standards for interface dimensions and test methods

CECC Europe European quality assurance system Independent supervision Issues QPL Intended to replace national systems

Other National Standards: EIA USA DIN Germany BS Great Britain NF France

Table 33 Standardization Committees

106 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE . O N O’S135 GUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 115 DON’TS AND DOS 4.3 PAGE 111 MEASUREMENTS PRACTICAL 4.2 METHODS AND THEORY MEASUREMENT 4.1 CONTENTS MEASUREMENTS AND TESTS 4. .. xml o :PsieItrouain129 124 128 Intermodulation Passive 3: No. Example (PIM) Level Intermodulation Passive of N-Assembly Measurement an of 4.2.6 Loss Return 2: No. Example 4.2.5 4.2.4 .. airto fBscTs e-p117 118 111 an of Loss Insertion and Loss Return 1: No. Example Transmission and Reflections of Measurements 1124.2.3 Set-up Test Basic of Calibration 4.2.2 4.2.1 Frequencies High at Networks Four-Terminal Network Two-Port 4.1.2 4.1.1 AAsml 119 115 114 MA-Assembly 114 113 Network One-Port Quantities Absolute and Ports Matched 4.1.2.4 Coefficient Reflection Output and Input 4.1.2.3 Coefficient Transmission Reverse and Forward 4.1.2.2 4.1.2.1 ...... 107

T&M UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER network two-port Simplified 79 Figure electrical an and mechanical a has engine electric port. An port. acoustical one has and loudspeaker electrical one A containing Examples: system surroundings. a the exchange with can energies system other the or ports, acoustical these mechanical, Through optical, (ports). electrical, accesses two with provided system a Network is network two-port A Two-Port 4.1.1 described. are parameters measured frequently most the of some and typ- set-up modern the a addition, test of In ical etc. use voltmeters, practical reflectometers, the i.e. to equipment; related necessary combining are analyser, equations network vector their and methods introd the the Second, First, possible. form 36). also elementary are page products (see intermodulation 1.6 passive Chapter on in influences described and measurement. specifications Theory, the item methods. out the network carry on two-port to depends normally possible method not a adapter is of an selection it with The Otherwise, mated line. be transmission always the will means they complete This assembly), to measured. cable be termination can a a pairs of or connector (part only connectors that know cable to measuring essential when METHODS is that it AND tested, be THEORY to are MEASUREMENT connectors When 4.1 measure- chapter. for recommendations this of end don’ts list and a Finally, dos methods. the described of the and of ments theory, set-ups fre- parameter test loss, and most measurement insertion and the the or examples on of placed loss practical is transmission some emphasis forward of main The loss, descriptions products. return intermodulation on passive or and focuses coefficient reflection chapter e.g. this specifications; connectors, used cable quently RF measure to how Outlining must reliable procedures correct making the for and requirements available, the be followed. are to carefully mind have be in measurement keep the to for devices issue proper important The An measurements. and system. release product a con- after in cable period, integration design RF the the of during before performance both electrical necessary MEASUREMENTS the are measurements verify and to AND tests and various specifications nectors, TESTS make to design, optimum an achieve To 4 ot1 Port ob etd h olwn el ihbt h n and one the both with deals following The tested. be to coydsrpino h ehd sgvni h most the in given is methods the of description uctory ot2 Port 109

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

The electrical two-port network is identical to a four-parameter network, because every port consists of a sum of waves, which can be separated into a forward and a reflected wave through a so-called directional coupler. We will confine ourselves to the description of pure electrical one-port and two-port networks, i.e. systems with one or two electrical access pairs.

4.1.2 S-Parameters The quantities, voltage and current, lose their uniqueness and will be increasingly difficult to measure at high frequencies (MHz range and higher). In the microwave range, it is easier to handle the incoming and outgoing waves in a two-port network and thereby characterise the system.

A B

Port 1 DUT Port 2

a1 a2 Two-port network b1 b2

Figure 80 Simplified views of the incoming and outgoing waves in a two-port network Note: DUT is the abbreviation of Device Under Test.

Figure 80 (A and B) shows the electrical incoming waves, called a1 and a2, and the outgoing waves with the aid of arrows, b1 and b2. However, it is a prerequisite that both ports are perfectly closed outwards, and that the outgoing signals are not reflected back to the two-port. The two-port network can be characterised systematically by means of so-called S-parameters (scattering parameters). For a full description and calculation, 4 parameters – corresponding to the matrix 2 x 2 – are needed. By using these parameters related to the incoming and outgoing waves, the following equations will apply:

b1 =s11 ⋅a1 +s12 ⋅ a2 or (40) b2 =s21 ⋅a1 +s22 ⋅ a2

b1 s11 s12 a1 a1 = (41) b2 s21 s22 a2 a2

110 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE gsuigavco otee ravco ewr nlsr(aldVNA). volt- (called reflected analyser and network incident vector of terms a in or measured voltmeter are vector which phase, a They related using frequency. a the ages and on dB dependent in and designated factors complex value are a S-parameters have that is remember to important is What 80). Figure to which (refer coefficients, S-parameters of calculations by and expressed function all the are describe to necessary are details more However, technique. frequen most the anal are network they Today, determine. vector to modern easier and of use extended the to Due dependent frequency are S-parameters The hoeial,mn asv rnmsinlin transmission passive many Theoretically, alignment. phase or tracking phase as defined di is phase more, The respectively. wavelength, and frequency with marked are factors These match- correction. phase power-factor called or is ing conditions environmental output stable the under lines and transmission various 1) of (port matching electrical end The input the as regarded be can ports 2). two the (port system, end the interpret better to able be To network. two-port important the contain phase of the function as well the as about value information The quantities. complex are S-parameters the above, mentioned As iey h aea wave The tively. noigwv (a wave incoming 2isterminated.Fors ncuais–aeietclvalues. identical are – inaccuracies ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER s parameter Coefficient reflection Reflection The Output and Input 4.1.2.2 s parameter reversed The 1. port at level) reference or s parameter Coefficient transmission The Transmission Reverse and Forward 4.1.2.1 parameters the of meaning The waves. incoming the of function a as is: S-matrix an up make waves outgoing The s s s s 12 21 22 11 nu-elcincefcet(euno inla signal of (return coefficient Input-reflection : ees-rnmsincefcet(rnmsintruht ot1) port to through (transmission coefficient Reverse-transmission 2) : port to through (transmission coefficient Forward-transmission : uptrfeto ofiin rtr fsga a signal of (return coefficient Output-reflection : 1 2 )atport2. sawy eie sterfrnelvl(measured). level reference the as defined always is 22 h ai sfre yteicmn aea wave incoming the by formed is ratio the 11 stertoo h elce ae(b wave reflected the of ratio the is 21 stertoo h ugigwv (b wave outgoing the of ratio the is saesmerclo aacd hsta s that thus balanced, or symmetrical are es 1 12 frne rteaineto w rnmsinlnsor lines transmission two of alignment the or fference, toinputatport1) l sdntokprmtr ntepsietransmission passive the in parameters network used tly sr,teSprmtr aebcm oeimportant more become have S-parameters the ysers, 2 stertoo h ugigwv (b wave outgoing the of ratio the is ootu tpr 2) port at output to ° l(lcrclpae n eemnda specific a at determined and phase) (electrical el 1 )totheincomingwave(a 2 2 tpr n h elce aeb wave reflected the and 2 port at tpr oteicmn ae(alda (called wave incoming the to 2 port at ) 21 n s and 1 )atport1whenport 12 1 –inspiteofsome )atport1tothe 2 ,respec- 111 1

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

The two above-mentioned parameters are also complex quantities. The value of the reflection coefficient is of great importance. The reflection phase in cable-connected transmission lines, however, is mostly irrelevant. As the unit measure for the value of the reflection coefficient s11, the relative unit (dB) is applied.

4.1.2.3 Matched Ports and Absolute Quantities In the description below, the two-port network and its parameters are related to the influence of matched ports, i.e. when either port is omitted. It means that one port is matched. The matching by the VNA is organised by an internal switch, which is automatically changed from sending signals through port 1 and leaving port 2 out, or vice versa. The purpose of matching is to find the quantities of the desired coefficients, which are the reflection waves deriving from and forward waves leaving the device under test (hereafter called DUT). The DUT will normally consist of two connectors and a cable to connect them (a cable assembly) Situation 1:

When the generator is connected to port 1, and port 2 is perfectly matched (a2 = 0), the equations of the S-parameters {refer to equation (40), page 110} are reduced to the following:

A. Input-reflection coefficient: s11 =b1/a1 (42) Viewed from port 1 (still a2 =0).

B. Forward-transmission coefficient: s21 =b2/a1 (43) Voltage transmission coefficient from port 1 to port 2 when 2 is matched.

Situation 2:

When the source is connected to port 2, and port 1 is perfectly matched (a1 =0):

A. Reverse-transmission coefficient s12 =b1/a2 (44) Voltage transmission coefficient from port 2 to port 1, when port 1 is matched.

B. Output-reflection coefficient s22 =b2/a2 (45) Looking into port 2 when port 1 is matched.

4.1.2.4 One-Port Network The one-port network is actually a part of the two-port network. It is a two-port network without one of the ports, which is normally port 2 (see Figure 81). By this, a termination, e.g. 50 Ω, works as a one-port network. When it is connected to port 2 at the DUT, the two parts become a one-port network. Port 2 at the VNA will not be used. This method is often used when only the reflection coefficient is desired.

112 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE xml o :Tasiso atror factor Transmission factors: following the of one 1: measures No. them of Example Each selected. are examples a common knowledge choose three little to only or possible no performance, is with it people oppo As that the procedures. so have measurement practice, also the to will theory techniques from measurement transition and soft test a of make will we section, this In nent. ofiin rfras oFgr 0B). 80 Figure to also (refer coefficient xml o :Psieitrouainlvl(PIM) level intermodulation often Passive is method This used. be not desired. will VNA is the coefficient at 2 reflection one- port the are DUT, termination the only at a when 2 or used port source to A connected 82). is (Figure it network When two-port networks. a port with coupled mainly is network one-port The 3: No. Example ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER a requires usually analyser network vector a on connectors measure- Coaxial the RF However, HUBER+SUHNER connector. of per the always ment are in mentioned specifications quantities the electrical that is the Catalogue reading General verified? Connector when or remember determined to they thing are important how One and mean connec- quantities in these or do standards specifications, what the But either catalogues. the in mentioned tor At when usually factors are performed. common which several are connectors, are measurements RF There about integrated. why speaking are and features component how and show theory transmission to time, purposes; same two have MEASUREMENTS measurements PRACTICAL practical The 4.2 s parameter the – only one to reduced is equations basic of number the 50 2, and port DUT Omitting with set-up network one-port of diagram Schematic 81 Figure ocluae sa as calculate, to xml o :Rfeto atr[]or [r] factor Reflection 2: No. Example striae opr ln ihaml rafml tpr .Adtoal,tersl famaueet e.g. measurement, a of result the Additionally, 2. port at female a or male R a loss (return with reflection the along 1 port to t terminated connectors the is on Depending line. transmission real a as b a 1 1 2 n b and 2 Two-port network L ilb eo h aaee s parameter The zero. be will ,ms lasb nepee stettlsmo elcinpoue rmec compo- each from produced reflection of sum total the as interpreted be always must ), neto os[s loss Insertion afeunyslciepwrmeasurement) power selective frequency (a SR(otg tnigwv ai)[s ratio) wave standing (voltage VSWR or [a] loss Return b a 21 2 2 ] 11 emaue,ete eae(ak raml (plug) male a or (jack) female a either measured, be o sdrcl eae oteVW au rtereflection the or value VSWR the to related directly is dcryotvrosmaueet ots electrical test to measurements various out carry nd tnt obte nesadteseiiain and specifications the understand better to rtunity b a Ω 1 1 aro connectors of pair termination 11 ] n-ot50 One-port Termination 11 ob bet perform to able be to hc ilb easy be will which – Ω 113

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

Channel 2 Channel 1 (F2) (F1)

Spectrum analyser Terminal 2 Terminal 1

Flange Connectors

Figure 82 Simplified view of PIM test set-up

Before we start describing the examples, the importance of calibration, the procedure and error contributors are shortly outlined. After that, the above factors will naturally be explained according to measurement parameters and results. A photograph or a drawing of the test components will be shown before the definition of the DUT. Overall diagrams or photographs of the test set-ups on site will then be followed by description of procedure and test result(s).

