ATURCARA BENGKEL PENGURUSAN SUNGAI NEGERI 9.00 pagi Ucapan Perasmian oleh SELANGOR Y.A.B. Menteri Besar Selangor

29 Mac 1998 (Ahadl 9.30 pagi Minwn Pagi

2.00 - 3.00 petang Pendaftaran Peserta di De Palma Inn 10.00 pagi Ucapan Khas Pengurusan dan Pembangunan Sungai - Suatu Strategi ke arah Pembangunan Mampan oleh 3.30 petang Minn Petang Ketua Setiausaha Kementerian Pertanian Aetl- (44,

4.00 petang "Boat Cruise" dari Kuala Selangor ke Pengerusi : Dr. Halimaton Saadiah bt. Hashim ,Pengarah - Jabatan Kampung Kuantan Perancang Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor

6.45 - 7.45 malam Makan Malam di De Palma Inn 11.00 pagi Pembentangan Kertas Kerja dan Perbincangan di peringkat Bengkel 7.45 malam Lawatan ke Pusat Kelip-kelip, Kampung Kuantan, Perundangan Kuala Selangor (Pengangkutan disediakan) Kewangan dan Pengurusan Telmikal dan Institusi 10.30 malani Rehat Ekologi dan Alam Sekitar

12.30 tgh Makan Tengahari dan solat zohor 30 Mac 1998 llsnin1 2.00 petang Sambungan pembentangan kertas kerja dan perbincangan 8.00 pagi Ketibaan Peserta /Pendaftaran di peringlcat bengkel

8.30 pagi Ketibaan Jemputan Kehormat : 4.30 iietang Minum Petang Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah bt. Abel. Manap Y.A.B. Menteri Besar Selangor 5.00 petang Riadah dan rehat

8.35 pagi Bacaan Doa (Kadi, Kuala Selangor) 8.00 malam Makan Malam '

8.45 pagi Ucapan Alu-aluan oleh 9.00 malam Sambungan perbincangan bengkel Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah 10.00 malam Minum malam a a a a 0 1 a a MN a a a a a a • a 31 Mac 1998 (Selasa) ATURCARA PERASMIAN 8.30 pagi Sambungan perbincangan bengkel ICI INKEL FrEaqcSati 5qtflt NAM! 5ELNMOJA 10.30 pagi Minum pagi PADA SO MAC 1998 (ISNIN) 11.00 pagi Perbincangan dan Rumusan setiap bengkel DI DE PALNIA INN, KUALA SELANGOR

12.30 pagi Malcan tengahari dan solat zohor Pengerusi Majlis : En. Mohd Nor Mohamed Azalli 2.00 petang Sidang Plano Jabatan Alam Sekitar, Negeri Selangor - Rumusan oleh pengerusi setiap kumpulan perbincangan

Pengerusi : En. Mohd. Sinon b. Mudzakir , 8.00 pagi Ketibaan Peserta Timbalan Setiausaha Kerajaan 1, Negeri Selangor 8.30 pagi Ketibaan Jemputan Dif-Dif Kehormat : 4.00 petang Rumusan dan Penutup oleh Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah bt. Abd. Manap Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah Y.A.B. Menteri Besar Selangor

4.30 petang Minum Petang 8.35 pagi Bacaan Doa (Kadi, Kuala Selangor)

5.00 petang Bersurai 8.45 pagi Ucapan Alu-aluan oleh Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah

9.00 pagi Ucapan Perasmian oleh Y.A.B. Menteri Besar Selangor

9.30 pagi Minum Pagi

10.00 pagi Bersurai

MI MI a a MI a a a a IS I= MI =Id a a Bengkel Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor 29 Mac - 31 Mac 1998, De Palma Inn, Kuala Selangor

AB. Jalal Bin Kasim Jabatan Perhilitan Negeri Selangor Abdul Hamed Bakin Tingkat 3, Blok Podium Utara Jab. Pertanian Bangunan SSAAS 40664 Shah Alam Selangor Abdul Hamid Bin Desa Tel : 03-5593915 Bahagian Kemajuan Wilayah Persekutuan dan Fax : 03-5501830 Perancangan Lembah Kelang Jabatan Perdana Menteri Tingkat 5, Wisma PKNS Abas Bin Md. Yusof Jalan Raja Laut Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Melaka 50674 Kuala Lumpur Tingkat 2, Block C, Seri Negeri Tel : 03-2922466 Jalan Hang Tuah Fax : 03-2918870 75300 Melaka Tel : 06-2921307 Abdul Haq B. Abd Hamid Fax : 06-2844299 Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya Jalan Yong Shook Lin 46675 Petaling Jaya Abd. Rashid b. Hj. Abd. Satar Tel : 03-7558024 Bet Air K. Selangor Fax : 03-7558117

Abdul Halim Bin Abdul Hamid Abdul Majid bin Mohamad Kementerian Perumahan & Kerajaan Tempatan Pejabat Daerah Kuala Selangor Blok K, Paras 4 & 5 Pusat Bandar Damansara Peti Surat 12579 Abdullah Manjunid 50782 Kuala Lumpur Maj. Perbandaran Kajang Tel : 03-2852475 Fax : 03-2554066

Ahmad Rozian Bin Othman Abu Bakar Ahmad Kementerian Perumahan Dan Kerajaan Tempatan JBAS Blok K, Paras 4 & 5 Pusat Bandar Damansara Peti Surat 12579 Abu Talib bin Abu Bakar 50782 Kuala Lumpur JOS (Gimbak) Tel : 03-2547033 Fax : 03-2547380

Adam Abdul Malik Ahmad Tarmizi B. Bastani VXK Group JUPEM Selangor

Ahmad Fariz Mohamed Institut Alam Sekitar & Pembangunaan (LESTARI) Akashah Bin Hj. Majizat Jabatan Kerja Raya Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Environmental (Standard) 43600 Bangi Road Design Unit, Roads Branch Selangor JKR HQ, Jln Sultan Salahudin Tel : 03-8251000 6190/6136 50582 Kuala Lumpur Fax : 03-8255104 Tel : 03-4407792 Fax : 03-2933160 Ahmad Fuad Embi JPS IbuPejabat Alinah Ahmad PTG Ahmad Md. Yusof PTG Amin Jaya Bin Mohd. Din Pej. Daerah Petaling Chong Ing Keong Jabatan Pengairan Saliran Negeri Pahang Appri Beyan Tingkat 8, Bangunan Komtur Jabatan Kimia Malaysia Bandar lndera Mohkota Bahagian Kesihatan Alam Sekitar 25700 Kuantan Ibu Pejabat, Jabatan Kimia Malaysia Pahang Jalan Sultan Tel : 09-5733966 46661 Petaling Jaya Fax : 09-5733440 Tel :03-7569522-390 Fax : 03-7556764 Curly Humphreys Malaysian Forest Plantations Azhar Bin Othman 50-01-10 Wisma UOA Damansara Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya Jalan Dungun, Damansara Heights Menara MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama 50490 Kuala Lumpur Pandan Indah Tel : 03-2548901 55100 Kuala Lumpur Fax : 03-2548685 Tel : 03-4968018 Fax : 03-4968050/60 Dr. Choo Moon Keong J128 Jalan Perkasa Azlina Bt. Kadir Mirah Salak South Garden Kumpulan Darul Ehsan Berhad 57100 Kuala Lumpur Tingkat 17, Plaza Perangsang, Persiaran Tel /Fax : 9570585 Perbandaran 40000 Shah Alam Tel : 03-5503999 Dr. Jamsiah Binti Mustafa Fax : 03-5509977 Pejabat Kesihatan Daerah Hulu Langat Bangunan Lee Jit Lam, Jalan Bukit 43000 Kajang Baizura Kamal Selangor Pej. Penasihat Undang-Undang Selangor Tel : 03-8367770

Bala Subramaniam Dr. Lee Jin Firma Guaman @ K. Ganish & Associates KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd 272, 2nd Floor, Jln Tun Sambanthan (Brickfields) Level 5, Uptown 2, Damansara Uptown 50470 Kuala Lumpur 2 Jalan SS21/37, Damansara Utama Tel : 03-2722611/655 47400 Petaling Jaya Fax : 03-2722699 Selangor Tel : 03-9263333 Fax : 03-9263322 C. Poobalan JOS (Selangor) Dr. Mohd Kamil Yusoff Jabatan Sains Alam Sekitar Che Mahamud bin Ismail • Universiti Putra Malaysia Jabatan Alam Sekitar Kedah/Perlis 43400 Serdang Aras 1, Menara Zakat, Jin Teluk Wan Jah Selangor 05200 Alor Setar Tel :03-9486101'3576 Kedah Fax : 03-9438109 Tel : 04-7332832 Fax : 04-7337530 Dr. Zelina Bte Zaiton Ibrahim National Hydraulic Research Institute Malaysia Cheah Wing Choong KM 7 Jln Ampang, Blok A, Kompleks JPS Tan & Tan Developments Berhad 68000 Kuala Lumpur 26th Floor, Menara Tan & Tan Tel : 03-4564016/7 207 Jalan Tun Razak Fax : 03-4564028 50400 Kuala Lumpur Tel : 03-2631111 Dr.Joy Jacqueline Pepeira Fax : 03-2637349 Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Chew Tuck Peng Selangor PKNS Tel : 03-8296188/61 Fax : 03-8255104 Emiley Bte Adlan Hamidin B. Ahmad Judin Majlis Perbandaran Ampang Jaya Bahagian Kemajuan Wilayah Persekutuan dan Menara MPAJ, Jalan Pandan Utama Perancangan Lembah Kelang Pandan lndah Jabatan Perdana Menteri 55100 Kuala Lumpur Tingkat 5, Wisma PKNS Tel : 03-4968089 Jalan Raja Laut Fax : 03-4968080/60 50674 Kuala Lumpur Tel : 03-2922466 Fax : 03-2918870 Engku Mohd. Suhaimi Basri PKNS Hashim Bin Osman Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran Faizal Parish Komplek Kayu Blok B Wetlands International A.P. Jalan Tunku Kunshiah 835 Jalan 17/22C 70400 Seremban Petaling Jaya Tel : 06-7632448 Tel : 03-7564929/012-3227350 Fax : 06-7670903 Fax : 03-7564929 Hazel Cutlack Fatimah Md. Yusoff Malaysian Forest Plantations Fakulti Sains & Pengajian Alam Sekitar 50-01-10, Wisma UOA Damansara Universiti Putra Malaysia Jalan Dungun, Damansara Heights 43400 Serdang 50490 Kuala Lumpur Selangor Tel : 03-2548901 Tel : 039486010 3630 Fax : 03-2548685 Fax : 9488246 Helical Bin Mohd. Kamel Gunilla Goransson Yusuf Abdul Rahman & Co. DANCED/EPU Regional Economics Sect. 6th Floor, EPU Prinne Minister Dept. Hj. Ahmad Jamaluddin bin Shaaban Jalan Tun Onn National Hydraulic Research Institute Malaysia 50502 Kuala Lumpur KM 7 JIn Ampang, Blok A, Kompleks JPS Tel : 03-2382911 68000 Kuala Lumpur Fax : 03-2382933 Tel : 03-4564016/7 Fax : 03-4564028

Hairuddin Ismail Majlis Perbandaran Kajang Hj. Mod. Hilal Rabingam Haji Amiruddin B. Hj. Hashim Pej. Daerah Gombak Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Sungai Manggis 42700 Banting, Kuala Langat Hj. Mohammad b. Dens Selangor JPS Hulu Langat

Haji Md. Hilal Bin Rabingan Hj. Sa'Diyah Bt. Khasiman Pejabat Daerah Gombak (Unit Hasil) Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya Bangunan Sultan Sulaiman Jalan Yong Shook Lin KM 16 Jalan Rawang 46675 Petaling Jaya 68100 Batu Caves Tel : 03-7558024 Selangor Fax : 03-7558117 Tel : 03-6111031 Fax : 03-6187476 Hj. Sunan Mokhdir B. Hj. Jaafar Jabatan Perikanan Negeri Selangor Haji Norazmi Bin Nordin Daerah Tanjong Karang Badan Pencegah Rasuah Selangor Tingkat 3 Kompleks PKNS Tel : 03-8795504 40700 Shah Alam Selangor Tel : 03-5597370 Fax : 03-5509094 Ir. Azmi bin Ibrahim Ir. Mohd. Azhari bin Ghazali Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Kedah JabatanPengairan dan Saliran Melaka Tingkat 7, Bangunan Sultan Abdul Halim Tingkat 2, Block C, Bangunan Seri Negeri Jalan Sultan Badlishah Jalan Hang Tuah 05000 Slor Setar 75300 Melaka Tel : 04-7333433 Tel : 06-2921300 Fax : 04-7314011 Fax : 06-2844299

Ir. Bahazruddin bin Ahmad Nasir Ir. Phuah Kim Heng Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Kedah Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia Tingkat 7, Bangunan Sultan Abdul Halim KM7, Jalan Ampang Jalan Sultan Badlishah 68000 Ampang 05000 Slor Setar Tel : 03-4565828 Tel : 04-7333433 Fax : 03-4563735 Fax : 04-7314011

Ir. Saw Hin Seang Ir. Chop Ai Kuang Jabatan pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran Wilayah Persekutuan Bahagian Perancangan dan Penilaian Jalan Sultan Salahuddin Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50626 Kuala Lumpur 50626 Kuala Lumpur Tel : 03-2929461 Tel : 03-2928384 Fax : 03-2932285 Fax : 03-2911082

Ir. Haji Abd. Rahim Bin Kaparawi Ir. Shukri Bin Muslim Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia Jabatan Pengairan Dan Saliran Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 41000 Kiang 50626 Kuala Lumpur Selangor Tel : 03-2923831 Tel : 03-3312464 Fax : 03-2948268 Fax : 03-3324802

Ir. Haji Hanapi Mohamad Noor Ir. Tay Chong Sen Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran malaysia Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Johor Bahagian Perancangan dan Penilaian Aras 3, Bangunan Sultan Ibrahim Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 80990 Johor Bahru 50626 Kuala Lumpur Johor Tel : 03-2982769 Tel : 07-2243322/63 Fax : 03-2911082 Fax : 07-2243321

Ir. Liew Chin Loong Ir. Yap Siew Fah Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Wilayah Bersekutu Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran Negeri Sabah Jalan Sultan Salahuddin Tingkat 5 & 6, Bangunan Menara Khidmat 50626 Kuala Lumpur Jabatan Bella Tel : 03-2920023 88626 Kota Kinabalu Fax : 03-2932285 Sabah Tel : 088-436254 Fax : 088-242770 Ir. Lim Chow Hock Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Johor Aras 3, Bangunan Sultan Ibrahim Ismail Awang 80990 Johor Bahru PPN. Selangor Johor Tel : 07-4322078 Fax : 07-4329023 Jalaluddin Bin Ismail Jabatan Alam Sekitar Selangor Tingkat 17, Wisma MPSA Ir. Mohd. Adib B. Haji Awang Noh 40675 Shah Alam Inter Water Industries (M) Sdn Bhd Selangor 41 B Jalan Pandan 3/3, Pandan Jaya Tel : 03-5594787 55100 Kuala Lumpur Fax : 03-5594788 Tel : 03-9845227 Fax : 03-9846305 - Jamil Hamzah Mohamad lshak B. Thani 10th Floor, UBN Tower Jabatan Alam Sekitar 10 Jalan P. Ramlee Tingkat 13, Wisma Sime Darby 50250 Kuala Lumpur Jalan Raja Laut Tel : 017-8800651 50662 Kuala Lumpur Fax : 03-7564929 Tel : 03-2947844 * 402 Fax : 03-2931480

Jamri Bin Basni Majlis Daerah Kuala Selangor Mohamad Pauzi B. Mohamad Noor 45000 Kuala Selangor Badan Pencegah Rasuah Tel : 03-8891439 Tingkat 3 Kompleks PKNS Fax : 03-8891101 40700 Shah Alam Selangor Khairuddin Bin Sulaiman Tel : 03-5597370 Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Sepang Fax : 03-5509094 Tingkat 2, Bangunan Tun Aziz Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi 43900 Sepang Mohamad Salleh Bin Ramli Tel : 03-8461953 Jabatan Kimia Malaysia Fax : 03-8461953 Bahagian Kesihatan Alam Sekitar lbu Pejabat, Jabatan Kimia Malaysia Jalan Sultan Khirludin Bin Darus 46661 Petaling Jaya Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Perlis Tel : 03-7569522-390 Blok B, Tingkat 3 & 4, Bangunan Dato' Mahmud Mat Fax : 03-7556764 01000 Kangar, Perlis Tel : 04-9761957 Fax : 04-9766553 Mohamad Shah Rahmat Pej. Tanah K. Sel

Lee Loke Chong Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Mohamad Yasid b. Bidin Projek Barat Laut Selangor Pejabat Daerah Tanah Kuala Langat 45000 Kuala Selangor Telok Datok Tel : 03-8891501 42700 Banting Kuala Langat Fax : 03-8891127 Tel : 03-8671963 Fax : 03-8672011

Lim Hooi Yen FACB Bhd Mohamad Yusoff Hj. Sanusi Lembaga Sungai-Sungai Sarawak

Lung Sai Mei Kern. Kabudayaan Kesenian & Pelancongan Mohamad Zaki Bin Abdullah Tingkat 6, Menara Dato' Onn PWTC Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran Pulau Pinang 45 Jln Tun Ismail Tingkat 29, Komtar 50694 Kuala Lumpur Jalan Penang Tel : 03-2963144 10000 P. Pinang Fax : 03-2913358 Tel : 04-6505283 Fax : 04-2613435 Mamad Nor Bin Hassan Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Perlis Mohammad Yunus Md. Yusof Blok B, Tingkat 3 & 4 Bangunan Dato' Mahmud Mat Jab. Ukuitlegeri Selangor 01000 Kangar, Perils Tel : 04-9761957 Mohd. Adib Noh Fax : 04-9766553 MwA

Mat Anuar Hasan Mohd. Ashraf Bin Mohd. Noon Jabatan Berkalan Air Selangor Unit Perancang Ekonomi Negeri Pejabat SUK Pahang Tkt. 4, Wisma Sri Pahang Mobarak Hussein 25646 Kuantan JPS Pahang Tel : 09-5521600 Fax : 09-5524327 Mohd. Azda bin Hj. Nordin Nor Azian bt. Yahya Maps Daerah Hulu Selangor Unit Perancang Ekonomi Jalan Bukit Kerajaan Jalan Dato Onn I, 44000 Kuala Kubu Bharu 50502 Kuala Lumpur Tel :03-8041331/432 Tel : 03-2903913/11 Fax : 03-8043991 Fax : 03-2382933

Mohd. Azian Kachong Nor Rafidah Bt. Dan PMSB JPS (Selangor)

Mohd. Nasir Marican Ong Hwee Keng Mohd. Nor Mohamed Azalli MARDI Jabatan Alam Sekitar Selangor P. S. 12031 Tingkat 17, Wisma MPSA 50774 Kuala Lumpur 40675 Shah Alam Tel : 03-9437608 Selangor Fax : 03-9487639 Tel : 03- 5594787 Fax : 03-5594788 Pauziah Hanum Bt. Abdul Ghani Jabatan Alam Sekitar Tingkat 13, Wisma Sime Darby Mohd. Said Bin Dikon Jalan Raja Laut Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Selangor 50662 Kuala Lumpur Tingkat 5, Bangunan SSAAS Tel : 03-2947844 * 412 40000 Shah Alam Fax : 03-2931480 Tel : 03-5597814 Fax : 03-5504494 Poh Thuan Poon JPS Malaysia Mohd. Salleh Mustaka Pej. Daerah Sabak Bernam Raj. R. D'Nathan Mohd. Zainal Lamit Kern. Pertanian JPE Consultancy Services Raja Azhar b. Raja Alias Pejabat Tanah Kuala Langat Mohd. Zin Idris 2 Jalan Semilana 10, Tmn Sri Putra LKIM Ranting, Kuala Langat, Selangor Tel : 03-8671963 Muhamad Shuib b. Zainuddin Fax : 03-8672011 Pejabat Daerah Hulu Langat

