6 Professors who Taught International Law within the Faculty of Laws, University of Malta

Raymond Mangion * Member of the Department of Public Law, Faculty of Laws, University of Malta

Introduction

I am honoured and pleased to pay homage to an eminent mentor, bosom colleague, wise counsellor and unrivalled expert in international law - Professor David]. Attard. I accepted cordially and gladly the courteous invitation to join the fellowship of world legal and judicial luminaries in this Liber Amicorum by submitting an article consisting of short tributes to the Professors of Law who taught international law within the groves of Maltese Academe. The overall number of professors who occupied the seat in the period were the following sages: Professors Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli, 1840-1870; Nicolo Crescimanno, 1870-1881; William Rapinet, 1881-1884; Giovanni Caruana, 1886- 1895, Salvatore Castaldi, 1895-1904; Enrico Carlo Vassallo, 1904-1937; William Buhagiar, 1937-1947; and Edwin Busuttil, 1947-1987. The professors of international law from 1840 to 194 7 were so appointed and entitled when the relevant chair was not autonomous because it was constituted jointly with constitutional law. The incumbent from 1948 to 1987 was first a lecturer of international law as a reconstituted separate course of study at the tertiary level but without the former rank, and then as professor of international law when the subject was incorporated within a new chair under the designation of public law. In 1987, Professor David]. Attard was appointed as the first professor of the chair after it was reconstituted for the third time but as a department devoted exclusively to the teaching of international law for the first time in the history of tl1e University of Malta. The majority of the eight dons who lectured in international law at the University of Malta has long been forgotten or remembered only for their demonstration of astounding wisdom or distinguished standing in others spheres of public life. I hope and pray that my humble contribution to this marvellous festschrift will recall their once undoubted celebrity and contemporaneously reawaken an endless interest in the history of the Faculty of Law at the University of Malta. 1

* * *

The Universitas Studiorum, or better the present University of Malta, was founded by Grandmaster Emmanuele Pinto de Fonseca by virtue of a decree signed on 32 Raymond Mangion

22 November 1769.2 It was located within the College of the Company of Jesus in Valletta in pursuance to four Papal Briefs which were issued on 20 October 1769 (Sollecti non quidem and Sedula Romani Pontificus) and 26January 1771 (Dudum nos per alias and Maxima Utilitatis). 3 The Jesuits in Malta had conducted the academic teaching of island's Alma Mater for over 150 years the Collegium Melitense, the precursor of the Universitas Studiorum, which had been established by a public deed of 12 November 1592.4 The Costituzioni peri nuovi studi dell'Universitd or Statutes of the present University of Malta were formulated by the first Rector, the Florentine Servite P. Roberto Raineri Maria Costaguti and were promulgated on 22 May 1771. 5 The Costituzioni established that a full University course lasted eight years of which the first three led to the degree of Master of Arts in subjects common to all faculties while the last five were dedicated to studies in the traditional professions, comprising jurisprudence. 6 The subjects of Civil Law, Canon Law and Philosophy of Law were taught within the Faculty of Law. The Professor of Civil Law lectured on the Statuti of the Order of St. John and the Prammatiche del Paese. 7 Reverend Dr Fra Antonio Micallef was appointed Professor of the Chair of Law. 8 Indeed, the curriculum was very limited and modest, so much so that the University bestowed a Juris Utriusque Doctor (J.U.D.) for well over fifty years. Dr Micallef occupied the Chair until 1809 and was followed by the Reverend Dr Fra Giuseppe Simeone Borg from 1811 to 1835. Half way through the Deanship of Dr Borg, a newly constituted General Council of the University suggested various radical changes to his native Alma Mater which took place only ten years afterwards and sanctioned by the Secretary of State for the Colonies by a dispatch of 29 November 1833.9 Before putting into practice the programme which was intended to place the University of Malta on a modern footing, Royal Commissioners George Cornewall Lewis andJohn Austin sent to the printer a report in terms of which at the end of the academical course of six years, the University granted the Doctor in Laws (LL.D.) after examination by members of the faculty. 10 No one was eligible to exercise the profession without a 'laurea dottorale nelle leggi Canoniche e Civili' 11 and applicants who wished to plead in the courts had to submit 'certificate relative al carattere ed abilitd'. 12 The requirement was re-entrenched in a new Code of Organization and Civil Procedure. 13 In 1838, Dr Ignazio Gavino Bonavita, on the strength of the Royal Commissioners' recommendations, drew up a new Statuto Fondamentale the publication of which on 15 December of the year laid the basis of the future University of the country. 14 The course of laws was structured so to encompass lessons in the Municipal Institutions and in Natural, Common, Civil and Criminal Laws. 15 A Chair 'di diritto delle genti e di diritto pubblico', or better of International and Constitutional Law, was created to mark the introduction of the professorship and teaching of international law, an unprecedented milestone in the annals of the law studies at the University of Malta. 16 The running of the general instruction within the Faculty of Laws was entrusted to two Professors according to a suggestion of the Royal Commissioners who had proposed a reduction in the number of professors owing to the scanty resources of the Maltese people. 17 Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty qf Laws, University qf Malta 33

Ferdinando Caruana Dingli - Godson of the Last Grandtnaster

Professor Dr Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli was the first academic lawyer and advocate to occupy the Chair of International and Constitutional law from the moment the course of law was reorganized pursuant to the Statuto Fondamentale of 1838. Ferdinanda was born in Valletta on 12 January 1798, son of Giuseppe Caruana Dingli and Antonia nee Farrugia. He was baptized on 13January 1798 in the parish of Porto Salvo, Valletta, and was given the names 'Ferdinandus, Gullielmus, Vincentius, Antonius'. He was named after the last Grandmaster of the Order of St. John in Malta - the German Ferdinand Von Hompesch who was his 'promurator' together with his 'patrium' Commendatore FraJoseph (Alexandor) de Foicon. 18

Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli

Ferdinanda's father Giuseppe - son of Francesco Caruana and Giovanna Dingli, and the island's Comptroller of Customs - was a close associate, perennial supporter and regular creditor of Grandmaster Von Hompesch. 19 Giuseppe formed part of a small nucleus of Maltese who worked secretly for the return of the Order in Malta from the outset of the French interregnum on the island and the First Commissioner Sir Alexander Ball consequently arrested and exiled him to Messina where he was taken ill and died, leaving behind him Ferdinanda at the age of three years. 20 No doubt, Ferdinanda belonged to a wealthy family in lucre and lore and one of his paternal uncles, Fra Luigi Caruana Dingli, bequeathed in his own handwriting a manuscript on the horrendous plague of 1813 which decimated the Maltese population.21 Ferdinanda studied laws at the University of Malta from where he 34 Raymond Mangion graduated J. U.D. on 3 August 1824.22 He braced himself to a long career both as advocate and academic lawyer and was soon an able defendant with regard to Ferdinand Von Hompesch' list of creditors in an epoch-making civil libel case: Capitano Giuseppe e Gio Batta Monteverde v. Dr Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli et, decided by Dr Agostino Randon sitting in the First Hall of the Civil Court on 19 November 1825 and confirmed by judges Dr John Stoddart and Claudio Vincenzo Bonnici presiding over the highest appellate court of the island. Dr Caruana Dingli pleaded successfully that his father of whom he had been an heir had acted for Grandmaster Von Hompesch with the Monteverde brothers in the capacity of commissionante (commercial agent or mandatory) rather than of mallevatore (surety). 23 From 30 June 1828 to 23 June 1831, Dr Ferdinanda made a sojourn at the Tuscany cities of Pisa, Leghorn and Florence. He also visited the Sicilian port of Trapani for a while. He was in close ties with Orazio Abela and Giuseppe De Sanctis during his stay in Leghorn.24 Orazio Abela hailed from Zejtun and was married to the daughter of the Maltese trader, philanthrope and lover of the Maltese language Giuseppe Pulis Montebello who was married and based with his family in Leghorn. 25 On 27 April 1835, Dr Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli was appointed Prqftssore del Dritto Civile within the Faculty of Law, University of Malta, by a quasi-unanimous decision of all the members of the Council of the University in a re-union of 9 April 1835.26 Dr Caruana Dingli, declared 'abbastanza conosciuto e percio giudicato abile' to fill in the post, was informed of his distinguished appointment by a letter of the then Rector of the University Canon Emmanuele RosignaudY He replaced his predecessor Professor Dr Fra Giuseppe Simeone Borg who, in turn, became Professor Emeritus for his lifelong contribution to the Faculty of Law. 28 On 29 March 1837, Professor Caruana Dingli in the capacity of staff member of the Faculty of Law gave testimony to the Royal Commissioners John Austin and George Cornewall Lewis during their visit to Malta to enquire into the affairs of the island. He did not only give valuable hints at the necessary reforms which were required within the Faculty of Law, pointing out that there was no Chair of Commercial Law. He stressed that an Industrial School and a Library were badly needed within the local academe and remarked that tertiary education should be free to encourage talented students who could not afford to pay a fee. 29 Professor Caruana Dingli deposed before the Royal Commissioners also as a member of the Comitato Generale which Camillo Sceberras had principally set up in Malta to campaign for the legislative introduction of free press and the constitutional establishment of franchise in the country but actually championed a liberal scientific instruction with the aid of good lecturers, possibly Maltese. Professor Caruana Dingli formed part of a movement that certainly contributed to the enactment of Ordinance IV of 1839 which lifted censorship on printing as the University reforms were gaining momentum.30 Incidentally, Professor Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli had one of the red-letter days of his life that coincided with the democratic advancement of his time when he married Antonia nee Borg in the parish of Our Lady of Porto Salvo, Valletta, on 16July 1839. 31 The marriage was solemnized by his brother Reverend Francesco Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty qf Laws, University qf Malta 35

Caruana Dingli J. U.D. while the witnesses were Reverend Canon Saviour Grech J.U.D. and Dr Adrian DingliJ.U.D. They had five children: Marianna, Salvatore, Francesco, Maria Rosaria and Raffaele.32 In 1838, Professor Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli together with Professor Sigismondo Dimech assumed the teaching of the several subjects in the re-modelled course of law. 33 Besides the teaching of Commercial Law, Criminal (or Penal) Law and Philosophy of Law, he took up instruction in international and constitutional law. Professor Caruana Dingli spoke on Dlnjluenza del sapere e de' costumi sulla prosperita delle nazioni in an oration which he delivered in the Aula Magna on the opening of the scholastic year in the Jesuits Church on 1 October 1841.34 He based his treatise on the ancient and modern history of the subject matter, the wisdom of the old philosophers, the daily experiences, and the alternate vicissitudes of human fortunes, and was applauded by the congregation of intellectuals and scholars who attended the ceremony.35 Professor Caruana Dingli immediately sought to enhance his collaboration as an academic lawyer by undertaking legal publications which would help law students better appreciate the elements of law. He decided to embark on a very difficult translation of the Elementa ]urisprudentiae Crimina/is which had been published by the then famous Italian advocate, academic lawyer and jurist Professor Giovanni Carmignani (1768-1847).36 Professor Caruana Dingli had spent a few years in the Italian regions where Professor Carmignani was influential in the field of Criminal Law, and his experience in Tuscany had come in the period immediately before the beginning of his academic career at the University of Malta.37 Professor Carmignani, formerly a Professor of Criminal Law at the Real and Imperial University of Pisa and a consultant on criminal laws for the governments of Tuscany, the Pontificial States as well as Portugal, had gained fame for his works on the subject of criminal law and the philosophy of criminal law. He had constructed his well-researched and refined works on those of the other great legal theorist and political economist Marchese Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794), and had come to wield an extraordinary influence on thinkers and advocates of the nineteenth century in Italy and the rest of the Continent. Professor Carmignani had always refused any translation of his Elementa or constituents of the criminal law in Italian. His biographer abbe Pardini put it on record that Professor Carmignani had the belief that his work would lose its character if it were translated from Latin into Italian.38 Professor Caruana Dingli published the prima versione Italiana of the Elementi del Diritto Criminate in 1847 and 1848 in two volumes at the Tipografia Anglo-Maltese.39 Professor Caruana Dingli published his first Tomo on the fifth and last Latin edition of Pisa with important corrections of the original and with new Notes of the same Author furnished. 40 Professor Caruana Dingli's translation was impeccable and was extolled by leading experts in Criminal Law in Malta and abroad.41 Professor Caruana Dingli himself recounts the correspondence which was exchanged between him and the insigne giureconsulto filosqfo dell'Arno in connection with the translation of the magnum opus. The Maltese Professor got the relevant permission from his Italian counterpart by letter dated 22 November 1843, when he was told that "Many were the persons from these whereabouts of Tuscany 36 Rqymond Mangion

who offered to translate for me the Elementa, but none of them had ever won my confidence. Your letter, in which appears the wisdom of its composer, instigated me to look at your project as one of the most beautiful instances of the poor life of my study." Professor Ferdinando Caruana Dingli employed around three years to carry out his Italian rendition of the monumental text. 42 On 14 May 1846 and 24 June 1846, Professor Ferdinando Caruana Dingli had his permission confirmed by Professor Carmignani by virtue of two separate letters.43 In the event, Professor Ferdinando Caruana Dingli was quick to publish in Valletta, Malta, a biography on Professor Giovanni Carmignani in the aftermath of his passing away in 184 7. Professor Caruana Dingli availed himself of his Biografia dell'Avvocato Giovanni Carmignani to indicate that the Tuscan Professor was a honorary member of the local Societa Medica d'Incoraggiamento Maltese. 44 Professor Caruana Dingli himself recited his Biografia on Professor Carmigniani in the said Societa Maltese on 16 November 1847.45 Professor Caruana Dingli together with Professor Carmignani were some of the Honorary Members of the Societa Medica d'Incoraggiamento Maltese who were not doctors of medicine.46 He dedicated this Biografia to the '!!mi. Ed Ornat. Signori Cav. Vincenzo Carmignani, Fratello Antonio, Giuliano, Maddalena e Sofia, Nipoti e Donna Ursola Frassi Del Seppia, T!edova di Lui degnissima'. 47 Professor Caruana Dingli referred to the Professor 'il cui solo nome egia un eloquente compendia della sua Gloria' as 'straordinario ingegno', 'luminare della scienza', 'illustre filosqfo e giureconsulto', '!'insigne immortale autore' .48 Professor Caruana Dingli was a man of great erudition as his books and public speeches demonstrated but he was also a keen enthusiast in husbandry, which explained his close connection with the Societa Medica. In point of fact, he had been nominated to sit on as provisional member of the Comitato Societa Agraria when its first meeting of subscribers was held with the aim of promoting Malta as a hub of agricultural activities. 49 He was elected one of the Vice-Presidents of the Societa Agraria on its first meeting of 12 April 1844 under the auspices of the Societa Medica. 50 Together with his brother Reverend Dr Francesco Caruana Dingli J. U.D., he was an active and honorary member of the Societa Economico-Agraria of the group of Malta for many years. 51 In 1852, Professor Caruana Dingli was one of four members who together with a President and a Secretary were selected by the then Governor Sir William Reid to compose the first committee of Malta Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. 52 When he was approaching his 35 year of academic career, Professor Caruana Dingli was struck by a grave illness as attested by Dr Salvatore Pullicino M.D, so much so that he had to remain in convalescence.53 By letter dated 14 September 1869, he informed the Rector of the University Professor Saverio Schembri that owing to his advanced age and ill-health, he would not longer be able to fulfil all the duties of his professorship and would require assistance. The University considered it more expedient to grant his retirement and recommended him for superannuation. 54 Professor Caruana Dingli retired on pension with effect from l January, 1870.55 Professor Caruana Dingli died aged 72 years at residence 12, Strada Reale, St. Julians, at l 0 a.m. on the 31 July 1870, and was buried at the Church of St. Paul's Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty qf Laws, University qf Malta 3 7

Shipwreck, Valletta. At the time, however, he lived at Valletta. Both his parents Giuseppe and Antonia had predeceased him. 56 He was survived by his wife Antonia nee Borg who died aged 78 years on 7 December 1894 and was buried in the Addolorata Cemetery, Division West, Section A, Compartment l, no. 14. 57 Professor Caruana Dingli was revered as one of the most illustrious deceased scholars of Malta and long after his demise his conspicuous memory was still 8 reverberating inside the campus of the highest educational institution of Malta. 5 Along with Sir Ignazio Gavino Bonavita and Sir Adrian Dingli, he was remembered as one of the eminent 'giureconsulti' of truly great statute who emerged from the 9 small island of Malta in the nineteenth century. 5