4.2.1 Calibration of Basic Test Set-up In brief, calibration1) is the process of transferring the accuracy of a standard [read standard specification of a component] to a practical measurement system. That is, the errors detected in the vector network analyser (VNA) will be “compensated” for by the calibration, so that the measurement of the DUT only displays the reflection or any other coefficient of the DUT itself and not of the whole test set-up. In the following examples the calibration is assumed to be accurate. The measurement quality depends not only on the quality of the connector pair measured (DUT), but also on interactions arising at the connector interface between the test port and the DUT. The test port connectors and adaptors used for the measurements should have a precision interface design. The reason is that an imperfect socket-to-pin contact between the adaptors and that between test port connectors or adaptors and the DUT can lead to inaccuracy. Usually, the test port components (precision connectors, the precision adaptors or the terminations, e.g. 50 Ω) are specified to certain quantities (refer also to calibration example below). Any negative divergence from these standard specifications affects the wave propagations, e.g. reflections deriving from an incorrect diameter of the male pin or an excessive pin depth. These waves are calibrated out (losses subtracted). However, the deviation waves or departures from the standard are also calibrated in and cannot be compensated for later on. Other defects causing varying mismatches could be inadequate concentricity, poor surface finish, dirt and low contact pressure. Additionally, when a testport adapter is added to the basic testset-up after calibration, itwill be an extra contribu- tor to losses and measurement errors. To avoid or minimise those errors in the final test set-up, all test port compo-

114 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE .Acnettruhi salse ycnetn h w adaptors two the connecting by – established is connect-through A 4. ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER can reflection the Furthermore, dB. –23.69 of page instead on unit) 1.3.4 (without 1.14 table from be This equation case conversion converted. this the be or in can book would loss formula VSWR return the The the in quantity, 29. table (VSWR) conversion ratio the wave using standing by voltage done a is as desired is result the If 4 to below.) case”. result DC “worst from test the as dB first considered shown, –23.69 the curve shows to the on result refer quantity (Please test highest the a be always instance, will For quantity stated range. The frequency GHz. chosen a within [dB]) (designated s the When is purpose. measured the parameter for only sufficient reflec- the is the matched, – only termination perfectly If the is method. including two-port 2 – the port network or one-port one-port the the desired, either is using by coefficient factor tion reflection the quantify to possible is It the loss to directly Return linked been resu yet the not and has connection features the this parameters desired explain in of will the descriptions partly theory between following the described the Therefore, is, been results. That have and procedures chapter. that measurement first practical factors the or in coefficients partly include and all chapter Transmission below examples and practical Reflections three of The Measurements 4.2.2 “o An steps: 1. four in by done automatically is done OSL) usually (called is calibration it Open-Short-Load as detail, The in here described be analyser. not network will vector procedure programmed calibration a whole The 1) correc- error any contain not does S-parameters measure- all of seamless, calculation tion. be following to the assumed Accordingly, contact agree. inner would i.e. components, ments calibration “perfect” same measurement the every if with However, anymore. done lossless is be seaml not probably a would contact and interface the components because matches the port Despite complex. test rather procedure precision calibration the makes “perfect” which risks, “invisible” as exist result. always measurement errors Some the influence may what know to VN important the is by consideration it test can into the error taken every at or because existing beforehand, discovered mismatches seams be all subtract not or to gaps possible be pin not inductive will tes It the e.g. measurements. with deviation, inaccurate DUT Any the occur mating ports. errors by occurring test first or The the interface perfect. to port not attached unfortunately is is world DUT the the But when measurement ideal. the the as optimised, If considered and procedure. designed be calibration theoretically perfectly the is can else in system everything included and be components should port all test both and of possible interface as perfect as be preferably should nents omly hnterfeto ofiin sdisplayed is coefficient reflection the when Normally, push the at forms different many button. in a displayed be of to quantity reflection the allow VNAs Today’s analyser. network .Te “s a Then 2. ewr ilicuealtesatrn aaees–s – parameters scattering the all include will network .Fnly ahpr scnetdt emnto,a“l a termination, a to connected is port each Finally, 3. e”i once opr hl “s a while 1 port to connected is pen” , VSWR ot scnetdt ot1wiea “o an while 1 port connected to is hort” and elcinfactor reflection t ipae nteaaye screen. analyser the on displayed lts ot striae opr sprt devices) (separate 2 port to terminated is hort” 11 ,s nteaaye cen ti xrse sartr osR loss return a as expressed is it screen, analyser the on e”i emntdt ot2 port to terminated is pen” 12 s U,teDTmaueetwudsilso mis- show still would measurement DUT the DUT, ess ,s otcmoet,wl edt alypromneand performance faulty to lead will components, port t rtepro h are u h esrmn.But measurement. the out carries who person the or A a”(eaaedevice) (separate oad” 21 n s and 11 22 hc steata elcin h two-port The reflection. actual the is which , hc a edfnddrcl yavector a by directly defined be can which – 115 L

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

be expressed as a reflection coefficient (also called reflection factor), which would have a value of 0.065 (without unit). Transmission coefficient and insertion loss The transmission coefficient tells how high the output voltage is in comparison to the input voltage. In other words, it is the transmitted voltage that will travel through the system line. For passive components like connectors, the transmission coefficient can never be more than 100% of the input voltage (refer to Figure 22 in Chapter 1, on page 24). That is why this factor is also referred to as the insertion loss (expressed in dB). However, regarded as a measurement parameter, the transmission coefficient is equivalent to the parameter called s21. Defined by waves or terminals, it is then the ratio of the output signal to the input (applied) signal.

4.2.3 ExampleNo.1:ReturnLossandInsertionLossofanSMA-Assembly In the first example, two of the SMA specifications in the HUBER+SUHNER Coaxial Connectors General Cata- logue, return loss and insertion loss, will be tested. It mightbe the case if a cable or a connector has to be replaced in an application or if the assembly has been exposed to a temperature shock test. In this example, let us say that the application is an external interconnection between two subsystems (refer also to connection type No. 6 in Chapter 3.2 [page 63]). After the test, each of the two 50 Ω SMA connectors, of course with the cable in between, will be mated with a counterpart (an SMA flange type) placed on an equipment section. The DUT is an assembly consisting of the two SMA connectors and a flexible cable (see Figure 83), which is measured up to the absolute maximum frequency of the system components, about 12.4 GHz. However, the transmitted frequency of the system line is maximum 5 GHz.

Figure 83 Photograph of DUT No. 1 with SMA connectors and the test port adaptors (SMA-PC7)

The DUT components and the given specifications (typical quantities): HUBER+SUHNER connector types:

116 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE al:R 58/U RG Cable: bersl.Ntrly h aeapist etcbe n adaptors. and unreli- cables and test erroneous to an provide applies might same test something the whole or Naturally, the it result. shorten handled, able to incorrectly cable being the are kinking components from refrain the addition, If In similar. gloves. must components or chosen The hands the care. dirty extreme with with with and assembled assembled correctly be assembled not finally is assembly and cable the cleaned that a carefully important is proceeding, selected, It cable. Before been calibration. have ports. the components of both quality DUT at the all verify level) Secondly, to (reference connected zero be should to airline) reset precision be a VNA (e.g. will the component by losses good saved “known” of is condition quantity basic the the on and 114 information memory page the smoothly, on runs 82 procedure Figure calibration (see the set-up if However, test error PIM remaining the the of 128). establishes that This page to other. on similar each 90 looks to Figure below connected set-up and are test cables) The test VNA. test two the the in the where vectors of through-connection, vari- end using a adaptors the with SMA at ends the (here and typically cables ports procedure test calibration the of The end components. the standard at accordingly ous calibrated been has VNA the first, At ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER pcfctosfrSAcnetr tahdt lxbecables: flexible to attached connectors SMA for Specifications egh prx 0 mm 200 Approx. DCto5GHzLength: mm 1.5 Frequencyrange: diameter: dielectric Cable SR .0+000f[H](o ih nl connectors) angle right (for [GHz] f 0.020 connectors) + 1.10 straight (for [GHz] f 0.15 0.010 + 1.10 loss: Insertion VSWR: VSWR: Frequencyrange: DCto12.4GHz with connector pin angle Right with connector socket Straight 50-3-5c SMA 16 50-3-5c SMA 21 h aepaiga h 1SMA. 21 the as plating same the CuBe2. on plating gold ×√ Gz B(asdb al length) cable by (caused dB [GHz] f 117

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

Figure 84 Photograph of test set-up No. 1 with SMA assembly Finally, before the DUT is connected to the test ports, its pin depths must be checked to prevent mechanical de- struction of either the DUT or the test ports. Refer to the recommendations for measurement procedures in the sectionondosanddon’tsonpage133. As shown in the photograph above, the test set-up is now completed with the termination of the DUT to the VNA. The 21 SMA is coupled to port 1 and the 16 SMA to port 2.