Muhammad Abdullah Razali Bin Che Embi Pejabat perbandaran Negeri Jabatan Kerja Raya (Selangor) Tingkat 1, Bangunan SSAAS 40581 Shah Alam Ng Poh Eng Tel : 03-5591957 2509 Jabatan Kesihatan Negeri Selangor Fax : 03-5502354 Tingkat 4, Podium Selatan Bangunan SSAAS 40590 Shah Alan Ridzrami bin Shamsul Anwar Tel : 03-5595533 JPS, Hilir Perak Fax : 03-5503994 36000 Teluk Intan Tel : 05-6221033 Nomimah Hashim Fax : 05-6226040 UPE

Noor Suhailah Bt. Othman Roslan Bin Jambari Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd Kumpulan Perangsang Selangor Berhad Suite 13.04 105 Wisma Cyclecarrei Tingkat 17, Plaza Perangsang, Persiaran Jalan Raja Laut Perbangaran 50350 Kuala Lumpur 40000 Shah Alam Tel : 03-2946500 Tel : 03-5503999 Fax : 03-2946511 • Fax : 03-5509977 Rosh Bin Hashim Soo Siew Peng Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran TRG MARDI Tingkat 6, Wisma Negeri P. S. 12031 20626 Kuala Terengganu 50774 Kuala Lumpur Tel : 09-6220050 Tel : 03-9437608 Fax : 09-6232646 Fax : 03-9487639

Rosli Ismail Steven Tan Weng Hong Worldwide Holdings Berhad Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran, Sarawak 111, Block C, Glomac Business Centre Tingkat 9 & 10, Wisma Saberkas 10 Jalan 16/1, Kelana Jaya Jln Tun Abang Hj. Openg 47301 Petaling Jaya Peti Surat No 1230 Tel : 03-7038238 93626 Kuching Fax : 03-7051596 Tel : 082-243241 Fax : 082-426400

Rosmah Jentra Kern. Pertanian Suliman Abd. Rahman Kem. Tanah Pembangunan Koperasi

Saad Bin Ismail Pejabat Daerah Gombak (Unit Hasil) Tarmidzi Sapwani Bangunan Sultan Sulaiman JPS BPM Selangor KM 16 Jalan Rawang 68100 Batu Caves Tel : 03-6111049 Teh Siew Keat Fax : 03-6187476 Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran (KL) Jalan Sultan Salahuddin 50626 Kuala Lumpur Saari Bin Abdullah Jabatan Pengairan & Saliran Tingkat 2, Block C, Wisma Negeri Teo Swee Ann 70503 Seremban Lembaga Sungai-Sungai Sarawak Tel : 06-7622311 * 1443/7601441 Fax : 06-7637840 Tuan Haji Ahmad Fekri Hj. Abu Bakar Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Selangor Safii Ramli Pejabat Hutan Daerah, Pantai Klang JPS Selangor 41000 Klang Selangor Tel : 03-3316326 Saiful Arif Abdullah Fax : 03-3314496 Institut Alam Sekitar dan Pembangunan (LESTARI) Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia 43600 Bangi Tuan Haji Rahimi Bin Othman Tel : 03-8296188/6163 Jabatan Perhutanan Negeri Selangor Fax : 03-8255104 Pejabat Hutan Daerah, Selangor Tengah Batu 7, Jalan Cheras 43200 Cheras Samantha Kok Tel : 03-9052885 10th Floor, UBN Tower Fax : 03-9056022 10 Jalan P. Ramlee 50250 Kuala Lumpur Tel : 017-8800651 Tuan Hj. Mohd. Hilal bin Rabingan Fax : 03-7564929 Pejabat Daerah Gombak (Unit Pembangunan) Bangunan Sultan Sulaman KM 16 Jalan Rawang Sarizal Bin Mat Sanah 68100 Bath Caves, Selangor Majlis Daerah Kuala Selangor Tel : 03-6111031 45000 Kuala Selangor Fax : 03-6187476 Tel : 03-8891439 Fax : 03-8891101 Tuan Hj. Zulkifle bin Md. Zain Majlis Perbandaran Selayang Persiaran 3, Bandar Baru Selayang KM15, Jalan 1poh 68100 Batu Caves Tel : 03-6180001-217/219 Fax : 03-6188933

Zailani bin Abd. Kadir Pejabat Daerah / Tanah Hulu Selangor 44000 Kuala Kubu Bharu

Zainal Abidin B. M. Tahir PPK (Sabak Bernam)

Zalidah Awang Pej Daerah Kuala Selangor

Zamri Abdul Rahman Worldwide Holdings Berhad 111 Block C, Glomac Business Centre 10 Jalan 16/1, Kelana Jaya 47301 Petaling Jaya Selangor Tel : 03-7038238 (Shida) Fax : 03-7051596

Zazali Bin Zaini (PTDHL) Pej Tanah Hulu Langat

Zolkeflee bin Abd. Hamid Majlis Perbandaran Selayang Persiaran 3, Bandar Baru Selayang KM15, Jalan 1poh 68100 Batu Caves Tel : 03-6180001-217/219 Fax : 03-6188933

Zulmanain Abd. Aziz JPS Tanjung Karang I

Zuraidah Bt. Sainan Majlis Perbandaran Petaling Jaya Jalan Yong Shook Lin 46675 Petaling Jaya Selangor Tel : 03-7558024 Fax : 03-7558117 BENGKEL PENGURUSAN SUNGAI NEGERI SELANGOR KUMPULAN D: EKOLOGI DAN ALAM SEKITAR

Resolusi Bengkel

A Decision Support System (DSS) should be incorporated into the proposed river authority.

To establish a Integrated River Basin Management in which DSS will be the decision making tool for the management.

EQA 1974 should be strengthen by introducing new amendments which includes non-point sources which are not being covered currently.

Amendments to the EQA 1974 will include River Classification System and introduction of technological based effluent discharge limits and water quality based effluent discharge limits.

To develop a Master Development Plan for Sg. Selangor whichincludes Strategic Environmental Assessment at a macro level and all other aspects being discussed in the workshop.

Strengthening of the Local Authority in term of man power and policing capacity

-Establishn centralised-sewage-and industrial effluent treatment system to reduce point sources pollution into the river.

W W P MALAYSIA RESOURCE CEN't RE

Accession no.: 60 14061 G)

Date: 2 6 JUN 2000

Donated by: CrYlknoraliM co,hyteaf- Mr. Jorgen Bog Jorgensen

Age: 51 Nationality: Danish

Education: M. Sc., Civil and Sanitary Engineering„ the Technical University of Demnark,1971 M. Sc., Civil and Sanitary Engineering , University of Wisconsin USA, 1972. Degree in Business Administration and Organisation, Hebingore school of Com- merce, Denmark, 1978

Key Qualifications: Mr Jorgen Bog Jorgensen is project manager with 25 years of experience in environ- mental engineering and management of projects in Denmark and overseas. The expe- rience includes team leadership for institutional development and environmental im- pact assessment projects, and for preparation and implementation of solid waste and sewage disposal schemes and plants. The international experience comprise project consultancy work, short-term project appraisals and consultations with national and local government bodies and longer term residency in the country of execution East and Central Europe, the Middle East, and South East Asia are the main working ar- eas outside Denmark

Mr J. Bog Jorgensen has gained extensive teaching experiarce as a visiting professor in environmental engineering at the Technical University of Denmark (1980 - 1992) and from several national and international post graduate courses.

Current Position: Mr. J. Bog Jorgensen is Head of Department for Environmental Impact Assessment, Institutional Development and Water Environment in RAMBOLL a Danish Consult- ing Company with more than 2000 employees. Mr. Jorgensen is currently assigned to the Melt River Rehabilitation Project as Team Leader

Ref tio. Ma= MI Page 2 BENGKEL PENGURUSAN SUNGAI NEGERI SELANGOR KUMPULAN D: EKOLOGI DAN ALAM SEKITAR

1) Riverfront Development — A Guideline for Sustainable Development By Dr. Halimaton Saadiah bte. Hashim Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor.

Issues : Lack of comprehensive guidelines for riverfront development. Application of sustainable development concept into landuse planning.

Proposals : A comprehensive guidelines for riverfront development in line with the sustainable development concept. 'Environmental-led' decision making process which operates in an integrated resource planning and management system. Use of landuse planning criteria based on sustainable development as a checklist for planning and decision making process. • re 2) River Classification System for River Water Quality Management By Dr. Tong Soo Long Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn. Bhd.

Issues: In need of a new system to overcome the problems of pollution in view of the fact that standard A and B are ineffective due to the rapid development along the river. Find solutions how to control non-point sources such as sewage, surface runoff (i.e. agriculture etc.). Set target on priority problems, involve relevant parties, establish integrated solutions, choose indicator to measure success.

Proposals: Classify rivers based on river usage and water quality standard (WQS) to support such use. Rivers with high risk degradation, designated as water quality limited rivers by setting standard discharge limits (technology-base) Rivers that support uses not at risk (i.e. drinking water), designated as effluent limit rivers. •

3) Ecological Impact of Development — Sungai Selangor Case Study By Prof. Madya Dr.Abd. Halim bin Sulaiman Universiti Malaya.

Issues : Cooperation of multidisciplinary experts/professionals. Integration of physical and chemical approach with ecological approach of river management. Limitation of data, baseline studies and comparative studies. Proposals : Integrated approach to river management to manage rivers as a complex system Incorporate ecological aspect into river management Mechanism to bring together multidisciplinary experts. Inventory of water pollution sources in Sg. Selangor.

4) Monitoring Programme — Essential Prerequisite for Effective Overall River Management By Profit Abd. Aziz bin Ibrahim Institut Penyelidikan Hidraulik Kebangsaan (NAHRIM)

Issues : Effects of water resources exploitation on natural systems. Conflicting uses of rivers. Inter-state demand for water. Parameters which should be covered in the EMP include flooding, soil erosion, coastal areas, saltwater intrusion, population along river banks, sectorial set-up of governing bodies.

Proposals : Formulation of an Environmental Management Plan with focuses on data gathering, data inventory/ dissemination, modelling, impact assessment and research and development.

5) Kajian Kelip-Kelip dan Ekosistem Paya Bakau (Firefly and Mangrove Ecosystem Study) By Dr. Loh Chi Leong Persatuan Pencinta Alam.

Issues : Effects of saltwater intrusion to the vegetation vital for the Fireflies which is the Berembang (Sonneratia caseolaris) trees. Encroachment of plantation and development to the river bank of Sg. Selangor. Development upstream of Sg. Selangor affects the river water quality and of fireflies habitat.

Proposals : Setting up of the Kuala Selangor Conservation Network which consists of a Mangrove Habitat Reserve, Fireflies Sanctuary, Riparian Habitat Reserve and Wetland Habitat Reserve to protect key habitats and sites. Focus development away from conservation sites. Stop loss of mangroves. Replant Sonneratia caseolaris. Monitor River pollution. Treat domestic waste and sewage before discharge. River flow should not be reduced below maintenance flow of approximately 1700 mil Le . Reconsider river straightening plan. Stop sand dredging. Control flooding. Do not exceed carrying capacity of sensitive habitats and natural attractions. Train tour guides. Limit the number and speed of boats within core conservation areas. 7- I ivAr,

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._2(11q,c t tri art _ter fi /46„e6,-4-c „fatte —Le* LI I I I I I I Aturcara Terperinci Pembentangan Kertas Kerja & Perbincangan Kumpulan A : Perundangan

Bengkel Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor

30 Mac 1998 (Int)

11.00 pagi Pembentangan oleh Pengerusi Kumpuhm : Y. Bhg. Datuk Abdul Aziz bin Abdul Rahim Pemangku Penasihat Undang-Undang Negeri Selangor

11.30 pagi "Institutional Aspects in River Management" Ir. Goh Elam Seng, Centre of Environmental Technology (CETEC)

12.00 tengahari "Constitutional Perspective in River Management" Puan Chan Seong Gnoh, Kementerian Pertanian Malaysia

12.30 tengahari Makan Tengahari dan Solat Zohor

2.00 petang "Perundangan Berkaitan Dengan Alam Sekitar dan Sungai" Cik. Lizuryaty Azrina Abdullah, Lestari, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

2.30 petang "Establishing a River Management Board " Y. Bhg. Dato' Ir. Syed Muhammad Shahbudin, SMHB Sdn Bhd

3.00 petang Perbincangan di peringkat Bengkel

4.30 petang /vfmum Petang

5.00 petang Riadah & rehat

8.00 malam Makan malam

9.00 malam Sambungan perbincangan di peringkat bengkel

10.00 malam himum malam 31 Mac 1998 (Selasa)

8.30 pagi Sambungan perbincangan bengkel

10.30 pagi Minum pagi

11.00 pagi Perbincangan dan Rumusan setiap bengkel

12.30 pagi Makan tengahari dan solat zohor

2.00 petang Sidang Plano - Rumusan oleh pengerusi setiap kumpulan perbincangan

2.00 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan A : Penmdangan 2.30 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan B : Pengurusan & Kewangan 3.00 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan C : Institusi & Teknikal 3.30 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan D : Ekologi & Alam Sekitar

4.00 petang Rumusan dan Penutup oleh Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah

4.30 petang Isimum Petang

5.00 petang Bersurai Aturcara Terperinci Pembentangan Kertas Kerja & Perbincangan Kumpulan B : Pengurusan & Kewangan

Bengkel Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor

30 Mac 1998 (Isnin)

11.00 pagi Pembentangan oleh Pengerusi Kumpulan : Y. Bhg. Tan Sri Shahrizalla bin Abdullah Pengerusi, KTA Tenaga Sdn Bhd

11.30 pagi "River Resources Management & Local Economics" Prof Dr. Low Kwai Sim, Universiti Malaya

12.00 tengahari 'Water Supply-Contributions and Requirements with Respect to the Financial and Management Aspects" Pn. Roowina Merican, Puncak Niaga Sdn Bhd

12.30 tengahari Makan Tengahari dan Solat Zohor

2.00 petang "Pembangunan Persisiran Sungai dan Pengurusan Bersepadu " Dr. Mohammed Khalib, Universiti Malaya

2.30 petang Perbincangan di peringkat Bengkel

4.30 petang /vimurn Petang

5.00 petang Riadah & rehat

8.00 malam Makan malam

9.00 malam Sambungan perbincangan di peringkat bengkel

10.00 malam Kmum malam 31 Mac 1998 (Selasa)

8.30 pagi Sambungan perbincangan bengkel

10.30 pagi Minuet pagi

11.00 pagi Perbincangan dan Rumusan setiap bengkel

12.30 pagi Makan tengahari dan solat zohor

2.00 petang Sidang Pleno - Rumusan oleh pengerusi setiap kumpulan perbincangan

2.00 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan A : Perundangan 2.30 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan B : Pengurusan & Kewangan 3.00 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan C : Institusi & Teknikal 3.30 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan D : Ekologi & Alam Sekitar

4.00 petang Rumusan dan Penutup oleh Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah

4.30 petang Minuet Petang

5.00 petang Bersurai Aturcara Terperinci Pembentangan Kertas Kerja & Perbincangan Kumpulan C : Institusi Teknikal

Bengkel PengumsariStelangor

30 Mac 1998 (Isnin)

11.00 pagi Pembentangan oleh Pengerusi Kumpulan : Ir. Hj. MohcL Nor @ Ghazali b. Omar Pengarah, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Selangor

11.30 pagi "Technical Problems and Issues in River Management and Development of a Suitable Institutation in Malaysia " Dr. Moist Fadhlilah K. Mahmood Jabatan Pengairan dan Salim Malaysia

12:00 tengahari "Seminar on River Basin Managementfor the State of Selangor" Ir. Hj. Rahmat bin Hj. MohcL Sharif, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Selangor

12.30 tengahari Makan Tengahari dan Solat Zohor

2.00 petang "River Rehabilitation and its pollution Control Measures - A Case Study on Sungai Melaka " Ir. Jorgensen , Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Malaysia

2.30 petang "New Dimension on Intergrated Catchment and River Basin Management" Ir. Wan lifokhtar bin Wan Nawang , Zalaba St. Bhd.

10 3.00 petang "Towards4he Development of an Integrated Water Resources Management Enactment - The State of Sabah's Experiences" Ir. Daniel Wong Rah Rap, Jabatan Pengairan dan Saliran Negeri Sabah

3.30 petang Perbincangan di peringkat Bengkel

4.30 petang Minum Petang

5.00 petang Riadah & rehat

8.00 malam Makan malam

9.00 malam Sambungan perbincangan di peringkat bengkel

10.00 malam Minum malam Aturcara Terperinci Pembentangan Kertas Kerja & Perbincangan Kumpulan D : Ekologi dan Alam Sekitar

Bengkel pengunisan Sungai Negeri Selangor

30 Mac 1998 (Igain)

11.00 pagi Pembentangan oleh Pengerusi Kumpulan : Encik Jalahtddin bin Ismail Pengarah, Jabatan Alam Sekitar Negeri Selangor

11.30 pagi "Riverfront Development - A Guideline for Sustainable Development" Dr. Halimaton Saadiah bt. Haskim, Jabatan Perancang Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor

12.00 tengahari "Ecological Impact of Development - Sungai Selangor Case Study" Prof Madya Dr. AM Halim bin Suleiman, 4; Universiti Malaya

12.30 tengahari Makan Tengahari dan Solat Zohor

2.00 petang "River Classification System For River Water Quality Management" Dr. Tong Soo Loong, Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd

2.30 petang "Monitoring Programme -Essential Prerequisite for Effective Overall River Management" Prof Ir. AM Aziz bin Ibiahim " Institut Penyefidikan Ifidraua Kebangsaan (NANKIN')

3.30 petang "Kajian Kelip-Kefip dan Ekosistem Paya Bakau" Dr. Loh Chi Leong Parcatosu P,eucinta

3.00 petang Perbincangan di peringkat Bengkel

4.30 petang himum Petang

5.00 petang Riadah & rehat

&De malam Makan malam

9.00 malam Sambungan perbincangan di peringkat bengkel

10:00• malam IVfmtma malam. 31 Mac 1998 (Selasa)

8.30 pagi Sambungan perbincangan bengkel I 10.30 pagi Minum pagi

11.00 pagi Perbincangan dan Rumusan setiap bengkel

12.30 pagi Makan tengahari dan solat zohor

2.00 petang Sidang Pleno - Rumusan oleh pengerusi setiap kumpulan perbincangan

2.00 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan A : Perundangan 2.30 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan B : Pengurusan & Kewangan 3.00 petang Pengerusi Kumpulan C : Instinksi & Teknikal 3.30 petang Pengerusi ICurnpulan D : Ekologi & Akin Sekitar

4.00 petang Rumusan dan Penutup oleh Y.B. Datin Paduka Hajjah Rakibah

4.30 petang Minum Petang

5.00 petang Bersurai

I I 1

I Mr. Jorgen Bog Jorgensen

Age: 51 I Nationality: Danish

Education: M Sc , Civil and Sanitary Engineering, the Technical University of Denmark,1971 M. Sc., Civil and Sanitary Engineering , University of Wisconsin USA, 1972. Degree in Business Administration and Organisation, Helsingore school of Com- merce, Denmark, 1978

Key Qualifications: Mr Jorgen Bog Jorgensen is project manager with 25 years of experience in environ- mental engineering and management of projects in Denmark and overseas. The expe- rience includes team leadership for institutional development and environmental im- 0 pact assessment projects, and for preparation and implementation of solid waste and sewage disposal schemes and plants. The international experience comprise project consultancy work, short-term project appraisals and consultations with national and local government bodies and longer term residency in the country of execution. East and Central Europe, the Middle East, and South East Asia are the main working ar- eas outside Denmark

Mr J. Bog Jorgensen has gained extensive teaching experience as a visiting professor in environmental engineering at the Technical University of Denmark (1980 - 1992) and from several national and international post graduate courses.