Nicolo Crescintanno -A Sicilian Esule

The second Professor of International Law within the Faculty of Laws at the University of Malta was a Sicilian esule or political refugee who fled to Malta in order to escape from the upheavals that had been raging on the terrqforma for most of the previous forty years or so. Following the forced retirement of Professor Caruana Dingli, the Government appointed a Board composed of some of the leading legal authorities of the island to conduct an examination for the relevant vacant Chair of Law in the subject-

.Nicolo Crescimanno 38 Raymond Mangion matters of Natural Law (Dititto Naturale), Public Internal Law, including the British Constitution and International Law, Commercial Law, Penal Law and their respective procedures. 60 At the end of four written tests spread over four days and held in the Council Room from 20 to 29 December 1869, Dr. Nicolo Crescimanno was the candidate selected as 'idoneo ad occupare La vacante Cattedra di Legge'. 61 Nicolo Crescimanno (or Criscimanno) was born in the sleepy town of Corleone, Sicily, at around midnight on 23 June 1803, and was the son of Nicolo Crescimanno and Maddalena nee Brancato. He was baptized by Don Paulo Missineo on the following day and his godparents were Leoluca Crescimanno and Giovanni Desiro. 62 He demonstrated a great deal of intelligence and love for study from his boyhood.63 He studied law within the Faculty of Law at the University of Palermo. 61 He was destined to reach the highest echelons of the Sicilian judicature, becoming judge in Palermo, Messina and Catania. He was appointed President of the Gran Corte Civile of Cosenza, President of the Gran Corte Criminale of Trapani, and Procuratore Regio (King's Crown Advocate) to the Criminal and Civil Courts of Trapani.65 King Ferdinand himself described him as 'a jewel' among his Magistrates.66 He had one daughter, Maddalena, from his marriage with Teresa Gennusa, and another eight children from his second wife Vincenza Girgenti. 67 Notwithstanding his distinguished career in his motherland, he was above all a patriot who fled from the political and religious turmoil that had raged the Italian peninsula for decades. As soon as the new government of King Vittorio Emmanuele came to power, Nicolo sought asylum in a favourite place of refuge the British fortress-colony of Malta. When he was already in his 50s, he and his wife and their seven children trailed behind his first cousin, Judge Giacomo San Filippo who had married his daughter Maddalena, by boarding a ship 'Elettnco' en route to Malta.68 After he set foot in Malta, King Vittorio Emmanuele's Ministers invited him to return to Sicily and continue his work over there, but he refused. He was also asked to represent his compatriots in the new Italian Parliament, but he did not accept either. In 1862, he wrote to King Francesco asking him to be absolved of his loyalties as he was not longer able to perform his duties he had sworn to carry out. He received the reply which liberated him from his oath of allegiance in due course.69 Dr Nicolo devoted himself to the teaching profession once he set foot in Malta, at first giving lessons in Italian, Latin and Philosophy. On 1 November 1867, he was appointed Teacher of Italian and Latin in the Lyceum of the Three Cities in Vittoriosa, a succursal of the University of Malta, at a salary of £70 per annum.70 His tenure of office in the Cottonera lasted a little bit more than two years. 71 He was appointed Professor of International and Constitutional Law vice Professor Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli at the most prestigious athenaeum of Malta with effect from l January 1870.72 He was granted a salary of £160 per year. 73 In his inaugural speech, which he concluded by paying homage to his distinguished predecessor Professor Ferdinanando Caruana Dingli, 'e meglio tacere, che dir poco', Professor Crescimanno asseverated that the Law is not the 'Ragion Civile' but "La f!enta, La Via, la Vita delle scienze tutte"- "Dio ...perche le hafotte". 74 Besides that he taught International and Constitutional Law, Criminal Law and History of Legislation in England and Malta, he also taught Civil Law and Philosophy of Law. 75 He was Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty qf Laws, University qf Malta 39 appointed to sit on the Committee for the Management of the Public Library. 76 He had a reputation of being precise and exacting yet he was greatly esteemed for his vast erudition. In 1876, Professor Nicolo Crescimanno anonymously published a pamphlet without revealing his authorship for political reasons for the purpose of criticizing the injustices of an Italian Law of the same year governing the status of children whose fathers lost or gave up their Italian citizenship as in the case of his own children and his daughter's Maddalena. 77 He delivered the opening speech at the graduation ceremony in 1880 in the course of which he emphasized eloquently that the only grand aim of the profession of the law was 'La Vita dell'Umanita' and that the ministry of lawyers had to be always guided by virtue, love and religion. 78 It appears that he delivered the lecture instead of Giacomo San Filippo, Professor of Law and Political Economy, who had married his daughter Maddalena, and who was seriously ill on the occasion. 79 Professor Crescimanno also wrote poetry, including an ode of 22 heptasyllabic stanzas to express his high religious sentiments and solemn style on the death of the Roman Catholic Pontiff in 1878- 'Per La Morte di S.S. Papa Pio IX', which appeared in a collection published by Achille Ferris, the Principal Master of the Government Primary School of Valletta.80 He spent over ten years teaching the various law subjects for which he had been appointed besides that he also devoted one year to the teaching of Canon and Civil Law. Professor Crescimanno died of Ematuria at the age of 82 years at his residence No.80, St.Ursola Street, Valletta, at 2.30 a.m. on 25 August 1885. He was buried at the Addolorata Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Vincenza and his children. 81 Sigismondo Savona, Director of Education, informed the Governor that 'In Professor Crescimanno, the University has lost a very learned and most conscientious and painstaking instructor, who is deeply and universally regretted'.82 The newspaper 'Malta' announced on his departure that he was endued with a superior genius and his mind was replete with extensive and profound cognition of legal doctrine. 83

William Rapinet -An English-Speaking Adjudicator

The next, third, occupant of the Chair of International Law was Professor William Rapinet, Magistrate of the Inferior Court of Criminal judicature, who enjoyed his term for a short time and ended it up abruptly when he was arraigned, convicted and imprisoned for committing a criminal offence. William Rapinet was born in Valletta on 29 August 1834, and was the son of Notary Vincenzo Rapinet, and Flora nee Mackenzie. His godparents were Giovanni Battista Schembrij.U.D. and Elisabeth Mackenzie. He was baptized on the following day by Reverend Feliciano SarreoJ.U.D. in the Collegiate Church of St. Paul's Shipwreck, and was given the names in the following order: 'Guilelmus, Joachim, Joseph, Carmelus, Paulus.' 84 At the age of 16 years, William was already publishing in Italian and English highly pompous religious hymns or sonnets with undertones of triumphant chastity, manifesting his character but also his talents. 85 He was versed in the English 40 Raymond Mangion

language, which apart from Sir Adrian Dingli, very few other members of the legal profession were able to speak and write.86 He enrolled in the course of law at the University of Malta from where he graduated LL.D. very young on 5 August J856.8i Dr William aged 32 years married Marianna (affectionately known as "Manna") Terreni, daughter of businessman Alfonso Terreni, who was 15 years his junior, in

William Rapinet the presence of Canon Reverend Dr Don Ludovico Mifsud Tomasi in the Church of the Conservatorio of San Giuseppe of Cospicua on 26 December 1867. The well­ known banker Emmanuele Scicluna 'c-Cisk' along with Leopolda Gargani were witnesses to the marriage. At the time, Dr William's father was the Registrar in the Court of Appeal. 88 William and Marianna had four children: Maria Luigia, Flora, Camilla and Filippo.89 They established residence to 174, Christopher Street, corner with St. Ursola Street, Valletta. 90 William's matrimony with Manna was soon followed by a series of appointments in the civil service. First of all, the up-and-coming advocate was member of the Committee for the Management of the Public Library together with his academic forerunner Professor Nicolo Crescimanno.91 He was also annually re-nominated on the Committee. 92 Meanwhile, he decided to enter the political arena and contest for a seat in the Council of Government as a candidate for Gozo and Comino, and was elected by garnering 153 votes. 93 However, his career in politics was cut Prrifessors who Taught International Law within the Faculty rif Laws, University rif Malta 41 short because he attended only 19 sittings. 94 He was more bent on heading towards the more rarefied reaches of the judicial organ and was nominated Magistrate for Judicial Police and Supplementary Judge in the beginning of 1872.95 He was certainly better off in the judicial forum where he was exclusively entrusted with suits involving Britons or Anglophones in view of the preclusion by name from 'English' cases of all Magistrates who did not know English.96 In effect, 13 agents in Malta of British steamships had addressed a noteworthy remonstrance to Sir Victor Houlton, Chief Secretary to the Governor, complaining that English seamen had been tried in Malta by Magistrates unacquainted with their usages and idiosyncrasy while alluding that the only English-speaking Magistrate Rapinet had not been exclusively entrusted with the hearing of their cases.97 From 1876 to 1883, he was allocated duties in connection with his magisterial functions in the capacity of Visitor of the Notarial Acts,98 and Visitor99 and Inspector of the Corradino Prison. 100 However, he received his most prestigious appointment when he was admitted to the academic staff of the Faculty of Laws at his Alma Mater with his elevation to the Professorship of Constitutional and International Laws, and Political Economy and Statistics with effect from I October 1881. 101 He was engaged at a yearly salary of£ I 00. 102 He was given the Chair following a letter dated 28 June 1881 which the Director of Education Sigismondo Savona addressed to the Governor. 103 In effect, the Educational Establishment's decision was published in the local newspapers before his appointment was officially announced. 104 Incidentally, Professor Rapinet was bestowed the Chair of International and Constitutional Law and Political Economy at the highest institution of learning at a time of improvement in the legislative system of the island by virtue of a massive codification of the substantive and procedural civil laws, 105 but also of a British-driven movement for change in the administration by way of an rampant Anglicization of the institutions as vindicated by the fin de siecle British imperialism in reaction to which emerged two political formations: the "Reformists" masterminded by Sigismondo Savona were all-out for the transformation, while the 'Antiriformisti' spearheaded by Dr Fortunato Mizzi championed the status quo, particularly the time-honoured Italianita coupled with increased pressure for the widening of suffrage and for better representation in the Council of Government. 106 The zealous Anglophile patriot Sigismondo Savona wanted a form of 'pari passu' with Italian for better English in education and insisted, as part of his interminable list of reforms, that the medium of instruction in international law lectures in the second year of the course of laws at the University had to be in English. 107 Professor Rapinet delivered his inaugural address on the development of the belated development of the science of political economy at the opening of the scholastic year, 108 which was published for preservation and future reference. 109 In 1883, he gave a series of lectures on the British Constitution and on the Government of Malta. 110 The relevant publication constituted probative testimonial of his wealth of information and his ability to streamline his knowledge. 111 In 1882, he was the source of an attack for showing 'indifference' and 'careless administration of Police jurisdiction' by the leader of The Malta Times which 42 Raymond Mangion

seemed to forebode an anti-climax for his meteoric preferment, 112 notwithstanding that his 'integrity' and 'impartiality' were quickly defended by other newspapers113 because 'non flee altroche la Giustizia secondo la legge'. 114 On 24 June 1884, Professor Rapinet was arrested for allegedly committing the indictable offence of violent indecent assault which Patrick Pettit, a private in the l King's Shropshire Light Infantry, claimed against him with the consequence that the news, involving an ex­ member of the legislature, University lecturer, author of important books and the head of a family, spread sensation like wildfire. 115 Firstly, the newly-designated Governor Sirjohn Lintorn Simmons, Commander­ in-Chief, deliberately took the cause in his own hands instead of letting it assume the ordinary course of justice in the courts of law. He set up a Commission of Enquiry which found Professor Rapinet guilty by hearing only soldiers that were ready to testifY in favour of Pettit so that as Head of State went on in the Executive Council, mainly composed of people dependent on His Majesty's goodwill for remaining in office, to confirm Professor Rapinet's guilt. 116 On 3 November 1884, Professor Rapinet was definitely suspended from all offices, including his professorship of International and Constitutional Law, at the University, and his income was stopped. 117 Secondly, the Governor forced by the Secretary of State for the Colonies the Earl of Derby who loathed the upshot of the Commission by disregarding it as scandalous on the ground that it had been based on the unsupported testimony of a military with a very blemished past, 118 handed the action to the precipitate adjudication of a magistrate sitting in the inferior courts rather than to the verdict of a jury and the sentence of a judge empanelled in the Superior Criminal Court. 119 Indeed, the Governor was left with the discretion to resolve on the judicial set-up which ought to deal with the cause, while the Secretary of State did not approve of the hearing of the case by another Magistrate. 120 At the interval, the Governor informed the University Rector of Professor Rapinet's suspension by letter bearing the same date 3 November, 1884. 121 The Magistrate's Courts, which were ultimately subject to the power of the Crown Advocate or the State Attorney and their decisions were final and irrevocable because there was no Court of Appeal, were rendered competert with the cognizance of the merits and with the delivery of judgment by issuing an arbitrary vague charge of 'assault' instead of the more legislatively specific accusation of 'violent indecent assault'. 122 Magistrate Francesco Mizzi, the father of the staunch Italophile Dr Fortunato Mizzi, who had been in enmity with Professor Rapinet since the time the latter together with Dr Rocco Carbone had been the two Magistrates entrusted with the hearing of 'English' cases before the inferior Magistrates' courts, 123 convicted and sentenced the accused to two months imprisonment and to a £10 fine. 124 Around 2, 700 persons, including all the elected members of the Council of Government and even the Bishop of Malta, signed to no avail a petition dated 12 May 1885, which was submitted to the Governor to commute the sentence. 125 An Executive Council set up in 1881 to advice and assist the Governor in the administration, and composed of the Military Officer in command of the troops, the Chief Secretary to the Government and the Crown Advocate, 126 sealed the Prqftssors wlzo Taught International Law within tlze Faculty of Laws, University of Malta 43 mortal blow to Professor Rapinet by delivering a negative opinion on his case, bringing his respectable life to rack and ruin. 127 On his release from prison, Dr Rapinet practised the profession of advocate to eke out a living while he trailed ahead with his legal publications which he did anonymously. In the first place, he issued a monograph to exculpate himself in the eyes of posterity. 128 In 1888, he issued another legal textbook entitled Ordinanza No.1 del1873 ... comparata col Diritto Romano, Francese ed Italiano which consisted in a comparative commentary on the law of persons. 129 Although the frontispiece of the work did not bear his name, he revealed his authorship in a note in the text. 130 In 1893, Dr Rapinet acquired a house on St. Dominic's Square corner with Boschetto Road, Rabat, from the Dominican Friars. 131 In 1903, he petitioned the Archbishop to allow him to add his maternal surname 'Mackenzie' to his own so that his children, particularly his son Dr Filippo who had established himself in diplomatic sector in Italy, would be able to change their surname. 132 In 1906, he lived at 25, Victoria Avenue, Sliema. William Rapinet died aged 77 years of esawimento cardiaco at 25, Victoria Avenue, Sliema, at 3.25 p.m. on 25 February 1912. He was buried at the Addolorata Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Maria Anna nee Terreni'. 133 One of the leading dailies of the epoch reported his demise with great sorrow, lamenting that he was a profound expert of the English language, a jurisconsult of stature and one of the most sought-after correspondents of American tabloids in the course of his long residence in Rome. 134

Giovanni Caruana- A Run in the Family

Professor Giovanni Caruana was the fourth appointee to the Chair of International Law within the Faculty of Law at the University of Malta. He hailed from families of University graduates on both sides of his parents. Giovanni was born in Valletta at midnight on 17 March 1866. He was the son of Dr. Antonio Annetto Caruana D.D. and Maria nee Metropoli. His father was Secretary to the University who was later appointed Public Librarian and Director of Education whereas his mother was the daughter of the notary to the Bishop's Curia. 135 He was given the names 'Giovanni, Giuseppe, Salvatore, Anastasio, Ignasio, Pionio, Paolo' .136 Affectionately known as 'Gjanninu', he proved to be an offspring of a tradition of ingenious personages from the moment he was placed under the tutelage of the Jesuits at the College of St. Ignatius, St. Ju1ians. 137 He entered the course of laws which he attended with great success from 1882 to 1886, obtaining the highest number of marks during the fours years of the course of laws. 138 He graduated Doctor of Laws from the University of Malta on 5 August 1886. 139 He obtained the highest marks and distinguished himself throughout the law course, awarding him the prize of £72 in accordance with a resolution of the Maltese Council of Government of 6 March 1872. 140 The Director of Education Sigismondo Savona by letter of 24 September, 1886, recommended the Governor to direct Dr Giovanni Caruana to proceed to England to further his studies in the sciences of political economy, and constitutional and international law, so that he 44 Raymond Mangion