118 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE fteisrinls,s loss, insertion the of ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 29). (page 1.3.4 Chapter in (s table factors version reflection other into quantities the convert indicated specified To is The which assembly. frequency, maximum the the for at range calculated frequency be range correct to frequency have the – the below. is frequency in which the be GHz, of to functions 5 interpreted as to – be DC quantities not from restrict- must the but result being GHz, thus the 12.4 GHz, means to 5 only It DC GHz, assembly. the 12.4 to whole of up the rest perform in VNA. to the component specified the not in ing by is 1 cable random the No. at that marker mind found in The automatically keep left). Please is above but 85, case”, Figure “worst to any (refer indicate screen not the does on diagrams displayed is 1) No. (marker s loss return the of quantities case” “worst the display to told is marker frequency VNA to The related – 1 No. test of Result 85 Figure fe h nlsspoeshsbe are u,tedarmwt h eemnd“os ae uniyfrs for quantity case” “worst determined the with diagram the simultaneously. displayed out, are carried diagrams been four has all process that so analysis indicated, the also After is display screen the of organisation GHz. 11 The to DC from range frequency the in defined 21 h uptrfeto ofiin s coefficient output-reflection the , eblw,tecreteutoscnb on ntecon- the in found be can equations correct the below), ee 22 n h ees-rnmsincefcets coefficient reverse-transmission the and 11 ttesm ie h graphs the time, same the At . 12 ilbe will 119 11

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

HUBER+SUHNER specifications at 5 GHz: 21 SMA: 1A. VSWR ≥ 1.10 + 0.010×5[GHz] ⇔ VSWR ≥ 1.15

2A. converted into Reflection coefficient ≥ 0.0695

16 SMA: 2A. VSWR ≤ 1.10 + 0.020×5[GHz] ⇔ VSWR ≤ 1.20

2B. converted into Reflection coefficient ≤ 0.091

3. Insertion loss ≤ 0.15 + 5[GHz]

⇔ Insertion loss ≤ 0.335

Please note that the two VSWR quantities, specified for the 16 and 21SMA, both contribute to the total reflection. To be able to compare the given quantities with the test result, they must be summed up. Then the sum corresponds to the total reflection of the cable assembly. The VSWR quantity specified for the cable is regarded as nearly ideal (almost 1.0). Therefore, it is not integrated in the calculation, as it contributes to the total reflection with a very negligible value. Test results (indicated by the diagrams in Figure 85): The lowest point or the highest reflection value is found at 10.53 GHz by marker number 1, which will be indicated automatically by the VNA. However, the correct test results for the cable assembly are indicated up to 5 GHz (maximum system frequency):

4. Return loss s11 = 25.00 dB

5. Insertion loss s21 =0.49dB Return loss can be converted into the following coefficients: 6. VSWR = 1.112 Reflection coefficient = 0.053 By the following correct equations or statements in Table 34, we conclude from the test that the measured DUT, the SMA cable assembly, fulfils the rflection specifications satisfactorily:

120 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER them make will it because calculations, S-parameter the in included is correction error No b coeffici reflection Note: the are quantities The * = loss: Insertion S-parameters of use the by check calculation A quanti- input the using by found is it how show to calculated ties. been is equation parameter least a below, at example to the perform In can they as problems, quantities. without application loss the spectrum in specified used the be now can connectors SMA two The v VSWR specified the using quantities by SMA found specified is against loss return up The held Note: results Test 1 Table * 34 Table eunls:=b = loss: Return SMA): (16 1 port from viewed Results neto os= loss = Insertion (4) VSWR dB 25.00 = loss Return Coefficient SRqatte antb de n ovre nod directly. dB into converted and added be cannot quantities VSWR uptrfeto ofiin s coefficient Output-reflection s coefficient Reverse-transmission b voltage input Reflected a voltage output Reflected b voltage Output nu otg a voltage Input o ope n twl yfrece h cp fti booklet. this of scope the exceed far by will it and complex too = = = .9(5) 0.49 (6) 1.112 1.112 dB 25.00 dB 25.00 value Measured 1 2 1.058 = =1/0.945 1/0.056 =17.86= 0lg(.5)d .9dB 0.49 = dB (1.058) log 20 dB 25.00 = = dB (17.86) log 20 = ns hc r ovre nortr osadisrinls aus respectively. values, loss insertion and loss return into converted are which ents, 1 2 2 1 22 /a /a =s 1 1 12 * * pstv dB) (positive dB) (positive 11 : ≤ ≤ ≤ ≥ ≥ ≥ le xrse srfeto ofiins eas two because coefficients, reflection as expressed alues .3 (3) 1B) & (1A 0.335 1.38 0.1605) – (1 / 0.1605) + (1 dB 15.89 2B) & (2A (1/0.1605) log 20 dB* (1/(0.0695+0.091)) log 20 (approx.) value max. Specified 50 dB 25.00 V 0.056 = =0.49dB= =0V=0.945V=1V 121

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

4.2.4 Example No. 2: Return Loss of an N-Assembly In this case the one-port method is chosen, because the desired coefficient only is the reflection or return loss of the transmission line. The application problem is that a customer wants connectors that can withstand severe environmental conditions and still perform almost as the two existing standard N connectors with SUCOPLATE plated beryllium copper housings. Instead, N connectors with stainless steel housings are applied. This measurement is carried out to check whether these connectors can perform as well as the replaced ones and fulfil the standard specification for VSWR.

Figure 86 Photograph of DUT No. 2 with N connectors and 50 Ω termination (left)

The DUT components and the given specifications (typical quantities): HUBER+SUHNER connector types:

11 N 50-3-51 Straight pin connector with gold plating on CuBe2 inner conductor and housing of stainless steel 21 N 50-3-51 Straight socket connector with the same plating as the 11 N (andaHUBER+SUHNER50Ω termination)

Specifications : Impedance: 50 Ω

Frequencyrange: DCto12.4GHz VSWR: 1.03 + 0.004 ⋅ f[GHz] (applied for both N connectors)

Cable: Semi-Rigid EZ 141

Frequencyrange: DCtominimum18GHz VSWR: 1.25fromDCtomaximum12.4GHz (for Semi-rigid cable assembly with N connectors) Length: Approx. 200 mm (7.874 inches)

At first, the calibration of the VNA. Refer also to calibration procedure generally and to the first example.

122 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE h ne odco otc.Telwrpasa h a etadfrrgtaerfetospoue nietecon- the inside produced reflections are right and far entry and cable left the far at the occurring at nectors11Nand21N,respectively. reflections peaks the lower are The above) contact. 88, conductor Figure inner in the (shown graph the in peaks highest diameter The or gaps (i.e. mismatches by factor caused such impedance by torque. increased varying be of may result mismatch the The which is changes). coefficient, reflection ‰, The milliunits entries. reflections. creating cable in end soldered each expressed two at is contacts and or conductors junctions inner two are the there of that captivations means domain. solder It time two the of in consists measure- line assembly The cable straight Note: 88. The a Figure be in would graph upper DUT the ideal in an shown as of displayed result th and ment that found be so can gated, cable the been and has N 21 DUT time the the Thereby, example, gate. next a the as the VNA In from the reflections by localised the is neglects which DUT, measurement the domain of section” i selected line a of transmission “isolation the the mean of section or frequency gating transformation). vs. (Fourier desired reflection distance The e.g. velocity, from propagation changed wave be the via will from or, data data time of the vs. transformation that reflection or means to reflec- conversion domain DUT The time the reflections. the along all into where of view domain to sum frequency operator the the to allows contributing It chosen. are been components has tion VNA the of option domain time (GHz) the frequency and (pico-seconds) time of function a ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER an measures the VNA this the By coupled, been method. has network DUT one-port the the When by DUT combinati the the ter- in not the connectors and and the tested adaptors is measuring cables, measurement for difference the ready with is zero) it to thus (matched calibrated mination, been course of has assembly VNA N The with 2 No. set-up test of Photograph 87 Figure and 1 port to attached is N 11 The sui 87). a Figure using (see above terminated photograph is the N of 21 background the in seen is which Theconnectorsandthecablearecarefullyfittedtoacableassembly(DUT)andfinallyterminatedtotheVNA, al emnto hr 50 (here termination table no U n h esrmn equipment. measurement the and DUT of on ob eemndb h sr aigi nesodto understood is Gating user. the by determined be to s hntemaueeti eie safnto ftime, of function a as desired is measurement the When . eto h ieadol h eetdae smeasured. is area selected the only and line the of rest elcin mrigfo h oncos1 and N 11 connectors the from emerging reflections e hw h owr elcincefcets coefficient reflection forward the shows d Ω spo ufc iihpaig itadlwmating low and dirt finish/plating, surface poor as s ). 11 ,bothas 123

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

Figure 88 Result of the test No. 2 – related to time (pico-seconds) and frequency

Note: Straight line = 11 N gated (gated connector section marked with circles f) Curved line = Cable assembly including termination (real values) Point 1 detected in the graph at the bottom (frequency domain) is the highest reflection point discovered by the VNA. Furthermore, the placement of the worst reflection peak point is found in the 11 N connector in the time domain, whereas the 21 N does not provoke such high reflection waves. The analyser automatically found the lowest or the “worst case” for the DUT. In this case the lowest point found is the quantity 25.33 dB up to 17.08 GHz. This is not the correct result because the graph primarily indicates the absolute performance limit from DC to 18 GHz. The correct frequency range for this example is DC to 12.4 GHz. HUBER+SUHNER reflection values specified from DC to 12 GHz for each connector:

11 o r 21 N : V S W R ≤ 1.03+0.004×12 GHz VSWR ≤ 1.078 converted into Reflection coefficient ≤ 0.0375 converted into Return loss ≤ –28.40 dB

Please note that the VSWR quantities, specified for the 11and 21 N, contribute to the total reflection of the cable assembly. The sum of the two values will be compared with the test result. The VSWR quantity specified for the

124 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE orc eutidctdfo Ct 24Gzfrtewoeasml apoiaevalues (approximate assembly whole the for GHz 12.4 to DC from indicated result Correct orc euto h ae eto,idctdu o1. H o h 1N(prxmt values) (approximate N 11 the for GHz 12.4 to up indicated section, gated the of result Correct ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER r perform can electrical customer The specified VSWR. of values specified the to form because coefficient, reflection a as expressed TheconclusiondrawnfromtheseresultsisthattheNconne values VSWR (assembly) specified quantities the N using specified by with found compared is return results The Test 3 Table *Note: 36 Table quantity reflection 50-3-51 N specifie 11 the specified using with by found compared is results loss Test return 2 The Table *Note: 35 Table values) (approximate section gated the of result value. Displayed insignificant an with reflection total the 1.0). to (almost contributes ideal only nearly as regarded is cable semi-rigid insesmd ocnettevle o h 1Naoeadfrtewoeassembly. whole the for and alone N 11 the for calcula- values the the of parts convert show below to 36 made Table and steps 35 tion Table specifications, the with results indicated the compare To SR= VSWR dB –24.50 = loss Return Coefficient = dB –28.50 VSWR = loss Return Coefficient eas SRqatt antb ovre nod directly. dB into converted be cannot quantity VSWR a because w SRqatte antb de n ovre nod directly. dB into converted and added be cannot quantities VSWR two SR=1.077 = 0.038 dB = –28.50 = factor Reflection VSWR loss Return SR=1.114 = GHz 17.08 to DC from range the in measured 0.054 dB = –25.3 = factor Reflection VSWR loss Return SR=1.126 = 0.059 = factor =–24.50dBReflection VSWR Returnloss = = = = = 1.126 1.126 dB –24.50 dB –24.50 value Measured 1.077 1.077 dB –28.50 value Measured newt hscnetrpair. connector this with ance SRvle xrse srfeto coefficients, reflection as expressed values VSWR d ≤ ≤ ≥ ≥ ≥ ≤ ≤ ≥ ≥ 1.162 0.0751 dB –22.49 dB (1/0.075) log dB* 20 0.0375)) + (1/(0.0375 log 20 (approx.) value max. Specified 1.078 1.078 dB –28.40 dB* (1/0.038) log 20 (approx.) value max. Specified paeteeitn onco n xett banthe obtain to expect and connector existing the eplace hrfr,i sntitgae ntecluain sit as calculation, the in integrated not is it Therefore, tr ihtesanesselhuigaeal oper- to able are housing steel stainless the with ctors : ): : 125

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

A correct result is obtained when calculating with the limiting frequency range of the connector, as it gives the right frequency (transmitted frequency) for the whole system. Again: Do not calculate the maximum frequency of the connector or the cable only, but always to the optimum frequency level of the whole system. The component in the system with the narrowest frequency passband to which the component is specified will be the limiting and the highest allowable factor and will be decisive for the frequency of the system. Otherwise, the risk is high that weak or vanishing signals might render a system unable to operate to the specifications it has been designed for.

