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Coaxial Cabling Tutorial

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Coaxial Cabling Tutorial 166 Coaxial Cabling Tutorial How is Coaxial Cabling used? Where is Coaxial Cabling used? Primarily, coaxial cables are used for the A broad range of applications exist for What is Coaxial Cabling? transmission of Radio Frequency energy. coaxial cabling. The two primary The system offers tight control over impedance values of 50 and 75 Ohms A coaxial cable is a two conductor electrical impedance. This yields excellent determine specific applications with 50 electrical cable consisting of a center performance at high frequencies and Ohms primarily used in data signal conductor and an outer conductor with an superior EMI control / shielding. applications and 75 Ohms used in video insulating spacer between the two. signal applications. Coaxial Cabling Terms Frequency: Number of times a periodic action Currently used as a general reference. (R=Radio occurs in one second. Measured in Hertz. Frequency, G=Guide, U=Universal Specification). Attenuation (Insertion Loss): Loss of power. Letters that appear before the / U characters (i.e. A, B Attenuation is usually measured in dB loss per length Impedance: The opposition to the flow of alternating or varying current. Measured in Ohms. Two common or C) means a specification modification or revision. of cable (ex. 31.0 dB / 100ft.). Attenuation increases For instance, it is common in the CB industry to see as frequency increases. impedance values are 50 Ohms used primarily for data and 75 Ohms used to transmit video signals. the designation RG-58A / U. The original RG-58 / U Bend Radius: The amount of radius a cable can coaxial cable had a solid center conductor. The "A" bend without any adverse effects. Insertion Loss: A measurement of attenuation modification replaced the solid center conductor determined by the system output before and after with a more flexible stranded center conductor (that Center Conductor: The solid or stranded wire in the the connection of a cable and / or device. middle of the coaxial cable. The conductor diameter is highly recommended for use in mobile is measured by the American Wire Gauge (AWG). Jack: The female connector usually containing a installations). Other designators often seen are: A = center socket. Modification to the Solid Core Material Specification, Coaxial Adapter: A device used to change one B = Modification to the Outer Jacket Specification, connector type to another or one gender to another Microwave Frequencies: Microwave frequencies C = Modification of the Dielectric Insulator (ex. BNC to SMA Adapter). range from Ultra-High Frequency (UHF) .3-3 GHz, Specification. These designators are not precise and Super High Frequency (SHF) 3-30 GHz to Extremely specifications may vary from one vendor to another. Coaxial Cable: A two conductor cylindrical High Frequency (EHF) 30-300 GHz. transmission line typically comprised of a center Shielding: Conductive envelope made of wires or conductor, an insulating dielectric material and an MIL-C-17: MIL-C-17 is a specification document metal foil that covers the dielectric and the center outer conductor (shielding). Coaxial cable can be that has been used since the 1940s to standardize conductor. flexible (typical to the assemblies found in this the physical and electrical characteristics of coaxial catalog), semi-rigid or rigid in nature. cables. There is no longer any control of RG Twinaxial: An offshoot of coaxial cabling. Two center specifications so cables may perform differently than conductors with one dielectric and braided shielding. Coaxial Connector: The interconnection device the cables that adhere to MIL-C-17. found at each end of a coaxial cable assembly. There Velocity of Propagation (VP): Usually expressed as are many common types of coaxial connectors such Plug: The male connector usually containing a a percentage, VP is the transmission speed of as: BNC, SMA, SMB, Type F, etc. center pin. electrical energy in a determined length of cable compared to the speed of light. Dielectric: The insulating material that separates RF (Radio Frequency): A frequency band from the center conductor and shielding. 3 MHz to 300 GHz. Primarily used for transmission of VSWR (Voltage Standing Wave Ratio): The ratio of radio and television signals. the maximum effective voltage to the minimum Electromagnetic Interference (EMI): Electrical or effective voltage measured along a RF transmission electromagnetic energy that disrupts electrical RG / U: A designation that originated with a US line. This value generally increases with frequency signals. Government specification. No longer in effect. and higher values are not desirable. Common Applications for Coaxial Cable Assemblies Entertainment Systems GPS Video Systems Telecom WAN / LAN Coaxial cable assemblies are Global Positioning Systems The transmission of a video The infrastructure of most Wide Area Networks and used extensively to connect a