Giovanni Caruana would be ready to lecture on the subjects within two years' time. 141 Dr Giovanni Caruana was granted the government and Bugeja scholarships and proceeded with his specialization in law in England and Italy. 142 Dr Giovanni Caruana's appointment as Professor of Political Economy and Constitutional and International Laws took place by letter signed by the Acting Chief Secretary to Government dated 6 April 1889 and was characterized by a controversy. 143 He was first recommended to the Chair by letter of 7 October 1887 over the signature of his father Dr Antonio Annetta Caruana in the wake of a unanimous decision which the Senate in two consecutive meetings. 144 Local newspapers leaked the recommendation before the Governor acceded to it with the consequence that the Head of State was provoked into rejecting the immediate appointment by letter of the 27 instant on the ground that Dr Caruana was 'so young and inexperienced' irrespective of the fact that his selection was based on 'impartiality' and on 'very favourable testimonials' .145 Dr Caruana was at first provisionally appointed on 8 Aprill889146 before he was confirmed to the post147 at a salary of £120 per annum. 148 Professor Giovanni Caruana at the age of 23 married Giovanna (better known as "Gola") Galizia, five years his junior, from Valletta, in the Oratorio of Our Lady of Mount Carmelof Valletta in the presence of Reverend Paolo Zarb, O.P., Parish Priest of St. Dominic's Parish Church, on 14 April 1891. Giovanna was the daughter of the then famous architect Emmanuele Galizia whose name became synonymous with the construction of some of the finest edifices of the time. 149 Giovanni and Giovanna had ten children in the following order: Mary, Anton, Victor, Helena better known as Lily, Charles, or preferably Charlie, Frank, John, Rosa, as well as Teresa. 150 Professor Caruana spent around six years teaching International Law because he was promoted as Professor of Civil Law as part of the reorganization of the Faculty of Law in 1895. 151 His nomination by a unanimous decision of the Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty rif Laws, University rif Malta 45

University Senate on 4 October of the year coincided with the resignation of Professor Giovanni Pullicino from the Chair of Civil Law on his elevation to the Bench. 152 Professor Caruana was promoted with a salary of £160153 and, hence, he had an increase from £120 to £160. 154 He ceased to lecture in International and Constitutional Law in order to devote himself entirely for the rest of his life to Civil Law in which he was most learned and taught the subject with uncommon fluency allied with clarity of exposition. 155 Meanwhile, he published a booklet on the subject-matter of a prelection which he read at the Hall of the Public Valletta, on the occasion of the opening of the scholastic year at the Lyceum and the University. 156 In 1904, he also published a 'discorso commemorativo' on Professor Salvatore Castaldi which he delivered at the University. 157 Despite his life was more dedicated to the academic world, his unbounded knowledge of law was recognized by the State, even though for a spell, by entrusting him with the role of Crown Advocate in lieu of Professor Dr Vincent Frendo Azopardi when the latter reported sick leave. 158 Professor Caruana was a man of uncommon talent and ability, of broad views and sympathies. He widely travelled and possessed extensive general knowledge. He was scrupulously upright in his private and public life alike. He was a prolific linguist and an accomplished scholar, blessed with a strong character. He excelled in all branches of the law. He was truly the guide, philosopher and friend of the various generations of lawyers who received the inestimable benefit of his tuition during his thirty years of professorship. 159 Professor Caruana with his large family lived for a time at 23 7, Strada San Paolo, Valletta/60 but subsequently for many years at 31, Strada Forni, Valletta. 161 At the same time, he had also possessed a holiday resort, at 185, Tower Road corner with Don Bosco Street, Sliema, 162 where he succumbed to a chronic cerebral thrombosis aged 57 years at 11.30 p.m. on 31 July 1923. He was buried at the Addolorata Cemetery. 163 He was survived by his wife Giovanna and his sons and daughters. 164 He was paid a touching and eloquent tribute by judge Giuseppe Cremona while presiding over the case Padre Antonio Maria Buhagiar nomine v. Rev. Dr Enrico Dandria nomine, or better the 'Conventual Franciscans' case' concerning the Friars' objection to their submission to State legislation on the protection of their church-cum­ convent under the Antiquities Ordinance. 165 Professor Giovanni Caruana was also lauded in the Press as 'the guide, philosopher and friend of the various generations of lawyers who received the inestimable benefit of his tuition' by Sir Augustus Bartolo in his owned and edited newspaper on 31 July 1923. 166

Salvatore Castaldi -A Prodigious Orphan

The fifth Professor of International law who succeeded Professor Caruana was Salvatore Castaldi who was born in Senglea on 22 Aprill856, son of Notary Public Pietro Antonio Castaldi and Fortunata born Schembri. Salvatore was baptized in the parish church of Senglea two days after by Don Georgius Camilleri and was given the names 'Salvator, Gerogius,Joseph, Laurentius, Carmelus,Joannes'. His godparents 46 Raymond Mangion were ']oannes Schembri' of deceased 'Laurentii' and 'Josepha' daughter of 'Salvatoris Camilleri' from Senglea. 167 He lost his father when he was only four years old. 168 After his education looked his mother and elder brothers, all imbued with passion for learning, notably Evaristo Castaldi, the well-known politician, an Italian scholar well-versed in the English language, member of the mercantile community, President of the Society of Arts, Manufacture and Commerce. 169 Nevertheless, he was engulfed by over-prolonged sorrow and he still missed his father's affection and guidance for many years as he revealed in a lamentation and prayer to the Almighty God in the weekly I! Diritto Di Malta, which he hims~lf edited at the young age of 15 years- 'Padre del ciel, che con qffitto pio/ti stringi a! seno i traviatifigli/salvami, deh! Dai torbidi perigli ... ' 170 In 1877, he had already an important publication to his credit which consisted of a translation in prose of one-hundred satires of Horatius Flaccus Quintus, better known as Horace. 171 In 1879, interestingly enough, he formed part of a current of local opinion in favour of the Maltese speech and published in two separate Maltese newspapers, an article, 'Id-Dritti u l-Obbligi tal-Poplu', 172 and a poem, Celestina, 173 by availing himself of his friendship with the respective local editors. 174 He was one of the first to greet Annibale Preca for his work

Salvatore Castaldi

President of the Partito Nazionale, to discuss issues with the Malta Government and he signed the draft Constitution of the party together the leader, Benoit Xuereb (Secretary) and other members. 184 He was also one of the gentleman who formed part of a Central Cholera Relief Committee set up by the then Governor to advise as to the necessary steps to check the spreading of the epidemic concerned. 185 In 1888, Dr Castaldi also formed part of a Commission, which the Governor set up on a resolution of the Council of Government of l 0 April of the year for the purpose of discussing and reporting on the need to re-enact the existing Press Law that was almost fifty years old. 186 The recommendations of the Commission came to fruition by the promulgation of Ordinance XIV of 1889. 187 Meanwhile, Dr Castaldi at the age of 31 years married Adelina (known as Adele) Barbara, in the Oratory of the Holy Sacrament annexed to the Convent of St. Dominic's Parish Church before Reverend Paolo Zarb O.P., Parish Priest, on 11 January 1887. Adele, who was fourteenth years his junior, was born in Sfax, Tunisia, to Emmanuele and Caterina nee Felice. 188 They had three sons: Pietro Antonio, Eraldo and Eligio. 189 Dr Salvatore Castaldi had been destined to success because he was not only a rare man-of-letters but was a veritable polyglot, charming with both the written and spoken word: an adroit Latin and Greek scholar, an immensely erudite of English and above all a perfect connoisseur of Italian whose glowing language coupled with charisma adorned the themes of his conferences while they thrilled his audiences from beginning to end. 190 He was given the Chair of Constitutional and International Law instead of Professor Giovanni Caruana within the Faculty of Law at the University of Malta 48 Raymond Mangion on the recommendation of the Senate in a meeting under the aegis of Dr Antonio Annetto Caruana at the Education Office, Valletta, with effect from 15 November 1895. 191 His appointment was officially announced in the Malta Government Gazette. 192 Dr Castaldi's appointment was enthusiastically welcomed by a number of newspapers. The Malta Standard announced that 'He was appointed as Professor of International and Constitutional Law as well as of Political Economy at the University, an appointment which was received with general satisfaction.' 193 The Malta Times reported as follows: 'We hear that Dr Salvatore Castaldi LL.D., the eminent Maltese scholar, is to fill up the Chair of Law in our University in lieu of the learned Professor Pullicino, LL.D., who has been raised to the Bench. We hope the rumour is well-founded as no better lawyer could be found to fill up the delicate situation rendered vacant by the learned newly appointed judge.'194 Professor Castaldi gave the introductory lecture to the course of International Law at the Royal University in the afternoon on 25 November 1895, when he delivered a mesmerizing sermon on the progress of the ideas of humanity and civilization in the modern laws of war. 195 He availed himself of the momentum to wield impact on the select and large public which turned up. 196 His prolegomenon was magnificent and drew the focus of local newspapers. 197 Besides, it was impressive and set to be recalled. 198 Notwithstanding his new attachment to the Faculty of Law at his Alma Mater, he did not spare his eloquence and the pen to combine his capabilities in the variegated roles which he enacted of conspicuous advocate at the courts of law, staunch defender of his country's rights, one of the best poets and prose writers, as well as formidable lecturer. 199 He managed to publish 'Della Letteratura Educatrice' in 1897200 and 'Necessitii della Cultura Letteraria al Progresso delle Scien;:;e' in 1898,201 in which oeuvres he rationalizes his aesthetic thoughts on the basis of Italian Romantic principle that truth was one and universal while he opposes the belief of the realists or verists in a diverse concept of truth in terms of space and time. 202 Professor Castaldi also delivered a pro-memoria lecture in the Palazzo Industriale on William Ewart Gladstone to express his admiration for the liberal British statesman in the wake of his death which occurred on 19 May 1898.203 On 18 April, 1902, he delivered a discourse at the Gesu Church on the subject of 'The Episcopacy and Civil Progress', stressing that 'liberta, fim;a, umanita, cultura' constituted the four pillars on which rested Catholicism, and that whoever was the foe of his homeland was the enemy of God and the Church.204 The learned Professor was eulogized for his intellectual ability and lucidity. 205 He refused an invitation to form part of a committee to celebrate festivities on the crowing of King Edward VII and Queen Alexandria, and in the event sent a 'protest' letter dated 9 May 1902 to Governor Sir Wallace Grenfell, and published in the newspaper Malta, to declare that although he was a 'suddito leale' of the Crown, he was a 'cittadino devoto alla sua Paf:lw'. 206 At the time, the Colonial Office by Order in Council in London, rather than the Council of Government in Malta by legislative enactment, was passing laws in Malta. 207 Profissors who Taught International Law within the Facul!Y rif Laws, Universiry rif Malta 49

At the prime of his career, Professore Salvatore Castaldi at the age of 48 years was struck by a sincope cardiaca and went to an early death at 316, Strada San Paolo, Valletta, at 4 a.m. on 11 March 1904.208 He was buried at 8.a.m. on 12 March 1904 in the Addolorata Cemetery in grave 46, Compartment A, Section K, Division West. 209 He was given a public funeral while local newspapers expressed the general gloom which was suddenly cast over the educational sector on his sudden departure by transforming elegies into eulogies in announcing that death had robbed Malta of one her brilliant and beloved sons,210 and one of the most respected members of the legal profession'. 211 A student described him as "a man of genius" who won the regard and respect of all his colleagues and students on account of the fact that he had become an ornament to the legal profession. 212 The General Council of the University expressed its most sincere condolences to the Castaldi family by letter dated 19 April 1904 over the signature of the Director of Education Professor Napoleone Tagliaferro.213 The Rector of the University Professor Enrico Magro reported that Professor Castaldi had by the lucid treatment of his subjects of International, Constitutional as well as Canon Law gained the esteem of his superiors, his colleagues and all the students for whom he had worked zealously, and that his death, after a short illness, deprived the University of Malta of an able Professor, and the General Council of an experienced member.214 Pending the appointment of a successor, Professor Giovanni Caruana was asked by the Director of Education to lecture on International and Constitutional Laws with the addition of an attached salary of £160.215 On 29 March 1904, Professor Luigi Arnaldo Randon in the circle La Giovine Malta spoke about his literary merits216 while Notary Carlo Micallef Decaro followed suit by publishing a posthumous collection of his poems under the title 'Versi ed Epigrafi'. 217 In 1927, Professor Luigi Arnaldo Randon issued a refined version of his speech under the name 'Nazionalisti Scomparsi: Salvatore Castaldi'. 218 In 1992, a street in Pembroke, Malta, was named after him.219

Enrico Vassallo - HUI11ble in Character, Self-Determined for Teaching

The sixth Professor of International Law within the Faculty of Laws at the University of Malta was Enrico Vassallo, who followed in the footsteps of his antecedents in that he was very intelligent from a young age and eventually figured out for excellent legal mind. He was born in Valletta at 9.45 p.m. on 4 October 1874, son of Enrico Vassallo, a businessman from Valletta and Camilla nee Mifsud, a well-off from the capital city. He was given the names 'Enrico, Maria, Pietro, Gaetano, Cesare, Pio'. 220 His paternal grandfather was Dr Cesare Vassallo LL.D., a former Head of the National Library like Professor Giovanni Caruana' father, whereas his paternal uncle was Dr Filippo Vassallo, Assistant Librarian.221 He attended St. Ignatius College, 222 St. Julians, Malta, and proceeded with his studies at the University of Malta from where he graduated M.A. on 19 September 1895.223 He not only graduated at the age of 21 but also passed with honours in the annual examinations in the triennial course 1891-1894 and so was awarded the 50 Raymond Mangion

Enrico Vassallo first prize.224 He was also very successful in pursuing the law course, and obtained the LL.D. on 6 August 1898.225 The Faculty of Law on a motion by Judge Professor Paolo Debono seconded by Judge Professor Giovanni Pullicino unanimously opined that he was the winner of the first 'Travelling Scholarship' to further his studies in London for one year according to the Council of Government 1872 resolution.226 On 23 May, 1904, Dr Enrico Carlo Vassallo was appointed Professor of International and Constitutional Law at the salary of £120 per annum.227 His appointment was also announced in local newspapers. 228 Professor Vassallo did not enter upon his duties forthwith and on his own proposal, Professor Caruana completed the course of International and Constitutional Law for the year 1903- 1904.229 Professor Vassallo followed his precursors and was to be an authority in several branches of the Law and Commerce. Dr Enrico Vassallo at the age of 31 years married Hilda nee Gatt, three years his junior, daughter of Camillo Gatt, Auditor General, and Laura nee Montanaro, in the presence of the priest Don Giuseppe Farrugia in the Oratorio degli Onorati annexed to the Church of Jesus, in the limits of the parish of St. Dominic, Valletta, on 30 November 1905. Witnesses to the marriage were advocate Dr Alfredo Caruana Gatto, and Ignazio Abela, 44 years, a businessman from Zejtun. 230 Enrico and Hilda had five children: Francesco Saverio, George, Alfred, Charles and Laura.231 In 1913, Professor Vassallo was the author of a sketch on the vicissitudes of the 'The Constitution of Malta' from the Roman rule down to British sovereignty, focusing on the successive forms of government which had left their mark on the development of the fundamental law of the island while remarking that great consideration had still to be shown to the opinions of the elected members of the Council of Government in matters of local and domestic interest. 232 Professor Vassallo kept au courant with the best foreign texts on international law but would give preference to George Brechenridge Davis' 'Outlines of International Law'233 for his syllabi of the course of International Law, which he taught in the second year. 234 Prl!ftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty if Laws, University if Malta