4.2.5 Measurement of Passive Intermodulation Level (PIM) In mobile communication systems with high power transmitters and very sensitive receivers collocated to each other, passive intermodulation products (PIM) can be a problem. It has been known for some time that theoretically linear components may exhibit a certain degree of non-linearity. In case of two or more signals of different frequency, a non-linear component will perform an unwanted mixing function, causing IM signals to appear. Should one or more of those fall into the receiving band, it can block a channel, thus reducing system capacity. Therefore, PIM must be reduced as much as possible. When testing the PIM level produced by the passive components, the worst case has to be determined, i.e. the highest PIM level of the DUT in comparison to the customer specified level.

936 MHz

Cable Termination Spectrum ana- 958 MHz Diplexer 25 dB lyser coupler

DUT to monitor PIM Cable Termination Power meter

Figure 89 Schematic diagram of PIM test set-up (GSM, 900 MHz system)

Typical block diagram of a test set-up for measuring the quantity of passive intermodulation products (PIM) is shown above in Figure 89. The practical test set-up (refer to Figure 82 and Figure 90) looks somewhat different, as the test components and DUT are the only components visible.

126 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE et ob airtd U opnnsas aet ecrflycekdadcendfrtemeasurement. below. the shown for is cleaned measurement and PIM compo- checked the the carefully with for be As ready to terminated. set-up have is test also DUT The components the DUT calibrated, calibrated, been be have to components nents test the and mechanically. analyser stable the not When applications. is sensitive it intermodulation as in level, intermodulation avoided higher be a should is in crimps it result Therefore, probably because would technique, version crimp conductor A outer performance. Note: intermodulation clamp/screw-on static a and on dynamic provides based kind is this connectors that proven both at entry cable The h U o h I esrmn ossso h olwn components following the of consists measurement PIM the for DUT The set-up. test PIM the shows which 89, Figure f Connectors: ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER l intermodulation passive a to result. tested measurement is set-up the existence test of the The reliability to as the uncertainty to the ensure of to because produced and done PIM is errors of This component level minimised. of reference and the checked that be is should components reason equipment port the The test by design. All low-intermodulation calibrated. particularly properly of is be components) also port must (test te adapter (IM) the and intermodulation cable the measurement to the terminated is cable, DUT corrugated the 1¼” Before example. a measurement and the connectors in coaxial DUT 7/16 the two be signal of or will power disturbances consist which any antenna will avoid an to assembly –115 to dBm of station cable performance base The PIM mobile interruptions. maximum a a from fulfil line to transmission has wants feeder assembly customer The A a splitter. chosen. as been assembly has cable application 7/16 of a kind this apply years, for to of used couple typically last assembly the cable in a off with taken example has an equipment communication Intermodulation mobile of Passive implementation and 3: build-up the No. As Example 4.2.6 system. contribute transmission they a much of more how level know and intermodulation tested, to passive are want the assemblies who to cable readers coaxial for how intended e.g. problems, is intermodulation measurement about intermodulation an with example following The Cable: 2 ,wihi locle h eiulitrouainlvl h areso inlsucsaeidctdin indicated are sources signal or carriers The level. intermodulation residual the called also is which ), egh prx 0 m( mm 200 approx. Length: GHz 18 frequency: Max. 1765-21Srih i onco Pr 1) 2) (Port (Port 1 cable Corrugated connector socket Straight connector pin Straight GHz 7.5 frequency: Max. 50 HUBER+SUHNER (+ 50-32-1 716 21 50-32-1 716 11 types; HUBER+SUHNER 1 / 4 ” Ω .7 inches 7.874 emnto o 7/16) for termination ) vlo aiu 15dc(oe ai ocrir,f carriers, to ratio (power dBc –175 maximum of evel tstu,i svr motn httets e-pwith set-up test the that important very is it set-up, st : 1 127 and

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

PIM SET UP

Measurement DUT cable (RG 393/U)

Port 2 21 716-50-32-1 11 716-50-32-1 Port 1

1 Corrugated cable 1 /4” Adapter 7/16 Adapter 7/16

Figure 90 IM test set-up with 7/16 DUT

For 800/900 MHz mobile communication systems, the test signals f1 and f2, are 958 and 936 MHz, respectively. The resulting fim3 will be at 914 MHz, which falls into the receiving band. The power level of the two carriers is 20 watts or +43 dBm. 1 milliwatt of power is iqual to 0 dBm. Furthermore, the sensitivity of the receiver equipment (GSM system or equivalent), is specified to be –103 dBm and the permissible PIM performance level to max. –115 dBm by the customer. However, the correct customer PIM specification would be +158dBc (115dBm +43 dBm equal to +158 dBc). The magnitude of the receiver sensitivity tells that the disturbance signals (PIM) must be lower due to the risk of signal interference in the receiver band. However, here we want to achieve a maximum value of –120 dBm. First, the test will show a PIM result determined at the intermodulation frequency of the mixed 3rd- order PIM or

Fim3 (refer also to Chapter 1.6 on page 36), which is a sum of the two test frequencies:

Fim3 =2⋅ f2 –f1 [MHz] (= 3rd-order PIM) Fim3 =2⋅ 936 – 958 [MHz] Fim3 =914[MHz]

The frequency fim3 is the expected signal arising from non-linear behaviour of the components tested. The test result related to the frequency is indicated in a static measurement, in the range of the expected IM frequency fim3.

128 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE usd h arwtm ag hntefeunyseppse h f the passes sweep frequency the when range time narrow th value. the of random some outside somewhat to a due occur only may but peaks system, intermodulation Higher the in installation final the after occur can that ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER f to related result clean- The of from lack assembly. a resulting during or ageing behaviour liness loading, unstable mechanical vibration, microscopically variations, temperature or to due dynamic pressure contact a varying by caused often signal-to- is the intermodulation level, However, power to related or, perfor- dBm intermodulation –130 exceed specified not internal dBc. does 173 the peak ratio below PIM noise well the is fact, level In PIM dBm. –120 the of that mance indicates graph the 91, Figure In measurement PIM the of Result 91 Figure uoaial ycosn h pinfrti ntesetu nlsr sdsrbdi eteapenme 1 number example test in done described be as can analyser, This spectrum testing). 119. the (dynamic on page section this on domain for time option a the to choosing frequency by from automatically over switch to is those discover to –110 –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 dBm P 1.0940 914.10 914.00 913.90 – eae ofrequency to related im3 osntidct ra”vle rmyenttepa values peak the not maybe or values “real” indicate not does bv-etoe nlecs n hymgtoccur might they and influences, above-mentioned e im3 t94Mz hrfr,teol way only the Therefore, MHz. 914 at MHz f 129

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

S dBm time

–110

–120

–130 –140

–150

–160 –170

–180

P 01020

Figure 92 Result of PIM measurement – related to time (time domain in seconds)

While the spectrum is set to zero span, the DUT is mechanically stressed to verify the stability of all contact points within the DUT. As it can be seen in Figure 92, the mechanical stress induced at 7, 11 and 16 seconds created more non-linear conditions than during the other times. This can now be further analysed for remedy if required.

P (logaritm.) mW dBm Carrier I Carrier II 100W +50 +43 +43 1W 10mW 0 0.1 10-3 10-5 –50 10-7 10-9 PIM signal-to-noise ration receiver sensitivity customer specification –100 163 dbc 10-11 –103 –115 –120 10-13 10-15 –150

Figure 93 Power relations in the PIM measurement example

130 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER –163 of signal-to-noise-ratio PIM guaranteed requirements. the the that the is fulfils with conclusion still taps The dBc that disappears. (peaks), signal and spikes level, produces PIM tapping the PIM the However, which peak instances. after two the in influence negatively level not peak do the influence alone mallet tests nylon environmental the that shows 94 Figure tests environmental after levels PIM 94 Figure in shown as domain, time the to related with also tapped are is results it final time, The same below. reaction. the 94 At shock Figure PIM. sudden for test measured to be mallet again nylon will assembly a the tests, distur- these signal after continuous and Between and additional producing without installation. final influences the such in endure bances to cable The able value programme. PIM test be environmental stable rigorous must a a provides to assembly result exposed normally test is performance assembly the the that dBm, –120 and than correct less still of is testing dynamic the that sure 93, be To Figure dBc. In +5 dBc. 158 of which dBc, margin 163 than of safety level less guaranteed a or be obtained gives the should then than beforehand, less is meet level intermodulation to customer the expected to distance is the DUT sig- the PIM permitted which customer and The ratio, respectively. level level, nal-to-noise power PIM the HUBER+SUHNER the between and ratios level signal-to-noise PIM intermodulation customer the two specified understand the you indicates figure help relation should power 93 The test. Figure PIM in and graph relations the power Therefore, the chaotic. of little result a total seem the frequencies levels, Therefore, may power dBm. signals of –125 view about PIM The at of satisfactorily. and discovered obtained limit is is –115 the dBm seconds maximum exceed 20 of not value and customer does 0 permitted between signal point IM peak the worst that The indicates dBm. –120 92) (Figure result testing dynamic The –180 –170 –160 –150 –140 –130 –120 –110 P dBm 0 – ntm domain time in 20 S time 131

T&M TEST AND MEASUREMENT

S time

–110

–120

–130 –140

–150

–160 –170

–180

P dBm

Figure 95 Unstable PIM behaviour after a tap test

In addition Figure 95, we show you a result of an unstable PIM behaviour after environmental tests in. If the upper PIM peaks, caused by any shock or vibration influence, are continuous, or if the level increases to above –115 dBm more often, the behaviour must be concluded to be very unstable. In other words, the connectors would not live up the permitted requirements set by the customer.