Current Position: Mr. J. Bog Jorgensen is Head of Department for Environmental Impact Assessment, Institutional Development and Water Environment in RAMBOLL a Danish Consult- ing Company with more than 2000 employees. Mr. Jorgensen is currently assigned to the Melaka River Rehabilitation Project as Team Leader

RdNo. 1Bancm.022 .V01 Page 2 NM INS MI MI IIIIII NM UM MI Si MB MIIII OM NM a OM • • Mir

THE IMPORTANCE OF A PROPER RIVER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM TOWARDS THE ENHANCEMENT OF THE DRINKING WATER

SELANGOR RIVER MANAGEMENT WORKSHOP 29TH — 31 sT MARCH 1998

WORKING PAPER PRESENTED BY : • PUNCAK NIAGA HOLDINGS BHD The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Wai

ABOUT THIS PAPER page

Introduction 2

Water Supply in Selangor and Federal Territory 4

Raw Water Sources 7

Raw Water Analysis 10

Importance of Proper River Management 18

Recommendations 22

Conclusions 24

• aodd nor palled al in intor acinaant vvelleEn a a a a a a 11111 SIM In Me a Inn Alle a a a a a Ma In 1111. a 1/111 N.) The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

INTRODUCTION

Recent events:

Suspected oil contamination in Sungai Semberang Kecil, Kluang , Johor in January 1997 In February 1997, thick layers of black oil were spotted over parts of Kinta River, Perak On July 15 1997, factory effluents were discharged into Sungai Kertah in Malacca In February 1998, 2,700 litres of diesel spilled into a canal leading to the Sungai Dua Treatment Plant in Butterworth Dead fishes in Sungai Tengi due to illegal fishing (use of poison) in January 1998 On February 13, 1998, high levels of ammonia was found in Sungai Langat

Causes of contamination have been identified as industrial waste, agriculture waste and indiscriminate rubbish disposal

This is not a new phenomenon; it has been and will continue to go on if the condition of our rivers is left unchecked

Working Paper presented by PNSB In Selangor River Management Workshop r The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Introduction... cont'd

n If that happens, the river will lose its value and turn into sewerage drain THE RECENT CRISIS HAS BROUGHT TO THE FORE THE IMPORTANCE OF MAINTAINING AND PROTECTING THE RIVER, OUR MAIN RAW WATER SOURCE

n Therefore, a concerted effort is needed to combat river pollution; thus an effective river management system is critical

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The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

WATER SUPPLY OF SELANGOR AND FEDERAL TERRITORY

Consumers in Selangor and Federal Territory are supplied with treated drinking water from 30 WTPs; 27 are managed, operated and maintained by Puncak Niaga (M) Sdn Bhd (PNSB).

The other plants are managed by Perangsang Water Management Sdn Bhd and Taliworks Consortium Sdn Bhd

This is possible under a Privatisation Cum Concession Agreement signed in 1995 between Selangor State Government and PNSB

PNSB has also been awarded the management, operation and maintenance of Sg. Semenyih WTP in April 1997

Under the agreement, PNSB is obliged to provide:-

treated water of a designated quantity, as determined by the state government treated water of a designated quality, as determined by Ministry of Health's Drinking Water Quality Standards

Working Paper presented by PNSB in Selangor River Management Workshop 4 The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water3

Water Supply of Selangor and Federal Territory... cont'd SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM OF WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

BULK METER

Balancing Reservoir WATER TREATMENT PLANT

TO CONSUMER

PNSB RESPONSIBILITY 11--JBAS --4 Raw Water Source RESPONSIBILITY River Dam 4

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Water Supply of Selangor and Federal Territory... coned

Since taking over, PNSB has been able to fulfil the quantity aspect of the agreement...

... the water quantity provided is always above the quantity required

HOWEVER,

The same cannot be said of the water quality aspect...

... raw water quality has been deteriorating and causing river pollution and this has resulted in the forced closure of WTPs

Therefore, PNSB is blamed for its perceived indifference towards the problem

Note: Under the agreement, PNSB is not given the mandate to manage the river or be responsible for the quality of raw water

Working Paper presented by PNSB in Selangor River Management Workshop A The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Water Supply in Selangor and Federal Territory... cont'd

When the plant is temporarily closed down, consumers will be deprived of water supply and all the basic human activities come to a stop

The implications will also have far - reaching nationalistic repercussions

Businesses and investments from overseas will be critically affected; hence affecting the nation's economic growth

DO WE WANT TO EXPERIENCE THIS SCENARIO?

°M.

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RAW WATER SOURCES

Raw water is usually obtained from rivers or dams

Main sources of raw water in Kiang Valley... Sg. Langat, Sg. Selangor, Sg. Kiang, Sg. Semenyih

Majority of WTPs were designed with run — of — river intakes; therefore deteriorating river quality will have significant impact on WTP operations

Table 1: Major Raw Water Sources

fit-: toot

Sg. Langat Sg. Langat Sg. Langat Reservoir regulated supply Cheras Mile 11 Sg. Langat River abstraction Bukit Nanas Sg. Kiang Kiang Gate Direct Supply Sg. Batu Sg. Batu SG. Batu Direct Supply Sg. Semenyih Sg. Semen ih Semenyih Reservoir regulated supply North Hammock Sg. Subang Subang Direct supply Reservoir Sg. Selangor Sg. Selangor Sg. Buloh Reservoir regulated supply

Working Paper presented by PNSB In Selangor River Management Workshop 8 0 The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Raw Water Sources... cont'd

Realising the importance of protecting our raw water source, PNSB, under Its own initiative, have set up an Environmental Unit

It is set up to undertake a comprehensive analysis of the raw water quality of all six catchment areas that serve the WTPs

In addition to that, we can also identify the source(s) of contamination along the river banks; hence, we able to identify the on — going activities in the catchment areas

Reports of the studies conducted have been submitted to the relevant Authorities, Along with recommendations to overcome the deteriorating raw water issue

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The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

RAW WATER ANALYSIS

PNSB are obliged to provide water which meets the Ministry of Health's Drinking Water Standards

Therefore, two(2) hourly analysis of basic pollutional parameters....• ... during an alert, tests are carried out hourly ... in case of a plant shutdown, tests are carried out every 30 minutes

Furthermore, weekly analysis of micro — biological parameters is also conducted

Employ independent certified laboratory to analyse the raw and treated water samples monthly

There are 54 water quality parameters to be analysed, each with its own testing schedule

Results of the monthly analysis are submitted to the Authorities for further action

Working Paper presented by PNSB in Selangor River Management Workshop 10 The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

Results:

Results of the monthly raw water analysis clearly indicates that raw water violations are on the upswing IN 1997, THERE HAVE BEEN A 90% INCREASE OF RAW WATER QUALITY VIOLATIONS AS COMPARED TO THE WHOLE OF 1995 (chart 1)

This is an alarming development and causing grave concern to relevant parties The situation has the potential to deteriorate further if no action is taken...... more rivers will be beyond conventional treatment ... rivers will lose their basic function as a source of drinking water ... consumers will lose their basic rights for life sustainability ... marine life will be deprived in their natural habitat

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YEARLY RAW WATER QUALITY VIOLATIONS 1995 - 1997

600

500

400

91 300

200

100

1995 1996 1997 Year The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards The Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

Table 2: Catchment Area Violations in the Raw Water for 1997 -. - t ) 4 fr k irt it. i .:t. 1 1 -:41. 1 i q. For ' : 1°I ioir i ' 1 041 ' ;Iitgilitthlt MEW.

January 7 0 3 2 0 1 13 February 17 1 9 17 0 1 45 March 16 2 8 5 2 0 33 April 16 3 8 10 3 1 41 May 25 2 9 10 2 1 49 June 33 6 11 13 2 2 67 July 19 3 12 14 0 3 51 August 15 2 4 4 0 3 28 September 23 0 8 5 0 3 39 October 21 6 8 9 0 3 47 November 25 2 6 7 0 2 42 December 24 4 8 10 5 1 52

Catchment 241 31 94 106 14 21 507 Area Violations

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Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

From the table, it can be seen that:

Sg. Langat Catchment Area has the highest incidence of raw water violations with 47.5% in 1997

It is followed by Sg. Selangor with 20.9% and Sg. Bernam with 18.5%, of total raw water violations

Working Paper presented by PNSB In Selangor River Management Workshop 13 The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

Table 3: Parameter Violations in the Raw Water for 1997 (Occurences >= 3)

le/lbehir

Jan 1 0 0 0 9 0 3 0 0 0 0 13 Feb 3 1 1 4 11 0 8 17 0 0 0 45 Mar 0 1 0 2 10 0 4 16 0 0 0 33 Apr 2 2 1 2 13 0 5 16 0 0 0 41 May 3 2 1 5 11 3 5 18 0 0 0 48 June 3 2 0 1 14 3 1 0 20 7 2 2 64 8 1 0 5 12 1 6 18 0 0 0 51 Aug 3 0 0 1 10 1 5 8 0 0 0 28 Sep 3 0 0 3 9 6 5 10 0 2 0 38 Oct 3 0 0 3 9 10 3 19 0 0 0 47 Nov 3 0 0 4 11 7 6 11 0 0 0 42 Dec 3 1 0 4 9 7 8 16 0 3 1 52

Total 35 1 0 3 34 128 38 68 169 7 7 3 502

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The Importance of The Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

Table 3 has shown that:

Total Coliform parameter occurred most frequently with 33.7% in 1997

This is followed by Iron with 25.5% and Total Nitrogen with 13.5% of total parameter violations in raw water

The data shows that most of the raw water sources for Selangor and Federal Territory consist of organic matters

Total Coliform Count estimated the number of bacteria of the "Coliaerogenes" group, of both faecal and non — faecal origin...

... hence Total Coliform Count denotes the likelihood of sewage pollution

a

Working Paper presented by PNSB In Selangor River Management Workshop 15 The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

PNSB Environmental Unit's studies have identified the following activities conducted within the catchment areas that contribute towards raw water pollution:

Effluents from factories and farms Land clearing and forest clearing activites Mining activities Disposal of garbage Waste water discharges

These activities have resulted in the deteriorating river condition which has forced the temporary closure or unscheduled shutdown of the water treatment plants

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The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Wafer

Raw Water Analysis... cont'd

Table 4: Recommended Raw Water Quality Criteria & Drinking Water Quality .Standards, 1990 (6 Most Common Parameters)

Parameter Raw Water _Drinking Water RAV FM Standard FM TP SR DS Most probable No. (MPN) Method: W W M n Total Coliform 5000 colonies per 100 W Should not exceed 10 MPN/100 ml n ml Should not be detectable in 2 consecutive samples n Throughout a year, coliform in 100 ml should not be detected in 95% of samples Membrane Filter Method: n Arithmatic mean of all monthly samples is 3 colonies/100m1 Not more than 4 colonies/100m1 in 2 consecutive samples Colour 300 Hazen Unit or TCU W 15 Hazen Unit or TCU W W M Chemical 10 ppm M - - - - Oxygen Demand Ammonia 0.5 M 0.5 M M Y/2 Total Nitrogen 1.0 M - - - - Iron 1.0 M 0.3 M M Y/2 = Recommended Acceptable Value; FM = Frequency of Monitoring; W = monitored at least once a week; M = monitored at least once a month; Y/2 = monitored at least once in six months TP = Treatment Plant; SR = Service Reservoir; DS = Distribution System

Working Paper presented by PNSB In Selangor River Management Workshop 1 7 The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

IMPORTANCE OF PROPER RIVER MANAGEMENT

The focus on the nation's development planning to encourage economic growth is often at the expense of the environment

This grim situation has created great concern among the relevant parties in maintaining the river as our raw water source

Currently, responsibilities for river management are shared between the state's authorities and agencies

There is no single entity responsible for planning and managing the river catchment and corridors

There is no proper protection of water catchment areas; it should be gazetted with restrictions on the development and activities along the riverbanks

Furthermore, developments along the riverbanks should be restricted with stringent law applied on the activities near the rivers

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The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Importance of Proper River Management.. cont'd

n This has contributed towards the limited effectiveness of the integrated river management services, which has led to the worsening river environment

Table 5: Concerned Departments and Responsibilities

'' d jec ' /Au i/ k-roffili lit letit:EMP Water Quality Ministry of Science, Technology and Environment, Department of Environment (DOE), Ministry of Health Development Site Control Local Authorities/DBKL to DID/DOE guidelines, (including lo•ging sites) Ministry of Primary Industry, Department of Forest River Infrastructure Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Kiang Valley Planning Council, DBKL Urban Drainage Networks (service Ministry of Housing and Local Government, Local .C. drains) and River Beautification Authorities and DBKL Water and Sand Abstraction and State Department of Land and Mines Rights over River Reserves Irrigation, Urban Trunk, Drainage, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Irrigation and Agricultural Drainage Drainage, DBKL

Working Paper presented by PNSB in Selangor River Management Workshop 19 •

The Importance of the Proper River Managemen t ystt, r Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Importance of Proper River Management.. cont'd

There has been conflicting share of responsibilities by the relevant agencies with regards to overall river matters...

... poor coordination has also contributed towards the rapid depletion of clean water availability

Typical case (example):

"Pollution happens in a river in State A; the river runs through to State B. Raw water analysis in State B reveals high pollution; this results in WTP being temporarily, shutdown"

WHO IS GOING TO TAKE RESPONSIBILITY?

t-, n This scenario is prevalent at all levels; between State A and State B, between relevant states' agencies

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Importance of Proper River Management... cont'd

n the absence of enforcement has significantly contributed to the river pollution problem...

... due to lack of resources and funding allocated to the relevant authorities

IF SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENTS TO THE RIVER ARE TO BE ACHIEVED, THERE NEEDS TO BE A HIGH LEVEL FEDERAL AND STATE COMMITMENT TO STRENGTHEN REGULATION OF POLLUTING ACTIVITIES, AND TO TIGHTEN CONTROL OF DEVELOPMENT IN SENSITIVE RIVER AND CATCHMENT AREAS

The right attitude towards the river also needs to be inculcated "across the board"; Among public / private sectors and individuals

Working Paper presented by PNSB in Selangor River Management Workshop 21 .01•••

The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

RECOMMENDATIONS

In view of the urgency of the river management problem, the following rectifying measures should be taken:

The formation of a River Management Committee to act as a sole authority on river management; this will eliminate conflict and duplication of responsibilities between agencies

Promote a greater awareness of rivercare among the general public via the Federal Government's mass media campaign; inculcate this attitude as a way of life and inherent in us

A more severe punishment for pollution and contamination along the riverbanks to act as a deterrent

Set up a more stringent limit for effluent discharges from industrial and housing areas

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The Importance of the Proper River Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

Immediate gazettment of water catchment areas

Review of Planning Act, in relation to any approval of planning along the river

We also should look for other alternative sources of raw water, instead of totally depending on the river. Less focus on the river will ease the burden of the river in meeting the people's needs

One possible alternative to the river is the groundwater.

Working Paper presented by PNSB In Selangor River Management Workshop The Importance of the Proper Wei Management System Towards the Enhancement of the Drinking Water

CONCLUSIONS

We have been able to identify the following conclusions:

Water is the primary element for life sustainability. Therefore, immediate care should be given towards ensuring a continuous supply of clean water to the consumers.

In order to achieve that, raw water sources need to be maintained at all times. The river especially, is vulnerable to contamination from human activities and this causes river pollution.

III) For an effective supervision of our rivers, a streamlined river management system needs to be established. The system implementation is crucial towards achieving our objective of enhancing the drinking water. -r-

NO Ns PSI waiver Segentakodn EnS 5 11. BENGKEL PENGURUSAN SUNGAI NEGERI SELANGOR 29-31 Mac 1998 De Palma Inn Kuala Selangor

RIVERFRONT DEVELOPMENT - A GUIDELINE FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

by Dr. Halimaton Saadiah bte. Hashim Pengarah Perancangan Bandar dan Desa Negeri Selangor.

1.0 INTRODUCTION

Mention the phrase 'riverfront development', and one immediately conjures the image of the 'romantic Seine' in Paris, the 'dancing Blue Danube' in Vienna, the 'rich commercial fronts' of the Thames in London or the scenic banks of Swan River in Perth. The waters of these rivers are clean and clear that it is not surprising that many look towards these places for examples of riverfront development. In Selangor, there are exciting proposals for the 'Malaysian Blue Danube along Sungai Langat-Sungai Semenyih, the Water City' of Batang Berjuntai and the Riverine Development Proposal along Sungai Selangor.

Pertinent questions are seldom asked, such as 'can the above landscapes alone produce clear blue waters? What are the mechanisms that go beyond the riverfront developments? Can the same mechanisms be applied here in Selangor and for Selangor rivers?' One seldom asks 'what are the appropriate developments for the banks of our rivers here in Malaysia? This is a pertinent question as we have different climates, different ecosystems, different ecology, different hydrology and the like. As such can we have the same type of developments alongside our rivers as for those exotic places?

The Selangor Town and Country Planning Department has not yet prepared a set of comprehensive guidelines for riverfront development. The preparation of this set of guidelines is beyond the work of this department alone, for what land uses lie beyond the river banks, i.e. in the river catchment area determine, in one way or the other, the form of riverfront development that can be proposed along both banks of the rivers. Addressing the complexity of the river system and its environs needs concerted efforts of many parties, from tehcnical experts, administrators, and policy as well as decision makers.

Following the above, it follows therefore that first and foremost, there is a need to determine the land uses within a river catchment area. Ideally the determination of theses land uses will be determined by a set of guidelines which conform, directly and indirectly to the principles and concept of sustainable development. Nevertheless, in view of many uncertainties, adopting the 'precautionary approach' to sustainable development, the department has imposed a 'blanket' set of guidelines for planners and developers, including mainly: Imposition of a buffer stretch of between 66 feet to 132 feet alongside rivers; No development is to 'back' the rivers; and 3. No new industrial land is to be by the river banks, except for some special industries whose operations depend on the rivers.

The appropriate task to do is to prepare a set of planning guidelines which are based on principles and concepts of sustainable development These planning guidelines will then be modified to suit different habitats and ecosystem. The function of the rivers concerned too has a bearing on the types of development that can be allowed along its banks.

Following the above arguments, this paper first discusses the concept and principles of sustainable development and its operational perspectives. Then it discusses a general guideline for sustainable development which will form the framework for the formulation of planning standards or indicators for riverfront development.

2.0 THE CONCEPT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

There are currently over a hundred definitions of sustainable development. However for the purpose of this paper, only one definition is referred to, i.e. the definition by the World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) in 'Our Common Future' (1987) which has been generally accepted and adopted world-wide. The definition is as follows:

2 °Sustainable development is development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It contains within it two key concepts: The concept of 'needs' in particular the essential needs of the wold's poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and The idea of 'limitations' imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the environment's ability to meet present and future needs. ...In essence, sustainable development is a process of change in which the exploitation of resources, the direction of investment, the orientation of technological development, and institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human need and aspirations."(WCED, 1987. Pp. 43-44).

The above definition does not explain how sustainable development is to be achieved and this has resulted in many discussions as to its interpretation. This is probably one of the reasons for the slowness in taking actions towards realizing sustainable development. Therefore a country or a planning or development authority has to adopt an operational perspective so as to guide its actions towards a common path.

Functional perspective of sustainable development

There are several functional perspectives to sustainable development. However only two are noted here, due to the relative clarity of these perspectives. English Nature (1992) has identified sustainable development into two versions: 'Trade-off version which requires that environmental considerations are taken into account in policy formulation, but allowing such considerations to be traded off against other goods to generate the socially optimal or desirable results. This is synonymous with the 'weak sustainability' terminology; and `Sustainability limits' version where environmental conditions act as constraints or limits on the achievement of other socio-economic goals, which is synonymous with 'strong sustainability'.

The 'trade-off' version requires evaluation of environmental costs and benefits and their incorporation into cost-benefit analysis, which is within the reign of environmental economics. This is particularly significant when there is a need to reconcile between

3 competing economic, social and environmental requirement, such as in decision-making by the government. The critical issue in this version is how to assign true costs and benefits to natural environmental resources which am dependent on value judgements as to their worth, and what aspect of the environment am tradeable. This involves a balanced accommodation of values and interests in the context within which it is undertaken, including meeting all goals at some minimum thresholds, while ensuring that no goal should be consistently promoted or discounted at the expense of the others.

The 'sustainability limits' version requires that, irrespective of any development, respect Q must be given to the tanying capacity' of the environment. This is regarded as the maximum impact that the earth or any ecosystem can sustain (IUCN, UNEP, WWF 1992). It implies the existence of limits to development and economic activity. Planning and development within the limits of carrying capacity means that humankind is dependent on the productive capacity of ecosystems, and that some minimal level of ecosystem integrity is essential to human survival.