Professor Enrico Vassallo beyond his extraordinary academic credentials was a person of great humanity and humbleness. Professor Vassallo was singled out for his remarkable kindness when a group of illustrious Russian refugees betook themselves to Malta to flee from the Bolshevist Revolution of 191 7, and were hosted by several Maltese families. 235 He was also always conspicuously prompt to manifest his innate modesty and reservation by refusing State calls or offers for high-ranking positions within the Executive or the Judicature varying from the posts of Assistant Crown Advocate and Crown Advocate to the incumbents of judge and even President of the Court of Appeal. 236 He would, if resolved to make a step forward, come on the frontline to lead his profession: he acted as Treasurer of the Chamber of Advocates from 1918 to 1926,237 namely until he was elected as Vice-President in 1927238 and finally as President from 1933239 till his death. 240 Professor Vassallo had always kept aloof and immune from the party politics which prevailed in his motherland before Britain invested his fellow country people, the Maltese with self-government in 1921. He would be ready to give a hundred advice to the Unione Politica Maltese, the movement of Monsignor Ignazio Panzavecchia's or of the moderate 'Nationalists' only on the condition that he was not embroiled in active political clashes. 241 In the 1920s, he invariably gave priority to his academic life, updating his course descriptions with new textbooks like Alexander Pearce Higgins' 'Treatise on International Law',242 which replaced Davis' rather out-dated 'Outlines... '243 In 1931, however, the unobtrusive Professor patronized the defence of Dr Enrico Mizzi, leader of the Partito Nazionalista, against Lord Strickland, Head of the Ministry in the Constitutional Party-Malta Labour Party 'Compact' Government, in an appellate criminal lawsuit which lay on top of the insurmountable partisan confrontation of the time. 244 Professor Vassallo in his submissions lambasted and qualified as nugatory the entire Letters Patent Order in Council of 1930 which the British government had issued to ratify all the 'ultra vires' legislative enactments of the 'compact' administration of the previous two years. 245 Professor Vassallo's judicial attack was a reiteration of what he had testified as a main witness in his capacity of Vice-President of the Chamber of Advocates before the Asquith Royal Commission when he had also remarked that the body representing his profession insisted that Italian had to remain the language of the civilization and the culture of the people of Malta on account of ethnological, historical and geographical reasons.246 The Chamber of Advocates hastened to publish in separate booklets Professor Vassallo's deposition before the Royal Commission in Italian and English. 247 In 1939, Professor Vassallo was deeply affronted by the British decision to grant a new Constitution to the Maltese purporting to reinstall representation and therefore he considered it an insult to a people who had known self-government. 248 In the same year, he addressed a large distinguished crowd on unveiling, in a lobby of the Casino Maltese at Valletta, an attractive bronze bust of Sir Arturo Mercieca, one of Malta's learned lawyers of all times. Sir Arturo Mercieca in his later memoirs referred to Professor Vassallo as the 'great patriot and learned advocate ... jurist and professor of Constitutional Law at the University'.249 Sir Arturo was not 52 Raymond Mangion alone because Dr Herbert Ganado in his recollections by referring to Professor Vassallo in the context of the politico-constitutional question of 1930 observed that the British government did not guess that such an advocate in Malta had known Constitutional Law as much as the best legists in the whole Empire. 250 Professor Vassallo taught for almost 35 years as Professor of International and Constitutional Law within the Faculty of Laws at the University of Malta until he tendered his resignation in 1937.251 In September 1942, he was nominated Professor Emeritus of the University of Malta on the recommendation of the General Council in recognition for his long services to tertiary education.252 Professor Enrico Carlo Vassallo LL.D. died aged 70 years of cerebral haemorrhage at his residence 242, Tower Road, Sliema, at 1 a.m., on 20 September 1945. He was buried at the Addolorata Cemetery. He was survived by his wife Hilda nee Gatt and his five children. 253 He was mourned with a deserved praise by the Chief Justice Sir George Borg Kt, M.B.E., LL.D., and by Professor Victor Caruana D.Litt, LL.D. in two separate inspired speeches delivered in the course of a forty-minute ceremony held at the Criminal Courts. 254 His departure was described as the loss of a great luminary of legal science and eminent barrister of wide-ranging practice in civil and commerciallaws.255 In 1949, a new street in Siggiewi, where in WWII he was a refugee from the war-hit harbour area, was christened to his memory - 'Pro£ Enrico Vassallo Street'. 256

William Buhagiar - Rural Derivation, Cosmopolitan Vocation

The next holder, the seventh, of the Chair of International Law who belonged to a rural family but instilled with a cosmopolitan vocation: William Buhagiar, who was born in Valletta at 6.10 a.m. on 4 April 1909. He was the son of the then advocate (later Head of the Ministry and judge) Dr Francesco Buhagiar LL.D. and Elisabeth nee Said.257 He was baptized on 13 April1909 in the parish church of St. Dominic, Valletta, by his own paternal uncle Canon Giovanni Battista Buhagiar. He was given the names 'Guillelmus, Franciscus, Antonus, Alqysius, Victor, Emanuel'. His godparents were his maternal uncle Dr Emmanuel Said M.D. and Emma his wife. He was given the first name 'Guillelmus' or 'William' after his deceased maternal grandfather. 258 His father, of lowly social origins from Qrendi, was an affable and popular village lawyer who became Head of the Ministry and judge. 259 'Willie', as affectionately known, studied at the Lyceum for three years from 1919 to 1922,260 but proceeded with his secondary education at St. Aloysius' College, Birkirkara, from 1923 till at the age of 19 years, he matriculated and entered the Faculty of Law at University of Malta to readjurisprudence.261 At the time, he lived with his parents and brothers at 145, Strada Stretta, Valletta.262 In 1930, he was selected as Rhodes Scholar for 1930-1933 and was one of the first lawyers or law students in Malta to earn the Rhodes Scholarship. 263 Avid for travelling from his adolescence, he transferred forthwith to Oxford University in the UK where he successfully read jurisprudence at Exeter College. 264 He obtained Prrifessors who Taught International Law within the Faculty of Laws, University of Malta 53

William Buhagiar a B.A. (Oxon.) in 1932265 and a B.C.L (Oxon.) in 1933.266 Meanwhile, he married Marysia Grulewska from Krakow, Poland, daughter of Dr Bernard and Amalia Grulewska, in the church of St. Aloysius, Oxford, on 24 June 1933.267 They had a son namedJan.268 Additionally, he was admitted to Lincoln's Inn, London, on 5 May 1931.269 Back in Malta, William Buhagiar completed the course of studies in law, graduating LL.D. on 17 February 1934.270 In 1938-1939, he attended a course in international and constitutional law at the London School of Economics, and about the same time he was called to the English Bar at Lincoln's Inn.2il He was, thus, the ideal person to fill in the post of Professor of International and Constitutional Law at the University of Malta with effect from 1 September, 1939.272 He also started to serve as Temporary Crown Counsel from 23 August 1939.273 He was promoted to Crown Counsel at the height of WWII with effect from 1 Aprill942.274 In 1946, Professor William Buhagiar had an annus mimbilis. In the first place, he made a quantum leap in his professional career by his provisional appointment as Attorney General275 during the vacation leave of Dr Louis Galea. 276 He was also appointed as member of the Board of Education. 277 Besides, he was the academic chosen by the University of Malta to deliver an oration which he devoted to 'Civilization and Citizenship' in the Aula Magna on the solemn Graduation Ceremony held in the Jesuits Church, Valletta, on Tuesday, 1 October.278 Professor Buhagiar dwelt upon the disastrous effects of modern warfare as a result of the social system of the present civilization, opined that the only solution to the unrest hinged on the two noble principles of social Justice and social charity and concluded that 'the greatest national asset lay in the youth of a nation and upon the education of the people depends the fate of the country.'279 Professor Buhagiar's oration was met with much applause.280 In 1946, Professor Buhagiar was also one of the first eminent contributors to The Law Journal which the Faculty of Law at the University of Malta started to issue in the same year. He wrote on equity and the origin of trust in English law, 54 Raymond Mangion and explained that such systems had endowed ownership with a dual character by conferring a beneficial use on bare technical titles. 281 Professor Buhagiar had to take one of the most difficult decisions of his life at a climactic moment of his life by relinquishing all his high-ranking tenures in his motherland, including his post at the University of Malta, to join albeit reluctantly at first, the legal service in the Colonial Service. 282 He tendered resignation to the Attorney General's Office and the University of Malta on 15 May 194 7. 283 He went to Kuala Lampur of the new Federation of Malaya, on the invitation of Peter Bell, who had been the Legal Advisor to the Maltese Governor during WWII. Professor Buhagiar worked for three years as assistant legal draughtsman in the Legal Department of Malaya where he came to know the first Prime Minister of the State Tunku Abdul Rahman,284 but afterwards his promotions were chequered and rapid, and ranged from Registrar of the High Court to Judge of the Supreme Court of the Federation. 285 He proceeded from where he had left in his country as a contributor to legal journals by co-authoring an account of some of the legislative measures which were taken by the restored legislature of the Malayan Union and the Federation of Malaya for solving problems arising out of the enemy occupation of that territory. 286 His list of landmark pronouncements as judge of the Supreme Court, then, included P.P. v. Saminathan287 and Anthonysamy v. P.P.,288 two outstanding examples of judicial brilliance. 289 He continued to keep contact with Malta and was President and Honorary President of the Duke of Connaught Philharmonic Band of Birkirkara.290 In September 195 7, he transferred to Addis Ababa, the cosmopolitan city of Ethiopia, where he was appointed President of the Imperial High Court of Appea\. 291 It was his ex-patron and Chief Justice in Malaya Sir Charles Mathew, who on his appointment as )udicial adviser; to the Emperor of Ethopia Haile Selassie, recommended Professor Buhagiar to transfer to the former Abyssinia. 292 Professor Buhagiar's direct involvement in the codification of the law of Ethiopia in substitution of the old-established largely personal customary law was his main legacy to the North-East African State.293 The FethaNegast, a book of ecclesiastico­ legal principles, was for centuries the basic document of jurisprudence in Ethiopia until it was modernized and rendered more coherent with the enactment of Codes in the 1960s. 294 Judge Buhagiar remained in Ethiopia until he resolved to take up residence in Geneva, but before shifting back to Europe, he was decorated with a gold medal showing the Ethiopian Coptic Cross and an inscription in Amharic. 295 He was employed as a consultant to an international company with administrative offices in France just across the boarder from Switzerland. 296 He died in Geneva, Switzerland, on 14 March 1982, bereaved by his wife Marysia and son Jan, and was buried in the Cimitiere du Petit Saconnex, Chemin Moise-Duboule. 297 Prqfossors who Taught International Law within the Faculty if Laws, University if Malta 55

Edwin Busuttil- The Universalist at Home

Edwin Busuttil was the successor of Professor Buhagiar as the eight incumbent of the Chair of International Law at the University of Malta. Edwin Busuttil was born in Floriana on 17 September 1923, the eldest son of Paul Busuttil and Therese nee Spiteri Mallia. His other names were 'Salvatore, Paolo, Giuseppe, Publio.' 298 His other siblings were Cecil Busuttil married to Marion Sacco and Myriam married to Hilaire Vincenti. When he was around 5 years, his family translocated to house 97, Old Mint Street, Valletta. He attended St. Joseph's High School, Zaccharia Street.299 He continued his education at the Lyceum from 1933 to 1938, from where he entered the University of Malta.300 He pursued his law studies at the height of WWII when lectures were delivered in unused agriculture rooms close to St. Anton Gardens. He was soon a representative of that coterie of young scholars who believed in the creative impulse by penning on poetic and critical aspects in the journal of the Royal University of Malta Literary Society.301 In 1940, he engaged with the University Students Cadet Corps and attended a Training Centre at Fort Ricasoli for three months. 302 He was the first editor of the Law Journal and consequently was a member of the Malta National Assembly in 1945-1946.303 He graduated B.A. in 1943304 and LL.D. in 1946.305 He was mentioned with his colleagues in newspapers. 306 Dr Busuttil was the winner of the 'Rhodes Scholarship'307 and proceeded with his studies at Christ Church, Oxford University, where he graduated B.A.,308 B.Litt in 1949,309 and M.A. in the Final Honours School of Jurisprudence in 1952.310 He was nominated Lecturer in Public and Private International Law with effect from

Edwin Busuttil 56 Raymond Mangion

10 November 1948 at the University of Malta311 when the over one hundred years old Professorship of International and Constitutional Laws was substituted by two Lectureships, one in each respective subject. 312 He was still appointed to act as one of the examiners in Constitutional Law alongside Roman Law and the Science of Law.313 Dr Busuttil published a study on the theme of his B.Litt thesis under the title 'The province of the doctrine of Unjustified Enrichment in Continental Law' in one of the later issues of The Law Journal of 1952.314 In addition, he sent to print a large number of specialized articles of a constitutional character varying from 'The Rule and Misrule of Law'315 to 'The Defence of Privilege- A Spurious Child of the Constitution'.316 He contested the general elections in the interests of the Constitutional Party in 1951 but was not elected to the Malta Legislative Assembly. 317 However, he was validly elected in a by-election to fill in the seat vacated by Ms Mable Strickland in 1953.318 Shortly afterwards, he was nominated the sixth Speaker of the same self­ governing legislature, an office which he occupied for eight months in 1953. 319 He officially attended the Coronation of Her Majesty Queen Elisabeth II in 1953.320 He gave evidence before the Round Table Conference in London in September 1955 as member and constitutional adviser of the Progressive Constitutional Party Delegation.321 He also attended in the Fortress Colonies Conference held in Midhurst, Sussex, in July 1958 and in the London Conference on Malta's constitutional future in November-December 1958.322 He was Deputy Leader of the Progressive Constitutional Party for six whole years and tendered his resignation in Aprill959, informing his leader Ms Mable Strickland that the demands of political life had left him with restricted time for his legal and other work. 323 At the heat of his political activities, Professor Busuttil married Emma nee England on 26 September 1954 in the Parish Church of St. Gregory, Sliema. The officiating priest was the parish priest Reverend Carmelo Farrugia. Witnesses to the marriage were judges Tancred Gouder and Antoine Montanaro Gauci.324 They have three sons: Clarence, Graham, as well as Trafford.325 Needless to say, Professor Busuttil represented Malta in other well-known overseas conferences in connection with his academic career, including the Second International Conference of the Legal Profession in The Hague, Holland, in 1948,326 the 4 7'h Conference of the International Law Association in Dubrovnik, Yugoslavia in 1956,327 and in the European Conference of the International Commission of Jurists in Vienna in 195 7. 328 Professor Busuttil was appointed full-time Professor of the newly constituted department of Public Law329 with effect from 1 November 1962 and continued to lecture in International Law after he had been lecturer in the subject-matter since 1948. 330 He was also Dean of the Faculty of Law from 1971 to 1987. He was also Pro-Rector of the University of Malta from 1979 to 1985.331 He held various prestigious posts both locally and abroad in his academic capacity. He was a member of the Board of Education, the International Law Association, and the American Society of International Law. He was also Secretary, Treasurer and Vice-President of the Confederation of Trade Unions, the Association of Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Facul!J qf Laws, Universi!J qf Malta 57

Teachers of the University of Malta and the Malta Rhodes Scholars Selection Board. 332 Meanwhile, Professor Busuttil was Member of the Medical Council, 1969- 1978,333 Chairman of the Disciplinary Boards of two Public Service Commissions, 1976-1977,334 as well as Chairman of the Broadcasting Authority in 1981.335 He was the first Maltese citizen to be appointed research fellow of NATO in 1960-1961 following a competitive application based on his curriculum vitae. 336 While carrying out his research as a fellow of NATO, he benefited from rectures in Harvard Law School, Chicago Law School, California University at Los Angeles, as well as Tulane University, Louisiana. He was chosen as President of the United States Almuni Association in Malta during his stay in the USA.337 In May 1967, Professor Busuttil was elected to the European Commission of Human Rights. 338 He retained this most prestigious appointment for thirty whole years in the course of which he sat on Sub-Commissions which heard evidence closely linked to recent historical events such as the torture during the period of military dictatorship in Greece 1967-197 4;339 the behaviour of Turkish armed forces in regard to the local population in Northern Cyprus in the aftermath of their invasion of the island in 197 4-7 5; 340 the alleged racial discrimination of the UK authorities to refuse entry into the UK of East African Asians, who had retained their status as British citizenship when Kenya and Uganda became independent.341 In 1972, Professor Busuttil published a book on the Monarchy and the Commonwealth in which he dealt with the constitutional role of the Monarch in the Commonwealth, particularly when the indivisibility of 'Monarch' and 'Crown' was repudiated and 'the Monarch', not 'the Crown', became the symbol of the Commonwealth association. 342 Professor Busuttil was the recipient of the African Star, the 1945 Defence Medal, the 1939-1945 Medal as well as the Coronation 343 Medal. On ll th October 1988, he was awarded a medal by Pope John Paul II for services in the field of human rights. 344 Indeed, Professor Edwin Busuttil's longest career was in his capacity of lecturer in International Law, which he retained proudly for forty whole years until he reached his retirement age at the University of Malta and was made Emeritus Professor of Law in 1987. Professor David]. Attard was his worthy successor but especially as the first holder of the Chair as exclusively constituted for the first time in 150 years within the Faculty of Law at the University of Malta.