132 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ETADMEASUREMENT AND TEST UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER procedures Measurement 37 Table care proper connectors. to regard coaxial with measurements RF preparing when of of aware handling be and to DON’TS what of list AND brief a DOS contains section This 4.3 Mating/Demating (Measuring) Gauging Cleaning Inspection Visual Storage and Handling OF PRINCIPLES F F F F F F F F F F F F F F DOS F F lightly connection preliminary make Do carefully connectors align Do use time first before connectors all gauge Do sions dimen- interface check Do calibration block. of end correct use Do type gauge correct use Do using before gauge the zero and clean Do threads connector clean Do alcohol) (denatured Freon liquid pure use Do first air compressed try Do etc. burrs, dents, particles, scratches, metal for out look Do connection every before carefully connectors all inspect Do storage during caps end plastic use Do nut connector or sleeve extend Do clean connectors keep Do ia connection final for spanner torque correct use Do tighten turn Do onco u only nut connector to F F F F F DON’TS F F F F F F F F F F F nector con- damaged a use ever Don’t down contact-end connectors set Don’t surface plane mating touch Don’t wrench torque of point overturn Don’t connectors screw-in or twist Don’t nection con- preliminary overtighten Don’t nection con- to force bending apply Don’t connector out-of-specification an use Don’t beads port sup- plastic onto liquid get Don’t abrasives any use Don’t 133

T&M UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 138 PAGE 136 PROPERTIES MATERIAL 5.2 POTENTIALS ELECTROCHEMICAL 5.1 CONTENTS APPENDICES 5. .. ltn/lo aeil 139 138 c Insulation, - Plastic/Rubber Materials Plating/Alloy 5.2.3 Metals - Materials Base 5.2.2 5.2.1 ...... bejce n aktmtra 140 material gasket and jacket able ...... 135

Appendices 5 APPENDICES

5.1 ELECTROCHEMICAL POTENTIALS Difference of electrochemical potentials between some conductive materials (in mV)

ABSCISSA

ORDINATE Ag-Hq Platinium Gold/Carbon Stainless steel Titanium Nickel Copper alloy Copper Alu-bronze Brass 30% ZN Silicon

Platinum 0 130 250 340 350 430 450 570 600 685

Gold/Carbon 130 0 110 210 220 300 320 440 470 535

Stainless steel 250 110 0 90 100 160 200 320 350 415

Titanium 340 210 90 0 10 90 110 230 260 325

Silver-Mercury 350 220 100 10 0 80 100 220 250 315

Nickel 430 300 180 90 80 0 20 140 170 235

Copper alloy 450 320 200 110 100 20 0 120 150 215

Copper 570 440 320 230 220 140 120 0 30 95

Alu-bronze 600 470 350 260 250 170 150 30 0 65 Brass 30% ZN

Silicon 665 535 415 325 315 235 215 95 65 0

Brass 50% ZN 700 520 520 360 350 270 250 130 100 35

Bronze 770 640 550 430 420 340 320 200 170 105

Tin 800 670 590 460 450 370 350 230 200 135

Lead 840 710 680 500 490 410 390 270 240 175

Light alloy 940 810 690 600 590 510 490 370 340 275 NSA 3001

Steels 1000 870 750 660 650 570 550 430 400 335

Aluminium A5 1090 960 840 750 740 650 640 520 490 425

Cadmium 110 0 970 850 760 750 670 650 530 500 435

Chromium 1200 1070 950 860 850 770 750 630 600 535

Zinc 1400 1270 115 0 1050 1050 970 950 830 800 735

Manganese 1470 1340 1220 115 0 112 0 1040 1020 900 870 805

Magnesium 1950 1620 1700 1610 1600 1520 1500 1380 1350 1285

the metal of the abscissa is attacked the contact is practically neutral Electrolysis: water with 2% salt themetaloftheordinateisattacked

136 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE APPENDICES UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER mV) (in materials conductive some between potentials electrochemical of Difference 1250 700 500 400 390 300 250 350 360 450 700 770 240 270 570 100 100 140 130 70 35

0 Brass 50% ZN 1 0 118 630 430 330 320 230 200 320 420 430 520 640 770 700 340 105 170 170 themetaloftheordinateisattacked neutral practically is contact the attacked is abscissa the of metal the 70 30 70 0 Bronze 1 0 115 600 400 300 290 200 200 230 350 450 460 550 800 670 370 670 100 140 135 40 30 0 Tin 1110 630 560 360 260 250 390 490 500 590 840 240 270 100 160 140 710 175 410 40 70 0 Lead 1010 530 460 260 490 590 600 690 240 340 370 100 940 160 150 140 275 170 510 810 60 0 Light alloy NSA 3001 1000 650 680 950 400 200 200 230 300 335 400 430 530 470 570 750 870 150 160 90 60 0 Steels 1090 840 960 860 380 250 290 320 390 425 490 520 640 650 750 100 150 740 310 110 90 0 Aluminium A5 lcrlss ae ih2 salt 2% with water Electrolysis: 1 0 110 850 850 300 260 300 330 400 435 500 530 650 970 750 370 670 100 100 760 150 160 0 Cadmium 1200 1070 850 860 950 200 200 260 300 400 435 500 535 600 630 770 270 750 750 100 110 0 Chromium 1050 1060 1400 1270 1 0 115 550 200 300 400 460 560 600 630 700 800 830 950 735 970 310 70 0 Zinc 1020 1040 1220 1340 1470 1 0 112 0 115 480 380 530 630 700 770 805 900 270 470 370 670 870 70 0 Manganese 1600 1620 1950 1250 1285 1350 1380 1500 1520 1700 1010 1 0 115 0 118 1610 1110 480 550 850 860 950 750 0

137 Magnesium

Appendices APPENDICES na ++ ++ ++ 170 2.75 0.039 70’000 310-370 580-650 Anticorodal (AlMgSi1) heachother + 0 + na 15 7.90 0.73 1420* 500-750 200’000 (Refer to Chapter 2 for description) Stainless steel (303/1.4305) 0 + na na 16 ++ 120 8.50 96’000 870-890 380-590 Brass (CuZn39Pb3) na na 8.80 water 11. 5 * 80-85 0.087 118’000 350-820 +water, salt 930-1060* –to – with acids, bases & ammoniums Bronze m ++ (excellent), + (good), 0 (fair), - (poor) to - - (very poor) compared wit + na 115 12* water bases; 0.083 130’000 865-980* +water, salt –ammoniums +oils; 0 acids, 1270-1500* Beryllium Cop- per (CuBe) ) 2 lbf/in /m) 3 2 F ° 10 / mm / C Ω )8.25 ( ° 2 ) 3 ) F 2 20 ° ρ lb/in 68 / / lbf/in 6 3 C ° 10 / 2 Properties Density (g/cm Melting at temperature Electrical conductivity (% IACS 20 Electrical resistivity Thermal conductivity (W/m K) Tensile strength (N/mm Modulus of elasticity (N/mm Corrosion resistance ** Chemical resistance ** Machinability ** 5.2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES 5.2.1 Base Materials - Metals *** Owing to differences The in abilities purity of in the the materials case (to of be elements treated, and shaped, of etc.) composition are in rated metals, fro the values can be considered only as approximations

138 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE APPENDICES ® na na na na na na ++ ++ 8.20 SUCOPLATE heachother + + na 60 8.9 320 0.09 1453* 200’000 Nickel + + ++ 410 960 140 10.5 0.015 76’000 Silver m ++ (excellent), + (good), 0 (fair), - (poor) to - - (very poor) compared wit + ++ ++ 310 120 1063 0.022 Appendices 77’000 Gold ) 2 lb/in /m) 6 2 F K) ° 10 ° mm / / 2 C Ω ) 18.0* ( ° 3 C ) ° 20 2 ρ lb/in / lb/in 3 3 10 / 2 Properties Density (g/cm Melting at temperature Electrical resistivity Thermal conductivity (W/m Tensile strength at 20 (N/mm Elasticity module (N/mm Corrosion resistance ** Machninability ** Chemical resistance ** 5.2.2 Plating/Alloy Materials *** Owing to differences The in abilities purity of in the the materials case (to of be elements treated, and shaped, of etc.) composition are in rated metals, fro the values can be considered only as approximations

HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE 139 APPENDICES 16 10 + na na × 2.7 230 1.06 1 2500 60.0* > –30–+140 PPO 16 heachother 10 – ++ 1.3 3.3 334 V–0 92.0 3900 × 5 –70 – +250 PEEK 18 10 × 20 ++ ++ 2.1 225 350 V–0 1 2.16* > –100 – +200 FEP 17 10 + na × 26 ++ 2.1 305 V–0 2.15 1 > –200 – +260 PFA 18 10 2.1 × 27 ++ ++ 327 460 V–0 1 2.16* m ++ (excellent), + (good), 0 (fair), - (poor) to - - (very poor) compared wit > –200 – +260 PTFE 17 10 + × 27 ++ 2.3 130 0.94 1 HB–V–0 –50 – +70 790–1000 > PE (PE-HD) F ° / F ° C ) ° / 3 cm) ) ) C 2 2 Ω ° lb/in )** / F lb/in lb/in ° 6 3 3 73 10 10 / / / 2 2 C ° Properties Density (g/cm Temperature range Melting at temperature Dielectric constant at 1 MHz Electrical resistivity ( Tensile strength (N/mm Modulus of elasticity (N/mm Water resistance (at 23 Flammability ** Chemical resistance ** 5.2.3 Plastic/Rubber - Insulation, cable jacket and gasket material *** Owing to differences The in abilities putity of in the the materials case (to of be elements treated, and shaped, of etc.) composition are in rated metals, fro the values can be considered only as approximations

140 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE . ILORPY158 144 PAGE 143 BIBLIOGRAPHY 6.3 GLOSSARY 6.2 PROFILE COMPANY HUBER+SUHNER 6.1 CONTENTS REFERENCES 6 UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER .. hpe :CnetrDsg 158 159 158 158 Measurements and Tests 4: Chapter Design Connector 3: Chapter Plastics 6.3.4 and Materials 2: Chapter Theory RF Basic 6.3.3 to Introduction 1: Chapter 6.3.2 6.3.1 ...... 141

Hinweise Switzerland HUBER+SUHNER world. the over innovation all continual customers for our basis unique of a needs providing thus the roof, freon one low under focused and optics radio fibre in as expertise well technical as are offer technology We we quency applications. that practical appreciate of markets knowledge detailed Transportation optical with and and specialists electrical Industrial for Communications, systems in and components customers of Our supplier connectivity. global leading a is Group HUBER+SUHNER The PROFILE COMPANY SHORT HUBER+SUHNER 6.1 REFERENCES 6 UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 143

References APPENDICES

6.2 GLOSSARY

Accessories Mechanical devices, such as cable clamps, added to connector shells and other such hardware which is attachable to connectors to make up the total connector configuration.

Admittance The measure of the ease with which an alternating current flows in a circuit. The reciprocal of impedance.

Amplitude The magnitude of variation in a changing quantity from its zero value. The word requires modification - as with adjectives such as peak, maximum, rms, etc. - to designate the specific amplitude in question.

Anneal Relief of mechanical stress through heat and gradual cooling. Annealing copper renders it less brittle.

Attenuation (α) The decrease of a signal with the distance in the direction of propagation. Atten- uation may be expressed as the scalar ratio of the input power to the output power, or as the ratio of the input signal voltage to the output signal voltage.