utilize coaxial cable for signal from a video camera telecommunication systems Local Area Networks often wide variety of home and connections between to a display monitor is relies heavily on coaxial utilize coaxial cable for commercial entertainment receiving antennas and other typically through coaxial cabling. Cell towers, equipment interconnections. products. Entertainment related equipment. cable. communications equipment Also, reverse polarized equipment such as monitors, Common cable types: and base station facilities connectors are found on Common cable types: TVs, cameras, recording 50 - RG58, RG174, are typical examples of many wireless antenna W 75 - RG59, RG59A / U, equipment and broadcast RG188 or RG316 W coaxial cable interconnection connections. equipment are interconnected RG59B / U or RG179 applications. Common connectors: Common cable types: using coaxial cables. Common connectors: TNC, N, MCX, MMCX Common cable types: 50W - RG174, RG58 Common cable types: and SMA BNC, F and RCA 50W - RG58, RG223 75W - RG6 or RG59 and RG213 Common connectors: BNC Common connectors: Common connectors: BNC, F and RCA BNC, TNC and Type N L-com.com | 800-343-1455 | [email protected] COAXIAL 167 Typical Coaxial Cabling Shielding: Typical Coaxial Connector (Exploded View): One of the two conductors (BNC Exploded View): Crimp Sleeve: in coaxial cable. Braid or Provides strain relief braid + foil is typical. Center Pin: by securing braid to connector. Terminates to center conductor Center Conductor: via crimping or soldering. The main signal path. Can be solid or Jacket: stranded wire. Ferrule: Insulates and protects shielding and center conductor. Extruded Provides mating surface PVC is typical. for coaxial shielding. Dielectric: Insulating material isolates shield from center conductor. Connector (Plug) Body: This also gives the cable its impedance property. Nickel plated brass is typical. 75 Ohm Digital Rated C735 C1506A C1505A C734 Coaxial Cable Sizing Chart This chart illustrates the diameter difference between different types of coaxial cable. The drawings below are shown in Ø.127 in. [Ø3.2 mm] Ø.199 in. Ø.235 in. actual size. [Ø5.0 mm] Ø.236 in. [Ø6.0 mm] [Ø6.0 mm] 75/98 Ohm RG Coax RG179B/U RG187/U Thinline RG62A/U RG59A/U RG59B/U RG6/U Ø.100 in. Ø.110 in. Ø.110 in. [Ø2.5 mm] [Ø2.8 mm] [Ø2.8 mm] Ø.240 in. Ø.240 in. Ø.242 in. Ø.270 in. [Ø6.1 mm] [Ø6.1 mm] [Ø6.1 mm] [Ø6.8 mm] 50 Ohm RG Coax RG316/U RG188A/U RG174/U RG58/U (R9907) RG58C/U RG142B/U RG223/U RG213/U Ø.098 in. Ø.108 in. Ø.110 in. [Ø2.5 mm] [Ø2.7 mm] [Ø2.8 mm] Ø.185 in. Ø.195 in. Ø.195 in. Ø.212 in. [Ø4.7 mm] [Ø4.9 mm] [Ø4.9 mm] [Ø5.4 mm] Ø.405 in. [Ø10.3 mm] 50 Ohm Low-Loss Coax 100-Series 195-Series 200-Series 240-Series 400-Series 600-Series 900-Series Ø.105 in. [Ø2.7 mm] Ø.195 in. Ø.195 in. Ø.240 in. [Ø4.9 mm] [Ø4.9 mm] [Ø6.1 mm] Ø.405 in. [Ø10.3 mm] Ø.590 in. [Ø15.0 mm] Ø.900 in. [Ø22.9 mm] Understanding Coaxial Cable Cable Construction Cross Section Center Coaxial is a term derived from the construction of the cable, as illustrated here. Conductor In a coaxial cable an electrical impulse signal is transmitted along the cable length CL (axis) between the center conductor and the outer conductor. The center conductor and Outer the outer conductor share the same center line or axis hence the term coaxial. Conductor Shielding Effectiveness is the relative ability of a shield to screen out undesirable Notice as the shielding density increases there is a correlated increase in the interference. In coaxial cable, the outer conductor provides a shield to keep shielding effectiveness value. The best shielding effectiveness value can be found interfering signals from getting in and to keep signals from leaking out to become in a rigid coaxial cable due to the solid tube construction of the outer jacket. In this undesirable interference for nearby devices. Shielding Effectiveness is measured type of cable the limiting factor for shielding effectiveness is the quality of the in dB with higher values indicating better shielding properties. The table below connector attachment. illustrates the relative shielding properties of various shielding types. Center Shielding Type Conductor Interfering Signal Single Braid Shield Single Braid Shield (2) Braids Conformable (95% coverage) (60%) + Foil Wrap (100%) (60%) + (2) Foil Wraps (100%) Cable Leaking Signal Approximate Shielding Effectiveness Value Shield Interfering Signal (Outer Conductor) -55dB -90dB -110dB -150dB 168 COAXIAL ~ 50 Ohm RG Series Cable Assemblies LAN / WAN Cell Tower When is 50 Ohm coaxial 50 Ohm Cable Remote Antenna cable used? Cell Tower The primary use of 50 Ohm coaxial cable is transmission of a data signal in a two-way communication system. Some of the Router Hub Access Point Antenna Feed common applications for 50 Ohm coaxial cable are computer Ethernet Network Cables Ethernet backbones, wireless antenna feed cables, GPS (Global Positioning Satellite) antenna feed cables and cell phone systems.
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