* The author would like to thank the following gentlepersons for information or assistance: Monsignor Lawrence Gatt of the Archbishop's Curia, Floriana, Malta; Reverend Vincenzo Pizzitola of St. Martin's Parish Church, Corleone, Sicily, Italy; Ms. Carol Wilson of the Archives of the Oxford Oratory; Ms Meirianjump of tl1e Oxford University Archives; Ms Frances Bellis of Lincoln's Inn Library, London; Frances Mary Santut Tagliaferro of the Archives and Rare Books Section of the University; Mr Anthony Aquilina of the Association of Lyceum Past Students; Mr Noel D'Anastas of the National Archives, Rabat, Malta; Mr Philip Borg, Director of the National Library and his staff; Mrs Maria Tabone, great-granddaughter of Professor Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli; Dr Tancred Busuttil, medical doctor and surgeon, and Dr Petra Bianchi, academic, descendents of Professor Nicolo Crescimanno; Professor Peter Castaldi of the Faculty of Medicine, University of Sydney, Australia; Rosa Darmanin, daughter of Professor Giovanni Caruana; Professor Castaldi of Australia, grandson of Professor Salvatore Castaldi; Dr Albert Ganado, cartographer and historian, nephew of Professor Enrico Carlo Vassallo; MrJan Buhagiar, son of Professor William Buhagiar. 58 Raymond Mangion

Endnotes

The Royal Universiry rif Malta Calendar .for the Academic Year 1959-1960, Malta: Malta University Press, 1960, pp. 27-8 gives their list. 2 See A. P. Vella, The Universiry rif Malta, Malta: University of Malta, 1969, is so L

23 CAM, CA. 27 .vi.l827, Anno 1827, A.99, ff.23r-24r (FHCC decision) and ff.34r-v (AC decision). See also Captain J.M. Wismayer, A Miscellanea if Historical Records, Malta: Printwell Ltd, 2003, pp. 237-40. 24 A(rchipiscopal) A(rchives) F(loriana), Stati Liberi 1839, No. 73. unpaginated. 25 See H. Frendo, Stmja ta' Malta, :(mien L-Ingli;:.i- Is-Sekiu Dsatax, Klabba Kotba Maltin, 2004, It-Tielet Volum, pp. 164-5 and 218 on Pulis Montebello. 26 The diploma of J.U.D. of Ferdinanda indicating that he graduated on 22 May 1824, is dated 25 October 1835, and is in the possession of Mrs Margaret Camilleri Pace. The year of this diploma still in existence is the same as that of his appointment as Professor ofJurisprudence at the Malta University. The author thanks Mrs Camilleri Pace for her information, 26.9.2003. 27 UML, ARBC, Arch.3, Letter Book, 1825-1836, pp. 174-7. 28 See also UML, ARBC, Arch.l5, (Atti del) Collegia Legale, 1835-1838, pp.l-35 passim. 29 Albert Ganado Archives, Committee Papers, Vol.l, ff.672-4 in Robert Farrugia Randon. Camillo Sceberras, His Lift and Times, Malta: Salesian Press, Sliema, 1991, pp. II 7-8 and 138. 30 MGG 1476, Friday 22.3.1839, Ordinance IV of 1839, pp. 97-102. 31 ASDPCV,Matrimo,Yl837/1859,Vol.XX,p.l32,cntry82. 32 Maria Tabone, wife of Emeritus President of Malta Dr Vincent Tabone, and great­ granddaughter of Professor Dr Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli confirmed in an interview on 24.3.2006 that Professor Ferdinanda and Antonia had five children: Marianna who died a spinster aged 91 years at No.I 0, Strada Tezoreria, Valletta; Dr Salvatore LL.D.; Notary Francesco; Maria Rosaria wife of Agostino Cassar Torreggiani; and Raffaele. 33 UML, ARBC, Arch.21, Consiglio Speciale di Legge, 1838-1848, pp. l-2. 34 UML, AAC, Arch 12, Vol.III, 1839-1883, p. 14. His discourse has not survived neither in the manuscript nor in the publications section of the National Library. In addition, the author failed to trace it among Professor Caruana Dingli's descendants known to him. 35 II Clabo Giornale, no.34, Anno I, Giovedi 7 Ottobre 1841, p. 219, cl.3, Apertura degli Studi neii'Universita. 36 The first version of his work Juris Crimina/is Elementa was published by Molini and Landi of Firenze in 1808 and was re-published four times with modifications and ameliorations. The fifth and last edition during the lifetime of Professor Carmignani was published by Fratclli Nostri of Pisa in 1833. 37 J. Cassar Pullicino. The Universiry Library 1838-42, O.ffi;rint.from the Journal if the Faculry if Arts, Voi.I, no.3, 1959, Valletta: Malta University Press, 1959, p. 222, where he remarks that Professor Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli was 'a devoted student of the learned professor from Pisa'. 38 E Pardini, Cenni Biografici Intorno al Prqfossore Giovanni Carmignani, S.L., S.N., Pugnano, 184 7, p.xiv. 39 The Attorney General's Office at Valletta is in possession of a copy which has the signature of Alfred Mifsud L.P. on the internal front page. The UML, MC, has another copy which is addressed to Dr Sigismondo Dimech, the other Professor of Law at the University of Malta and colleague of the author. 40 The full name of the work is Elementi Del Diritto Criminate Dell'Avvocato Giovanni Carmignani, Prqfossore emerita dell Imp. E Reale Universitti di Pisa, Cav. Commendatore dell'Ordine del Merito di Sto. St'!fono, Scio di varie Accademie Italiane, e straniere, ecc. Prima Versione Italiana del Prqf Caruana Dingli sulla quinta ed ultima edi;:.ione Latina di Pisa con imporlanti corre;:.ioni dell'originale e nuove Note dall'Autore medesimo flrnite, oltre la Biografia dell'Autore dallo stesso Traduttore scritta, Malta: Tipografia Anglo­ Maltese, 184 7, xxxv-xxxxvi ('Pr'!fo;:.ione') and 1-312 (including errata corrige). 41 Professor Carmignani had one particular student who was destined to become the most famous thinker of Criminal Law in the nineteenth century- Francesco Carrara (1805-1888) - who did not tolerate translations from Latin to Italian of his mentor's works but made an exception with regard to Professor Ferdinanda Caruana Dingli. On the contrary, Professor Carrara extolled the translation by Professor Caruana Dingli of Professor Carmignani's Elementa and found only one defect in Professor Caruana Dingli's translation, exactly in S86, a mistake which was more due to the ambiguity of the Latin text than to the lack of capability of the translator. See Dr P. Debono, Sommario della Storia della Legisla;:.ione in Malta, Valletta, Malta: Tipografia del Malta, 1897, p. 317, ftn.95. 42 Professor Caruana Dingli's translation was re-printed in Milano in the Biblioteca Scelta del Foro Criminale Italiano edited by Sanvito under the direction of advocate Giuseppe Toccagni. 60 Raymond Mangion

43 Ibid, p. xi, ftn.ll-12; p. xv, ftn.l6; p. xvii, ftn.21; p. xxvii, ftn.31. 44 The whole title is Biografia dell'Avvocato Giovanni Carmignani, Cavaliere dell'Ordine Lucchese di San Lodouico, Commendatore dell'Insigne Ordine Toscano di S.Giuseppe del Merito, e dell'Imp. e Reale Ordine di Sto. Stffono, Prrfessor di Diritto Criminate e Di Diritto Filosofico Nella l.R Universita' Di Pis a, Membro Onorario della Societii j\lfedica d'Incoraggiamento Maltese e di altre societii italiane e straniere, Vall eta, Malta: Tipografia Anglo-Maltese, 1847, pp.v-xxxiv. Professor Caruana Dingli intended to make a commentary on Professor Carmignani, but either his modesty or the death of the Pisan genius impeded him from making it. See also Debono, p. 317, ftn.95. 45 Storia Della Societa Medica D'Incoraggiamento di Malta, Malta: Tipografia di F.Izzo, 1845, Vol. I, pp. 135-9. 46 Josephine, Robert and Stanley Farrugia Randon, Three k!altese Personalities, Gozo: De Bono Printing Press, 1996, pp. 60-1. 4 7 The Attorney General's Office is in possession of a copy which bears the signature of Dr Alfonso Maria Cannataci dated 12.6.1886 on the first internal blank page before the internal front page. The University of Malta also has a copy which was given by Dr Caruana Dingli himself to the Reverend Dr Paolo Pullicino. 48 Ibid, pp. vi, x, xix and xx. A Schembri included Professor Caruana Dingli's works in his Selva di Autori e Traduttori Maltese le di cui opera sono state puhblicale colle stampe in Malta od altrove; Sistema/a per ordine A!fobetico, Malta: Dalla Tipografia di Paolo Cumbo, 1855, p. 24, cls.l-2. 49 MGG, no.l217, Wednesday 14.5.1834, p. 161. 50 Gazzetta Agraria Maltese, Valletta, Malta: Tipografia Anglo-Maltese, 1855, Anno I, I May 1855, no.2, p. 18. The original records of the initial sessions of the Societa Agraria in the Archives of the Malta Society of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce went missing towards 1995. 51 Societa Economico-Agraria Del Gmppo Di }.1alta, Valletta, Malta: Tipografia Anglo-Maltese, 184 7, p. 2. 52 MGG 1751, Thursday, 4 November 1852, GN 4.11.1852, p. 214. 53 NARM, C(hieD S(ecretary to) G(overnment) 01, Educational, 6363/1869. 54 UM, ARBC, Arch.47, Letter Book, 1865-1880, pp. 143-6 55 MGG 2418, Friday 14.1.1870, Civil Appointments 14.1.1870, p. 4. 56 P(ublic) R(egistry) V(alletta), Date of Act B'Kara 3.8.1870; Date of Registration 3.8.1870; Deaths Progressive no.l838/1870. 57 There is a pencil drawing of Professor Ferdinanda in the possession of Mrs Tabone. Another oil-painting is in the possession of Mr Wirth who is Mrs Tabone's brother. There is another picture of Professor Ferdinanda when he was older in the possession of Mrs Camilleri Pace. 58 Professor G.Caruana, Discorso Commenwrativo del Prqf S. Castaldi LL.D., Giii Docente Il Diritto Costituzionale Il Diritto Internazionale e It Diritto Canonico nella Universita' di Malta, Malta: Tipografia Del Malta, 1904, p. 6. 59 See E. Azzopardi Sant, Melita Melitensium, Raccolta di varie Notizie Biografio-Storiche, Malta: Tipografia Salesiana, Sliema, 1931, p. 9, cl.1. 60 MGG 413, Friday 26.11.1869, GN 26.11.1869, p. 241. 61 UML, ARBC, Arch.47, Letter Book, 1865-1880, pp. 155-7. 62 Parrocchia San Martino, Corleone, Palermo, Sicilia, Italia, Vol.46/46, Act 5, p. 92/5. 63 A short biography in Italian on Nicolo Crescimanno and written by his grandson Francesco Sanfilippo is in the possession of the private papers of Dr Petra Bianchi. 64 The records entitled 'Registri di colo a' quali si spediscono i diversi gradi accademici nella Facoltii Legale' deposited in the Archivio Storico of the Universita degli studi di Palermo, commence from 1841 and, therefore, the date of conferment of the degree of LL.D. on Nicolo Crescimanno could not be traced so far. 65 A Discorso Inaugurate pronunziato all'udienza del cinque Gennaro 1852 dal Procur[atore} DelRe presso il Tribunate Civile di Trapani D. Nicolo' Crescimanno, Palermo: 7ipografia di Federico Garrfolo, 1852, pp. 3-32, is in the possession of the private papers of Dr Petra Bianchi. 66 L. Schiavone, Esuli Italiani a Matta: in V.Bonello et, Echi del Risorgimento A Malta, Seconda Edizione, Milano: Istituto Editoriale Cisalpino- La Goliardica, 1982, p. 195. 67 His first marriage with Teresa gave birth to Maddalena who married Professor of Law Giacomo Sanfilippo while his second with Vincenza generated Nicola Filippo Crescimanno, a painter who signed his words 'Crino' and died a bachelor; Calogero who died a bachelor; Paolo who Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty of Laws, University of Malta 61

died a bachelor; Gio Batta who graduated LL.D. and married Carmela Sciortino and were childless; Giuseppe who died a bachelor; Marianna who died a spinster; Rosalia who died a baby; and Maria Sofia who died unmarried. 68 NARM, Cus(toms) 18/164, Arrivals and Departures, Arrivals, no.225, 19 Agosto 1861. 69 Petra Bianchi, 'Nicolo Crescimanno and Giacomo Sanfilippo: Sicilian exiles in Malta', in The SundllJ Times qf Malta, no.936, 6 October 1996, Feature, pp. 44-5. 70 Malta Blue Book for the year 1867, Malta: GPO, 1868, p. 172, Educational- Lyceum in the Three Cities. 71 UML, ARBC, Arch.47, Letter Book, 1865-1880, p. 158. The letter of the University Rector Dr Saverio Schembri to the Government confirms that Dr Crescimanno was Teacher of Italian and Latin in 'Lyceum of the Three Cities'. 72 MGG 2418, Friday 14.1.1870, Civil Appointments 14.1.1870, p. 4. 73 Malta Blue Book for the year 1870: GPO, Malta, 1871, MilO- Educational. 74 Cav: N. Criscimanno LL.D., Discorso Inaugurate, Pronunziato nella Chiesa della R(egia). Universita di }vfalta all Ottobre 1870, Malta: Tipografia di E.Laferla, 1870, p. 14. 75 UML, ARBC, Education Department University & Lyceum Names qf Prqfessors & Teachers and Date qf First Entry into Public Service- 1883 -, p. 4. 76 MGG 2502, Friday 29.12.1871, GN, 29.12.1871, p. 269/1876, 2673, Friday 14.1.1876, GN no.2, 14.1.1876 p. 3. 77 The pamphlet is entitled Chi Da Buon Sensa 1ieni Cara L'ltalia, Ne Salvi Almanco L'Onore. It is, however, indicated in ink by Francesco Sanfilippo, his nephew, that it was written by him. 78 Discorso del Prqfessor di Diritto Nicolo Cav. C,iscimanno all'occasione della solenne Iaure co'![erita l'anno 1880 nella Regia Universita di Malta, Malta: Tipografia di E.Laferla, 1870, pp. 3-14. 79 Busuttil Private Archives, Sliema. Francesco Sanfilippo in a note attached to a draft speech which his father Professor Sanfilippo had prepared for the occasion. 80 A. Ferris, L'Amore Dei .Maltese- Alia Marte di Pio IX, Malta: Tipografia di Carme1o Busuttil, 1878, pp. 430-4. 81 PRV Date of Act Valletta 7.9.1885; Date of Registration 9.9.1870; Deaths Progressive no.3420/1885. 82 UML, ARBC, Arch.58, Letter Book, 188411891, pp. 69-70. 83 Malta- Corriere Mercantile Maltese, Venerdi, 28 Agosto 1885, no.540, p. 2, c.5. 84 A(rchives of) S(t.)P(aul) C(ollegiate) C(hurch) V(alletta), Baptisms, Vol. XX, 183311843, p.l30. His surname is written with a double 't' like his father's. 85 NLV, Sonetti, Versi Sacri, Festivita, Religione, Vol.l, Location P1294, Ext(ension) 3, Progressive no.27859, pp. 35 and 40. 86 See Sir Arturo Mercieca, 'Sir Adriano Dingli, Sommo Statista, Legislatore, Magistrato Nascitaa e Studi a Malta e all'Estero', in Melita Historica, Journal qf the Malta Historical Sociery, Malta: Empire Press, Vol. I, 1952-1955, pp. 164-84. 87 UML, ARBC, Arch.28, AAM, Vol.III, 1839-1883, pp. 78-80. 88 PRV, Date of Act Cospicua 6.1.1868; Date of Registration 8.1.1868 signed by Dr. Luigi Vella; Marriages Progressive no.3/1868; Vol.8, 701/721 of 1867, 1/581 of 1868, pp.l2 and 12bis. 'Rapinett' is written with one 't' with regards to Guglielmo and with two 't's with regard to his father Vincenzo 89 William graduated LL.D. and married Philip Parnis England; Flora married Dr Filippo Mifsud LL.D.; Camilla died aged three years; whereas Filippo Rapinet (Mackenzie) graduated LL.D. and married an Irish-American. 90 MGG 1412, Wednesday 17.11.1869, p. 227, List of Persons entitled to vote for the election of Members of the Council of Government for the island of Malta - Primo Distretto Elettorale. 91 MGG 2502, Friday, 29.12.1871, GN, 29.12.1871, p. 269. 92 MGG 2583, Friday 26.12.1873, GN 16.12.1873, p. 373/2890, Thursday 20.1.1881, GN 7, 20.1.1881, p. II. 93 MGG 2456, Wednesday 7.9.1870, Notice 7.9.1870, p. 293. 94 L(ibrary of) H(ouse of) R(epresentatives) V(alletta), Original Minutes of Proceedings of tl1e Council of Gov[ernmen]t of Malta with Appendix 1870, pp. 675, 757 and 1157. He was sworn in before Governor Grant on 18 November 1870, and attended from sitting No.8 of 6 December 1870 to sitting No.27 of 14 December 1871. 62 Raymond Mangion