Back Mounted When a connector is mounted from the inside of a panel or box with its mounting flanges inside the equipment.

Backplane Panels An interconnection panel into which PC cards or other panels can be plugged. These panels come in a variety of designs ranging from a PC motherboard to individual connectors mounted in a metal frame. Panels lend themselves to auto- mated wiring.

Bandwidth The range of frequencies for which performance is kept within specified limits.

Base Material Metal from which the connector, contact, or other piece part accessory is made and on which one or more metals or coatings may be deposited.

Bayonet Coupling A quick coupling device for plug and receptacle connectors, accomplished by rotation of a cam operating device designed to bring the connector halves together.

Bending Radius Minimum static: The minimum permissible radius for fixed installation of the cable. This radius is used in climatic tests. Minimum dynamic: The minimum permissible radius for flexible applications of the cable.

144 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE otc Alignment Contact Connector Conductivity Contact Butted APPENDICES oytyee(SPE) Polyethylene Cellular Capacitance Resistance Bulk Braid Assembly Bonded Body BNT BNO Connector) Navy (Bayonet BNC UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER muto otc float. contact cavity of mated insert amount of the self-alignment within permit have to shall as contacts so which play radial overall the Defines terminations. wire connect/disconnect and rapid cable provide electrical to for used service devices all describe to generally Used esr fteaiiyo aeilt odc lcrccretudragiven a under current electric t conduct is to Resistivity material field. a electric of ability the of measure A their with overlap, not do line. but in axis end-to-end, together come conductors two When fa) sdpiaiya ilcrcmtra n a neteeylwdielec- low (tan extremely factor an power has and and constant material tric dielectric a as included primarily cells Used gas (foam). individual distributed homogeneously with Polyethylene spacing. conductor cha stores that element electrostatic signal The between coupling the of measure A base m the in of Measured conductivity geometry. the its upon and dependent material is resistance bulk spring contact The cable. or conductor a over covering outer protective insul fibrous for shielding as used wire Woven prop- insulating electrical weaken erties. which sealing environment provide other to and structure an moisture like using against sandwich together a bonded in are adhesive components appropriate the electrically which in assembly attached. connector are A portions other which to connector a of portion largest, or Main, cables. triaxial for suitable mechanism coupling bayonet with Connector twin balanced shielded for cables. suitable mechanism coupling bayonet with Connector respectively. Ohm), and Ohm 50 in Available 75Ohmversions.FrequencyrangeDC-4GHz(50Ohm)and1GHz(75 mechanism. coupling bayonet with connector Coaxial C ercpoa fconductivity. of reciprocal he δ .Lmtdt prto eo +70 below operation to Limited ). tdwrsadcbe.As,awoven a Also, cables. and wires ated otcs oeie eerdt as to referred Sometimes contacts. g,ifune ymtra,dsg and design material, by influenced rge, Ω odcosadfo inlt ground. to signal from and conductors (milliohms). ° C. 145

References APPENDICES

Contact Engaging & Separating Force Force needed to either engage or separate pins and socket contacts when they are in and out of connector inserts. Values are generally established for maximum and minimum forces. Performance acceptance levels vary by specification and/or customer requirements.

Contact Plating Deposited metal applied to the basic contact metal to provide the required contact-resistance and/or wear-resistance.

Contact Pressure Force which mating surfaces exert against one another.

Contact Resistance Contact resistance is the electrical resistance arising from the contact force, geometry and surface properties of the contacting surfaces. Can be divided up into constriction (asperty spots) and film (contamination) resistance.

Contact Retention Defines minimum axial load in either direction which a contact must withstand while remaining firmly fixed in its normal position within an insert.

Contact Spacing The distance between the centres of contacts within an insert.

Contact Spring Thespringplacedinsidethesocket-typecontacttoforcethepinintoapositionof positive intimate contact. Depending on the application, various types are used, including leaf, cantilever, napkin ring, squirrel cage, hyperbolic and ”Chinese finger” springs.

Corrosion Corrosion products or films (thin layer) arise from an interaction between the non-noble portions of the contact part and the environment, e.g. through pores in noble platings. The contamination can cause unreliability, function failures and thereby high PIM. The spreading of contamination can be decreased by redun- dancy and wiping contacts. Wipe is a requirement to break through oxide films and displace contamination.

Coverage A calculated percentage which defines the completeness with which a braid or shield covers the surface of the underlying component.

Crimp Act of compressing (deforming) a connector ferrule around a cable in order to make an electrical connection.

Crimping Dies A term used to identify the shaping tools that, when moved toward each other, produce a certain desirable shape to the barrel of the terminal or contact that has been placed between them. Crimping dies are often referred to as die sets or as die inserts.

Crimping Termination Connectioninwhichametalsleeveissecured to a conductor by mechanically crimping the sleeve with pliers, presses or crimp dies.

Cross Talk Signal interference between adjacent conductors caused by electromagnetical coupling.

146 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE ietCret(DC) Current Direct Terminal Solder Dip APPENDICES I 7/16 DIN Strength Dielectric Loss Dielectric (Permittivity) Constant Dielectric Dielectric Line Delay Delay dB Decibel, dBm (f Frequency Cut-off UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER c ) neeti urn hc lw nol n direction. one only in flows which current electric An and board PC the in holes place. into in inserted soldered are then which connector a on terminals The GHz. 7.5 - DC range Frequency applications. power high to dium incaatrsiso alsaoeterctf rqec a eunstable. be may transmis- frequency cutoff The their occur. above may cables mode of TEM characteristics the sion than other which above frequency, The 50 oc- breakdown before withstand can curs. material insulating an which voltage The electromagnetic material. of dielectric transformation the the within by heat caused into losses energy the cable, coaxial a In propagation and losses param- dimensions, design characteristics. determines important and most cables the coaxial is electric for dielectric an eter the in of behaviour constant its dielectric describes The that field. material a of property electrical Basic propagation. of signifi- velocity It and conductor. charact outer electrical and the inner influences between cantly insulation the cable, coaxial a time. In of amount specified a by signals electrical delays that cable A length. connector shortening by reduced propagation be the can or delay propagation capacitance connector The delay. the by caused delay signal The 10 base the to logarithm ratio. the power times a ten of as calculated unit dimensionless relative, A one to equal is dBm decibel. 0 also reference See the milliwatt. where power signal of measure Relative Ω oxa onco ihsrwtp opigmcaim utbefrme- for Suitable mechanism. coupling type screw with connector coaxial D rsissc sipdne capacitance, impedance, as such eristics 147

References APPENDICES

Eccentricity A measure of a conductor’s location with respect to the circular cross section of the insulation. Expressed as a percentage of centre displacement of one circle within the other.

Elastomer Plastic material with firm shape which can be formed elastically.

Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) EMC describes the ability of an electrical system to avoid electromagnetic interference with the environment.

Elongation The fractional increase in length of a material under tension.

ETFE (Ethylenetetra- fluoroethylene) ETFE polymers are tough, high temperature resistant thermoplastics with excellent characteristics: non-ageing properties, chemical inertness, very good dielectric properties, weather resistance and low moisture absorption.

Extrusion Method of forcing thermoplastic, rubber or elastomer material under elevated temperature and pressure through a die to apply an insulation or a jacket to a cable.

Farad Unit of capacitance. It indicates the charge per potential difference.

Feed-through A connector or terminal block, usually having double-ended terminals which permit simple distribution and bussing of electrical circuits. Also used to describe a bushing in a wall or bulkhead separating compartments at different pressure levels, with terminations on both sides.

FEP (Fluorinated Ethylene Propylene) FEP is similar to PTFE but is easier to process. Heat resistance and chemical inertness are outstanding.

Ferrule A short tube. Used to make solderless connections to shielded or coaxial cable (e.g. as in crimping).

Flame Resistance Property of a material to cease combustion once the heating flame is removed.

Flange A projection extending from, or around the periphery of, a connector and provided with holes to permit mounting the connector to a panel, or to another mating connector half.

148 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE APPENDICES E 332-1,2,3 IEC 331 IEC IEC Seal Hermetic Contacts Hermaphroditic Connector Hermaphroditic Seal Hermetic Shock Heat Pin Guide Groove Mounted Front UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER etclfaetests. flame Vertical test. flame Horizontal Commission. Electrotechnical International for Abbreviation applications. special reduce in to rate designed leakage seal the glass-metal a contain connectors sealed face. Hermetically mating their at alike precisely are elements mating both which in Contacts main- coupling. to and made sealing been protection, have lead provisions hot face. but polarity, mating members, correct their female tain at or alike male exactly no are are members There mating both which in connector A one at ft./hr. micron 1.0 applications. of special permits connector for and the pressure materials through atmosphere other gas or of glass rate by leakage connector maximum the to bonded where are connectors contacts contact the multiple usually are connectors sealed Hermetically high time. sudden of a period to short exposed a when for material change a temperature of stability the determine to Test mismat- by caused contacts these proper to assure damage to ingoftheconnectorhalves. prevent connector to the and and of contacts, connector assembly of two-piece or mating a closing of the face guide mating to the designed beyond extending rod or pin A crimping. depres- during the connector Also, the cable. holds the which on die directly crimping bears a which in connector sion a in cavity or Slot the from removed of or side installed mating equipment. be or the only outside of can the outside connector to mounted front attached A is panel. it a when mounted front is connector A G H I 149

References APPENDICES

IEEE Abbreviation for Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

IM / PIM (Passive Intermodulation) The generation of new (and in the case of cable assemblies undesirable) signals (intermodulation products) at the non-linear characteristics of transmission elements.

Impedance (characteristic, Z0) Characteristic property of a transmission line describing the ratio between electric and magnetic fields.

Inductance The property of a circuit or circuit elementthatopposesachangeincurrentflow, thus causing current changes to lag behind voltage changes. It is measured in Henrys.

Insert That part which holds the contacts in their proper arrangement and electrically insulates them from each other and from the shell.

Insertion Loss The loss in load power due to the insertion of a component, connector or device at some point in a transmissions system. Generally expressed in decibels as the ratio of the power received at the load before insertion of the apparatus, to the power received at the load after insertion.

Insulation A material having high resistance to the flow of electric current. Often called a dielectric in RF cable.

Insulation Resistance The electrical resistance of the insulating material (determined under specified conditions) between any pair of contacts, conductors, or grounding device in various combinations.

Interconnection Mechanically joining assemblies together to complete electrical circuits.

Interface The two surfaces on the contact side of both halves of a multiple-contact connector which face each other when the connector is assembled.

Interference An electrical or electromagnetic disturbance that causes undesirable response in electronic equipment.

ISO Abbreviation for International Standards Organization.

Jacket An outer non-metallic protective cover applied over an insulated wire or cable.

