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5 Belonging in Northern Cyprus Kent Academic Repository Full text document (pdf) Citation for published version Betz-Heinemann, Khalil 'Avi' Abraham Vernon (2018) Hunting, a technology of belonging in Northern Cyprus. Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) thesis, University of Kent,. DOI Link to record in KAR https://kar.kent.ac.uk/72786/ Document Version UNSPECIFIED Copyright & reuse Content in the Kent Academic Repository is made available for research purposes. Unless otherwise stated all content is protected by copyright and in the absence of an open licence (eg Creative Commons), permissions for further reuse of content should be sought from the publisher, author or other copyright holder. Versions of research The version in the Kent Academic Repository may differ from the final published version. Users are advised to check http://kar.kent.ac.uk for the status of the paper. Users should always cite the published version of record. Enquiries For any further enquiries regarding the licence status of this document, please contact: [email protected] If you believe this document infringes copyright then please contact the KAR admin team with the take-down information provided at http://kar.kent.ac.uk/contact.html Hunting A technology of belonging in Northern Cyprus Khalil ‘Avi’ Abraham Vernon Betz-Heinemann Doctoral Thesis in Social Anthropology ESRC Environmental Pathway School of Anthropology and Conservation, University of Kent. 83776 Words / 276 Pages Submitted September 2018 / Passed December 2018 Citation: Betz-Heinemann, KAV. (2018) Hunting. A technology of belonging in Northern Cyprus. Canterbury UK: University of Kent. 1 Abstract An anthropological study of hunting in Northern Cyprus based on 17 months of fieldwork. Hunting is theorised as technology, as opposed to technique. This enables a sociotechnical analysis of how hunters, nonhumans, political forms and their spatialization make each other. I examine prehistoric seasonal organisation in Cyprus, in relation to human-animal relations that are not by default exploitative, and their replacement by the ‘hunter-king’ with the arrival of civilisation. Hunting emerges as a defining feature of coercive civilisation, rather than prehistoric society. I examine the later emergence of citizen(man) hunters, as part of European democratic modernity and conduct an ethnographic history of its particulars in Northern Cyprus. I conclude that hunting is delivered as a public service to Turkish Cypriot citizens who claim it. A thick description of schematic and statistical data on Northern Cyprus, Turkish Cypriots, hunters and hunting is then presented to denaturalize these categories, before evaluating them within the context of the TRNC State. I identify human- environmental relations in hunting as part of a process of belonging with other Turkish Cypriot men and the land. I analyse how a hunting establishment holds ‘categorical’ authority built on these living relations, as well as how it reproduces hunting ‘leisure’ space through making adaptations within historical margins embedded in spatialized infrastructure. Including law, mapping, bird breeding, committee meetings and punishment of pests. I examine the deeds of hunting as cultivating an ideal of nature being free, at ease but alert. Embodying this ideal in hunting, yields gifts that one is entitled to. Where receiving gifts from the land as a free person, also justifies oneself as a free citizen, with a natural right to the land as part of a Turkish Cypriot community, as hunter and as national. I conclude that people are spatialized in a world of nationality linked to private and public property. Therefore, it is incumbent upon people to naturalise their ideals as entitlements, because that is the ‘natural order’ that justifies one’s position, in a world that requires that justification. 2 Acknowledgements I dedicate this thesis to my cantankerous grandparents from whom different relations have fed into who I am and what I do. On my 1st birthday my Grandpop, Vernon Hyne, passed away leaving me his name and my father, David, who introduced me to Social Anthropology as well as passing on a zeal for combating animal cruelty as sown into the fabric of late industrial modernity. On my 31st birthday I joined meine Oma, Magdalena Betz, as she took her last breaths and as I completed this thesis. Oma woke every day, well into her 80s, to cycle with her knarled spine to her stall and tend her animals. She left me with an appreciation of the earthy and gritty human-animal relations sown into the fabric of rural European society. And gave me my mother, Anna, who introduced me the intimacies of human-plant relations as part of embodying an experimental mode of being. I thank all my informants in Northern Cyprus who shared parts of their lives with me and enabled me to learn what I have put into this thesis, in particular Ertan and Hayriye who were gatekeepers to key locations in my fieldwork and always kind and patient with me. I thank all my interlocuters who supported and talked through different aspects of this work, in particular Gabrielle who listened and questioned my babble on anthropology and hunting throughout my twenties, and Wayne who has looked out for me since my teenage years. I also specifically thank Johan, Firdez, Irene, Martin, Özge, Keço, Evren, Andrea, Santi, Mike, Matt, Rob, Aysın, Deltanotch, Roddenberry, Hannah, Davvid, Kacper, Brian and finally my supervisors, David and Joseph, who supported me in difficult times and elevated my work. 3 Table of Contents 1 Theorizing Hunting ............................................................................................................ 8 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................8 1.1.1 Chapter Summaries ..............................................................................................8 1.1.2 Aims, Objectives and Research Questions ........................................................12 1.2 The conduct of hunting in Northern Cyprus .............................................................12 1.3 Northern Cyprus and Leisure ....................................................................................15 1.4 Hunting as Natural Category, Artefact, Technique and Technology ........................20 1.5 An Anthropology of Hunting ....................................................................................25 1.5.1 Cultural and Conceptual Categories ..................................................................27 1.5.2 Literature on Hunting .........................................................................................29 1.6 Ellen: Modes of Subsistence and Hunting as Technique ..........................................31 1.7 Descola and Modern Hunting ...................................................................................37 1.8 Southern Europe and Citizen Hunters .......................................................................40 1.9 Reciprocity in Hunting ..............................................................................................45 1.10 Cultivating the living gifts of Northern Cyprus .....................................................51 1.11 Willerslev et. al. and Cosmology...........................................................................54 1.12 Moving between spaces and terminology .............................................................56 2 Studying Hunting ............................................................................................................. 61 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................61 2.2 Timeline ....................................................................................................................62 2.3 Collaboration and Anthropology at Home ................................................................67 2.4 Participant Observation .............................................................................................69 2.5 Semi-structured Interviews .......................................................................................70 2.6 Archival Research .....................................................................................................72 2.7 Ethnography ..............................................................................................................73 2.8 Numbers ....................................................................................................................74 2.9 Ethical Considerations...............................................................................................75 3 A History of Hunting in relation to Cyprus ..................................................................... 77 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................77 3.2 Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic Seasonality and Heterarchy .............................................78 3.3 Chalcolithic as a Mosaic of Variability .....................................................................86 3.4 Pre-Proto Bronze Age Labour Intensification ...........................................................91 3.5 A King’s Sport ..........................................................................................................92 3.5.1 Sexist Gods, Cynegetic Power and the Master of Animals ...............................95 4 3.5.2 The Cynegeticon ................................................................................................99
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