95 MGG 2503, Friday 12.1.1872, GN 12.1.1872, p. 4. 96 NARM, CSG 01,5703/1874 Gudicial Police), 28.10.1874. 97 NARM, Petitions, 2882/a, 30 September 1874, Submitting inconvenience of treating cases of British or Foreign Seamen before Magistrates unacquainted with their language. 98 The Malta Standard, no.55, Wednesday 22June 1881, p. 1, cl.4; and no.86, Thursday, 26January 1882, p. 2, eLl. 99 MGG 2691, Friday 23.6.1876, GN 48, p. 175/1883,26.1.1883, GN 9, 26.1.1883, p. 9. 100 MGG 3017, Monday 10.12.1883, GN 106, 7.12.1883, p. 267. 101 TheMaltaStandard,no.57, Wednesday6July l88l,p. 2,cl.4. 102 Malta Blue Book for the year 1881, Malta; GPO, 1882, Ml02- Educational. l 03 MGG 2922, Wednesday 5.10.1881, Civil Appointments, p. 261. 104 UML, ARBC, Arch.53, Letter Book, 1880-1884, p. 201. 105 See A. Ganado, 'Storja tal-Legislazzjoni Maltija', in Toni Cortis (ed.) Oqsma tal-Kultura i\!!altija, Malta:_ Guttenberg Press, 1991, pp. 258-9. l 06 Important publications on the politico-constitutional history of Malta in the context of the Maltese language question, include Henry Frendo's 'Maltese Colonial Identity: Latin Mediterranean or British Empire?' in V. Mallia Milanes (ed.), The British colonial Experience, 1800- 1964- The Impact on Maltese Socie!J, Malta: Mireva Publications, 1988, pp. 185-214, Malta's Qyest .for Independence. Reflections on the Course qf Maltese History, Malta: Valletta Publishing & Publications Co. Ltd., 1989, pp. 5-282; Parry Politics in a Fortess Colony: The Maltese Experience, Malta: Midsea Books Ltd, 1979, pp. l-243; as well asj.M. Pirotta'sL-IstmjaKostituz;:jonali u 1-/.ifimd Storiku (1800- 1942), Malta: Pubblikazzjoni Indipendenza, 2005, pp. 1-276. I 07 S. Savona, Report on the Educational Institutions qf Malta and Go::.o, Malta: GPO, 1883, p. 46, para 145, Faculty of Law. 108 The Nlalta Standard, no.73, Wednesday 26 October 1881, p. 2, cl.2. 109 ProlusWne Al Corso Accademico di Economia Politica /etta il5 Ottobre 1881 della Regia Universitd di N!alta dal Prqfissore Guglielmo Rapinet, Valletta: Antonio Bartolo Tipografo, Valletta, 1881, pp. 3-16. 110 The Malta Standard, no.163, Thursday, 19 July 1883, p. 2, cls.2-3. Ill G. Rapinet, LRctures on the British Constitution and on the Government qf Malta, Malta: A. C. Aquilina & Co., 1883, pp. 1-219 112 The lvlalta Times and United Service Gazette, no.284l, Saturday 6.5.1882, p. 2, eLl. 113 The Malta Standard, no.! 02, Thursday, 17 May 1882, p. 2. cl.3. 114 L'Amico Del Popolo, Periodico Bisettimanale, Anno III, no.274, Venerdi, 12 Maggio 1882, p. 2, cl.l, 'Cronaca'. 115 See G. Bonello, 'The Magistrate Imprisoned for Indecent Assault' in Hist01ies qf Malta, Deceptions and Perception, Malta: PEG Ltd, 2000 pp. 229-3 7, for a detailed examination of the case. 116 NARM, Gov.l/3/18, Despatch, Simmons/Earl of Derby, no.220, 10.11.1884, ff.697r-707r. 117 See also NARM, CSG 01 (formerly LGO), 1481/1885 Gudicial Police), 4.11.1884. 118 NARM, Gov.2/l/81., Despatch, Earl of Derby /Simmons, no.482, 3.12.1884, unpaginated. 119 NARM, Gov.2/l/82, Despatch Earl of Derby /Simmons, no.526, 29.1.1885, unpaginated; and Gov.l/3/19, Despatches, Simmons/Earl of Derby No.9, 15.1.1885, pp. 8-12 and Simmons/ Earl of Derby, no.! 0, 16.1.1885, pp. 12-15. 120 NARM, Gov.2/l/82, Despatch, Earl of Derby/Simmons, no.527, 11.2.1885, unpaginated. 121 UML, ARBC, Arch.58, Letter Book, 1884-1891, p. 142. 122 NARM, CSG 01, 219511885 Gudicial Police), 10.1.1885. See also Gov.l/3/19, Despatches Simmons/Earl of Derby, no.9, 15.1.1885, pp. 8-12 and no.l5, and Simmons/Earl of Derby no.l5, 19.1.1885, pp. 23-5. 123 NARM, CSG 01,5703/1874 Gudicial Police), 28.10.1874. 124 NARM, CSG 01, 318311885 (Police), 1.5.1885. The records of the Court of Magistrates of Judicature for the period are lost. 125 Il Portqfoglio Maltese, Anno Qjwrantesimo Ottavo, no.4417, Venerdi 15 Maggio 1885 p. 2, cl.4. 126 JJ. Cremona, The Maltese Constitution and Constitutional History since 1813, Second Edition, San Gwan: Publishers Enterprises Group Ltd, 1997, pp. l 0-11. 127 Malta, Ga::.::.etta Quotidiana Politica e Commerciale, Anno Primo, Num(ero) 298, Mercoledl, 5 Novembre 1884, p. 2, cl.4. 128 The Case- Dr Rapinet- Malta- Stated By Himself, London, 1885, pp. 2-48. This rare monograph Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculty rif Laws, University rif Malta 63

does not indicate the typographer and date of publication. 129 MGG 2587, Thurdsay 22.1.1874, p. 12, Proclamation no. I of 22.1.1874. The Ordinance was re-published with amendments as a separate publication by the Government Printing Office in 1916. 130 01dinan:::.a No.1 del1873- Per emendare e consolidare alcune leggi relative aile pmone; comparata col Diritto Romano, Francese ed Italiano ed arrecchita della correla::;ione dei suoi Articoli .fra !oro, e con Ia disposi::;ione di alter Ordinan:::.i locale da Guglielmo Rapinet, Malta: Giovanni Muscat, 1888, pp. 1-97. 131 NAV, Not. Paolo Vassallo, R40/1097, no.l7, pp. 58-60 and p. 61 (site plane), 15.1.1893. Fra Lorenzo Caruana, in his capacity of Maestro dei Predicatori represented the Dominicans. 'Avvocato' Dr Rapinet signed his surname with one 't'. 132 AAF, Suppliche 1903, Vol.II, no.l74, pp. 331-3. 133 PRV, Date of Act Sliema 29.2.1912; Date of Registration 1.3.1912; Deaths Progressive no.661/1912; Vol.601/900 of 1912. His surname is written with one 't'. 134 1\1alta, Gaz:::.etta (}J1otidiana Politica e Commerciale, Anno XXIX, no.8492, Lunedl, 26 Febbraio, 1912, p. 2, cl.6. 135 Sec, on Antonio Annetta Caruana,]. C. Sammut, 'A Librarian's Mischance' in The Sundqy Times of Malta no.987, 14.9.1997, Feature, pp. 40-1; and no.988, 21.9.1997, Feature, pp. 38-9. 136 PRV, Date of Act Valletta 21.3.1866; Date of Registration 21.3.1866; Births Progressive no.l081 I 1866, Vol.23, 569/1171 of 1866, pp. 256 and 256 bis. There were several instances where the first name in the Baptisimal Record would not be the first name of the baptized. 137 Ex Alumni Societatis Jesu, 1\1elitenses et Gaudisienses, Malta: Empire Press, 1935, p. 73. 138 UML, ARBC, Arch.22, Certificates, Vol.III, 1885-1890, p. 32, entry 133. 139 UML, ARBC, Arch.78, AAM, Vol.IV, 1883-1924, pp. 57-8. 140 LHRV, Original Minutes of Proceedings of the Council of Government of Malta with Appendix (1872), Sitting no.33, 6 March 1872, pp. 324-5 and 333-43. The resolution is annexed to the relevant sitting and is signed by Crown Advocate Sir Adrian Dingli. 141 UML, ARBC, Arch. 58, Letter Book, 1884-1891, pp.l42-4. 142 The Dai{y 1\1alta Chronicle and Garrison Gazette, no.8920, Wednesday I August 1923, p. I 0, cls.2- 3, 'Death of An Eminent Lawyer -The Late Pro£Caruana'. Sec also R. Mifsud Bonnici, Di:;;;junmju Bijo-Biblografiku Na::;;;jonali, Malta: Dipartimcnt ta' 1-Informazzjoni, 1960, p. I 06. 143 UML, ARBC, Arch.56, Government Letters, 1883-1893, p. 19. 144 UML, Arch. 58, Letter Book, 1884-1891, p. 228. 145 UML, ARBC, Arch 168, Miscellanea 1887-1890, unpaginatcd. 146 MGG 3314, Saturday 20.4.1889, Civil Appointments, p. 319. 147 MGG 3337, Thursday 1.8.1889, Civil Appointtnents, p. 634. 148 Malta Blue Book for the year 1889, Malta: GPO, 1890, p. H64, B- University. 149 PRV, Date of Act 27.4.1891; Date of Registration None Notary F.S.Camilleri; Marriages Progressive no.229/1891. 150 Mary, the eldest, was a nun of the Sacred Heart Convent; Louise who was single; Anton Caruana LL.D. who was single and died in 1942; Dr Victor Caruana Galizia LL.D. who was Professor of Civil Law at the University of Malta and married May Asphar; Helena known as Lily who was married to Tancred Arrigo; Charles or Charlie M.D. who married to Mary Lupi; Frank, an architect, who married to Margaret Camilleri; John LL.D. who married Marcelle Mama; Rosa who married Louis Darmanin; and finally Teresa who first married Tancred Gatt Rutter and afterwards William Swan. !51 UML, ARBC, Arch.66, Letter Book, 1891-1897, ff.266r-v. !52 See A. Ganado, judge Giovanni Pullicino' in The Law Journal, A Review of the Universi!J! Students' Law Socie!J!, October 1947, Vol. II, no.2, pp. 60-8, onJudge Giovanni Pullicino. 153 Malta Blue Book for the Year 1895, Valletta: GPO, 1896, p. H72, Head 14. Education, B. University. !54 The 1\1alta Standard, no.I090, Friday 4 October 1895, p. 3, cl.l; and Public Opinion, An Evening Newspaper, no.! ,876, Thursday, 10 October 1895, p. 3, c.!. !55 Sir Arturo Mercieca, The A1aA:ing and Unmaking of A Maltese Clziff Justice, Valletta: Giov. Muscat &. Ltd, 1969 Cap. V, p. 28. !56 Dell'lnflusso della Filosqfia 1\1oderna sulla Scien:::.a e le Discipline Economico-Sociali e della !oro presente dire::;ione. Prolusione !etta dal Prrif. G. Caruana, LLD. in occasione dell'Apertura degli Studi Universitarii e 64 Raymond Mangion

Licea[~ nella sala della Publica Biblioteca, Malta: Giovanni Muscat, undated, pp. 1-28. 15 7 Discorso Comemoratti:vo del Prqfessor S. Castald~ LLD. gia docente it Diritto Costituz;ionale, it Diritto lnternaz;ionale e it Diritto Canonico nella Unwersita di Malta, letto dal PrqfG. Caruana LLD. nell 'Aula Magna della Universittl, il/3 Aprile 1904, Malta: 'Malta', 1904, pp. 1-16. 158 MGG 4747, Thursday 25.8.1904, GN 205, 25.8.1904, p.986/MGG 4751, Monday 5.8.1904, GN2185.9.1904,p.l209. 159 MJ. Schiavone and LJ. Scerri, Maltese Biographies if the Twentieth Century, Malta: Pubblikazodonijiet Indipendenza, 1997, p. 148. 160 MGG 3514, Saturday 26.3.1892, List of persons entitled to vote for the election of Members of the Council of Government, Primo Distretto Elettorale p.l93, ci.2/MGG 3725, Monday 25.2.1896, List of persons entitled to vote for the election of Members of the Council of Government, Primo Distretto Elettorale, p. 243, c. I. 161 See MGG 3816, Wednesday 8.4.1896, p. 232, c.l, List of persons entitled to vote for the election of Members of the Council of Government, Secondo Distretto Elettorale/MGG 6548, Wednesday 21.2.1923, p. 92, c. I, List of persons entitled to vote for the election of Members of the Senate, Primo Collegio Elcttorale. 162 Information given by Mrs Rosa Darmanin, aged 95 years, daughter of Professor Giovanni Caruana 15.1.2009. The house was situated in front the Casa Said or the 'Red House,' and was demolished to make way for a block of flats. 163 PRV, Date of Act Sliema 14.8.1923; Date of Registration 22.8.1923; Deaths Progessive no.2886/ 1921. 164 There is a portrait of Professor Caruana Galizia by Edward Caruana Dingli in the foundation for Internation Studies, Valletta. A pencil drawing by the same which was a sort of abboz;z;o is also in the possession of Marcelle, wife of Dr John Caruana Galizia. The portrait of Professor Giovanni Caruana in the possession of Marcelle Caruana Galizia is signed by Edward Caruana Dingli. 165 The First Hall of the Civil Court's decision per Mrs Justice Giuseppe Cremona is published in Kolleajoni Ia' Deci:jonijiet tal-Qrati Superjwi, Valletta: A. C. Aquilina & Co., Vol. XXVF, 1923- 1924, pp. 404-419; while the Court of Appeal's decision per MessrsJustices Sir Michelangelo Refalo, Dr Giuseppe Agius and Dr Luigi Camilleri is in ibid., Vol. XXVO, 1922-1924, pp. 617- 36. 166 The Daily Malta Chronicle and Garrison Gazette, no.8920, Wednesday I August 1923, p. I 0, cls.2-3, 'Death of An Eminent Lawyer- The Late Pro( Caruana'. 167 A(rchives of) O(ur) L(ady (of) V(ictories) P(arish) C(hurch), S(englea), Baptism, Voi.XII, p. 56. 168 AOLVPCS, Deaths, Vol. VII & VIII, p. 406. 169 See Malta, Qjiotidiano Nazionalista, no.14,907, Giovedi II Febbraio 1937, p. 2, cl.2, 'Cronaca del Giorno Morte del Patriota Evaristo Castaldi'. The obituary, signed by L' Amico G.S., referred to Evaristo as 'fratello del compianto e ben nolo Prqfessore'. 170 It Diritto di Malt(z, Organa Del Partito JJ.ntiri.formista', Diretto dal Dr. Salvatore Castaldi, Anno IY, Num(ero) 189, 3 Marzo 1880, p. 3, c.4, Parte Letteraria. The poem is entitled 'A Dio', signed by the acronym 'S.C' and bears the date '1871'. 171 Le Odi di Orazio (Horatius Flaccus Qjiintus): Tradotte in Prosa per Sawatore Castaldi, Malta: Corr[icre] Merc[antile] Malt[ese], 1877, pp. 5-135 (not including footnotes). The copy in the Melitensia Library of the University of Malta is addressed 'All sempre Onorevole Dr Fortunato Mizzi, in attestato di ammirazione ... '. 172 ln-NahlaMaltia, It-Tieni Sena, II 71 Nahla, L'Erbgha 9 Ta Aprill879, p.l, kolonni (=cis) 1-2, 'Fuk Id-Dritti u L'Oblighi Tal Poplu, Chelmtein Ghal Kabel'; and It 72 Nabla, Is-Sibt 19 Ta April1879, p. I, cls.l-3. 173 11-Habbar Matti, It-Tieni Sena, Nu.66, 31 Ta Ottubru, 1879, p. 2, d., p. 3, eLl, and Nu(mru) =(no.) 67, ii-Hadt, 30 Ta Novembru 1879, p.3, cl.2, G[uze'] M[uscat] A[zzopardi]; as well as It-Tielet Sena, Nu 71, II gimgha 6 Ta Frar 1880, p. 3, cl.2. 174 See G. Cassar Pullicini, 'Salvatore Castaldi u 1-Malti' in ll-Malti Qgri Li Tohrog l-Akkademja tal-Malti, Malta: Veritas Press, Zabbar, 1970, Vol.l, p. 4-18, where he delves into Professor Salvatore Castaldi's contribution to the Maltese language. I 75 A. Preca, Malta Cananea Ossia lnvestigazioni Filologica-Etimologiche nel Linguaggio Maltese, Valletta: Tipografia del Malta, 1904, Cap.V- Attestati e Critica, pp. 742-3. Prqftssors who Taught International Law within the Faculry rif Laws, Universiry rif Malta 65