For most animal species, carrying capacity is defined as the maximum population that can be supported indefinitely in a given habitat without permanently impairing the productivity of the ecosystem(s) upon which it is dependent.

For humankind, carrying capacity can be defined as the maximum rate of resource consumption and waste discharge that can be sustained indefinitely in a defined impact region without progressively impairing bioproductivity and ecological integrity. A crucial element of carrying capacity is that it is ultimately determined by the single vital resource or function in least supply (Rees 1998).

Carrying capacity is a function of many variables including: the region in question, e.g. a watershed, the world the type of resource in question, eg. Water, energy, whatever resource would limit the growth of the human population what is being 'carried' e.g. human population, noxious gas emissions whether the resource is assumed to be constant or is changing over time, and whether it is renewable or not whether what is being 'carried' is assumed to be constant or not

4 • value judgements, e.g. ideal/optimum capacity versus maximum/minimum capacity ...in order to ensure sustainability, carrying capacities should not be exceeded. (Therivel eta!. 1992. Pp.124-125).

To ensure that canying capacity is not exceeded, the current state of the resource and its uses must be monitored; predictions must be made concening the future state of the resource and its uses and the possible use of alternatives; and mitigation measures must be made available to be implemented if the uses exceed, or threaten to exceed, the carrying capacity. These are problematic because it requires an understanding of how much of the resource is available, information which is difficult if not impossible to derive. In addition it is a dynamic situation, where technological innovations may affect carrying capacity.

Determining the land uses and development which are within carrying capacities is difficult because the mechanisms of natural capital is still largely unknown, and scientific discoveries and technological advances are relatively slower than the need for development. Therefore where lack of information is a critical deterrent to making decisions on the basis of evidence i.e. when potential damage to the environment is both uncertain and significant, it is necessary to act on the basis of the 'precautionary principM'. This principle is consistent with Principle 15 of the Rio Declaration on Environment and Development (UNCED 1992): "Where there are threats of serious or irreversible damage, lack of full scientific certainty shall not be used as a reason for postponing cost-effective measures to prevent environmental degradations. Accommodating the principle that 'prevention is better than cure', conserving natural capital is especially important to sustainable development.

Another problem is that the types and uses of various resources are not known. Technological innovations can have major impacts (both positive and negative) on carrying capacity which in turn relies on inherent value judgements and the use of biological standards against which the severity of an impact can be measured. The greatest uncertainty is the level of pressure that natural resources can withstand before they collapse (Therivel et. al. 1992).

5 3.0 THE ROLE OF LAND USE PLANNING IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Until the last ten years or so, there has been little recognition of the positive role that land use planning can play in securing and facilitating a good environment in Malaysia. 1 This is in contrast from foreign countries such as England and the Netherlands, where land use planning plays the pivotal role in determining developments. 1

The Rio Earth Summit proclaims twenty-seven principles which would facilitate the 1 transition to sustainability, and Agenda 21 proposes a broad-based programme of action covering developmental and environmental issues in an integrated approach. Table 1 shows some of the strong 'messages from Rio'. In summary, the messages say that land use planning must be 'environment-led' and include environmental resource 1 management. There must be integration of environment and development in decision- making, and there must be sustainable human settlements planning which integrate 1 citizen-participation in its planning and decision-making process, backed by strong, comprehensive planning laws which reflect modem understandings of natural resources

Making choices on the use of resources involves a well-informed decision-making process. It needs a 'policing' mechanism to assess whether or not policies, plans and programmes could be termed as contributing towards sustainable development or 'unsustainable development' instead. In addition, it requires monitoring of sustainability by evaluating impacts of development on natural resources, particularly on the carrying 0 capacity of the ecosystem. The integration of impact assessment in land use planning is 1 a proactive approach in which the requirement for sustainability is the driving consideration and the permissible level of economic activity is the dependent variable.

1 1 1 6 1 1

Table 1: WORLD'S RESOLUTION ON LAND USE PLANNING — MESSAGES FROM THE RIO WORLD EARTH SUMMIT 1992 PRINCIPLES MESSAGES PRINCIPLES FROM RIO DECLARATION Development and environmental needs of Planning must address the meaning and present and future generations need to be met practical consequences of 'sustainable equitably (Principle 3) development'.

Environmental protection shall constitute an Development plans should be 'environment- integral part of the development process and led' cannot be considered in isolation from it 1 (Principle 4) Environmental issues are best handled with the Major implications for public participation, participation of all concerned citizens at the information provision, community relevant level (Principle 10) empowerment and subsidiarity in planning. States shall enact effective environmental Need for strong, comprehensive planning laws legislation (Principle 11) which, as part of a wider body of environmental law, reflect modern understandings of natural processes. The precautionary approach shall be widely Environmental statements should be used as a applied by States (Principle 15) and principal means of minimising damage and environmental impact assessment shall be uncertainty. undertaken for appropriate developments (Principle 17) CHAPTERS FROM AGENDA 21 Need to change patterns of consumption, Land use planning should include review the purchasing policies of agencies and environmental resource management. departments, and sustainable use of renewable resources (Chapter 4) Need to adopt innovative planning strategies, There should be sustainable human and guide cities along sustainable paths, settlements planning which integrate citizen involving citizen participation, resource participation in its planning and decision- inventories and evergy and transport systems making process. 1 (Chapter 7) There is a need for environmental auditing, There should be integration of environment and environmental assessment at all level, development in decision-making and integrated integrated data management and sustainable planning and management of resources. urban and rural spatial (Chapters 8 & 9) By 1996, most local authorities should have Institutions, particularly local authorities, and 1 accomplished, on a collaborative basis, a local non-governmental organisations must play Agenda 21" for the community (Chapters 27- effective and efficient roles in environmental 31) planning. There should be higher status for citizen Education, increased public awareness and groups, of which women forms a big group, in training in citizen participation in environmental 1 environmental decision-making (Chapter 24 & planning must be enforced effectively. 36) 1 Developed after Selman 1993. 7 4.0 DETERMINING LAND USES WITHIN THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT

Determining land uses which comply with the sustainable development approach is complex because it involves the balancing of resources until the right equilibrium is achieved. The loss of the natural capital (resources) must be balanced with the gain in the man-made capital (resources). .One is always faced with the decision of choosing between economic development and environmental protection. However this should not be an issue because the concept of secologinomics' which is the combination of ecological and economic analysis (Carpenter and Dixon 1985) will improve the quality of advice to policy and decision makers.

Four crucial factors assist in determining land uses which contribute towards sustainable development: The concept of catchment area or ecosystem i.e. a balance of man-made and natural resources; The need for integrated planning and management of resources; The need for efficient planning of the major landuses of agriculture and forestry; and The planning and management of critical resources such as water and minerals, as well as the planning and management of recreational areas and localities of scientific, scenic and historic interest.

The four factors are briefly explained below:

Planning within ecosystems Ecosystems cover the interaction between people and other forms of life and the environment in which they live. The concern is for the integration of activities and land use, as well as the conservation of biological diversity. The two major stances are: Nature of the natural processes of the physical world, including people, must be kept in balance or human activities will end up destroying the biosphere in which we live; and

8 Biotechnology will enable us to survive even though the balance is greatly altered to meet new demands, depending on what new developments emerge in our efforts to provide a sustainable development.

In relation to river management, the planning area and planning decisions must be within the context of the river catchment area.

The integrated planning and management of natural resources The objective of environmental management is to maintain the environment's carrying capacity on behalf of sustainable development. There is a need to resolve conflicts between environmental aims and other policy objectives. One approach is towards a systematic thinking to our environment: by considering man-made and natural systems as one interacting ecosystem i.e. requires managing and planning in ways which integrate the natural environment and man-made environment.

The efficient planning of agricultural and forestry land resource Left to a free market, agricultural land is already going to other uses. Therefore there is a Gear requirement to look very hard at the method for assessing land use in the fight of future needs. Obviously the best soils should be conserved but there should be a harder look at practices that use an excess of fertilizers and pesticides. Some basic recommendations include: Agricultural land of high productivity should continue to be protected through the application of codes of good practice and with more attention to minimise the use of fertilizers and pesticides; Less valuable land should be assessed for its most beneficial use, leading to guidelines for woodland and wildlife reserves, as well as for housing and economic development; Proposals for future use should be included in strategic plans together with their justification; and Forestry is an attractive investment for the future and therefore forest plantations should be encouraged.

9 I Other crucial natural resources Water being a very crucial resource, there is a need for more attention to be paid to water supply and sewage disposal in an integrated approach within strategic plans for regions (catchment areas) as a determining factor in planning. Water must be considered as a resource to be managed in association with all development. Plans should be more positive about the consequences on the demand for water of the future land use. As for special areas such as those with scientific interests, and with significance in wildlife, historic and scenic importance require integrated planning and a recognition of the dynamics of change. Integrated land use and design strategies should be a key part of our system of environmental planning. One should be more careful of 0 recreational activities, because this activity often exploits natural heritage and often spoils what it values the most Therefore analyses of the potential of various resources for growth should be made.

The important question that needs answering is 'what kind of ecosystem should be formed to meet the needs of sustainable development?'. A good general guide is: The realization that land is a major resource which can be used economically, socially and environmentally for the fullest needs of the population; and The need to plan and greatly raise the quality of design for the environment if we are to survive i.e. design of sustainable ecosystems.

But how do we achieve the above? Below are some general planning guidelines which 0 have taken into consideration the concept and principles of sustainable development and integrated them into land use planning principles.

5.0 LAND USE PLANNING CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Broad planning guidelines for sustainable development are proposed in the form of 125 land use planning criteria which are to guide planners, developers and decision-makers in both and short term planning and management.

It is noted that these criteria have not been tested scientifically. The land use planning criteria for sustainable development have been identified form the analyses of planning legislation, manuals, guidelines and other literature on developments in land use

to planning for sustainable development, and environmental consideration and appraisal of development plans. From Malaysia, particular reference is made to Act 172, The Town and Country Planning Act 1976, Development Plans (Structure Plan and Local Plan) Rules 1985, and a paper by TCPD (1987) titled Data Collection for Structure Plans: Problems and Recommendations. Many land use planning documents have been analysed. Of particular importance are Policy Appraisal and the Environment (Doe.UK 1991), PPG 12 (Doe.UK 1992) and Development Plans: A Good Planning Guide (Doe.UK. 1992).

The aim and goals of sustainable development are listed in Table 2, the principles of sustainable society are in Table 3, the strategic imperatives of sustainable development are in Table 4, and the land use planning criteria for sustainable development are in Table 5.

II Table 2: AIM AND GOALS OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

• AIM To promote development that enhances the natural and built environment in ways that are compatible with: the conservation of the stock of natural assets avoidance of damage to the capacity of the world's natural ecosystems the need to achieve greater social equality the avoidance of the imposition of added costs or risks on succeeding generation.

GOALS Resource To ensure the supply of natural resources for present and future conservation generations through the efficient use of land, less wasteful use of non-renewable resources, their substitution by renewable resources wherever possible, and the maintenance of biological diversity.

Built To ensure that the development and use of the environment Development respects and is in harmony with the natural environment, and that 0 the relationship between the two is designed to be one of balance and mutual enhancement.

Environmental To prevent or reduce processes that degrade or pollute the quality environment, to protect the regenerative capacity of ecosystems, and to prevent developments that are detrimental to human health or that diminish the quality of life.

Social To prevent any development that increases the gap between Equality the rich and the poor and to encourage development that reduces social inequality

12 Table 2: ...Continuation. Political To change values, attitudes and behaviour by encouraging Participation increased participation in political decision making and in initiating environmental improvements at all levels from the local community upwards.

Summarised from Blowers 1993, pp.6-8.

13 Table 3: PRINCIPLES OF A SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY ETHICAL BASE Respect and cam for the community of life Present development should not be at the expense of later generations. Management of human development should not threaten the survival of other human groups or other species or eliminate their habitats. CRITERIA Improve the quality of human life. Economic development is an important component of development, but it cannot be a goal in itself, nor can it go on indefinitely. Conserve the Earth's vitality and diversity. Conservation-based development requires the conservation of life-support systems, conservation of biodiversity and sustainable uses of renewable resources. Minimize the depletion of non-renewable resources. Their 'life' can be extended for example, by recycling or by substitution by renewable resources where possible. Keep within the Earth's carrying capacity. Policies that bring human numbers and life-styles into balance with nature's capacity must be developed together with technologies that enhance that capacity by careful management. DIRECTIONS Change personal attitudes and practices. Values that support the new ethic must be promoted by the dissemination of information through formal and informal educational system. Enable communities to care for their own environments. Propoerly mandate, empowered and ifnormed, communities can contribute to decisions that afect them. Provide a national framework for integrating development and conservation. This could be achieved on a foundation of information and knowledge, a framework of law and institutions, and a consistent economic and social policies. Create a global alliance. This is an application of sustainability ethics at international levels. Summarised from IUCN, UNEP, WWF 1991.

14 Table 4: STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Revive growth: Economic growth must be stimulated, particularly in underdeveloped areas, while enhancing the resource base. Change the quality of growth: Sustainability, equity, social justice, and security are firmly embedded as major social goals. Conserve and enhance the resource base: Sustainability requires the conservation of environmenal resources such as dean air, water, forests, and soils; maintaining genetic diversity, and using energy, water, and raw materials efficiently. Ensuring a sustainable level of population: Population policies hsould be formulated and integrated with other economic and social development programmes, education, health care, and the expansion of the livelihood base of the poor. Reoreint technology and manage risks: Technology development must pay greater regard to environmental factor. Integrate environment and economics in decision-making: Decision-makers must be responsible over the impacts of their decisions upon the environmental resources capital. There should be focus on environmental damage rather than on the symptoms.

Source: WCED 1987, Starke 1990.

15 Table 5: LAND USE PLANNING CRITERIA FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

GOALS FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Resource conservation efficient use of land maintenance of biological diversity conservation of natural beauty and amenity of land conservation of green belt to prevent urban sprawl 0 5. exploitation of minerals/resources which considers the need of future generations

Built environment in harmony with natural environment balance and mutual enhancement of built and natural environments pattern and type of development which considers the environment safe and efficient transportation system development that include flood defense and land drainage development that protects water quality development that takes account of location of hazardous installations special actions on estuaries and coastlines design, scale and type of materials used harmonise with the surroundings new developments maintain or enhance existing landscape presumption against development on forest land balance new development with the need to conserve and enhance worthwhile feature fully integrated urban and rural strategic guidelines that relate to environmental policies integrate use and design strategies of scientific, wildlife, historic and scenic areas urbanisation blends gently with the countryside increase green open space in urban areas

Environmental quality prevent developments that are detrimental to human health 22. prevent developments that diminish the quality of life

16 1 1 improve the physical environment preserve green belts around urban areas / concentrated dispersal proper sewerage system 1 reclamation of derelict lands and buildings maintain/enhance landscape quality 1 presumption against conflicting uses presumption against polluting.activities 1 facilities for walking and cycling to reduce fuel emissions settlement patterns which reduces car journeys and distances traveled 10 settlement patterns which permit choice of more energy-efficient public transport bring vacant and derelict land into use more quickly protect and enhance environment regarded as high quality and improve a poor one self-sufficiency for industrial and household waste disposal and reduce landfills

Social equality prevent developments that increase the gap between the rich and the poor encourage developments that reduce social inequality (NEP/NDP objectives) provide adequate land to meet housing need and demand positive relationship with social needs/problems including impacts on different groups land uses consider social benefits in terms of jobs and facilities

PRINCIPLES OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT SOCIETY Respect and care of community of life present developments not at the expense of future generations developments that do not threaten the survival of other groups developments that do not threaten survival of other species/groups or eliminate their habitats everyone has equal access to employment and facilities (NEP/NDP objectives) enhance the character of the city

Improve quality of human life promote economic development

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provision of tourism, leisure and recreation facilities provision of infrastructure e.g. education, health care, roads, sewers transportation system which reduces pollution and provide safety and convenience safeguard and improve the amenity of residential districts control pollution, limit and refuse nuisances such as noise, smells and dust bring together land use and transportation policies provide open space in congested urban areas pedestrian-vehicle separation 1 cycle-priority routes provide choices of houses, jobs, shops services and other facilities, without requiring a significant increase in the distances traveled avoid developments which provide risks of life and health improvement of rural housing consideration for special needs — elderly, disabled, homeless, economically deprived I

Conserve earth's vitality and diversity encourage conservation-based development conserve biodiversity by conservation of natural habitats sustainable uses of renewable resources presumption against developments which would result in ecological losses developments are made with special consideration to noise developments are made with special consideration to air and atmosphere developments are made with special consideration to water resources developments are made with special consideration to water bodies developments are made with special consideration to soil developments are made with special consideration to geology developments are made with special consideration to climate developments are made with special consideration to energy developments are made with special consideration to human beings developments are made with special consideration to cultural heritage developments are made with special consideration to other living organisms

18 I Minimise depletion of non-renewable resources recycling or by substitution of renewable resources where possible long-term programme for minerals exploitation preservation of special upland areas as nature reserve or for recreation

Keep development within Earth's canying capacity population level that balance with nature's capacity 79. utilise most versatile agricultural land for food production

Change personal attitudes and practices 80. promote local pride by conserving and enhancing natural and built heritage 0 designation of Areas of Special Value protection of historic buildings protection of natural features protection of features of ecological and archaeological importance enhance the fabric and appearance of the environment

Provide framework for integrating development and environment through foundation of information and knowledge through law and institution through consistent economic and social policies 89. strategic transport and highway facilities 90. interpret national/regional development policies/objectives for the local strategy 11_.) interpret national/regional environmental policies/objectives for local development references to strategies, policies or proposals of other agencies/authorities which are related to the environment clear reference and consideration of strategies and actions of neighbouring authorities and agencies clear relations with other types of plans 95. planning the Sustainable City Region in which consideration for resources, densities and urban forms are made for the region instead of just for one settlement or city/town

19 STRATEGIC IMPERATIVES FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Revive growth stimulate and revitalise urban economic growth and employment opportunities I stimulate the rural economy new industries, business, retail and other employment-generating and wealth I creating developments strategic transportation network which considers economy and environment urban regeneration indication of priorities for types of economic development 102. maintain character and vitality of town centres and older urban areas 0 103. comprehensive rural development strategy which complements urban development

Change the quality of growth sustainability, equity, social justice, and security as part of major social goals traffic calming through traffic management land use-transportation integrated planning which benefits residents and business I growth that is related to public transport networks location of new developments that attract trips at points which are capable of acting as nodes for public transport networks limitations in town centre car parking appropriate interchange opportunities between major public transport networks maintain and enhance open space balance between the provision of new improved highways, use of traffic arrangement techniques, provision of transport services

Conserve and enhance the resource base I conserve environmental resources such as clean air, water, forest, soils 114. maintain genetic diversity 115, use energy, water and raw materials efficiently agricultural land of high productivity are protected I less valuable land are assessed for more beneficial use planning guidelines for hill lands and forest lands on the urban fringe more positive about the consequences on the demand for water of future land uses

20 I Ensuring a sustainable level of population 1 population policies integrated with economic and social development programmes such as education, health care expand the livelihood of the poor with more employment opportunities

Integrate environment and economics in decision-making plan that is realistic with resources focus on environmental damage rather than on the symptoms plan is within resource context, development and market conditions a realistic plan in resource context and financial abilities of implementing agencies 10

Source: Dr.Halimaton Saadiah bte. Hashim.

21 6.0 CONCLUSIONS

Guidelines for riverfront development which have been integrated into them the elements for sustainable development are best prepared in the context of the exact environment in which the developments are to take place. Consideration for the functions of the river, socio-economic objectives of the local population, the aspiration of planners and decisions-makers, and most of all the intrinsic values of the environment must form the underlying principle for the formulation of these guidelines. What is crucial is a decision-making process which operates in an integrated resource planning and management system. The physical development form should conform to the outcome of analyses which point directions towards a balanced ecosystem for the new environment to be created. The goal of conserving the present environment as a legacy for future generations must be the ultimate goal of development.