150 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE aeilProperties Material APPENDICES C (M MCX LSFH Cable Noise Low Dielectric Loss Low Interconnection of Levels LAN UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER IC ROAX) Mechanical: material by influenced are performance properties: and design connector of factors Critical brvainfrLwSoeFe Halogene. Free Smoke Low for Abbreviation by caused disturbances electrical movements. spurious mechanical avoid to constructed specially Cable polyethyl- as such loss, dielectric Teflon. low or relatively ene a has that material insulating An Types”). ”Connection 3 chapter in explanations other (See units. individual w subassemblies between be may nections Input/output cuits. board. backplane a wiring. or Backplane motherboard the and modules sub-circuit or backplane. or chassis. motherboard or to board Board PC the and packages) IC transistors, chassis. or board to Device kilometers). 10 about or miles 6 to (up confined area network geographic communications limited data a A to Network. Area Local for Abbreviation ir oxa onco ihsa-nculn ehns.Aalbei 50 in Available 75 mechanism. and coupling snap-on with connector coaxial Micro ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ ♦ iesosadtolerances, and Dimensions elasticity of Modulus Availability Density resistance Corrosion relaxation Stress temperature Melting Conductivity/Resistivity Treatment, strength/hardness Yield Ω esos rqec ag C-6GHz. 6 - DC range Frequency versions. oncin o oe n inl noadoto ytm Con- system. a of out and into signals and power for Connections . einstress design oncin ewe eest ahohradt te sub-cir- other to and other each to levels between Connections M L h oncinpitbtencmoet (tubes, components between point connection The otc forces contact h oncinpitbtenP boards PC between point connection The ti h aeecoueo between or enclosure same the ithin Ω 151

References APPENDICES

MHV H4 (Miniature High Voltage) Coaxial connector with bayonet coupling mechanism. Working voltage 2.2 kV DC.

Microstrip A type of transmission line configuration which consists of a conductor over a parallel ground plane, and separated by a dielectric.

MIL Abbreviation for military (e.g. as in Military Standards in the USA).

Mismatch, Connector Impedance Terminal or connector having a different impedance than that for which the circuit or cable is designed.

MMBX MicroMiniature Board Connector with snap and slide design for board-to-board connections

MMCX Miniature Microax connector with snap-on coupling mechanism. Available in 50 Ω and 75 Ω versions. Frequency range DC-6 GHz.

Moisture Resistance The ability of a material to resist absorbing moisture from the air or when im- mersed in water.

Motherboard A printed board used for interconnecting arrays of plug-in electronic modules.

N (Navy Connector) Coaxial connector with screw type coupling mechanism. Available in 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm versions. Frequency range DC - 18 GHz (50 Ohm) and 1 GHz (75 Ohm), respectively.

Noise Random electrical signals, generated by circuit components or by natural disturbances.

PA (Polyamide/’Nylon’) A resin used primarily as a jacket material having superior abrasion resistance, resistance to aliphatic solvents, but relatively high moisture absorption. Tempera- ture -40° to 80 °C. Is inflammable.

PE (Polyethylene) A resin compounded with various additives for use as an insulation, dielectric or jacket material. This material is light, tough, permanently flexible, has good resistance to chemicals, non-oxidizing acids and aromatic solvents, a low moisture absorption, and good tensile and tear strength. Temperature range -40° to 70 °C. In addition, it has a low dielectric constant and dissipation factor.

152 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE APPENDICES ulOut Pull fluoroethylene) (Polytetra- PTFE (PCB) Board Circuit Printed Contact Press-Fit (Polypropylene) PP Plug Process Plating Porosity Plating Contact Pin Stability Phase Shift Phase (Perfluoroalkoxy) PFA Relative Permittivity (magnetic) Permeability UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER oc eddt eaaeacbefo onco ybligte apart. them bulling by connector a from cable a separate to needed Force Tempera- temperatureandawiderangeoffrequencies. chemicals. all -200 virtually is and range moisture, ture sunlight, by com- unaffected carbonaceous is resistant It most pound. chemically and stable most thermally The flexible. and rigid both boards, config- multilayer wiring and printed double, or single, circuit includes printed It urations. processed completely of term general The plate. metal printed insulator, a an or holes), in plated-through hole without a or into (with pressed board be can which contact electrical An harder. and stiffer but PE, to similar polymer A female member. have move” may to plug ”free The the case. male is the the it always as if not of not contacts is thought then This usually move connector. is to the plug free of The is portion half. which mating connector other a the of to halves fastened mating two the of part The process. coating called Also cladding. and electroplating, dipping are hot processes plating, Common electroless surface. another on material Depositing and occur. thickness can plating sion defects. the substrate on as depends well which as plating, parameters the in holes small is Porosity It circuit. contact. a female of or side socket ”dead” a the with to mate connected to normally designed is usually contact, type male A the - example torsion. for - or bending of as function such a stressing as mechanical cable or a temperature of length cable. electrical or the circuit of Variation a through passing after current or voltage a of phase in Change PTFE. to similar thermoplas- properties conventional of with ease tics processing the combine resins Perfluoroalkoxy constant dielectric relative for term Synonym 1. of magnetic permeability for a path have a to as assumed air is than Air is force. material of a lines better much how of measure The ° o+260 to C ° .Eetia rprisaevr osatover constant very are properties Electrical C. Theporesmaybesitesatwhichcorro- ε r. 153

References APPENDICES

PUR (Polyurethane) Thermoplastic polymer used for cables as an extruded jacket. Exhibits extreme toughness and abrasion resistance, flexible to below -50°C.

PVC (Polyvinylchloride) Plasticised vinyl resin used as an insulation or jacket material which exhibits the property of high electrical resistivity, good dielectric strength, excellent mechanical toughness, superior resistance against oxygen, ozone, most common acids, alkalies and chemicals. Flame-resistance, oil-resistance and the temperature range (-55° to 105 °C) are depending on the compound.

QLA 50 Ω subminiature Connector with quick latch coupling mechanism.

Quick-Connect A test connector featuring a special threaded coupling nut which mates after a three-quarter turn.

Quick.Lock A snap-on connector interface design with retractable lock-nut, providing a fast connect/disconnect feature.

Rack and Panel Connectors A rack and panel connector is one which connects the inside back end of the cabinet (rack) with the drawer containing the equipment when it is fully inserted.

RADOX® Trademark of HUBER+SUHNER for crosslinked, flame retardant, heat resistant and halogenfree insulation and jacket materials.

Range Number of sizes of connectors or cables of a particular type.

Receptacle Usually the fixed or stationary half of a two-piece multiple contact connector. Also the connector half usually mounted on a panel and containing socket contacts.

Reflection See VSWR.

Reflection Loss The part of a signal which is lost due to reflection of power at a line discontinuity.

RG/U Symbol used to designate coaxial cables that are made to Government Specifi- cation (e.g., RG58/U; in this designation the ”R” means radio frequency, the ”G” means Government, the ”58” is the number assigned to the government approval, and the ”U” means it is an universal specification).

154 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE SMPX C) (Subminiature SMC B) (Subminiature SMB APPENDICES Sbiitr A) (Subminiature SMA Effect Skin Voltage) High (Safe SHV (mechanical) Shock Shielding Shield Semi-rigid Self-Align Effectiveness Screening UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER irmnauepeiincnetrfrafeunyrneu o4 GHz. 40 to up range frequency a for connector precision Microminiature GHz. 10 Frequency - mechanism. DC coupling range type screw with connector coaxial Subminiature GHz. 4 - Frequency DC mechanism. range coupling snap-on with connector coaxial Subminiature GHz. 18 - DC range Frequency 50 increases. current a the into of currents frequency electric the of as penetration decreases of conductor depth the wherein phenomenon The voltage Working mechanism. 5kVDC. coupling bayonet with connector Coaxial forces. internal substantial suddenness, of by development characterized the position, by in and change non-periodic or object. abrupt stationary An a (2) to applied impact abrupt An (1) to circuit wire a in leakage. conductors, current the or of interaction more interference, or prevent one surrounding sleeving metal The fields. conduc- external of and group wires electromag or or conductor electrostatic a prevent around to placed spirally). tors layer or other metallic (longitudinally the a taped on cables, or circuits In braided, or (2) solid, devices be upon may thereof, elec- shields side of Cable one side. effect on the fields reduces magnetic substantially or that tric screen or housing conducting A (1) inflexible relatively a and core inner sheathing. flexible a containing cable coaxial A posi- relative proper the in engage will they that tion. so parts mating two of Design line. through the line inside transmission than a lower from is issuing screen strength the field the much how by Specifies Ω umnauecailcnetrwt ce yeculn mechanism. coupling type screw with connector coaxial Subminiature - S ei nefrnebtenteenclosed the between interference netic 155

References APPENDICES

SMS Subminiature coaxial connector with slide-on coupling mechanism. Frequency range DC - 4 GHz.

Snap-on Used to describe the easy removal or assembly of one part to another. A connector containing socket contacts into which a plug connector having male con- tactsisinserted.

Solder Process A connector mechanically and electrically connects to a PCB or other substrate via a solder process. Rapid heating and cooling is recommendable, as flux de- grade, oxidation, metallurgical changes and intermetallic compound formation will occur due to prolonged heating. Various types of solder processes in order of increased process temperatures: manual soldering, wave solder, intrusive reflow, vapor phase reflow and Infra- Red (IR) reflow.

Spring-Finger Action Design of a contact, as used in a printed circuit connector or a socket contact, permitting easy, stress-free spring action to provide contact pressure and/or retention.

Stripline A type of transmission line configuration which consists of a single narrow conductor parallel and equidistant to two parallel ground planes.

SUCOPLATEr A plating material made out of a combination of copper, tin and zinc. Good corrosion and abrasion resistance. Non magnetic. Registered mark of HUBER+SUHNER.

Thermal Shock The effect of heat or cold applied at such a rage that non-uniform thermal expansion or contraction occurs within a given material or combination materials. The effect can cause inserts and other insulation materials to pull away from metal parts.

TNC (Threaded Navy Connector) Coaxial connector with screw type coupling mechanism. Available in 50 Ohm and 75 Ohm versions. Frequency range DC - 11 GHz (50 Ohm) and DC - 1 GHz (75 Ohm), respectively.

Transmission Line A signal-carrying circuit composed of conductors and dielectric material with controlled electrical characteristics used for the transmission of high-frequency of narrow-pulse type signals.

Transmission Loss The decrease or loss in power during transmission of energy from one point to another. Usually expressed in decibels.

