CORNWALL COUNCIL AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AREA ACTION PLAN
DETAILED PLAN TO IMPROVE AIR QUALITY IN CORNWALL FOLLOWING THE DECLARATION OF AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT AREAS IN CORNWALL
January 2013
CORNWALL COUNCIL Community Safety and Protection PUBLIC HEALTH AND PROTECTION SERVICE
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan January 2013
Foreword
Lance Kennedy
Portfolio Holder for Public Health & Protection Cornwall Council
The health of the population of Cornwall is of paramount importance to Cornwall Council; consequently the improvement of local air quality is a priority. It is a key part of both the emerging Local Plan and Health & Well-being strategies which aim to reduce risks to health and advance the well-being of the people of Cornwall.
As part of its statutory duties Cornwall Council (and its predecessors) has declared Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) in:
Tideford August 2011 Bodmin July 2008 Camborne-Pool-Redruth December 2005
These declarations were provoked by excessive levels of traffic-related nitrogen dioxide monitored in those areas. Following declaration an Action Plan has to be prepared setting out how this pollution will be addressed. Annual reports detailing Action Plan progress must also be published.
For the first time, this document brings together all the Action Plans into a single coherent Cornwall-wide Action Plan and update, where previously each AQMA has been treated on its own. This helps identify common problems and solutions across Cornwall and assists the delivery of countywide policies in a local context.
This is an essential document for Cornwall Council, our community and our partners. It gives a range of interventions which will contribute towards tackling poor air quality and ensure that future activities, such as the regeneration of Camborne/Pool/Redruth and Bodmin contribute to continually improving the quality of the air in our county, and well-being and sustainability for our residents and visitors.
In order to ensure that all stakeholders have a degree of ownership of this document which in turn improves the likelihood of the plan succeeding in reducing pollution levels, and to ensure that no reasonable options for improvement has been missed, I encourage comments from any interested party.
Lance Kennedy
Portfolio Holder for Public Health & Protection Cornwall Council
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan i January 2013
Contents
1.0 Executive Summary ...... 1
2.0 Policy context ...... 3 2.1 Local Air Quality Management (LAQM) ...... 3 Table 1. NAQS objective values ...... 4
3.0 The air quality review and assessment process in Cornwall ...... 5 3.1 Review and Assessment ...... 5
4.0 The Cornwall AQMA Steering Group ...... 6 4.1 Steering Group Overview ...... 6
5.0 Consultation Process ...... 7 5.1 Consultation Overview ...... 7 5.2 Consultation Process...... 7 5.3 Tideford Consultation ...... 8
6.0 Cornwall Baseline Information ...... 9 6.1 Cornwall Population ...... 9 6.2 Cornwall Traffic ...... 9 Table 2. Percentage increase in AADT summer traffic ...... 9 Table 3. Percentage traffic growth for Cornwall as a whole...... 10
6.3 Sources of air pollution in Cornwall ...... 11 6.4 Development in Cornwall ...... 11 Table 4. Cumulative requirement to 2026 ...... 12 Table 5. Current Supply ...... 12
6.5 Projected NO2 concentrations ...... 13
7.0 Health Effects of Air Pollution ...... 15 7.1 Health-related aims ...... 15
8.0 Social Equity ...... 17 8.1 Social Equity Related to Air Quality ...... 17
9.0 Local policies, programmes and strategies ...... 19 9.1 Local Policies Overview ...... 19
10.0 Air Quality Monitoring in Cornwall ...... 20 10.1 Local Air Quality Monitoring ...... 20
11.0 Emission Reduction ...... 23 11.1 Nitrogen Oxides/Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx/NO2) ...... 23 Table 6. Maximum annual average NO2 reduction required (2011) ...... 25
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan ii January 2013
Table 7. Roadside NOx reduction required to achieve NAQS objective...... 26
12.0 Conclusion ...... 28
Appendix 1: Cornwall Council generic actions ...... 29 A1.1 Overview ...... 29 A1.2 Assessment of air quality actions ...... 30 Table 8. Cornwall Council generic actions ...... 31
Appendix 2. Emission reduction for actions ...... 38 Table 9. EU emission standards for heavy duty vehicles in g/kWh ...... 38 Table 10. Percentage change in projected emissions ...... 47
Appendix 3. Camborne/Pool/Redruth (CPR) AQMA ...... 49 Table 11. CPR AQMA – Action Progress: Current Actions ...... 50
Appendix 4. Bodmin AQMA ...... 51 Table 12. Bodmin AQMA – Current Actions ...... 53
Appendix 5. New AQMAs in Cornwall ...... 54