176 AUM, Acts of the University, Arch.28, Vol.III, 1839-1883, pp. 322-3. 177 The Malta limes and United Services, no.2833, Saturday 11.3.1882, p. II, cl.3, 'Flores College' (Advertisement). 178 See also UML, ARBC, Arch.262/5, H.B. Formosa, Dictionary qf Maltese National BiograPI!Y - including.foreigners connected with Malta or who died in and are buried in Malta, Sliema, Malta, 1958, p. 250. 179 See also H. Frendo, Par!J Politics in a Fortess Colony: The Maltese Experience, Malta: Midsea Books Ltd, 1979, pp. 28 and 55. 180 Maltesismi e Frasi Toscane, Valletta: A. Aquilina & Co, 1883, pp. 7-136 (including a page of printing errors). He dedicated the book to Dr Fortunato Mizzi. 181 0. Friggieri, Stor:ja tal-Letteratura Maltija 11-Poezija mill-bidu sa Dun Karm, Hamrun: Lux Press, 1979, Vol. I, pp. 68-9. 182 II Diritto Di Malta, Organa Del Partito Nazionale, Diretto dal Dr Salvatore Castaldi, Anno V, no.215, 6 Settembre 1884, p. I, middle column. The poem is entitled 'VIII SETTEMBRE MDL'CV' dated 6 September 1884. 183 Giovanni Faure, Li Storia taMalta u Ghaudex Bit Gztjer Taghha u il Grajjet li sarufihom, Sliema: Emilio Lombardi Stampatur, 1916, Vol. IV, p. 323, Kap. II, S.I, eLl. 184 See Risorgimento, Diario Politico Commerciale, Anno XI, no.3270, Mercoledi 27 Luglio 1887, p. I, cls.2-3; and// Portqfoglio }vfaltese, Anno Cinquantesimo, no.4347, Giovedi, 28 Luglio, 1887, p. 2, cl.3, L'Assemble Nazionale; no.4348, Lunedi, I Agosto 1887, p. I, cls.l-3, Del Progetto Di Costituzione e Dei Savoniani; no.4349, Giovedi 4 Agosto 1887, p. I, cls.l-2, L'Assemblea Nazionale; no.4350, Lunedi, 8 Agosto 1887, p. I, cl.4 and p. 2, cls.l-2. 185 MGG 3212, Saturday 20.8.1887, GN 121, 20.8.1887, p.378. See also 1/Portqfoglio Maltese, Anno Cinquantesimo, Luncdi, 8 Agosto 1887, no.4750, p. 2, cl.3, Disposizione Governative. 186 MGG 3251, Thursday 11.5.1888, GN 51, 11.5.1888, p. 175. 187 MGG 3334, Monday 15.7.1889, Proclamation no.XIV, 15.7.1889, p. 559. 188 PRV, Date of Act 24.1.1887; Date of Registration 28.1.1887 Notary F[rancesco] S[averio] Camilleri; Progressive no.28/1887. 189 Pietro Antonio married Mavoureen Lesnouef; Eraldo died a jesuit; while Eligio, who graduated as Legal Procurator, married Sarah Cathleen Hickey. Thanks for the information to Professor Peter Castaldi MB, BS (Sydney), MD (Sydney), FRACP, DU (Hon, Paris), AO, CONM, retired Professor of Medicine, University of Sydney, son of Eligio and grandson of Professor Salvatore, Australia 4.1.2008. 190 The Daily Malta Chronicle and Garrison Gazette, no.3513, Saturday 12 March 1904, p. 2, cls.2-3, 'Local News'. 191 UML, ARBC, Arch.66, Letter Book, 1891-1897, ff.277r-v. 192 MGG 3784, Wednesday 24.11.1895, Civil Appointments, p. 834. 193 The Malta Standard, no. II 0 I, Tuesday 19 November 1895, p. 3, eLl. 194 The i\1alta limes and United Service Gazette no.3548, Friday 22 November 1895, p. 3, cl.l. 195 Progesso delle idee di umanitti e di civiltti nelle moderne Leggi di Guerra- La Prelezione di Diritto lnternazionale !etta nella Regia Universitti i/25 Novembre 1895 dal Prqftssor Dr Salvatore Castaldi, Malta: Tipografia del Malta, 1895, pp. 1-29. 196 The Malta Standard, no.!, I 03, Tuesday, 26 November 1895, p. 2, cl.4. 197 La VOce del Popolo, Giornale Politico Settimanale, Anno III, Numero 189, Venerdi I 0 Gennaio 1896, p. 3, cl.2-3, signed by Francesco Saverio De Cesare. 198 See, for instance, A. Dalli, Bc'eijec' Ia Storia Maltiajeu Ftit Tad-Daul Ghall'lnglizi, Malta: John Dimech, 1896, pp. 126-7. 199 G. Tonna Barthet, Maltese Poets qf the 20'h Century, Malta: Giovanni Muscat & Co. Ltd., 1968, pp. 150-8. The selection of Professor Castaldi's poems includes his 'VIII Settembre MDLXV' and Y\Dio'. 200 S. Castaldi, Della Letteratura Educallice, Discorso detto Ill mo. Ottobre 189 7 per l'lnaugurazione degli Stu4j, Malta: Tipografia del Malta, 1897, pp. 3-14. 20 I Necessitii della Cultura Letteraria a/ Progresso delle Scienze- Orazione per Laurea delta dal Prqf Salv. Castaldi LL.D. nella Chiesa del Gesu' della Valletta il di 6 Agosto 1898, Malta: Tipografia del Malta, 1898, pp. 1-10. . 202 See J. Attard, L-Estetika Maltija, Antologija Kritika, Msida: Mireva Publications, 1997, pp. 66-7 8. 66 Raymond Mangion

203 Gladstone: Discorso Letto Nel Palazzo Industriale dal PrqfSalvatore Castaldi lL.D. II 2 8 Luglio 1898, Valletta: Tipografia del Malta, 1898, pp. 4-1 7. 204 VEpiscopato e II Progresso Civile, Discorso Letto II 18 Aprile 1902 Nella Chiesa del Gestl, Valletta: Giuseppe Abela Tipografo, 1902, pp. 3-14 (including endnotes). 205 The Dai!J Malta Chronicle and Garrison Gazette, no.3304, Tuesday, I July.l902, p. 2, cl.2, 'Acknowlegements'. 206 Malta e Sue Dipendenze, Organa del Partito Nazionale, Venerdi 9 Maggio 1902, p. 2, cl.4, 'Le lettere dei Patrioti'. 207 See H. Frendo, Party Politics, pp. 98, 112-3, 115-6 and 121. 208 PRV, Date of Act Valletta 15.3.1904; Date of Registration 16.3.1904; Deaths Progressive no.823/ 1904; Vol.60 I /900. 209 ASPCCV, Deaths, Vol.XXI, 1904-1927, p. 5. 210 The Dai!J lv!alta Chronicle and Garrison Gazette, no.3513, Saturday 12 March 1904, p. 2, cls.2-3, 'Local News'. 211 The Malta Tzmes and United Service Gazette Established 1839, no.3971 Friday II March 1904, p. 2, cl.2. 212 The Dai!J 1\1alta Chronicle and Garrison Gazette, no.3514, Monday 14 March 1904, p. 3, cls.l-3, 'The Late Professor Castaldi A Student'. 213 UML, ARBC, Arch.82, Letter Book 1904/1907, Letter 44, f.32r. 214 Report qf the H'orking qf Government Departments dun·ng the Financial lear 1904-1904, Malta: GPO, 1906,p. .M4. 215 U.ML, ARBC, Arch.82, 1904/1907, Letter 27, f.l3r. 216 JV!alta e Sue Dipendenza, Organa del Partito Nazionale, Anno XXI, no.6, 129, Giovedi 31 Marzo 1904, p. 2, cls.3-5, 'La commemorazione del prof. Salvatore Castaldi alia Giovine Malta'. 217 Salvatore Castaldi, Jlersi ed Epigrafi Raccolti ed Ordinati da C.MD., Malta: Tipografia Nazionale, 1904, pp. 1-104, excluding frontispiece, preface, photo of author as well as 'Indice'. 218 Malta, Organa del Partito Nazionale, Anno 44, no.l2,069, Lunedi 7 Marzo 1927, p. I, cl.4, 'Nazionalisti Scomparsi I/no.12,085, Sabato 26 Marzo 1927, p. 2, cls.2-4, 'L[uigi] A[rnaldo] Randon'. 219 MGG 15,664, It-Tlieta, 20.10.1992, GN694 20.10.1994, pp. 5144-5146. 220 PRV, Date of Act Valletta 17 .I 0.1923; Date of Registration 18.1 0.1923; Births Progressive no.5830/1923; Vol.5 701/6000 of 1923). His birth was registered in 1923. 221 Lanfranco Genealogical Archives, Msida, Malta, Professor Enrico Vassallo's family tree. 222 Ex Alumni Societatis Jesu, Melitenses et Gaudisienses, Malta: Empire Press, 1935, p. I 06. 223 UML, ARBC, AA.M, Arch.78, Vol. IV, 1883-1924, pp. 103-105. 224 MGG 3533, Monday 18.7.1892, GN no. II!, 18.7.1892, pp. 483-5, General Results, Schedule B; no.3605, Tuesday 1.8.1893, GN.I22, 1.8.1983, pp. 474-5, General Results, Schedule B; and 3673, Tuesday 14.8.1894, G.N.I30, 14.8.1894, pp. 468-71, General Results, Schedule II. He garnered the following marks out of the maximum 2,500: 2152 (1892); 2143 (1893); and 2232 (1894). 225 UML, ARBC, AA.M, Arch. 78, Vol.IY, 1883-1924, pp. 112-5. 226 U.ML, ARBC, Arch.69, Faculty of Law 1892-1905, f.54r, Board Meeting of 21 July 1898. 227 Malta Blue Book for the Year 1904-1905 (GPO, Malta, 1905) p. H84. 228 See, for instance, Il Risorgimento, Senzpre Giornale Di Malta, Anno XXVIII, no.7252, 26 Maggio 1904, p. 2, cl.4, 'Nomine'. 229 UML, ARBC, Arch.82, Letter Book 1904/1907, Letter 68, f.60r. 230 PRV, Date of Act 13.12.1905; Date of Registration 13.12.1905 signed by Direttorc Achille Micallef and by Notaro Pubblico Maltese Gio Chapelle; Marriages Progressive no.l315/1905, Vol.69, 1281/1356 of 1905, 1/525 of 1906, pp. 17 and 17bis. 231 Francesco Saverio and George graduated LL.D., and practiced as advocates while Charles obtained the diploma of Legal Procurator. 232 'The Constitution of .Malta' in Allister Macmillan (ed.), Malta and Gibraltar Illustrated, Historical and Descriptive, Commercial and Industria4 Facts, Figures and Resources, London: W.H.&.L. Collingridge, 1915, pp. 249-52. 233 G. Brechenridge Davis, Outlines qf International Law, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1887, pp. 1-461, Cap. I-IY. Prqfossors who Taught International Law within the Faculty if Laws, University if Malta 67

234 See for instance, fiyllabifor the Annual Examinations qf the Second Year (1919-1920) qf the Academical Course 1918-1922, Malta Government Printing Office, 1919, p. 8. 235 A. Abela, 'A Note about the Russian Chapel at San Anton Palace' in Elizabeta Zolina (ed), A Journey Through the Centunes Historical Discoveries in Russo-Maltese Relations, Malta: Progress Press Co. Ltd, 2002, p. 327. 236 Dr Albert Ganado LL.D., a leading world chartographer and maternal nephew to Professor Enrico Carlo Vassallo, confirmed through personal communication that his uncle had refused several offices because he would feel bound by the educational and social obligations of his profession. 237 MGG 6134, Friday 10.1.1919, p.31/6542, Friday 19.1.1923, p. 39, 'List of the Committee of the Chamber of Advocates'. 238 MGG, 6942, Friday 11.2.1927, GN no.55, 11.2.1927, p. 86. 239 MGG 7685, Wednesday 1.2.1933, GN45, 1.2.1933, p. 89. 240 MGG 9276, Friday 12.1.1945, Notice 12.1.1945, p. 33. 241 H. Ganado, Rqjt Malta Tinbidel, Malta: Interprint Malta Ltd, 1977, L-Ewwel Ktieb (1900-1932), It-Tielet Eclizzjoni, p.Kap.X.'CVIII- 1-Ewwel Parlament Malti. 242 See A. Pearce Higgins (editor), A Treatise on International Law, Eighth Edition, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1924, pp. 1-444. 243 See, for instance, fiyllabifor the Annual Examinations qf the Second Year (1925-1926) qf the Academical Course 1924-1928, Malta: GPO, 1925, p. 7. 244 jVfalta, 01gano del PartitoNazionale, Anno 49.mo, N[ume]ro 13,495, Lunedl 14 Dicembre 1931, p. I, cls.4-5, p. 2, cls.l-5/no.13,493 (sic), Mercoldl23 Dicembre 1931, p. I, cl.5, p. 2, cl.l. 245 See also Prof. Dr. E. C. Vassallo, L'Illegalitiz della sanatoria regia delle pseudo-leggi Stricklandiane, Discorso in difesa pronunziato il 14 Novembre 1931 davanti alla Corte Climinale d'Appello di S.lvf. nella cuasa Lord Strickland vs. Avv. Emic IVfizzi quale Direttore del quo/. PoL 'Malta', Valletta: Tipografia del Malta, 1931, pp. 3-21. 246 Cmd. 3993, Malta Royal Commission 1931, Minutes qf Evidence (His Majesty's Stationery Office, London, 1932), Saturday 23 May 1931, pp. 239-48, 1615/1668, especially p. 243, para 1636. 24 7 Memorandum on the Language Qyestion in Education and in the Courts submitted to the Malta Royal Commission 1931 by the Chamber qf Advocates and Evidence given thereon by Prqfessor E. C. Vassallo Af.A., ILD, Vice-President qf the Chamber qf Advocates on the 23 1Vfay 1931, Valletta: Mercurius Press, 1931, pp. 1-8. The Memorandum was also printed in Italian under the same title qf 'Memoriale sui/a Qyestione Lingusitica nell'Istna.ione e nei Tribunali sottomesso alia Commissione Regia del1931 dalla Camera degli Avvocati e Deposizione sullo stesso Memmiale data dal Prif. E. C. Vassallo MA., LLD Vice Presidente della Camera degliAvvocati Il23 Maggio 1931', Valletta: Tipografia del Malta, 1931, p. 9. 248 J. Manduca, The Bonhmn-Carter Diaries 1936-1940- What the British Governor thought qf Malta and tlze Maltese, Malta: Publishers Enterprises Group Ltd, 2004, pp. 313-4. 249 Sir Arturo Mercieca, The },;laking and Unmaking qf A Maltese Chief Justice: Giov. Muscat &. Ltd, Valletta, 1969, X.'CIY, p. 226, and XLI, p. 278. 250 H. Ganado, RqjtMalta Tinbidel, Malta: Interprint Malta Ltd, 1977, 1-Ewwel Ktieb (1900-1932), It-Tielet Edizzjoni, p. 424, Kap.XLIX- Il-President Mercieca Figura Nazzjoanli. 251 MGG No.8278, Monday 8 March 1937, 'University of Malta'. 252 MGG 8997, Thursday 3.9.1942, GN 459 3.9.1942, p. 720. See also II Berqa, Ghadd 3,25 7, is-Sibt 5 ta' Settembru, 1942, p. 2, cl.3. 253 PRV, Date of Act Sliema 2.10.1945; Date of Registration 6.10.1945; Deaths Progressive no.2782/1945; Vol.2701/3000 of 1945. 254 The Times qf Malta, no.3141, Wednesday 26.9.1945, p. 5, 'Commemoration Ceremony- The Late Professor E.C. Vassallo'. 255 See also The Law Journal, A Review qf the Unwersi!Y Students' Law Society, Vol. I, no.3, p. 12. 256 MGG 9874, Friday 23.12.1949, GN 811,23.12.1949, p. 1625. 257 PRV, Date of Act Valletta 28.4.1909; Date of Registration 30.4.1909; Births Progressive no.2736/1909, Vol.2701/3000 of 1909. 258 ASDPCV, Baptisms, Vo1.30, 1907/1912, p. 272, 13.4.1909. 259 A book on the life of Dr Francesco Buhagiar is still a desideratum. At least, the Melitensia Library of the University of Malta has an unpublished B.A. (Gen.) 1973 thesis by John Zerafa entitled Francesco Buhagiar Esq. LLD, MLA., Prime Ministerqf Malta 1923-1924, pp. 1-74. 68 Raymond Mangion