REFERENCES

Blowers, Andrew (ed.) (1993) Planning For a Sustainable Environment. A Report By the Town And Country Planning Association. Earthscan Publications Ltd. London. Carpenter, Richard A. and Dixon, John A. (1985) Ecology Meets Economics: A Guide to Sustainable Development. Environment, vol. 27, no. 5, June 1985. Department of Environment U.K. (1991) Policy Appraisal an The Environment. HMSA, London. Department of Environment UK. (1992) Development Plans: A Good Practice Guide. HMSO London. Department of Environment UK. (1992) PPG 12. Planning Policy Guidance: Development Plans and Regional Planning Guidance. United Kingdom. English Nature (1992) Strategic Planning and Sustainable Development: An Informal Consultation Paper. Peterborough, English Nature. 7. Halimaton Saadiah Hashim. Phd. Thesis `Integrating Strategic Environmental Assessment into Malaysian Land Use Planning". University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, United Kingdom.

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1 Holliday, John, (1993) Ecosystems and Natural Resources In Blowers, Andrew (ed.) (1993) Planning For a Sustainable Environment. A Report By the Town And 1 Country Planning Association. Earthscan Publications Ltd. London. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and the World Wide Fud for Nature (WWF) (1991) Caring For the World. A strategy for Sustainable Living. Gland, Sitzerland. Rees, Williams E. (1991) "Economics, Ecology and The Role of Environmental Assessment in Achieving Sustainable Development' s. In Jacobs, Peter and Sadler, Barry (eds.) Sustainable Development and Environmental Assessment: in Perspetives on Planning For A Common Future. Canadian Environmentati Assesment Reserarch (CEARC) Ottawa. The National Conference on UNCED (1992) Summary Recommendations. National Seminar on The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED). Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. 1 Therivel, R.Wilson, Thompson, S,. Heaney, D., and Pritchard, D. (1992) Strategic Environmental Assessment). Earthscan Publications, London. 1 Town and Country Planning Act 1976, Act 172. Town and Country Planning Department, Semenanjung Malaysia World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED) (1987) Our Common Future. Oxford University Press, Oxford. 1 1 RiverFronDevt-GuideSustDevt 1 HSH30031998

1 23 RIVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR' RIVER WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT'

S.L. Tong Alam Sekitar Malaysia Sdn Bhd Suite 13.04/05, Wisma Cyclecarri 50350 Kuala Lumpur

ABSTRACT

Water pollution control, or water quality management in a more general sense, which has been based on solely the application of effluent discharge standards is no longer adequate in face of the rapid pace of socio-economic development. This paper presents an efficient approach to the river basin water quality management which involves a river classification system where the existing or intended beneficial uses of the river will determine the level of pollution control or water quality management requirements to be imposed on 111) development activities. The classification system, which has been developed during the last decade by DOE and its consultants, is built upon the water quality criteria and water quality standards formulated for the protection of the various beneficial uses of the rivers. Six classes of water quality standards defining river water from the highest to the lowest quality have been established, and in each of these classes the capability to support the different beneficial uses is also reflected.

The management or control of pollution for rivers or river segments following the appropriate water quality and use classification is proposed to be built on water quality-based or technology-based effluent discharge limits (EDL), depending on the level of control required. Technology-based EDL which is generally less demanding in its development, implementation and enforcement is normally adequate for the management of river with minimal pollution threats. The water quality-based EDL approach is designed to provide a means for the incorporation of more effective protection measures to rivers which are facing high risks of degradation. Principles for deriving river segments- specific water quality-based discharge limits, approach to the calculation of total daily maximum loads and the structure of a permit system will be outlined.

In the final part of the paper, a stepwise mechanism in implementing the water quality and beneficial use river classification system will be discussed. The principal steps are: set the targets on priority problems; involve the relevant authorities, enforcement agencies and the public; establish the integrated solutions; and choose specific indicators for measuring success.

I Presented at "Bengkel Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor", Kuala Selangor. 29-31 March 1998. I. INTRODUCTION

Recent reports have shown that water quality of our rivers have been deteriorating rapidly. Consequent to this, the quality of increasing number of river segments can no longer meet the requirements for use as water supply sources. The dependence on the Sewage and Industrial Effluent Regulations 1978 of the Environmental Quality Act 1974 as the only tool for the management of river water quality or pollution control appears now grossly inadequate.

New approach for river water quality management is presented in this paper. The approach is based on a river classification system, incorporating technology-based effluent limits and water quality-based effluent limits and a effluent discharge permit system. The framework of the river classification system and the new approach to pollution control is shown in Figure 1. The framework constitutes of three main components, namely:

River classification; Technology-based effluent limits for effluent-limited river water quality control; and iii. Water quality-based effluent limits for water quality-limited river water quality control.

The following sections present some details on the development of each of these components. This will be followed by a discussion on the appropriate mechanisms for the implementation in river basin water quality management.

IL RIVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM 1 To facilitate an efficient management of the river water quality, the primary step is to classify river into segments in accordance with certain specific scale. A classification system has been developed in a DOE commissioned study in 1986 (DOE-UM, 1986). In the approach adopted, rivers or river segments are classified into six classes in the order of descending water quality. In this system, each of these water quality class is identified with one or more specific attainable beneficial use(s) as shown in the following table: 011 CLASS USES I Conservation of natural environment 1 Water supply I - practically no treatment necessary (except by disinfection or boiling only) Fishery I - very sensitive aquatic species 1 HA Water supply II - conventional treatment required Fishery II - sensitive aquatic species IIB Recreational use with body contact III Water supply III - advanced treatment required Fishery III - common (economic value) and moderately tolerant species

2 Livestock drinking IV Irrigation V None of the above

A set of general Water Quality Standard (WQS) limits has been recommended for each of the water quality classes based on the requirements for the protection of the beneficial use or uses identified. These WQS are derived from the Water Quality Criteria (WQC) and these are concentration limits of pollutants or contaminants which have been developed purely based on scientific knowledge for the protection of specific beneficial uses of ambient water bodies. The general WQS may be modified by taking into consideration the practical and site specific factors when this is to be adopted for a given river segment. The general WQS consists of 17 common parameters and 55 other chemicals and radionuclides.

In the DOE commissioned in 1986, WQC have been developed for the following list of beneficial uses:

Domestic water supply; Fisheries and aquatic life propagation; Livestock drinking; Recreational use; and Agricultural use.

Over 120 physical, chemical and microbiological parameters have been studied and appropriate criteria derived for the protection of the above beneficial use (DOE-UM, 1986).

River Classification Procedure

The river classification system based on the six classes of WQS has been applied in a follow- up study for the classification of six rivers (DOE-SMHB, 1989). The six rivers are Sg. Muda, Sg. Perak, Sg. Kelang, Sg. Linggi, Sg. Muar and Sg. Pahang.

The primary steps in the classification procedure involve an evaluation of the existing water quality with respect to those defined in the six classes in the WQS. The water quality parameters were divided into three lists. List 1 are basic parameters including dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), chemical oxygen demand (COD), pH, total suspended solids (TSS) and ammoniacal nitrogen (AN) for which regular monitoring data were available for most of the rivers. For a given river segment, an overall water quality index is calculated based on these parameters to arrive at the appropriate WQS class designations.

List 2 includes a number of other important inorganic and organic chemicals and microbiological quality. List I classification may be adjusted on examining the status of compliacne of the list 2 parameters with the corresponding WQS limits. List 3 parameters (boron and chloride) will be considered if earlier steps indicate class designation below Class III in order to confirm if Class IV may be assigned.

The subsequent step to the water quality-based classification is then to assess the existing beneficial uses and basin-wide pollution loading. A water quality classification value which is

3

lower (e.g. II) than the existing beneficial use(s) (e.g. III) indicates that the water quality is able to sustain higher uses although existing use was only Class III. The river segment should then be classified and maintained as Class II. In the reverse case, a conflict in the water quality and the beneficial use(s) exists which would call for actions to strengthen control on the sources of pollution contributing to the poor water quality. The river segment is basically Class III and hence classified as such. However, there should be immediate plans to improve on the water quality to meet the requirements of the existing use(s) and eventually upgrade it to Class II.

The first version of the classification procedure was further expanded in an extension of the River Classification Programme conducted by a five-university team (Joint Water Quality Consultancy Group) in 1992 involving the classification of a further ten river basins. The ten rivers consist of eight rivers from Peninsular Malaysia and one each from Sabah and Sarawak of East Malaysia: Sg. Selangor, Sg. Bemam, Sg. Kelantan, Sg. Sugut, Sg. Perlis, Sg. Juru/Perai, Sg. Terengganu, Sg. Sarawak, Sg. Melaka and Sg. Rompin (DOE-Joint Water Quality Consultancy Group, 1994). The extended river classification procedure requires the setting up and critical evaluation of three sets of river basin inventory which are listed as follows in order to arrive at an aggregate class designation:

inventory of existing beneficial use, land use, hydrological conditions, population and socio-economic development; inventory of existing water quality and pollution sources and loads; WQIs of a group of common parameters and those of individual parameters were used; iii. inventory of the aquatic ecology; biological indices were estimated if data were sufficient.

In addition to the specific procedure to the classification established previously based on existing river water quality, other consideration has also been included. The overall procedures are summarised as follows:

Rivers are divided into segments determined by the existing water quality monitoring stations of the National Water Quality Monitoring Programme of DOE and additional stations recommended in the study; 0I Each river segment is designated an appropriate class value according to the existing beneficial use(s) and a geomorphic classification based on an integration of Strahler stream order and type of landuse; if more than one beneficial use exists, class value for the highest use is adopted; Designate an appropriate class value also to the given river segment based on the present water quality of the monitoring station immediately down-stream of the segment; If the class designations of the above are in conflicts, the water quality should be reexamined. If the WQS parameter limits exceeded are not important to the highest present beneficial use, the beneficial-use class value will be maintained, otherwise the class value determined by the water quality should be adopted. v. The class designation obtained from the above is then compared with the class value derived from the aquatic ecological evaluation. Two types of biological classifications have been employed depending on the availability of biological

4 monitoring data The first type made use of field data on species diversity index (H) for the plankton communities calculated using the formula of Shannon-Wiener (Shannon and Weaver, 1949; Wilhm, J.L., 1970). The second type is based on the index of Saprobic condition (Pantie and Buck, 1955), estimated from information on the number and kinds of indicator organisms found in the water. If a conflict occurs, the beneficial use and water quality information will be reexamined; if these are within narrow limits, then the higher class from biological classification is used. In. such instances, the potential pollutant loads will be reassessed to ascertain if the class designation can be sustained. Class designation from Step iv. will be maintained if it indicates higher class than the ecological classification.

Following the class use designation, WQS are reviewed and modified wherever necessary and set for the specific river segments. The WQS established shall form the basis for prescribing effluent discharge limits for point sources contributing to the river segments, and also in formulating non-point source control strategies.

IIL DEVELOPMENT OF TECHNOLOGY-BASED AND WATER QUALITY- BASED EFFLUENT LIMITS

The outputs of the river classification are: (i) designation of rivers or river segments into specific WQS classes; and (ii) information for decision making on the level of pollution control requirements. Two levels of pollution control are suggested depending on whether the water quality of the river segment can readily meet the WQS limits, considering existing and potential inputs from all point and non-point sources for a reasonable period projected (e.g. in the order of 5 years). Rivers or river segments which are at risk of deterioration in the 5-year period will be designated as water-quality limited, or otherwise as effluent-limited. For effluent-limited rivers or river segments, water quality control will be based on technology- based effluent discharge limits (TEDL). Whereas for water quality-limited rivers or river segments, water quality-based effluent discharge limits (WQEDL) will need to be established and applied for the control of the water quality. The designation of a river or river segment either as effluent-limited or water quality-limited should be based on river monitoring and assessment findings. The development of TEDL and WQEDL proposed is based on similar approach adopted by the US EPA for its NPDES (National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System) Permit System (US EPA, 1996).

Establishing Technology-Based Effluent Discharge Limits

The technology-based effluent discharge limits should consider the technology available for the treatment of sewage and industrial discharges. The TEDL sets a minimum level of treatment for industrial and sewage point sources based on currently available treatment technologies while allowing the discharger to use any available control technique to meet the limitations.

For industrial sources, effluent limitations guidelines should be developed by the Federal DOE based on the demonstrated performance of a reasonable level of treatment that is within the economic means of specific categories of industrial facilities. If this is not available, the

5 individual river basin management authority would have to use the same performance-based approach and best professional judgement to set the relevant TEDL.

The conventional or existing effluent discharge standards, such as Standard A and Standard B under the Sewage and Industrial Effluent Regulations 1979, can be used as a starting point while establishing TEDL for specific sewage treatment or industrial plants.

Toxic pollutants which are not in the Standard A and Standard B list should be set based on the water quality-based effluent discharge limits requirements.

Establishing Water Ouality-Based Effluent Discharge Limits

The WQS classification established for a river or river segment represents the minimum requirement of water quality protection for the river or river segment. Stringent water pollution control is necessary for some rivers due to the inability of the existing water quality to support the designated or anticipated beneficial uses of the rivers. In establishing water quality-based effluent discharge limits (WQEDL), the impact of every proposed and existing surface water discharge on the quality of the receiving water must be considered. The river management authority will need to develop specific methods for predicting water quality impacts from discharges and procedures for setting the WQEDL for this purpose.

The following is a summary of the procedures proposed for setting the site specific WQEDL:

Survey and evaluate the pollution sources (include both point sources and non-point sources) and existing water quality of the receiving waters; select pollutants for limitations;

Based on the existing water and trends, classify the water sources in accordance with the beneficial uses attainable;

Adopt appropriate set of water quality standards for the protection of the identified uses;

Determine the relationship between the waste loads, from both point sources and non- point sources, and the water quality; based on the designed low flow, estimate the permissible waste loads for each constituents;

Establish a control plan for the discharges from non-point sources;

Based on the permissible pollutant loads and the actual discharge, calculate the total permissible loading;

Perform analysis based on best technical or economical approach, work out the waste load distribution plan;

Issue licence to discharge where effluent parameter limits are specified;

Establish enforcement monitoring requirements. In the estimation of the waste load allocations, the predication should be based on the nature of the pollutants as follows:

for biodegradable organic matters, the assimilative capacity of the receiving water will be considered;

for non-biodegradable organic matter, dissolved inorganic salts and suspended materials, the main consideration is on the dilution effect;

for heated water discharge, the heat dissipation and heat balance of the water bodies will be considered.

Total Maximum Daily Loading and Waste Load Allocation

An important step in setting the WQEDL is the determination of the total maximum daily loading (TMDL) and waste load allocation (WLA). An approach similar to that adopted by the US EPA for its NPDES Permit System (US EPA, 1991) is presented. In the US EPA guidelines for the TMDL process, the total loading capacity (LC) or total maximum daily load (TMDL) is defined as the greatest amount of pollutant loading that a waterbody can receive without violating water quality standards. A load allocation (LA) is the portion of the TMDL that is allocated to one of its existing or future nonpoint sources of pollution and natural background. The sum of the individual WLAs for point sources and LAs for nonpoint sources (including natural background sources and tributaries) plus the margin of safety (MOS) is equivalent to the TMDL (i.e. TMDL = LC = WLA + LA +MOS).

The guidelines of US EPA (1991) further elaborate that TMDL studies utilising field monitoring data and predictive models provide quantitative information to assist managers in making effective decisions to protect water quality. Models and water quality equations are used to establish cause-and-effect relationships correlating incremental changes in stream water quality to changes in pollutant loading. From this correlation, optimum and desirable, but not required cost-effective treatment levels can be specified to achieve water quality standards and criteria. The MOS can be included implicitly in the TMDL model calculations to account for the uncertainty about the relationship between the allocated waste loads and loads and the predicted quality of the receiving water body. A reserve capacity for future development can be included in the TMDL at this stage. Wastewater treatment pant designers can then evaluate various combinations of alternative unit processes to select an optimum treatment scheme to meet the requirements of the WLA. Likewise, land use planners and engineers may need to analyse various management scenarios to meet the requirements of the nonpoint source LA. This analysis may include an evaluation of the cost-effectiveness of different combinations of management practices (BMPs)

Developing and Issuing an Effluent Discharge Permit

Figure 2 shows an example of the steps involved in developing and issuing an effluent discharge permit under the NPDES Permits System of US EPA (US EPA, 1996). The principal steps are: develop technology-based effluent limits; develop water quality-based effluent limits; develop monitoring requirements for each pollutant; develop special and standard conditions for the permit; etc.

7 IV. MODE OF IMPLEMENTATION

The implementation of the water quality and beneficial use river classification system on a river basin-wide basis should include the following steps:

Set Target on Priority Problems

All significant problems in watershed should be identified and addressed, not just the problems that are familiar or easily solved. Monitoring provides critical data for this effort. The priority problems those which may pose health or ecological risks in a river basin such as: Industrial wastewater discharges; sewage wastewater; stormwater; nonpoint source runoff or seepage; atmospheric deposition; habitat alteration; wetlands loss; hydrologic modification etc. 0 Involve Relevant Parties

The relevant parties may include: State environmental, public health, agricultural, and resource agencies; local authorities; Federal agencies; public representatives; wildlife and conservation organization; industry sector representatives; water supplies; academic community. Working as a task force, the relevant parties may reach agreement on goals and approaches for addressing a river basin's problems, the specific actions to be taken, and how they will be coordinated and evaluated.

Establish Integrated Solutions

Selected tools are to be applied to solving the river basin's problems, according to the plans and roles established through relevant participating parties agreement. Coordinated action may be taken in such area as:

Voluntary source reduction (e.g., waste minimization, BMPs); permit issuance and enforcement; standard setting; direct financing and incentives; education and technical assistance; critical area protection; ecological restoration; remediation of contaminated soil; emergency responses to leaks or spills; effectiveness monitoring. Choose Indicator to Measure Success I The relevant parties should agree early in the project on ecological and administrative indicators that will demonstrate progress. These measures are tracked throughout the project by water quality monitoring and other types of data gathering. I

8 I .

References

DOE-UM, 1986. Water Quality Criteria and Standards for Malaysia, Vol. 1 - 12. Department of Environment of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

I DOE-SMHB, 1989. Development of Criteria and Standards for water Quality (Phse II), Final Report. Department of Environment of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

I DOE-SMHB, 1993. Development of Criteria and Standards for water Quality (Phse III), Final Report. Department of Environment of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.

DOE-Joint Water Quality Consultancy Group, 1994. Classification of Malaysian Rivers, Vol. - 12. Department of Environment of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur.

Pantle, R. and Buck, H. 1955. Die Biologische Uberwachung der Gewasser and die Dartellung der Ergebnisse. Gas and Wasserfach 26, 604.

Shannon, C.E. and Weaver, W. 1949. The Mathetical Theory of Communication. The University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois. 117 pp.

US EPA, 1980 Water quality criteria documents; availability. Federal Register, 45:79318- 79379, November 28, 1980. US EPA, 1991. Guidance for Water Quality-Based Decisions: The TMDL Process. Washington, DC, USA.

US EPA, 1996. U.S. EPA NPDES Permit Writers' Manual. Washington, DC, USA.

J.L., 1970. Range of diversity index in benthic macro-invertebrate population. J. Water Pollution Control Federation, 42, R221-R224.

9 FIGURE 1 RIVER CLASIFICATION AND WATER QULAITY MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK

RIVER SEGMENT I

Class Use Designation

COMPONENT I: Set Wa er Quality River Water Quality Standards (WQS) Classification Criteria

IMonitoring and Assessment

Can achievable water quality meet WQS

COMPONENT H: yes EFFLUENT — LIMITED Effluent Limited RIVER/SEGMENT River Control no 'V WATER QUALITY Issue technology-based LIMITED effluent discharge RIVER/SEGMENT permits

Revise or rea km WQS

COMPONENT Waste load distribution Water Quality- assessment Limited River Control Feasible nonpoint source controls

V Socio-economic analysis

Set control priorities

Issue water quality-based effluent discharge permits J

Implement nonpoint source controls 10 FIGURE 2 Major Steps Involved in Developing and Issuing an Individual NPDES Permit

Receive Application I

Review Application for completeness and accuracy. Request additional information as necessary

Using application information and other data sources, develop technology-based effluent limits Compare between water quality-based effluent limits and technology-based effluent limits for each pollutant and choose Using application information and more stringent of the two other data sources, develop water quality-based effluent limitations

Develop monitoring requirements for each pollutant

Develop special conditions

Develop standard conditions

Consider variances and other applicable regulations

Prepare tact sheet and supporting documentation

Complete the review and issuance process

Issue the final permit

Implement Permit Requirements I I "MONITORING PROGRAM-ESSENTIAL PREREQUISITE FOR EFFECTIVE OVERALL RIVER MANAGEMENT"

By: Prof. Ir. Dr. Abdul Aziz Ibrahim Director General, National Hydraulic Research Institute, Malaysia (NAHRIM) Jalan Ampang, Kuala Lumpur

1.0 SYNOPSIS

This paper presents the major elements of the synthesis of the working plan of pilot Environmental Monitoring Programs (EMP) initiated at several sites in the country. It begins by identifying the major components and drivers of developments within the river or drainage basin. It then outlines the important implications of these developments on natural resources (i.e water) in terms of impacts in three key areas: water quality, physical deterioration, and sustainability of the hydrological and ecological ecosystems. The monitoring program is discussed in details covering goals, scopes, organisation, legislations and guidelines, issues, and implementation methodologies and technologies. Generally, the paper discusses EMP in the context of subject matters covering the disciplines of hydrology, sedimentology, geomorphology, ecology, terrestrial and aquatic ecosystem modelling and GIS at local and regional perspectives.