Appendix 6. Tideford AQMA-AP ...... 55 A6:1 Tideford Background ...... 55 A6:2 Tideford Detailed/Further Assessment ...... 58 A6:3 Tideford Source apportionment ...... 58 A6:4 Tideford AQMA-Action Plan ...... 62 A6:5 Tideford AQMA Consultation Process ...... 62 A6:6 Consultation Response ...... 62 A6:7 Highways Agency – A38 ...... 63 A6:8 Tideford air quality monitoring ...... 63 Table 13. Defra national bias adjustment factors for 2008 - 2011 ...... 63
A6:9 NO2 Background Concentrations ...... 64 Table 14. Defra estimated background ...... 64
A6:10 Tideford Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results ...... 65 Table 15. Tideford diffusion tube results table 2008 –2011 ...... 66 Table 16. Required NO2 reduction g m‐3 and % - 2011 ...... 67
A6:11 Improvements required to achieve the objective ...... 67 Table 17. Suggested options for Tideford, feasibility assessment ...... 68
A6:12 Suggested Options for Tideford ...... 70 A6:13 Proposed Options for Tideford ...... 70 Table 18. Shortlisted options to be taken forward ...... 73
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Annex 1. Cornwall Review and Assessment Timetables ...... 75 Table 19. Cornwall Council Area East 1 Review and Assessment ...... 75 Table 20. Cornwall Council Area East 2 Review and Assessment ...... 75 Table 21. Cornwall Council Area Central 1 R&A ...... 76 Table 22. Cornwall Council Area Central 2 R&A (Formerly Restormel) ...... 76 Table 23. Cornwall Council Area West 1 R&A Timetable (Formerly Penwith) .. 77 Table 24. Cornwall Council Area West 2 R&A Timetable (Formerly Kerrier) ... 77 Table 25. Cornwall Council 2011 Air Quality Progress Report ...... 78
Annex 2. Traffic - Seasonal Variation and Growth ...... 79 Table 26. Index of seasonal variation ...... 79 Table 27. Traffic growth in Cornwall...... 79
Annex 3. Part A processes in Cornwall ...... 81 Table 28. Part A Processes in Cornwall ...... 81
Annex 4. Local policies, programmes and strategies ...... 82
Glossary ...... 87
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan iv January 2013
1.0 Executive Summary
At present there are two Air Quality Management Areas (AQMAs) in Cornwall which are supported by AQMA Action Plans (AQMA-AP). The Camborne/Pool/Redruth (CPR) AQMA was declared in December 2005 and the CPR AQMA Action Plan (AQMA-AP) was submitted to Defra in July 2008. East (ex-NCDC) formally declared an AQMA for Bodmin on the 2nd July 2008 and the Bodmin AQMA-AP was submitted to Defra in September 2009. Both AQMAs were declared on the basis of monitored exceedences of the National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS) annual objective for NO2, as reported in the CPR 2003 Detailed Assessment and the Bodmin 2005 Detailed Assessment.
A further AQMA was declared on nitrogen dioxide (NO2) for Tideford in May 2011 following the Detailed/Further Assessment report published in December 2009. The A38 at Tideford is the responsibility of the Highways Agency (HA) and Cornwall Council will be working with the HA to produce an AQMA-AP for Tideford for submission to Defra by August 2012. Following the 2011 Progress Report a further AQMA will be declared for Gunnislake.
Under the pre-unitary system the CPR AQMA-AP and the Bodmin AQMA-AP were submitted as separate, unrelated documents. As Cornwall Council is now a Unitary Authority, existing and future AQMAs will be incorporated into one County-wide AQMA-AP.
The amalgamation of all AQMA-APs into one document will allow Cornwall Council to develop, improve and support generic cross-cutting policies and actions which will holistically address air quality issues within Cornwall. The actions detailed in this AQMA-AP will also inform and support climate change and carbon reduction programmes and initiatives in Cornwall.
This document identifies those policies, procedures and actions which can have an impact on air quality (beneficially and adversely) and which are generic across the county. It is clear however that these actions alone will be unlikely to achieve the air quality objectives in a number of areas.
Localised issues are also identified for each AQMA and focus is given to actions that will specifically reduce NO2 levels within the areas of exceedence. A list of suitable, specific actions has been developed for each AQMA which aim at improving the existing poor air quality with a qualitative cost benefit analysis carried out for each of the identified actions to assess their feasibility and effectiveness.
The actions in this Action Plan are those which are currently considered to be the most cost effective and appropriate. For the sake of comprehensiveness other actions which were considered but deemed to be inappropriate or unworkable are also shown. It has been produced by the Air Quality Unit at Cornwall College on behalf of Cornwall Council Public Health & Protection (PH&P) Department in consultation with the AQMA Steering group.