156 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE APPENDICES ieWrapping Wire Action Wiping Length Wave VSWR Propagation of Velocity UHF Cable Twinaxial Cable Triaxial UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER ytgtywapn rwnigi ihaseilatmtco adoeae tool. operated hand or automatic special a terminal with V-shaped it or winding rectangular or square, wrapping a tightly to by wire solid a connecting of Method sur- contact the conductivity. from better contamination establishing of thus amounts faces, small removing of effect the has contacts when occurs which action The vibration. of phase electrical same successive repetitive two a between of waveform propagation, or of pulse direction the in measured distance, The reflections. by transmission to a maximum along the up of set ratio voltage The minimum Ratio. Wave Standing Voltage for Abbreviation in speed to compared percentage. cable a of as length expressed a space down free signal electrical an of speed The MHz. 200 - DC imped- range Non-defined Frequency mechanism. ance. coupling type screw with connector Coaxial sur- and together shield. common twisted another, a by one rounded from insulated are that conductors Two effi- shielding increased for conductors Notable concentric ciency. them). outer separating two layer and insulating conductor an centre (with one of consisting cable A W U V r ae ihasiigato.Wiping action. sliding a with mated are onsta r hrceie ythe by characterised are that points 157

References APPENDICES

6.3 BIBLIOGRAPHY

6.3.1 Chapter 1: Introduction to Basic RF Theory 1. ”Einführung in die Mikrowellen-Technik und Bauteile” by A. Bosshard / G.Kühne / I. Falk, HU- BER+SUHNER AG, 9100 Herisau, Switzerland, 1985/1991 2. ”Begriffe der elektrischen Übertragungstechnik” by P.R. Schmid, Manager of the Cable Department, Interconnections Division, HUBER+SUHNER AG, 9100 Herisau, Switzerland, 1993 3. ”Approaches to Solving the Problem of Intermodulation Involving Passive Components” by U. Hügel and S. Frei, R&D Department, Interconnections Division, HUBER+SUHNER AG, 9100 Herisau, Switzer- land, 1993

6.3.2 Chapter 2: Materials and Plastics 1. ”Material Selector 1988” by Materials Engineering, P.O.Box 91368, Cleveland, Ohio 44101, USA. Published by Penton Publishings, Inc., 1988 2. ”Connector Engineering Design Guide” by Brush Wellman, Inc., World Headquarters, 17876 St. Clair Avenue,Cleveland,Ohio44110,USA,1995 3. ”Die Kunststoffe und ihre Eigenschaften” by Hans Domininghaus. Published by VDI Verlag, Germany. 2nd Edition, 1986, ISBN 3-18-400738-3 4. ”Halbfabrikate aus Kunststoffen - Werkstoff-Eigenschaften und Anwendungen” by Angst+Pfister AG, Zurich, Switzerland, 1994 5. ”CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics” by David R. Lide. Published by CRC Press, Inc., USA. 75th Edition, 1994

6.3.3 Chapter 3: Connector Design 1. ”Connectors and Interconnections Handbook”, Volume 1-4, Basic Technology by The Electronic Connector Study Group, Inc., USA, 1979 2. ”Einführung in die Mikrowellen-Technik und Bauteile” by A. Bosshard / G.Kühne / I. Falk, HU- BER+SUHNER AG, 9100 Herisau, Switzerland, 1985/1991

158 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE APPENDICES .”plcto oe36-CailSses rnilso irwv onco ae(o ihrreliability higher (for care connector microwave of Principles Systems; Coaxial - 326 Note ”Application 7. Hügel U. by Components” Passive Involving Intermodulation of Problem the Solving to ”Approaches Company, Wiltron Oldfield, Bill 6. by Accuracy” Calibration on Effect its and Interface Connector 07401, ”The 1987 Jersey UK-New Ltd., 5. Instruments Marconi by Datamate” ”Microwave 4. USA. Laverghetta, S. Thomas by Techniques” and Measurements Microwave ”Modern Genrad, by 3. Published USA. Engineering, Gilbert by Measurements” Microwave Coaxial of ”Handbook Measure- Impedance High and 2. Voltage Low Current, Low Effective for - Measurements Level Measurements ”Low and Tests 4: 1. Chapter 6.3.4 UE+UNRCNETRGUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER n etrmaueet) yHwetPcad USA. Packard, Hewlett by measurements)” better and Switzer- Herisau, 9100 AG, HUBER+SUHNER Division, 1993 Interconnections land, Department, R&D Frei, S. and 1996 March Journal, Microwave by Published USA. CA, Hill, Morgan 0-89006-307 ISBN 1988. Edition, 2nd 1968 Inc., 1984 Edition, 3rd USA. Inc., Instruments, Keitley by ments” 159

References xa 69 31 32 12, 32 77 77 82 46 53 45 axial 47 84 components loss attenuation 78 loss 83 attenuation 49 attenuation board print the 46 46 to attachment techniques attachment conductor inner cable of attachment attachments instructions 37 and tools assembly 51 instructions assembly anti-adhesive ammonia aluminium alloys metal base alloy adhesion intermodulation active acids resistant abrasion etecnat65 9 54 69 84 114 84 GUIDE CONNECTOR HUBER+SUHNER 80 61 contact centre 69 17 16, mechanism capture capacitive 17 16, caoutchouc sets calibration 47 47 calibration 68 67, 81 65, dies crimp calibrated 43 42, calibrated force retention cable inductance cable 71 connectors cable 75 45 46 capacitance cable C 10 contact butted mounted bulkhead resistance bulk bronze brass alloy copper beryllium coupling bayonet materials base barb(s) designations band B A 7INDEX PAGE urn 14 35 18 12, 44 42, 71 78 79 42, 44 79 75 61 frequency cut-off density 62 current capacity current 75 42 current 46 47 knurls crossed crimping 36 crimped 42 ferrule crimp crimp torque nut coupling 66 nut coupling mechanisms coupling 60 43, 42, resistance corrosion 43 corrosion 42, 43 42, 38 copper-tin-alloy 41 41 conductors: copper copper products intermodulation 71 69 61, to 109contributions 66 contaminant resistance 63 contact pressure contact plastics and materials 42 contact geometry contact force 79 contact 44, design captivation contact 62 captivation 32 contact 133 32 area 61 contact 64 pairs 80 connector 79, body connector 64 types connection conductor outer the of conductivity conductor inner the of conductivity pin compliant welding cold components 33 16, connector coaxial classes climatic changes climatic cleaning clamping chassis impedance characteristic ilcrc67 112 dielectric test under device D PAGE 161

Index INDEX

PAGE PAGE dielectric bead 68 dielectric constant 67 G dielectric losses 12 gaskets 54 dielectric material 21 gating 123 diffusion 49 gauging (measuring) 133 diffusion barrier 50 gold 49 dimple-captivation 71 discoloration 52 H discontinuities 22,30,31 halogen free plastics 52 discontinuity 23,24 handling and storage 133 disengagement force 61 heavy-duty plastic 53 displacements 69 high frequency 9 dos and don’ts 133 high machinability 47 ductility 46 homogeneity 64 durability 61 DUT 112 I ideal line 25, 26, 27 E ideal performance 59 edge-mount 83 ideal vs real 59 EHF 10 impedance 12,15,16,17,18,60 electric 12 incident voltages 14 electric field 13 inductances 15 electrical conductivity 49 inductive pin gaps 115 electrical performance 59 inductive resistances 9 electrochemical potential 51 inflexible 54 electrolytically deposited metals 48 inner conductor 65 electromagnetic field 12 inner conductor captivation 72 engagement force 61 input-reflection coefficient 111, 112 environmental performance 61 insertion and extraction forces 42, 43 epoxy 71 insertion loss 60, 113, 118 error contributors 114 insulation resistance 42, 44, 60 external connections 63 insulator 67 external element 77 insulator captivation 73 intermodulation (pim) products 37 F intermodulation products 37 feeder transmission line 127 internal 63 female 113 internally stepped sections 71 field strength 13, 17 flame resistance 52 J forward-transmission coefficient 111, 112 jack 113 fourier transformation 123 four-parameter network 110 K frequency 19, 20, 60 kinking 117 frequency domain 124 frequency ranges 9 L frontal contact 66 LF 10 function and performance 59 longitudinal 69

162 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE urcn 49 16 16 16 127 lubricant low-loss design low-intermodulation line lossless lossless INDEX vra clnrcl 68 37 68 66 115 66 GUIDE CONNECTOR 126 113, HUBER+SUHNER 111, 112 73 (PIM) level 115 intermodulation passive 60 27 25, intermodulation passive (cylindrical) overlap (conical) overlap coefficient 123 112, output-reflection contact outer 51 captivation 50 conductor 51outer 126 conductor outer OSL 109 frequency operating 62 open-short-load circuit open network one-port methods network two-port and one 24 10 O 123 114, 24 non-magnetic 69 127 126, non-linearity free nickel nickel N 60 41 moisture communication mobile mismatches 75 line mismatched 33 24 113 mismatch 50 microstripline 109 60 MF performance mechanical 13 12, and reflections of measurements methods and theory measurement line coaxial the of frequency max. materials resistivities material pair mated line matched malleable male field magnetic M rnmsin115 transmission PAGE TE53 83 82 44 48 71 54 114 114 49 PTFE 113 126 coating protective socket print 127 pressing 47 press-fit 79 113 pressed-in design interface precision 52 adaptors precision 48 46 53 measurements practical 54 114PPO transmitters power carriers to ratio power 132 porosity 65 47, machinability poor 53 123 (PTFE) polytetrafluorethylene 24 23, (PPO) oxide polyphenylene 53 52 (PE) polyethylene 111 51 plugged 63 plug flash plating plating depth pin behaviour PIM piece-part pico-seconds shift phase alignment phase PFA 126 permeability PEEK PE PCB products intermodulation passive eiblt 2 77 84 42, 49, 84 115 117 15 128 66 65 113 112, 26, 25, attachment repeatable 83 77, repeatability reliability factor reflection coefficient reflection level reference sensitivity receiver reactances contacted radially bonded radially R quality Q PAGE 163

Index INDEX

PAGE PAGE requirements 46 surface smoothness 41, 42 resilient contacts 47 surroundings 61 resistance 9, 15 swagings 71 retaining direction 72 return loss RL 26, 113, 115, T reverse-transmission coefficient 111, 112 TEM 12 RF 12 temperature 42 RF leakage 60 temperature range 62 ring with cams 71 tensile strength 46 rotational movements 69 terminations 114 test set-up 114 S tests and measurements 109 salt water 62 thermostability 53 screw-snap-connection 75 thread 75 SHF 10 threaded connection 75 shielding 33 through-connection 117 short 23, 25 time domain 123 short circuit 22, 27 transmission coefficient 116 shoulder or step 71 two-port network 109 signal ratios 38 signal-to-noise ratio 129 U silicone rubber 54 UHF 10 silver 50 upper frequency 12 skin depth 35, 36 skin effect 12, 35 V slide-on coupling 77 vector network analyser 109 slotted (resilient) contact 67 velocity of light 16, 20 snap-on coupling 76 velocity of propagation 12, 20, 21 solder flux 78 VHF 10 solderability 44 visual inspection 133 soldered 78 VLF 10 soldering 42, 78, 79, 80, 82 VSWR 60, 113, 115 s-parameters (scattering parameters) 110 spring characteristics 46 W spring properties 44 water absorption 52 stainless steel 47 wavelength 19, 20, 111 straight knurls 71 wear deterioration 46 stress relaxation 46 wear resistance 49 stripline 69 wear-through 49 SUCOPLATE 51 worst case 115 SUCOPRO 51 surface hardness 42 Z surface oxidation 48 zero span 130 surface-mount 83

164 HUBER+SUHNER CONNECTOR GUIDE

RF Connector guide RF Connector guide

HUBER+SUHNER is certified according to ISO 9001, ISO 14001, ISO/TS 16949 and IRIS.