2.0 INTRODUCTION

Water is a key element of nature and life and river and stream are the natural water courses. Mankind could not exist without water intakes, and all biological and industrial processes depend on water. Water via rivers also sustain a multitude of uses for mankind conveniences: flood conveyance, navigation and transport, pollution dispersion and recreation. Water also possess a natural power that shapes our planet by influencing the hydrologicle cycle and the associated physio- geomorphology processes, with large regional and seasonal diversity and with floods and draughts, causing frequent natural disasters worldwide.

Malaysia's population growth and distribution show marked tendency towards nucleaus concentration in urban areas and as a result the need for water grows more than proportionally. With the predictions that more towns and cities are increasing in extent and size more complex urban water needs are foreseen with consequential breaching of the limits of water availability. In year 2000, the demand for water will reach 15 billions cubic metre (Ref: 2).

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac. 98 In the effort to meet the increasing demands for water, the government has implemented several water schemes and gradually these schemes graduated from local to regional scale as the need arises for transferring water resource from water- rich states to water-starve states. This result in cases where separation of water supply and water use take place in two different regions and even states (e.g. Penang and Kedah) with consequential provision of long distance and costly conveyance scheme. As a result, water resource (i.e. water) in Malaysia is now traded as a commodity. It is not surprising therefore that water privatisation projects are on the increase in this country.

In order to operate a successful water supply business, the company need to "own" and manage the source - the rivers. The reality only dawn on the operator only lately when attention was focused on the worse water crisis in Selangor mainly due to bad condition of one of its major water supply arteries - Sg. Langat. Indescriminate polluting of the river (e.g. the discharge of domestic and untreated sewage into the water course), lack of enforcement, the absence of concerted effort in R&D and monitoring program, and lack of vision on the part of parties entrusted to manage the resource are factors responsible for the incidence in addition to problems generated by several riverine settlements, a host of factories, agricultural projects, construction sites, and animal farms located along the river. The pollution level in this river was a major cause for concern as it is an important source of water supply for Kiang Valley.

All these factors can be lumped into or attributed to one category of organisational function - management, to be more specific river/resource management. Environmental issues are closely linked to water supply development and the core issue in river management. Ideally, the stretches along the river intended for development shall have management plans which define all developments and objectives. The four main management plans that must be considered are: resources tagging, resources management and protection, types of development/land use, research and monitoring, and administration or management. Presently, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) order is a holistic approach in identifying potential problems and their impacts and used extensively to regulate development project and provide guidelines on control and abatement measures. Assessing EIAs on a project by project basis has been proven not providing a complete picture on which well informed decisions can be made and in most cases lacking emphasis on long-term preventive measures such as comprehensive basin or catchment management and environmental monitoring. These proactive measures which take a macro and long-term perspective of development along the river are practically neglected and rarely appreciated.

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 Eventhough have been designed and proposed, working plans on intensive resource management and subsequential research and monitoring still remain in its initial stage of implementation. It is projected that with the combination of a proper management and monitoring plan and the strict enforcement of existing legislations empowered to several agencies and local authorities, there shall be no reason why our rivers and its catchment areas should remain polluted when we have so much legal authority to punish offenders and technical, manpower, and financial means to implement various relevant plans.

On this score, this paper is written with the principal goal of providing advice on scientific and technical opportunities in the realm of river/drainage basin environmental monitoring program that could be pursued through an inter- agencies, across-state boundaries collaboration.

3.0 ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PROGRAM - OBJECTIVES AND SCOPES

The products of this program will yield many potential benefits, from the more academic (river sediment load, erosive potential, the role of river flow on flooding phenomena) to the applied (assessing broad-scale features of water pollution and drinking water supplies; predicting associated changes in riverine fisheries, predicting changes in volumetric potential as a consequence of regional change due to development along the river stretches). An enhanced R & D effort, database enrichment and monitoring capability are seen as crucial as rapid increases in human population, urbanisation, land cover change, and pollution loading within the river catchment and downstream areas, all represent real critical threats to the sustainability of the country freshwater as well as estuarine zone systems. These problems and the intended program are likely to continue well into the next millenium.

Accepting this impending reality, the principal goal of the monitoring program shall realises several other supporting objectives, namely the identification of key scientific issues and opportunities, the design of strategy for projecting future behaviour of the area (i.e. drainage basin),the setting up of database and archive, and the promotion of collaborative, integrated inter-agencies and inter-states approach of management of the drainage basin.

3.1 Objectives as Stipulated by Laws

The Environmental Quality Act requires that the triple goals of prevention,

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 abatement, and regulation of environmental impacts be achieved for all development projects within the river/drainage basin through periodic, systematic, documented, and objective evaluation. These need to be implemented via pre- project Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) monitoring. In this regard, the EIA is conceived as a planning tool for selecting project options, identifying appropriate abatement and mitigation measures, assessing residual impacts, and determining environmental costs and benefits associated with the proposed development within the drainage basin. A comprehensive and coherent Environmental Management Plan (EMP) shall be used as a tool to ensure all pertinent issues and associated environmental impacts are adequately addressed and monitored throughout the various phases of project or projects implementation (construction and post- construction operations) within the basin. Towards this end, various environmental monitoring programs are built in into the EMP, aimed at ascertaining the effectiveness of the proposed mitigation measures and at monitoring the temporal and spatial changes in the physical, chemical, biological and social environments.

Realizing the fact that the environment (or ecosystem) of the drainage/river basin is highly dynamic, it is to be borne in mind that the proposed EMP will not be a static one. The program will be designed to allow a great deal of flexibility for accomodation of potential changes. It will gradually evolve through periodic review and alteration to accomodate the changing demands of the environment as the project/development cycle unfolds.

As outlined in several relevant guidelines (and legislations) published by the Department of Environment (DOE), the responsibilities and actions required of the project proponent, his project manager or implementing body are:-

Allocating institutional/administrative responsibilities for planning and management of environmental requirements. The results of the EIA are to be applied to shape the project/development and influence the implementation elements, stages and direction;

Allocating responsibility to execute mitigative action to the project manager and/or the contractor responsible for the development implementation; c) Implementing planned program of monitoring to check the effectiveness of various mitigating plans, and to modify or implement additional plans/measures, to improve, correct or overcome the identified impact in question;

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 Appointing relevant research organisation, experts or consultants to assist the project proponent if in-house capability is not available;

Ensuring that identified, recommended mitigation measures are incorporated in the implementation plans (e.g design) and contract documents;

0 Allocating an adequate budget for the implementation of the EMP; and

j) Actively promoting and practising habitat and species conservation.

Thus, the issue of water sustainability of the country hopelly can be addressed and pursued through an inter-program element collaboration as stipulated by EMP. A vested interest by water concession holder or State Government could be realized by articulating the connection between well-designed sediment survey, for example, will help prevent the uselessness of a dam structure jeopardized by land 1 degradation in the upper catchments, and provide a catalyst for improving land management practices in the surrounding areas of river/drainage basin.

3.2 Scopes of the Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP)

Developments within the river/drainage basin in this country have frequently led to human disturbance of the water cycle which affecting both water flows and the 1 transport and evolution of sediments, carbon, and nutrients in aquatic ecosystems. This in turn has led to significant, unreversable physical changes to the river system itself and the transport of constituents from the upper reaches to the estuarine areas with poorly known impacts on regional bio-geochemistry. Despite its enormous importance to human survival, the mechanism linking between the upper landmass, river systems, and the estuarine/coastal environment is less understood. The specific manner in which human has modified these mechanisms requires further study and shall be an important element of the EMP. The EMP shall address the full dimension of anthropogenic change relating to water on several aspects: potential physical interactions between flow-soil-structures, expanding management and conversion of landscapes, and an ubiquitous alteration of the hydrologic/water cycle for activities such as irrigation, flood control, 1 hydroelectric power production, industrial withdrawal, and waste processing.

The issue of physical hydrologic and ecological ecosystems change (e.g sediment transport, water flow, etc) is therefore of direct relevance to the broader question of contemporary regional change, with obvious policy implications. Anthropogenic effects such as impending climate change (e.g. due to El Nino 1 Worksyop Pengurusan.Sungal Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 effect resulting in prolonged dry spell), drainage regulation, degradation in water quality and catchment area and increased land and river erosions will collectively influence the long-term functionality and sustainability of inland and estuarine ecosystems to supply drinking water, support fisheries, regulate floods and transport and process wastes. The reality that a large proportion of the country's population resides within the river basins (e.g Kiang Valley, Kuantan, Alor Setar, Kuala Terengganu, Johor Bahru and others) makes the issue of land-river-estuarine zone linkages important and relevant to future well-being of the country. A well designed, well-executed, and well-managed EMP directed at predicting the direction, magnitude and impact of human activities within the river/drainage basin (e.g in Selangor) could provide, in a long-term an important indicator or early- warning mechanism for an effective management of our rivers.

4.0 THE EMP FOR RIVER MONITORING

The EMP for river will span a science that is broad, interdisciplinary, and complex. Interconnections exist among the more traditional realms of terrestrial ecosystem analysis, hydrology, climatology, geomorphology, land management, river hydraulics, and sedimentology. Additionally, due consideration must be given to a wide spectrum of anthropogenic impacts including those associated with poor land use planning and massive land cover change (already happening in massive scale in the State of Selangor and Negeri Sembilan), and the still poorly quantified effects due to poor management of natural resources within the river basin. These represent issues and the scope of the EMP pertinent to relevant activities derived from these issues is given and illustrated in Figure 1.0.

Figure 1.0 which basically provides a conceptual framework for the preparation or design of an EMP identifies three environment elements (constituents, domain, and classification scheme) and four primary elements of EMP (class of tools, objectives, specific tools,. and institutional issues).

This working plan framework is in line with the primary elements of the acceptable EMP (Reference 1), which are:-

an organisational setup tasked with clear responsibilities in ensuring that the practices, procedures, processes and resources are either available or in- place to implement, maintain and sustain effectively the system of rigorous and systematic environmental management;

legislative provisions/administrative guidelines for compliance; iii) environmental monitoring and measurement of selected representative

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 a SI =I MIN MS MO Ile IND fin Ma MI Mir I= INN OM Ma OM al as Figure 1.0 : Conceptual Framework

CLASSIFICATION CLASS OF CONSTITUENTS DOMAIN SCHEME MODEL NOTE:

Water Basin River Behaviour Empirical Constituents - Primary parameters

Domain - boundary of concern Sediment River Basin Process Stretch Parameters Based Classification - Classification of investigated phenomena Recipient Carbon Plus Case Class of model - Monitoring Techniques Nutrients Studies Estuarine System

CONTRIBUTION TO SUPPORTING INSTITUTIONAL EXISTING DATABASE DATA SET ISSUES

Inventory Fluxei Coordination`" EMPI Experimental Data with Core Projects

Identify Controls on Monitoring Programs Interaction with I Fluxes I VarioUs Agendies Identify Feedbacks GIS-based / Biophysical on Biogeochemical Cycles I

Identify Feedbacks on Remote Sensing Antropogenic I

parameters relevant to addressing, among others, water quality, river I morphology, river hydraulics, anthropogenic issues and impacts, and

iv) reporting sequence and action plans in response to unexpected incidences of abnormal behaviour/manifestation in the course of the project development.

Each of the above salient elements of the proposed EMP framework is discussed sequentially in the following sections.

4.1 Organisational Structure

While the Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP) is to be implemented by the successful contractor of the development work in accordance with the provisions of work in accordance with the provisions of ISO 14001 (1996): Environmental Management System, its planning and overall supervision is entrusted to the Corporate Environmental Management System (EMS) within the organisation of the Project Proponent. The interface between the implementing and oversight parties in the bipartite arrangement shall through the EMS representative, who is normally the Project Director, and the Environmental Management Representative (EMR) in the employ of the contractor. A typical setup and interaction of such a structure is depicted clearly in Figure 2.0.

Apart from working full-time and having technical competence in environmental science with a minimum qualification at the diploma level, ideally the EMR shall be vested with the following authorities or powers:-

liaising with the relevant government agencies and the EMS representative on matters associated with the environment and implementation and performance of the EMP, respectively. 1 planning and coordinating environmental training and awareness programs to all site staff to be conducted by an environmental scientist registered with 1 the Department of Environment (DOE), Malaysia;

identifying, recording, controlling, and initiating and verifying implementation of preventive/corrective actions to address incidences of environmental problems and non-conformance of the EMP. I

The EMP document must be submitted to the DOE within one (1) month and be certified within six (6) months from the date of award. In addition, the contractor

Worksvop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 I Project I Proponent Contractor I Board of Directors IBoard of Directors I IGeneral M ager Report Environmental Management 1 Project Director Representative I (EMS Representative) (EMR) I Project Managers/ 1 , Environmental Supervisors Specialists Train 1 Train ISite Staff I

Figure 2.0: Organisational Setup and Interaction of Environmental Management System is required to provide the details of the procedure for Environmental Audit and to adhere to submission requirements.

4.2 Legislative Provisions/Administrative Guidelines (Reference 1)

In implementing the proposed EMP, the contractor shall comply with the relevant Federal and State Laws, Regulations and Guidelines (Table 1.0), environmental regulations enacted pursuant to the Environmental Quality Act, 1974 and its amendments (Table 2.0),and special considerations that constitute a set of best management practices pertinent to the type of development work undertaken. In addition, the contractor shall adhere to the Terms of Conditions of Approval issued by DOE on the proposed development work or works. The entries in the above tables are not meant to be exhaustive and the contractor shall be responsible for ensuring that all applicable laws, regulations and guidelines are complied with.

4.3 Environmental Monitoring, Measurement and Reporting

The various environmental monitoring programs that are aimed at effective implementation of the mitigation measures and timely management of crises depend on the potential issues/impacts arising from the proposed development within the drainage/river basin. Table 3.0 indicates potential impacts/issues that may arise and the spatial coverage of the monitoring effort and temporal requirements for record and reporting purposes are also listed therein.

Table 3.0 shows that the programs require interdisciplinary framework for the conduct of environmental inventoring, measuring and reporting exercises. The programs require the identification and agreement on research priorities, the development of standardized research, inventory, measurement, and reporting methodologies, the coordination of inter-groups/inter-agencies field campaigns and research efforts, and the exchange of data and results.

The requirements of the EMP for river basin can be generalised as follows:- a) Establishment of key scientific issues and opportunities

our current understanding of the hydrological and ecological processes and changes within the drainage/river basin due to human disturbances is derived essentially from brief case studies on individual river systems. Inventories of riverine ecosystems, if there is any, have been based on this information. Much more need to be done to develop techniques to extend our understanding to

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 estuarine, upper reaches, and catchment scales using state-of-the art tools for monitoring and modelling projected changes. The first step in this process is the identification of a set of key, answerable scientific questions that can be addressed with the EMP context and in a short-term (says 3 - 5 years) time frame Questions such as what are the physical, chemical, and biological controls (including natural and anthropogenic), on the fluxes of water, sediment, etc in the basin cascade; what are the feedbacks of changes in river basin on human society and on biogeochemical cycles; what are the quantities of sediment of the riverborne fluxes as a result of physical changes due to development? are important.

Development of strategy for establishing drainage basin simulation

this stage will address or provide the organisational capability of predicting the physical and biological scenarios within the basin in the with development and the without-development conditions. At this stage, several numerical models shall be identified capable of simulating drainage basin water dynamics in the context of the sediment transport and processing of waterborne materials from the catchment upper reaches to the estuarine area at localised and basin scales. The models shall be also able to simulate the various conditions within the basin at different time frames (for e.g. in the next 5, 10, 30 or 50 years).

The use of numerical hydrologic and ecological models as a predictive tool in environmental monitoring and impact assessment is now favoured by the Depaitment of Environment (DOE) due to their predictive capability.

Establishment of the data requirements to support model calibration, testing, and validation

the types of ecological and hydrological characteristics which can most likely serve as reliable indicators of change will provide important benchmarks in our understanding of phenomena happening within the domain of the drainage or river basin. The proposed models, which preferably shall embody spatial and temporal variability, need data of a dynamic perspective (e.g water levels, and fluxes). It is then advocated a two-phased approach for developing comprehensive database of fluxes over both space and time The first phase should be devoted to database development which will provide necessary inputs for creating a basic models. Assembling, assessing, and improving the existing data on various parameters will contribute to a better quantification of various riverine phenomena from a purely empirical standpoint. The second stage should involve model setup, calibrating, and validating scaled models that can be applied with geometric or

Worksyop Pengurusan ,Sungat Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 geographic-specificity and capable of simulating and predicting present and future behaviour of various flow phenomena within the drainage/basin area.

Model setup requires initial input of data on boundary conditions - the river/basin bottom bathymetry, river water levels and fluxes , at all the external and internal model boundaries as well as initial conditions at the beginning of model runs. Once the model setup is completed, the model performance needs to be validated against measured field data (e g bottom roughness due to sediment size and vegetation type, and eddy viscosity which represents the extent of turbulence exchange in the flow). The comparison is usually based on river/basin water level fluctuation and current flow characteristics (speed and direction). Once the phenomena reproduction is adjudged to be reasonable, the model is next verified against another set of independent measured field data d) Promotion of integrated localized to trans-boundary assessment

an eventual goal is to initiate an appropriate set of trans-boundary and larger scale assessments of the role of drainage and river basin in the context of a physical change due to development. The promotion of such studies will call for a rapport coordination between agencies and states. Such activities will involve field experiments, monitoring, and modelling crossing several states boundary.

5.0 RIVER/DRAINAGE BASIN EMP - THE CONSTRAINTS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVEMENT

5.1 Issues and Constraints

Some general findings emerge from the initial initiatives on EMP ever conducted in the country. The first issue is on data status. In terms of the spatial coverage, frequency, and duration of monitoring, it is easily seen that data on hydrological and ecological attributes currently available in the country is patchy at best, and generally associated with the level of development taking place within the particular drainage/river basin. The acceptable level of data sufficiency are thus available for highly-developed area e.g Klang Valley. Even then these areas show an intermediate level of data availability, while less-developed areas are most poorly monitored. Even in monitored areas, a coherent time series for certain types of ecosystem attribute is available for only the last few years, constraining our ability to setup and run various comprehensive river models. Data quality is yet another constraint limiting the usability of available water characteristics data. Standardized protocols, both in terms of sampling frequency, spatial distribution

Worksyop Pengurusan. Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 • . a of sampling stations, and various analyses are still needed to ensure the inventory of useful data. It must be borne in mind that, the understanding of riverine phenomena or fluxes is the core issue of EMP, and this depend on existing data resources. It is therefore necessary to inventory, document, and make available such data sets, to identify gaps in our knowledge, and where necessary, to collect additional data as main parts or activities of the EMP.