Each potential measure has been assessed for feasibility, scale of cost and contribution towards achieving good air quality. For some areas the combination of suggested measures may lead to a satisfactory outcome. However the size of the challenge is not the same everywhere; and for Tideford in particular it will be especially difficult. Cornwall Council Action Plan 1 January 2013
Cornwall Council will continue to monitor pollution levels in areas of concern in order to confirm the target reductions and aims to be in a position to revoke AQMA designations when appropriate.
The aims of this AQMA AP are:
To reduce recorded levels of pollution at sites of exceedence in Cornwall to below NAQS objective levels.
To raise awareness of the links between health and travel, in respect of both air quality, and personal fitness.
To improve Cornwall Council’s performance in terms of emissions and to provide strong leadership with regard to environmental sustainability.
To improve the air quality in Cornwall as a whole by increasing sustainable modes of travel.
To provide accurate and up-to-date information on air pollution levels and road traffic in Cornwall.
To ensure that all Council activity is integrated in considering the effect it has on air pollution.
This Action Plan has been developed in recognition of the legal requirement of Cornwall Council to work towards air quality objectives under Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 and relevant regulations made under that part.
This document should be read in conjunction with the 2009 and 2012 Local Air Quality Review & Assessment Reports. These can be accessed on www.cornwall- airquality.org.uk and the Cornwall Council website (www.cornwall.gov.uk) has links to current online Cornwall Council documents.
Cornwall Council accepts the data and conclusions detailed in this Action Plan.
Cornwall Council Action Plan 2 January 2013
2.0 Policy context
2.1 Local Air Quality Management (LAQM)
2.1.1 Part IV of the Environment Act 1995 required local authorities (LAs) to undertake a formal Review & Assessment (R&A) of local air quality in 2000 and annually thereafter, however as a pilot authority Cornwall has been involved with this process since 1997. The Act introduced a national framework for air quality management whereby LAs must assess air quality against the objectives for seven key pollutants specified in the Government’s National Air Quality Strategy (NAQS). The current national air quality objectives are shown in Table 1; these include a limit concentration for each pollutant and a target time frame.
2.1.2 Where the R&A process indicates any of the NAQS objectives are unlikely to be achieved within the designated timeframe, the LA has, under section 83 (1) of the 1995 Act, a statutory duty to declare an Air Quality Management Area (AQMA). This should be within four months of the recognition of the need to declare an AQMA. The LA is then required under Section 84 (2) of the 1995 Act to produce an Air Quality Action Plan within 18 months.
Cornwall Council Action Plan 3 January 2013
Table 1. NAQS objective values (NAQS, 2001). Existing objectives for protecting human health included in regulations for the purpose of local air quality management (LAQM)
Date to be achieved by Concentration Applies Pollutant Objective Allowance and Measured asa where maintained thereafter UK - 31/12/2003 16.25 g m-3 Running annual
Benzene mean Eng. & 5 g m-3 Annual avg. Wales - 31/12/2010 Running annual 1,3 Butadiene 2.25 g m-3 UK - 31/12/2003 mean Maximum daily Carbon monoxide 10.0 μg m-3 running 8-hour UK - 31/12/2003 (CO) mean 0.5 μg m-3 UK 31/12/2004 Lead (Pb) Annual mean - 0.25 μg m-3 UK 31/12/2008
-3 Nitrogen dioxide 200 μg m 1 - hour mean 31/12/2005 UK 18/year (NO2) 40 μg m-3 Annual mean 31/12/2005 50 μg m-3 24-hour mean UK 35/year 31/12/2004 b Particles (PM10) 40 μg m-3 Annual mean UK - 31/12/2004 25 μg m-3
Target of 15% 2020 c reduction in Particles (PM2.5) Annual mean UK - urban 2010-2020 background concentration 350 μg m-3 1-hour mean UK 24/year 31/12/2004 Sulphur dioxide 125 μg m-3 24-hour mean UK 3/year 31/12/2004 (SO2) 266 μg m-3 15-min mean UK 35/year 31/12/2005 a An explanation of the different concentration measurements is provided in Volume 2 of the NAQS. b Measured using the European gravimetric transfer sampler or equivalent. c The UK Government and the Devolved Administrations have also set new NAQ objectives for PM2.5. These objectives have not been incorporated into LAQM Regulations, and LAs have no statutory obligation to review and assess air quality against them.