260 A(rchives of the Association of) L(yceum) P(ast) S(tudents), Volume of School Fees, Students in the Lyceum' during the Scholastic Years 1919-192011922-1923, pp. 164, 198,232 and 261. 261 Ex Alumni Societatis Jesu, Melitenses et Gaudisienses, Malta: Empire Press, 1935, p. 68. 262 MGG 7527, Friday 4.3.1932, Supplement no. VII, p. 14 7, List of Persons entitled to vote for the election of Member of the Legislative Assembly, First Electoral Division. 263 Reports qf the f!Vorking qf Government Department during the Financial Year 1929-1930, Malta: GPO, 1931, p. K3. 264 Reports qf the f;Vorking qf Government Departments during the Financial Year 1930-1931, Malta: GPO, 1932, p. K2. 265 Oxford University Gazette, Oxford University Press, Vol. LXIII, no.2011, Wednesday 19.10.1932. p. 54. 266 Oxford University Gazette, Oxford University Press, Vol. LXIII, no.2039, Friday 23.6.1933, p. 614. 267 A(rchives of the) O(xford) O(ratory), Oxford, UK, Liber Matrimoniorum 22, 1924-1954, entry 118, unpaginated. 268 Thanks to Jan Buhagiar for his cooperation in the built-up of this short biographical data on his late father 4.1.2009. 269 The Records qf the Honorable Society qf Lincoln's Inn, VoL!!!, Admissions .from A.D. 1894 to A.D. 1956, London: Lincoln's Inn, 1981, p. 233. 270 UML, ARBC, Arch.148, AAM, Vol. VI, 1925-1945, p. 44. 271 P.V.Baker QC. (ed.), The Records qf the Honorable Society qf Lincoln's Inn, VoLIV, The Black Books, A.D. 1914-A.D. 1965, London: Lincoln's Inn, 2001 p. 765. 272 MGG 8634, Tuesday, 10.10.1939, GN 511, 10.10.1939, p. 1470. 273 NARM, CGSO l 507 I 194 7, Dr. WBuhagiar, formerly C.Counsel, unpaginated. 274 MGG 8045, Thursday 26.3.1942, GN 143 26.3.1942, p. 268. 275 MGG 9416, Friday 15.3.1946, GN 125, 15.3.1946, p. 313. 276 MGG 9419, Tuesday 26.3.1946, GN 139, 26.3.1946, p. 345. 277 MGG 9423, Friday 5.4.1946, GN 158, 5.4.1946, p. 379. 278 Reports on the working qf Government Departments during the .financialyear 1946-47, Malta: GPO, 1950, p. 421 -Opening of the Academic Year and Graduation of Students. 279 W Buhagiar, Civilization and Citizenship, An Oration delivered in the Church qf the Royal University qf Malta on the I October, 1946, on the occasion qf the Graduation Ceremony, Malta: GPO, 1946, pp. 1-8. 280 The Tzmes qf Malta, no.3.455, Wednesday 2.10.1946, p. 7, 'Royal University of Malta­ Impressive Scenes at Yesterday's Graduation Ceremony', and p. 9, 'Graduation Ceremony'. The reference is in p. 7. 281 The Law Journa~ A Review qf the University Students' Law Society Vol. I, no.5, October 1946, pp.34- 40. 282 Reports on the working qf Government Departments during the financial year 1946-47, Malta: GPO, 1950, p. 422- the Royal University of Malta- Secretary. 283 NARM, CGSO 1 507 I 194 7, Dr. WBuhagiar, formerly C.Counsel, unpaginated. 284 The Sunday Tzmes qf Malta, no.l84, 18.4.1982, 'Henry Frendo talks to Willie Buhagiar (3)- The Tunke takes a stand,' p. 11, cls.2-3. 285 See The Colonial Office List 1957 (HMSO, 1957), p. 294. 286 K.K. O'Connor and VII. Buhagiar, 'Enemy Legislation and Judgments in the Liberated Countries. Liberation Legislation in Malaya' in Journal qf Comparative Legislation and International Law fry British Institute qf International and Comparative Law, Cambridge University Press, Third Series, Vol.33, no.314 (1951), pp. 1-8. 287 [1955] MLJ 121.9. 288 (1956) 22 MLJ 247 (HC). 289 See Relevan, A Publication qf the Kuala Lampur Bar, Issue No 3105, December 2005, p.lO, where Dato Mahadev Shankar, one of the most prominent judges of Ethiopia in the last years, in an interview considers judge William Buhagiar as 'the most outstanding ... head and shoulder above all other judges' in Malays from the 1950s onwards. 290 Lehen Birkirkara Progressiva, no.l3, Marzu 1958, p. 8, cl.5. 291 The Tzmes qf Malta, no.6,958, Friday 17.l.l958, p. 4, 'Maltese Judge, President of Appeal in Ethiopia, By a Staff Reporter'. Prqfessors who Taught International Law within the Faculty if Laws, University if Malta 69

292 'Henry Frendo talks to Willie Buhagiar (4) From Green Jackets to Black Magic, especially p. 22, 'Meeting the Emporor', in The Sunday Times qf Malta, no.l85, 25.4.1982, p. 21. 293 See also The Times qf i\tfalta, no.8,386, Friday 24.8.1962, p. 9, cls.2-3, 'Maltese Judge's Important Post- President of Imperial High Court of Ethiopia, By a Staff Reporter'. 294 W Buhagiar, 'Ethiopian Criminal Procedure. A Sourcebook. By Stanley Z.Fisher' in The International and Comparative Law OJLarterly, Vo1.20, No.2, Aprill971, pp. 379-80. 295 See also MJ. Schiavone and LJ. Scerri, Maltese Biographies qf the Twentieth Century, Malta: Pubblikazzjonijiet Indipendenza, 1997, pp. 104-5, which gives a schematic precis of what Professor Frendo published in The Sundqy Times issues on Judge Professor William Buhagiar, no.l82, 4.4.1982, p. 20; no.183, 11.4.1982, p. 17; no.184, 18.4.1982, p. 11; and no.185, 25.4.1982, pp. 20-1. 296 Professor Joe Max Ganado, for 50 years lecturer in Civil Law within the Faculty of Laws at the University of Malta, in a personal communication spoke highly about Professor Buhagiar's role and achievements as legal counsel to the international company in France. 297 The Times qf Malta, no.l060, Wednesday 17.3.1982, p. 10, Obituary. A photo of Professor William Buhagiar wearing the rob of a judge is the possession of his sonJan. 298 PRV, Date of Act Valletta 26.9.1923; Date of Registration 29.9.1923; Births Progressive no.5419/1923. 299 Professor Busuttil gave the author first-hand information on his family in an interview held at Professor Busuttil's home in StJulians, Malta, on 24.1.2009. 300 See also R. Mifsud Bonnici, Di;:;:Qunmju Bijo-Biblografiku NaZ{}onali, Malta: Dipartiment ta' 1-Informazzjoni, 1960, p. 67. 301 D.E. Sultana, 'Valedictory', The Sundia4 The Journal qf the Royal University qf Malta Literary Society, Vol.4, no.6, October 1946, p. 3. 302 Times qf Malta, no. 7,644, Monday 4.4.1960, p. 4. 303 NLV, Libr.Ms.1523,AssembleaNaz:Qonali 1945-1947, lsmijiet tad-Delegati, unpaginated, letter 'B'. 304 Report on the working qf the Royal University qf Malta .for the period 1 October, 1942, to the 30 September, 1943, unpaginated, App. I. The Report was not published but a stencilled copy exists in the Melitensia Library of the University of Malta. 305 Report on the working qf the Rqyal University qf Malia .for the period 1 October, 1946, to the 30 September, 1947, Malta: Progress Press Co. Ltd, 1950, p. 431. 306 Times qf Malta, no.3,455, Wednesday, 2.10.1946, p. 7, 'Royal University of Malta- Impressive Scenes at Yesterday's! Graduation Ceremony', and p. 9, 'Graduation Ceremony'. 307 Report on the working qf the Rqyal University qf Malta .for the period 1 October, 1946, to the 30 September, 1947, Malta: Progress Press Co. Ltd, 1950, p. 429. 308 Oxford University Gazette, Oxford University Press, Vol. LX.,'{VIII, no.2594, Friday 6.8.1948, p. 1071. 309 Oxford University Gazette, Oxford University Press, Vol. LXXX, no.2667, Wednesday 7.6.1950, p. 939. 310 Oxford University Gazette, Oxford University Press, Vol. LXXXII, no. 2749, Friday 4. 7.1952, p. 1156. 311 Report on the Working qf the Rqyal University qf Malta .for the period 1 October, 1948, to the 30 September, 1949, Malta: Progress Press Co. Ltd, 1952, p. 9. 312 Report on the Worldng qf the Rqyal University qf Malta .for the period 1 October, 1947, to the 30 September, 1948, Malta: Progress Press Co. Ltd, 1951, p. 7 313 M. Bonnici, Diz:Qunmju Bijo-Biblografiku Naz:Qonali, Malta: Dipartiment ta' 1-Informazzjoni, 1960, p. 67. 314 The Law Journal, A Review qf the University Students' Law Soeiety (February 1952), Vol.III, no.2, pp. 121-46. 315 Times of Malta, no.6,283, Monday 21.11.1955, p. 4, 'The Rule and Misrule of Law­ University Graduation Ceremony'. See also Rostrum, Rivista Giwidica edita a cura della Camera degli Avvocati di Malta, Valletta, Malta: Tipografia Giov. Muscat, 1956, Anno II, no.5, Aprile-Giugno 1956, pp. 151-6. 316 Times if Malta, no.5973, Saturday 13.11.1954, p. 4. 317 MGG 10,042, Thursday 17.5.1951, Declaration of Result of Poll, Electoral Division 5, 12.5.1951, p. 672. 70 Raymond Mangion

318 MGG 10,279, Monday 9.2.1953, Notice, 9.2.1953, p. 196. 319 Sunday Times if Malta, no.l664, 29.3.1953, p. 12, cl.3, 'Malta's New Speaker- Dr. E.Busuttil'. 320 Times if 1\1alta, no.5,516, Tuesday 26.5.1953, p. 9, 'Social and Personal'; no.5,518, Thursday 28.5.1953, p. I, 'Commonwealth Parliaments Entertain the Queen - Brilliant Scene in Westminster Hall'; and No.5,523, Wednesday 3.6.1953, p. 3, 'Premier at Abbey'. 321 See, for instance, Times if Malta, no.625 7, 14.10.1955, pp.4-6, 'Malta Round-Table Conference'. 322 Times if Malta, no. 7,216, 16.11.1958, p. I, 'The London Talks P.C.P. Party Leaves for U.K., by a Staff Reporter. 323 ll-Berqa, no.8,319, L-Erbgha 22.4.1959, p. 4. 'Dr. E. Busuttil Irrizenja minn Deputy Leader tal­ P.C.P.- lrtir mill-Politika'. 324 PRV, Date of Act 26.9.1954; Date of Registration 14.8.1964; Marriages Progressive no.l618/1964. 325 Professor Busuttil gave the author first-hand information on his family in an interview held at Professor Busuttil's home in St.Julians, Malta, on 24.1.2009. 326 Malta Who's Who 1964 (Progress Press Co. Ltd, 1965), p. 40, cl.2, and p, 41, eLl. 327 Times if Malta, no.6,540, Tuesday 11.9.1956, p. 9, 'Social and Personal.' 328 Rostrum, Rivista Giwidica edita a cum della Camera degli Avvocati di Malta, Valletta, Malta: Tipografia Giov. Muscat, 195 7, Anno III, no.8, Luglio-Dicembre 195 7, pp. 34 7-53. 329 UML, ARBC, Arch 364, Faculty Board Minutes 1961/1962, Meeting of the Faculty Board of Laws, pp. 1-2. 330 UML, ARBC, Arch.428, Council Meetings Minutes 1962/1963, p. 3. 331 See various Calendars if the Universiry if 1\1alta published by the Malta University Press for the period 1970-71 to 1990-91, different paginations. 332 Malta Who:S Who 1964, Progress Press Co.Ltd, 1965, p. 40, cl.2, and p. 41, d. I. 333 See from editions of The Malta Year Books; particularly The Malta Year Book 1969, Malta: St. Michael's College Publications, 1970, p. 151, to The Malta Year Book-1978, Malta: De La Salle Brothers Publications, 1979, p. 162. 334 MGG 13,208, Il-Gimgha 9.4.1976, Nru 161, p. 1038; and 13,352, Il-Gimgha 15.4.1977, Nru 223, p. II 04. 335 MGG 13,808, Il-Gimgha 23.1.1981, Nru.75, p. 234, 'Nominata' Membri ta' 1-Awtorita' tax­ Xandir ghal Malta. ' 336 Times if Malta, no.7,644, Monday 4.4.1960, p. 4. 337 See also Times if Malta, no.8,445, Thursday 1.11.1962, p. 3, 'Royal University of Malta- Dr. Busuttil appointed to Chair of Public Law'. 338 Times if Malta, no.9,850, Saturday 13.5.1967, p. 9. 339 12 YB The Greek case 1969. 340 Cyprus v. Turkey, First and Second Applications 6780/74 and 6950/75. 341 East African Asians v. UK 3 EHRR 76. 342 E. Busuttil, The Monarchy and tfu Commonwealth, Malta: Malta University Press, 1972, p. 22. 343 Malta Who's Who 1964, Progress Press Co. Ltd, 1965, p. 40, cl.2, and p. 41, eLl. 344 Professor Busuttil is in possession of the medal which was shown to the author. MJ. Schiavone and LJ. Scerri, Maltese Biographies if the Twentieth Century, Malta: Pubblikazzjonijiet lndipendenza, 1997, p. 180, omit to refer to the election of Professor Busuttil as member of the European Human Rights Commission let alone as the recipient of the Human Rights medal.