Table 1.0: Existing Laws, Regulation and Guidelines

No. List of Federal and State Laws, Regulations and Guidelines Merchant Shipping Ordinance, 1952 National Land Code, 1965 . Road Traffic Ordinance, 1958 Land Conservation Act, 1960 Drainage Works Ordinance, 1953 (Revised 1972) Continental Shelf Act, 1966 Factories and machinery Act,1967 Factories and Machinery (Safety, Health and Welfare) Regulation Protection of Wildlife Act, 1972 Petroleum Development Act, 1974 Environmental Quality Act, 1974 Pesticide Act, 1974 Street, Drainage and Building Act, 1974 Local Government Act 1976 Antiquities Act, 1976 Town and Country Planning Act, 1976 and its Amendment, 1995 National Forestry Act, 1984 National Parks Act, 1985 Fisheries Act, 1985 Exclusive Economic Zone Act, 1984 Building Operations and Works of Engineering Construction Safety Regulations, 1986 Occupational Safety and Health Act,1994 Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act,1994 DID Guidelines on Erosion Control for Development Projects in the Coastal Zone 1997.

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 Table 2.0 : Existing Environmental Regulations

No. List of Environmental Regulations I. Environmental Quality Act, 1974 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) Order 1977 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises)(Crude Palm Oil) Order 1977: Amendment (1982) Environmental Quality (Licensing) Regulations 1977 -.. Motor Vehicle (Control of Smoke and Gas Emissions) Rules 1977 (made under the Road Traffic Ordinance, 1958) Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural Rubber) (Amendments) Order 1978 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Raw Natural Rubber) Regulation 1978: Amendment 1980 Environmental Quality (Clean Air) Regulations 1978 Environmental Quality (Compounding of Offences) Regulations 1979 Environmental Quality (Sewage and Industrial Effluents) Regulations 1979 Environmental Quality (Control of Lead Concentration in Motor gasoline) Regulations 1985 Environmental Quality (Motor Vehicle Noise) Regulations 1987 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities) (Environmental Impact Assessment) Order 1987 Environmental Quality (Scheduled Wastes) Regulations 1989 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities) Order 1989 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Scheduled Waste Treatment and Disposal Facilities) Regulations 1989 Environmental Quality (Prohibition on the Use of Propellants and Blowing Agent) Order 1993 Environmental Quality (Delegation of Powers on Marine Pollution Control) Environmental Quality (Prohibition on the Use of Controlled Substance in Soap, Synthetic Detergent and Other Agents) Order 1995 Environmental Quality (Amendment) Act 1996 Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Diesel Engines) Regulations, 1996 Environmental Quality (Control of Emission from Petrol Engines) Regulations, 1996 24. Ambient Air and Water Quality Standards

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 MN EMI • • • 1111113 IS MI INN SIM Mt\ MI We IMO • WO IS el Table 3.0: Environmental Monitoring Programme

Item Key Issues Parameters Frequency Location Method of Analysis 1 Water quality pH, DO, BOD, TSS, Oil & Grease, NH, Daily for TSS and At dredging and In-situ measurement /turbidity regime -N, heavy metals, E Coli biweekly for all dumping/filling sites during instruments and others during construction and after Standard Methods of maintenance construction analysis dredging and biannually during post-dredging 2 Coastal and bank survey of cross-shore and cross-bank Once every three The entire project bank and Height change and erosion/accretion and profile month shoreline at 500 in transects volumetric shoreline change Thank and less (for small river) computation erosion 3 Ecology Mangrove stability; height and spatial Once every two Existing mangrove areas Visual Mangroves extent of pneumatophores; growth and months survival rates of seedlings; sediment level; mangrove monitoring methods (Snedaker & Snedaker, 1984)

Corals and river Areal coverage of different growth forms Once every two Existing coral and Visual bed vegetation of hard corals,determined via transect and months vegetation areas quadrant techniques; observed frequency of bleached hard corals; growth rate of soft local and transplanted hard coral colonies; recolonization rates.

Fisheries Fish catch/landing quantities Quarterly Various landing jetties and Analytical fishing area

Aquaculture Quantity and quality of yield Monthly Culture farms/ponds Analytical

Workshop Pengunisan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 Table 3.0: Environmental Monitoring Programme

Item Key Issues Parameters Frequency Location Method of Analysis 4 Flooding Flooding level and extent As needed Flooding areas Spatial analysis 5 Noise Noise level Daily Construction sites Analytical 6 Air Quality (dust) Concentration Daily Construction sites Analytical 7 Social/Health Patient visits/Complaint monitoring Weekly Local clinics/ Headmen's Statistical office Workers' health Half-yearly Construction sites Medical Examination

8 Channel and Survey of channel section Quarterly Separating channels Analysis rivermouth between islands and main Sedimentation coast, and between islands 9 Solid Wastes Quantity and location weekly Construction sites Visual 10 Scheduled Wastes Quantity and location Quarterly Construction sites Visual 11 Coastal and river Stability of structures As needed Perimeter of river bank land Visual bank protection 12 Water quantity Rainfall and evaporation distribution in Manual (daily) and Within the catchment and Analytical and time and space. Discharge time series. automatic gauges hydrological network statistical (such as low (from minutes to density as required flow frequency hours and days) distribution)

13 Change in basin Altitude, vegetation cover Quarterly Whole basin Aerial and satellite topography monitoring

Workshop Pengurusan Sungaz Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98

MI MN 0 0 a 10I a a MS MEM MS SI a OS • There are, then, several necessary upgrades required of the basic monitoring system and methodology for flow and river borne fluxes (sediments, pollutants, etc) at the river/drainage basin scale. In this context, it is proposed that a map of existing data sets, their associated river/drainage basin attributes, periods of record, rates of urbanisation and industrial growth shall first set up to provide valuable baseline data upon which to establish informed proposals for the upgrading of environmental monitoring networks.

The second issue is on modelling activities. The main goal of modelling exercises is to achieve an optimum understanding of various physical flow phenomena in the context of the rates, timing, and controls on riverine transport of sediment, organic matters and other particulates, flooding behaviour, flow reaction to domain change (e.g due to development) and water body eutrophication over space and time Thus, modelling capability is a prerequisite for EMP in order to enable assessing changes in the dynamic properties of river systems in the context of localized and global change within the basin. Modelling exercises all seek to achieve an eventual integration of drainage catchment or basin models with coastal hydrodynamic models, hydrologic on-line predictive models and biological models. The capability in this context is currently limited and therefore the desired linkages are not available yet. Currently, the existing model generally used to evaluate the potential changes to the river hydrodynamic and sedimentary developments within the modelling domain (i.e basin). This stage normally involves the comparison of with and without-project scenarios based on the location and planform geometry of the river reaches and basin. The physical impacts predicted from the modelling works are then interfaced with the socio-economic, fisheries, and ecological specialists, among others in order to translate the physical impacts into biological and physiological impacts expected to be sustained by drainage/river basin community and ecosystems. Down the line of the assessment chain, empirical relationships and qualitative interpretations are still relied upon.

5.2 The Challenges and Recommendations

Natural processes and socio-economic responses within the drainage/river basin change very rapidly in this country over short time frame. Within this region, ecosystems often show differential, highly non-linear responses to changes in environmental parameters Many ecological and hydrological studies within the basin to date focused on single sites or single, small catchments, respectively. Hence, the extrapolation of information/data gathered from existing site-orientated data gathering exercises often is not appropriate. Therefore, it is an urgent need to study and monitor hydrological and ecological processes and their interaction with

Worksyop Pengurusan.Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 I

* Organise follow-up meetings or workshops to better articulate the issue of feedbacks on human settlement brought about by changes in the drainage/river hydrological and ecological systems. e) Establish Supporting Grant for Drainage/River basin EMP

EMP could not be effectively implemented unless a sound scientific approach is adopted with a multidisciplinary research and inter-agency participation. This can only be achieved with the continuos financial support from the government (state and federal level), grant from research council (e.g IRPA under MOSTE), private water companies, and I international research funding bodies like International Hydrological Program (IHP). The viability and sustainability of such EMP will heavily dependent on the implementing agency to avail funds and sponsors. In this 1 context, one-stop R&D agency such as NAHRIM, shall be trusted with a responsibility to raise, manage and utilize such fund in a more transparent 1 and legitimate manner since it is a government owned R&D institute. NAHRIM shall then will gradually build up its capacity (manpower, infrastructures) in order to convince prospective sponsors (private and government) to pool their resources and have trust in NAHRIM to carry out R&D needs of the EMP as well as the real coordination of the 1 implementation of cooperative and collaborative activities of any EMP.

6.0 CONCLUSIONS

The previous Third, Fifth and Sixth Malaysia Plans (MP) have advocated the need to strike a balance between physical development and the protection of the environment. Under the 7MP the word "sustainable development" is mentioned eventhough it is not explicitly defined. Nonetheless, we know that it simply means the encouragement of developments but at the same time safeguarding the needs of our future generations for the existing unspoiled or at least safe, acceptable conditions of the environment of our for example, drainage/river basin and its natural resources (e.g drinking water). These development activities will definitely catalyze the destruction of these resources, if left unchecked and unguided. No doubt, increasing case of multiple-use conflicts have surfaced with rapid developments; industrial and commercial activities versus recreation and tourism; 1 fisheries versus riverfront and nearshore developments, waste disposals and catchment area development against water supply sufficiency and quality. This 1 means to imply that the past and current activities taking place within the river basin in the country are not always compatible. This is because the renewable river 1 Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 1 1 not implementing EMP now may therefore not be felt tomorrow, but when these consequences do occur (e.g water shortages in Klang Valley) they could be serious and very difficult and complex, costly to address.

Considering the recent developments on the country's state of natural resources (e.g water) and its implication on socio-economic systems especially in Klang Valley, it can be concluded that the drainage/river basin hydrological and ecological processes are at risk and need special attention, in particular our low response capability to crisis. Intensified, collaborative and coordinated research, built-in to an EMP, is required, which can be fostered best through a state and national level program The eventual goal is the EMP will produce a spatial and temporal account of any development and its impacts within the drainage basin domain covering both research needs and policy-related issues which need to be consolidated in line with the overall basin management objectives. The former is more stressed so that more important baseline data can be gathered and databank can be improved and enlarged. Besides providing information on critical hydrological and ecological processes and its responses to human activities, such data are crucial for verification and improvement of many existing predictive models. With better predictive capability policies, laws, and guidelines can be better legislated to address critical issues such as the future capacity of the riverine system to provide sufficient, clean supply of water, habitat, food chains, public health, trans-boundary transportation, and protection of water. This poses dramatic new challenges to hydraulic engineering and to Malaysia as a whole.

7.0 REFERENCES

NAHRIM et alia (1997) "Macro Environmental Impact Assessment for Kedah Coastal Reclamation - Final Report, October.

Ibrahim, A.A (1998) "Water Engineering in Beyond Year 2000 Malaysia - Issues, Researches and Policy and Technological Development" Keynote Paper delivered at 10th Congress Asia pacific Division - IAHR, August, Langkawi.

UNESCO (1997) "Local Scale Hydrological Processes in Islands, Highlands and Urban Areas in Malaysia - Needs for Future Direction" Workshop Report, November, Kuala Lumpur.

Ibrahim, A.A (1996)"Malaysia's Coastal Zone Development and Related Issues" Cabinet Paper submitted to Hons. Minister, Ministry of Agriculture, Malaysia. I tmonitarl 2398

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 resources (e.g water, fisheries, etc) are directly dependent on the maintenance of the pristine state of the existing surrounding environment. It is no doubt that water is a key element of nature and life and the uses of river interfere directly with the natural systems. Hydraulic structures and water supply schemes constructed in the effort to protect human settlement and match the water needs of society with the availability of water available in its natural form necessarily cause conflicts, and imply changes in space and time distribution and also in water quality.

Arising from the above concerns therefore, there is an urgent need to find formula for sound management of the increasing riverfront/basin development projects and resources harvestings (for water supply for example). One such formula is the Environmental Monitoring Program (EMP), a truly multi sectoral program incorporating a non-policy matter inputs (analyses, modelling, data gathering, capacity building, and R&D efforts) from all relevant sectors. EMP can be considered as a follow-up or preventive action plan to ensure that the future second generation policies and acts produce better results. As it name implies EMP is a monitoring program with increasing focus on R&D hi most EMP implementation framework R&D works becoming common and gradually form a powerful tool to support the work of various relevant agencies since many good ideas for solution can be obtained through committed R&D activities.

However, since R&D is relatively new in Malaysia and requires skillful, highly competence manpower, heavy equipments and capital investment, and conducive environment, it is therefore wise at this stage of EMP implementation in this country, to focus immediately on researches that are critical to planning and management of water resources and understanding better the impacts of induced changes due to human activities within the river basin on hydrological and ecological processes. Concentration of these efforts in a collective manner or within a dedicated organisation like NAHUM is strongly recommended.

Impacts could not be effectively assessed unless an integrated, continuous and sound scientific approach is adopted together with a multidisciplinary, collaborative research. This definitely will eventually prevent duplication of roles and investment, and the available fund can hence be optimally utilised. And the implementation of the EMP must be earnestly enforced now even with our current shallow understanding in responding to potential changes in the basin ecosystems. The typical Malaysian way of "take action later" or "take action only when crisis occur" when confronted with crisis shall not apply to water-related problem. This is because the natural processes involved in any water crisis have a lag times of several years on even decades, e.g the El Nino phenomena. The consequences of

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 Table 4.0: Key databases proposed for EMP for river basin management

No. Attribute Scale

Watershed boundaries and river networks 0.5 deg. Digital bathymetry and topography 5-10 min llcm 3. Surface attributes * potential vegetation 0.5 deg * land cover 1 deg., 10-30 min., llun * soils 2 min. 4. Geology 1:25, 1:10, 1:30 maps Population distribution .- * habitat, building 5 min. * Illegal settlements point data Climate * temperature variable * rainfall variable * winds point data Runoff Grid, station data Large Lake/Reservoirs point data/individual sites Sewage outfalls individual sites/point data Water engineering works * major diversion, dams individual sites * irrigation system point data 11. Hydrogeographic attributes * Groundwater resources regional level * River density 1:100,000, 1:1,000,000 * Lake density 1:100,000, 1:1,000,000 * Wetland density and spatial 1 deg distribution

* Active and committed participation in the planning, execution, monitoring, and follow-up activities of the EMP.

* Cooperation and networking with international river monitoring program (e g. WMO's Global Runoff Data Center and UNESCO- IHP) to articulate the needs of the riverine modelling community or networks.

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 c) Support on-going river gauging and water quality surveys

Currently, the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) is maintaining networks of monitoring station recording river water level and discharge This activity should be fully supported and enhanced. The demise of any of these existing discharge, and in several stations, water quality, monitoring networks will confound efforts to model transport rates, not only for basin- scale assessments but for localized studies as well. The loss or non- maintenance of these valuable stations would result in substantial capacity building in the future Efforts to sustain existing networks and enhance them accordingly shall be fully supported and embodied into the planned EMP.

d) Enhance liaison activities among agencies/researchers/developers

We strongly recommend liaison activities on monitoring among segmented programs in areas of mutual interest and benefit. For example, the field work in response to crisis (e.g the discharge of excessive chlorine into Sg.Langat, NST Thursday,12 March, 1998) could be avoided through NAHRIM-led regional-scale monitoring to maximize the efficiency of data collection, facilitate attempt on fluvial transport modelling, and established an early crisis warning system.

In the context of these complementary activities several actions are recommended to be initiated to catalyse the interaction among various relevant agencies and parties having vested interest.

Identify and then assemble representatives from each organisations for brain storming sessions to plan, implement and monitor the set of near-term objectives for global monitoring program.

Convene workshop to further identify and consolidate allied or element activities with the EMP framework, develop a detailed time table for implementing the specific activities and tasks of monitoring, schedule additional focal group for a more focused planning, and eventually produce a EMP Working Plan.

Appoint a coordinating, central agency for the purpose of data reposition, reference, modelling activities, and management.

Develop protocols for data archiving and exchange information among participating organisations.

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 models to describe and test hypotheses about the above processes strictly under Malaysian climates and boundary conditions.

The above three challenges have been identified and considered prerequisites for setting up a comprehensive environmental monitoring program for river within the framework of this activity aimed at detecting the hydrological and ecological impacts on water resources within a particular drainage/river basin. It is now recommended that the following specific activities to be carried out, built-in into the EMP framework, to help achieve/overcome those challenges.

Develop or upgrade an integrated hydrological and ecological database

A standardized, geographically-referenced database on hydrological and ecological aspects and its supporting software tools should be developed (or the existing one improved and upgraded) and made easily retrievable and available to the research and interested parties. An archiving of such computerized database of information derived from several sources, should be maintained at a central repository such as NAHRIM. The database shall maintain a regional coverage but holding more highly resolved sectoral and case study data sets. The database ideally should contain data sets listed in Table 4.0 below. A GIS system of data inventoring permitting easy online acquisition and manipulation of data sets should be developed and used. Once this data system is available,more efforts should be channelled towards the checking of existing data for formatting consistency and accuracy. Addition of new data sets would be a natural outgrowth of the EMP activity.

Promote aggressive EMP initiative

Since relatively few coherent data sets are available for meaningful assessment of several water-related issues/phenomena, it is strongly recommended that EMP to be implemented for all development projects within drainage/river basin with emphasis on enhancement to database gathering and built-up efforts. Monitoring of areas within the basin which undergo rapid development will be particularly important in Malaysia over the coming years. Close collaboration between all agencies and parties involve in the development should be made mandatory to ensure that the emerging data set (as a result of the implementation of EMP) are of relevance to monitoring agency and policy maker. Extension of the EMP to major upstream tributaries will ensure additional inventories of data sets which will be very handy in extensive basin model development.

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 various development attributes along the drainage/river courses, with a particular emphasis on the influence of change in land surface characteristics. In particular, the foregoing discussion amply demonstrates the need, in this context, for a systematic collection and interpretation of data sets relevant to quantifying water and material flux from the basin's drainage systems, built-in into the EMP. Specifically in this context, we are facing a three-fold challenges:-

the conduct of monitoring and limited field experiments to study in-situ the various ecological and hydrological phenomena taking place within the EMP domain/boundary. This exercise will provide answers to questions such as: how does ecosystems change with development; does the ecosystems attributes (e.g water quality) decrease as development increases? How does this affect its function as a source of drinking water? What is the effect of adding or removing certain functional vegetation on erodibility of the river bank? This experiment ( and it can be in real form of development activities e.g river training and impoundment work) on ecological and hydrological manipulations need to be followed up by an extensive monitoring program of the affected hydrological parameters and variables to understand the interactions and facilitate the extrapolation of the results.

Linking the gained knowledges from activity 1, towards a more integrated impact assessment to larger spatial scales, specifically basin or catchment scale. Traditionally, bio-scientists tend to focus on site-specific studies neglecting any spatial aspects, e.g lateral fluxes of water and sediments. Similarly, engineers tend to neglect vegetative cover diversity in their hydrological studies - vegetation properties are often assumed uniform and static when differentiated across the basin area. Hence, to achieve a thorough understanding the impacts of ecosystem and land use changes on hydrological (i.e water resources) and ecological processes within the basin area, the knowledge from both disciplines must be coupled, e.g., through modelling. This crucial understanding will go a long way towards answering pertinent questions like: how change in environmental characteristics and land use (due to development) along the river reaches, in headwater catchments and at the basin scale affect and/or control hydrological processes (e.g. evapotranspiration, infiltration and runoff, and eventually the supply of water), vegetative structure and other characteristics such as river bank erosion and slope stability.

3) The understanding of relevant mathematical models (existing) and the cultivation of indigenous technological capability in developing in-house

Worksyop Pengurusan Sungai Negeri Selangor, 29 - 31 Mac, 98 The Development of Sabah Water Resources Enactment Ir. Mg Chee Hing, * BE(NSW).MIEM,PEag,MIE(Aust),CPEng,MCIWENI,MICE,CEng.

ABSTRACT The development of a Sabah Water Resources Enactment (SWRE) is proposed in the Sabah Water Resources Master Plan 1994 which is a strategic study of the requirements for the sustainable development and management of water resources in Sabah. This legislation will introduce powers to investigate, determine, monitor and to police activities which have not )een covered under existing legislation such as The Sabah Land Ordinance (Cap.68) and The Sabah Forest Enactment (1968) which are not explicitly suitable for protection of the State water resources.