Cornwall Council Action Plan 4 January 2013
3.0 The air quality review and assessment process in Cornwall
3.1 Review and Assessment
3.1.1 As part of their statutory duty to assess ambient air quality, all of the six LAs in Cornwall undertook Round 1 R&A of Air Quality in 2000, Round 2 R&A in 2003, and Round 3 R&A in 2009.
3.1.2 Summary of the R&A process, the 5 main steps are set out below:
Updating and Screening Assessment (USA) - identifies any changes in terms of sources and emissions since the last round of R&A, plus new air quality concerns identified from monitoring.
Detailed Assessment (DA) – this looks in more detail at areas identified by the USA to identify any exceedences of the objectives.
Air Quality Management Area (AQMA) - if exceedences of the objective are identified, Defra requires the LA to declare an AQMA in order to geographically identify the areas of poor air quality.
Further Review and Assessment (FR&A) - must be submitted to Defra within 12 months of the AQMA declaration. The role of the FR&A is to confirm the original declaration, identify pollutant sources and, where possible, quantify the reduction needed to meet the objectives.
AQMA - Action Plan (AQMA-AP) - must be submitted to Defra within 18 months of an AQMA declaration. The AQMA-AP must describe the measures the LA intends to take to improve local air quality.
3.1.3 Annex 1 Tables A1: 1 – A1:6 show the R&A schedules and the conclusions and recommendations for each Cornwall Council area for Round 2 and Round 3 R&A, 2002 - 2008.
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4.0 The Cornwall AQMA Steering Group
4.1 Steering Group Overview
4.1.1 This Action Plan was formulated by the Steering group (see 4.1.4.below), which represented a wide range of public services. It benefits from and builds upon the wider consultation with other stakeholders such as local members, residents and bus operators that occurred through the development of the Bodmin and CPR Action Plans. As a result a number of options have been identified and decisions taken as to the likely effectiveness and costs of these options.
4.1.2 All stakeholders have a degree of ownership of this document and this in turn will ensure that no reasonable options for improvement have been missed.
4.1.3 CC: 2030 Local Transport Policy (LTP31) (Policy 28) undertakes to “Work in close partnership with AQMA groups to identify potential air quality problems and address them without compromising planned economic enhancement and regeneration of a town.” To this end, the AQMA Steering Group includes members from all relevant Cornwall Council departments.
4.1.4 Cornwall Council AQMA-AP Steering Group members
Cornwall Council Travel Plan Officer Cornwall Council Transportation Cornwall Council Public Health & Protection Cornwall Council Sustainable Transport Group Cornwall Council Green Cornwall Programme Cornwall Council Planning & Regeneration Service Cornwall Council Climate Change Department/Sustainability Cornwall Primary Care Trust (PCT) Cornwall College Air Quality Unit Highways Agency Network Delivery & Development
1 Cornwall Council. LTP 3 2011 www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=24537 Cornwall Council Action Plan 6 January 2013
5.0 Consultation Process
5.1 Consultation Overview
5.1.1 The final Action Plan follows public consultation over autumn 2012 including meetings with local representatives including local councillors, residents, Cornwall Council Officers, the Highways Agency (HA) and the PCT.
5.1.2 In order to ensure that all stakeholders have a degree of ownership of this document which in turn improves the likelihood of the plan succeeding in reducing pollution levels, and to ensure that no reasonable options for improvement has been missed, comments on this plan are sought from any interested party.
5.2 Consultation Process
5.2.1 The consultation processes involved in the development of the CPR and Bodmin AQMA-APs were detailed within their individual Action Plans2.
5.2.2 In the production of this Cornwall AQMA-AP Cornwall Council attempted to involve all relevant parties as specified in Schedule 11 of the Environment Act 1995 and consultation with these groups and individuals occurred throughout the process.
5.2.3 This report was sent to the following bodies for consultation, any further views were sought from any other interested body.
Cornwall Council Community Safety & Protection Directorate Leadership Team Secretary of State The Environment Agency (EA) Cornwall Council Highways Department Cornwall Council Planning & Regeneration Service Local Ward Councillors in AQMA areas Primary Care Trust Health Protection Agency Members of the public (CC online consultation) Plymouth City Council West Devon District Council Bodmin, Camborne and Redruth Town Councils Carn Brea, Illogan, Landrake and St Germans Parish Councils Local Community Network Managers
5.2.4 The consultation process on the draft action plan lasted 8 weeks from 14th November 2012 to 14th January 3013. A review of all comments received was made and a revision of the action plan took place.
2 CAQF website http://www.caqf.org.uk/airqual.html Cornwall Council Action Plan 7 January 2013
5.3 Tideford Consultation
5.3.1 The A38 through Tideford is the responsibility of the Highways Agency (HA). The HA is therefore a statutory consultee in LAQM process (including the production of the Action Plan) and as such, Cornwall Council is encouraged to work with the HA in the formulation and pursuit of AQMA-AP measures.