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1. In 1982, the Govern;nent of Malaysia engaged Japan International Cooperation Agency (JCA) to carry out 'THE NATIONAL WATER RESOURCES STUDY,, MALAYSIA' which covered the whole nation including the State of Sabah. In 1992, the State Government of Sabah upon the advise of the Depirtment of Irrigation and Drainage (DID) Sabah, recognized the need to follow up with the JICA study (1982) to specifically deal with the sustainable development and management of the State water resources. The Sabah Water Resources Master Plan study was initiated in 1992 and was completed in 1994, whereby various strategies to achieve the objectives of sustainable development and management of the State water resources had been proposed. The Master Plan was accepted by the State Government in 1995 and DID Sabah was entrusted with the responsibility of implementing the plan. To provide the legal basis for managing the State water resources, the follpwing recommendations as contained in the Master Plan have to be implemented : Establishment of a Water Resources Manager.

Development of a Water Resources Enactment iii) Development of Catchment Management Plans.

1.2. This paper will present and discuss the process and the purpose of the development of the Sabah Water Resources Enactment as well as some principal aspects of the ptoposed bill.

* Chief Engineer, Drainage & Irrigation Section, Department of Irrigation & Drainage., Sabah .7.

2. DEVELOPMENT APPROACH

2.1. The Sabah Water Resources Enactment (SWRE) aims to provide a new legal instrument to the State; of Sabah to enable it to protect its water resources based on the objectives ptrd recommendations identified in the Master Plan. Two other major natural resources of the State namely the Land and Forest are legislated and regulated under The Sabah Land Ordinance (Cap.68) and The Sabah Forest Enacrent (1968) respectively. The approach to develop the SWRE has to 'provide flexibility and adequate coordination of activities within Sabah such as and use, timber logging, and protection of bio- diversity which have significant bearings on the water resources in the State.

2.2. The development of the SWRE involves the followings:

The Initial Consultation. Sixteen (16) State and Federal agencies were initially consulted to obtain their views relating to constraints and issues relevant to water resources management in Sabahf

Project Steering Committee r A Steering Committee chaired by the State Attorney-General and consisting of 17 heads of department/agencies having a stake in water resources was set uj,,E to provide strategic direction and guidance to the Consultant as to Cite appropriate powers and mechanisms for the Enactment and also tb ensure that the Enactment will be in consonance with other legislation.'

Workshop A 2-day workshop Was held to deliberate in depth the issues identified during the initial consultation. This workshop was attended by top officials from the releivant state and federal departments/agencies. A total of 59 participants attended the workshop in which 17 issues were discussed

Project Working Group Two Senior Legal Officers from the State Attorney-General's Chamber and a few senior offic rtrs from the relevant departments and the Consultant team form a working group to embark on the preliminary drafting of the Enactment. Views and requirements of other departments/agencies obtained during the consultation and through the workshop are carefully addressed.

n

2 • • • -3-

Final Consultation A final visit was made to all relevant departments/agencies to consult and discuss the draft Enactment to gain agreement of all parties related to water resources management.

Review of Draft Bill The completed draft Bill was to be reviewed by the State Attorney's Chamber and translated into Bahasa Malaysia.

The Enactment

The State Legislature will enact the law in due course.

3. OBJECTIVES OF THE ENACTMENT 3.1. The purpose of theWater Resources Enactment is to provide for the continuing sustainability f water resources and the optimization of beneficial uses of water and water 'resources values to the community and the State of Sabah. The legislation would provide for the following objectives:

To enable the State Govemment of Sabah to manage the State water resources in a sustainable manner.

To define the water resources of Sabah and confirm the State Government's control and ownership of these (including wetlands and groundwater) To establish a Director of Water Resources with responsibility for managing water resources in harmony with the land use and forest.

To introduce a licensing system for all water activities in water bodies.

To establish a State Water Resources Council to advise the State Government on wader resources management and to form Integrated Catchment Committed at the District level for the same purpose.

To require the State Government to prepare Catchment Management Plans for rivers in the State..

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4. PRINCIPAL ASPECTS OF THE PROPOSED BILL

4.1. Director of Water Resources

One major provision of the Enactment is the establishment of a Director of Water Resources in the State. The functions of the Director shall be to:-

Manage the State's miter resources

Take action to protect the quantity and quality of water resources and the aquatic environment

Develop, implement and monitor catchment management plans including floodplain management plans, surface water management plans, and groundwater manageritent plans.

Plan for the orderly ;development and use of water resources and take measures to resolve conflict between water uses. It is expected that the Department of Irrigation and Drainage (DID), Sabah, which has been entrusted with the task of implementing the Water Resources Master Plan will continue; to assume the roles of the Water Resources Manager after the law is enacted. •A. Water Resources Management Unit (WRMU) has been established within DID and this will form the basis for the administrative work for the Director of Water Resources. A full fledge Department of Water Resources would be formed when the capacity building for the required expertise is achieved to assume fully the functions of a Water Resource Manager, ideally to be placed under the same administrative control of the Land and Forest resources.

4.2. The State Water Resources Council The Enactment stipulates :the formation of a State Water Resources Council with the following functions:

Advise the Minister responsible for water resources on the management and use of water resources;

Report to the Minister on the conditions of water resources; Make recommendations on the improvement of quantity and quality of water for benefits of. human use, the flora and fauna and the aquatic environment such as wetlands and floodplains;

Determine those water activity license applications which have State or regional significance of are of particular significance in a local area;

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Adopt and review plans for the orderly and effective development of water resources;

Set priorities for, ensure the development of, recommend for approval and review catchment management plant and other plans for the improvement of the management of water resources;

Develop and issue, with the approval of the Minister, State policies and guidelines for the management and protection of water resources;

Require public authorities to: to take action to , implement the recommendations of an approved catchment management plan including taking enforcement action where revelant and act to minimize or prevent harm to water resources.

4.3. Catchment Planning and Protection 4.3.1. Another important provision of the Enactment is the formulation and gazetting of Integrated Catchment Management Plans for intended river catchments.

4.3.2. The concept of Integrated Catchment Management (ICM) is introduced in the Sabah Water Resources Master Plan as the key to implement the Master Plan on the ground. ICM is to provide a system of controls to protect the quality and quantity of water resources from various human activities which pollute or degrade these resources. Under the proposed legislation, the Water Resources Council may establish a Catchment Management Committee (an ICM Committee) comprising of representatives of the various interests in the catchment and this will provide input on identifying relevant issues, and on devising and implementing of management options in preparation of ICM plans. 4.3.3. Each ICM plan with recommendations on controls and management actions would be endorsed by the Water Resources Council before it is submitted to the Head of State for approval. Once approved and gazetted, any recommended control or action in the Plan would become binding on all relevant administrative agencies. 4.3.4. The Water Resources Council would monitor progress of Plan implementation and could require any agency to provide feedback on steps or actions taken to accomplish the objectives of the Plan.

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4.4. Licensing System

4.4.1. The proposed bill also provides for a licensing system for various water activities. The following four main categories of activity will require a license :

The use of water and the construction and use of works for that purpose. The works would include dams, diversion works, pumps, canals, and also include wells and bores for ground water use.

Artificial or constructed works which cause water to return to a water body, such as drains and canals.

Those works which impede or affect the flow of flood waters.

Activities which alter the bed, banks or foreshore of a water body (mainly rivers) such as excavations, but including the depositing of materials also. 4.4.2. It will become an offence to undertake any of these activities without a license. 4.4.3. Minor water users for domestic purpose such as gravity feed water supply system and small scale agriculture would be exempted from the need to be licensed. However, the Director could require such uses to be registered (i.e. obtain information about where they are situated and the scale of use) if he is satisfied that there are likely impacts on the water resources. 4.4.4. Public authorities can be exempted from the requirement of a license by the Minister responsible for the water resources. However, the water activities must be specified in the Gazette. 4.4.5. Pre-existing water use works would be recognized by issue of a license. However conditions may be imposed on these licenses which require the license holder to recognize the rights of others and the effect of water use on water resources.

4.5. Riverine Reserve 4.5.1. One other aspect covered by the proposed bill is the provision of riverine reserve, which has been recognized as important for water quality protection.

6 17-UJ-1,70 rrturi rrCUVI Jrt bH13HH MHLHT1H 1 - 7 - 1 4.5.2. The proposed bill specifies a minimum of 20 metre wide riverine reserve on each bank of a waterway of 3 metre width or more. The Director of Water Resources is enpowered to control activities within 1 this reserve which cause pollution or degradation of water. Provision to increase or decrease river reserves in other deserving situations is also available. 1 ENACTMENT OF THEBILL Over a 2 year period, the drafting of the Sabah Water Resources bill has finally 1 been completed and is expected to be enacted in 1998. CONCLUSION 6.1. After the tragic occurrence of "Greg" in December 1996 which caused heavy casualties with the loss of hundreds of human lives and immense damages to properties, the current 'El Nino' and the impending 'La Nina' effects, the need to better manage water resources and river basins has gained the recognition 1 that it rightfully deserves, from the authorities concerned. 6.2. The Sabah Water Resources Enactment will provide the State Government an effective means of controlling, maintaining and developing the State water resources in a sustainable manner. The State will thus be able to better prepare itself to face future challenges of increasing pressure on its water resources posed by rapid population growth, urbanization, industrial and 1 agricultural development, and land use changes which are affecting water quantity and quality, as well as extreme weather cycles which all have to face. 6.3. It is hoped that initiatives taken by the State of Sabah along this direction could stimulate useful inspiration for our sister States in this county to work out plans and strategies in handling similar, if not more complex water resources issues.

REFERENCES "Water Resources Master Plan — Negeri Sabah 1994" Volume 1 & 2 "A Strategic Approach to The Management of Water Resources With Reference To The State of Sabah, Malaysia." (Dugald Black & Paul Taylor, Department of Land and Water Conservation, New South Wales, Australia).

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Ecolo-1^1; 11 In hais of Overview: De celwititetil Types of river pollution... Toxic wastes from industries Organic wastes (e.g. food wastes) Sediment/silt from erosion Sewage and other domestic by wastes' - Abdul Halm Suiaiman Centre for Environmental Studies and Nutrients Management (CESM) Solid wastes (rubbish) Universiti Malaya Oil spills

The effects of sewage and The effects of sewage and industrial effluents... industrial effluents... • Nutrients n Organic enrichment - cause enrichment of water bodies will undergo decomposition . . it is termed - high Biochemical Oxygen eutrophication (overgrowth of algae, water Dernand (B.O.D.) hyacinth etc) - reduction in dissolved oxygen usually in lakes, but can happen - increase in ammonia in rivers and seas Chesapeake Bay in US is a good exam le The effects of sewage and The effects of sewage and industrial effluents... industrial effluents...

n Toxic wastes n Suspended solids - may cause acute or chronic - increase turbidity toxicity - blanketing of substratum (bottom bioaccumulation thru food chain of rivers) - e.g. DDT, PCB reduced photosynthesis for plants for animals, impaired ability to swim or feed

The effects of river channel The effects of river channel modification... modification... • Enlargement of channel n Bank modifications - change in habitat (reduced depth, - removal of trees and vegetation greater width, velocity) - loss of shading, effects growth - removal of biota (organisms) by - loss of detrital input (no leaf litter) construction work - loss of habitat for insects (for fish - high turbidity (temporary) reduces food) photosynthesis,lorplants high solids irupair&bility of animals to swim or feed

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The effects of addition of heat The effects of addition of heat (thru industrial cooling water (thru industrial cooling water or power plants) or power plants) n Abstraction of cooling water n Return of heated water - increased water velocity (locally) - elevation of water temperature - may attract and damage fish and and lowering of dissolved oxygen invertebrates - may cause heat stress or death to sensitive species - increased toxicity of chemicals, survival of foreign species

Status of water pollution in Malaysia For 1996, urces (DOE, EQR 1996): n 42 rivers are clean agrobased and manufacturing 61 slightly polluted industries 13 polluted livestock farming and domestic wastes - earthwork and land clearing Water Quality Index (WQI) A look at Sungai Selangor Based on 6 parameters: It's difficult to use Sungai Selangor as a case study from ecological point of view Dissolved oxygen - no complete baseline data Biochemical Oxygen Demand Comparison needs to made between (BOD) existing and past population of fish etc Chemical Oxygen Demand limited data from DOE's River Annmoniacal nitrogen Classification project will be used Suspended solids — pH

A look at Sungai Selangor A look at Sungai Selangor pollution sources - pollution sources Pekin oil mills in urban centres sewage is affecting Rubber processing factories water quality: many use septic tanks Rice mills and related products and traditional methods Fish and animal feedmeal Industries such as food processing Milts and wood related products produce high BOD cement and clay related products agricultural wastes also a source Foundries, chemical etc animal husbandry is also a major source

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A look at Sungai Selangor A look at Sungai Selangor - water • ualit quatic-ecology major part (B. Berjuntai upstream) is of the DOE River Classification also Class III attempted to classify based on aquatic only two segments are Class II and ecology Class I Diversity Index of phytoplankton was used there are similarities compared to classification based on WQI, where most portion under Class Ill •

Management of rivers/water Management of rivers/water resources rocourcoc river is just like any other ecosystem important to have a proper and complex but always in balance integrated management of our if one component is disturbed, the rivers whole river ecosystem is affected we should integrate physical and engineering vs ecological approach chemical approach with that of ecological engineers, geologists, hydrologists, limnologists should work together Management of rivers/water resources we should consider having something like National Rivers Authority (NRA) in the UK where people from varied backgrounds contribute in US there is the USGS, which has National WQ Assessment Program (integrated and multi-displinary)

That's all... Terima kasih

oil MI MI MI MS OM IS 0 MO NM In IS MO ON NM Classification of Sungai Selangor based on aquatic ecology ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE AND INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS Factor Principal Potential Ecological Probable Remedial or Comments Environmental Consequences Severity Ameliorative Effect Action Organic enrichment High biochemical Reduction i n Elimination of sensitive oxygen- Dependent upon Pretreatment of effluent; BOD can be reduced oxygen demand dissolved oxygen dependent species. Increase in some degree o f ensure adequate dilution substantially by caused by bacterial concentration tolerant species; change in deoxygenation, adequate treatment of breakdown of community structure often very severe effluent before organic matter. discharge Partial degradation Elevated ammonia Elimination of intolerant species Variable, locally Provision of improved As above, adequate of proteins and other concentrations; since anunonia is toxic; reduction in severe, Mild, treatment to ensure treatment is best nitrogenous material increased nitrite sensitive species; potential for Mild/moderate complete nitrification; solution to this problem; levels; increased increased plant growth in nutrient- nutrient stripping denitrification is the nitrate levels poor waters possible but expensive ultimate solution to nitrate problems Release of Increased turbidity Reduced photosynthetic activity of Moderate, usually Provide improved suspended solid and reduction of light submerged plants; abrasion of gills local settlement, ensure matter. penetration or interference with normal feeding adequate dilution behaviour (see inert solids below) Deposition of Release of methane Elimination of normal benthic Variable, may be Discharge where This tends to be a organic sludges in and hydrogen as community severe velocity adequate to locally restricted slower waters sulphide matter prevent deposition phenomenon decomposes anoxically

Modification of Loss of interstitial species; increase Variable substratum by in species able to exploit increased blanket of sludge food source

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Toxic wastes I. Presence of Change in water Water directly and acutely toxic to Highly variable, Little can be done Toxic effluents cover a poisonous substances quality some organisms, causing change in depending upon except provide wide range o f community composition; substance and its increased dilution substances and it is consequential effects on-prey- concentration therefore difficult to predator relations; sub-lethal effects generalise on some species (impaired reproductive capacity, changes in behaviour etc.) Suspended solids Particles in Increased turbidity. Reduced photosynthesis of plants Variable, often Provide im proved Inert solids may cause suspension moderate settlement facility greater change than Possibly increased Impaired feeding ability through organic wastes since, abrasive action reduced vision or interference with although they change the collecting mechanisms of filter character of the feeders (including abrasion or substrate and are reduction in nutritive value of unstable, they provide collected material) no additional nutrition Deposition of Blanketing of Change in benthic community, loss Variable, often Discharge where material substratum, filling of of interstitial species, reduction in severe velocity is adequate to interstices and/or diversity, increased number of a few ensure dispersion substrate instability adventitious species; substrate is unstable

The effects ofthree major categories of effluents, namely degradable organic matter, toxic subttances and suspended solids, are considered separately. Many effluents are composed of more than one type and the proportions of these vary according to the source. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF CHANNEL MODIFICATION IN FLOOD ALLEVIATION AND LAND-DRAINAGE SCHEMES AND THEIR SUBSEQUENT MAINTENANCE Factor Physical or Potential ecological Probable Remedial or Comments chemical consequences severity ameliorative action environmental •, effect 1. Enlargement of Change in physical Removal of biota from existing Often very Reinstatement by Recolonisation occurs channel to provide dimensions of habitat channel by reconstruction work; variable, but reintroduction; working by drift from upstream; increased flow capacity to give high, temporary, turbidity of short from downstream to high turbidity and reducing plant photosynthesis, duration upstream helps; little suspended solids are i) reduced depth under blanketing substrate downstream can be done to avoid 'natural' phenomena and affecting macro invertebrates this but working short associated with floods dry weather flow and possibly feeding of fish distances at any one but duration may be greater channel time helps to reduce longer during width severity engineering operations change in water velocity for given discharge

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2. Modification of Reduction in habitat channel shape, both in diversity profile, plan and cross- section smooth profile Loss of many microhabitats and Severe Dig out deeper pools Fortunately, tendency removes variation in their associated flora and fauna; below level of designed for channel to return to depth (pool:riffle reduction in overall species profile natural configuration configuration) with diversity unless constrained by tendency toward massive structures (e.g. uniform substrate concrete channel or material piling etc.) Loss of habitat diversity; Severe Construct with an trapezoidal cross- marginal plants unable to irregular channel cross- section destroys habitat establish foothold; loss of some section and especially diversity, especially macro invertebrates with marginal ledges shallower margins (berms) to allow Severe reinstatement of iii) straight channel As above; channel length marginal plants. If Not an ideal solution removes meanders reduced and even with increased flood channel must be but will encourage having deep fast water width, habitat area may be lost straight, encourage dry some habitat diversity on outside and shallow weather channel to on inside of bends; meander within its modifies velocity and confines suspended solid carrying capacity 3. Bank modifications i) removal of trees to Loss of shading so that increased Variable, Remove only from one Tree loss is slow to provide access (mainly light reaching water encourages usually •(preferably north) recover but other for machines) and algal and macrophyte growth; moderate bank. Plant trees in vegetation may recover reduce obstruction of loss of detrital input during leaf- rows parallel with flow in one or two seasons flood plain fall and aerial insects for fish to reduce risk of flood food loss Moderate removal of bankside As above. Herbicide spray drift Restrict control of vegetation by may affect other plants position of bank each mechanical means or season by herbicide Probably Increased carrying capacity of insignificant construction of channel may modify habitat raised or flood-banks ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE ADDITION OF HEAT FROM INDUSTRIAL COOLING WATER OR ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION Factor Physical or Potential ecological Probable Remedial or Comments chemical consequences severity ameliorative action environmental effect Abstraction of Local increased water Attraction of and damage to fish Variable, Good design of screens cooling water velocity species and invertebrates usually not ensure low velocity as serious possible Anti-fouling Possibility of escape Toxic effects on normal river biota; Low Careful design and protection of pipes and loss of biocides, death of organisms passing through operation of system especially chlorine systems

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Return of heated Elevation of water Heat stress or death of sensitive Low Minimise temperature Heat stress may water temperature species; acceleration of growth, shifts differences render some species in timing of life cycles, increased rates of feeding of fish, invertebrates, etc. more prone to disease Enhanced microorganism respiration, Moderate Cooling towers especially in organically enriched often provide net waters, reducing dissolved oxygen benefit through levels Variable aeration of Increased toxicity of many poisons organically Variable enriched water Attraction of mobile species (esp. Critical temperature fish) to thermal plume, repulsion of for repulsion of others Usually not Complete removal many species is serious rarely possible Survival of exotic species, 30°C accidentally or deliberately Populations may introduced, to compete with adapt to lower Lowering of indigenous species temperatures by dissolved gas solubility selection and Oxygen Moderate Minimise temperature differences; provide spread further aeration or mixing Effects on sensitive biota, especially facilities Nitrogen important when biochemical oxygen low demand is elevated

`Gas bubble disease' in fish and invertebrates WWF MALAYSIA RESOURCE LIBRARY 1

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