5.3.2 A representative of the HA sits on the AQMA steering group and, during consultations has been informed of the nature and extent of the air quality problem in Tideford.
5.3.3 Through this process, Cornwall Council will, with the HA, identify Actions which it is considered will work towards the reduction of traffic-related pollutants at relevant sites within Tideford.
5.3.4 Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
5.3.5 Responses to the consultation are given in section A6:6
Cornwall Council Action Plan 8 January 2013
6.0 Cornwall Baseline Information
6.1 Cornwall Population
6.1.1 Cornwall has approximately 535,300 residents living in 255,066 households; in 2001 the population of Cornwall was 501,300, the latest 2010 estimate of 535,300 shows a 9 year increase of 34,000 residents, this is 7% increase compared with the national average of 6%. The population of Cornwall is estimated to reach 633,200 by 2030, an increase of 18.3%.3
6.1.2 Over half the total population of Cornwall live in the twenty main towns and all of the towns have a greater percentage of their population of retirement age and above, than for England as a whole. Five of the twenty main towns include areas that are among the 10% most deprived in England (Cornwall Council 2011)4.
6.2 Cornwall Traffic
6.2.1 For 2010, there were approximately 348,500 vehicles registered in Cornwall (Cornwall Council 2010)5 with an average age of 9.3 years. Approximately 5 million tourists visit Cornwall each year (Cornwall Council 2011)2 the majority of whom travel by car. During August 2010 traffic volumes for Cornwall were 25% higher than Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) values and 75% higher than values recorded in January 2010, the quietest month of the year (Cornwall Council 2010)3. This seasonal increase in traffic volume has a significant impact on traffic congestion and pollution concentrations within urban areas.
6.2.2 Averaged over monitored years, traffic data shows a significant summer (Apr – Sept) increase in Bodmin (Dennison Rd) and St Austell, 13% and 15% respectively. Truro and CPR are not as greatly affected by increases in summer traffic (Table 2), this is thought to be due to the more recreational nature of amenities accessed via Bodmin (A389) and St Austell (A390) as opposed to the largely commuter and industrial traffic in Camborne (Wesley St) and Truro (A390).
Table 2. Percentage increase in AADT summer traffic (Apr-Sept) for Bodmin, CPR, St Austell and Truro Summer Winter Summer Location Apr – Sept Oct - Mar increase AADT AADT Bodmin, Dennison Rd (2006-10) 15306 13299 13% CPR, Wesley St (2007-10) 17540 16684 5% St Austell, Holmbush Rd (2008-10) 22636 19146 15% Truro, A390 (2007-10) 28004 27198 3%
3 Office for National Statistics http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/index.html 4 Cornwall Council 2011. Cornwall Council 2011 facts and figures, www.cornwall.gov.uk/Default.aspx?page=18151. 5 Cornwall Council 2010. Traffic Statistics 2010, http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=21900 Cornwall Council Action Plan 9 January 2013
Indices of Seasonal Traffic Variation in Cornwall
(2005-2010) August 1.30 2005 2006 2007 2008 1.20 July 2009 2010 June September 1.10 May April October 1.00
0.90 March November
Ratio of average daily flow (%) daily flow average of Ratio 0.80 February December January 0.70
Figure 1. Indices of Seasonal Variation in Cornwall (2005-2010)
6.2.3 Figure 1 gives the index of seasonal variation for a particular month; this is the ratio of the average daily flow in that month to the annual average daily traffic (AADT) flow for the year as a whole. The flows recorded at all permanent counter sites within Cornwall are aggregated for the purposes of calculating these indices (Cornwall Council 2009)6. Figure 1 illustrates the seasonal influx of road traffic into Cornwall, with August having an average increase of 29% over AADT values. Data to support Figure 1 is given in Annex 2, Tables 25 and 26 and Figure 15.
6.2.4 Table 3 gives traffic growth figures for Cornwall as a whole. Escalating fuel prices and economic recession (and, to an extent the weather) are affecting traffic growth. Although annual traffic values are falling at all sites in Cornwall, values during the summer months (April - September) are significantly higher than winter months (October - March) (Table 3).
Table 3. Percentage traffic growth for Cornwall as a whole
Year % change over previous year 2006 to 2007 +2.7% 2007 to 2008 -1.1% 2008 to 2009 +1.7% 2009 to 2010 -1.7% (Provisional)
6.2.5 While national road traffic is expected to increase at a compound rate of 1.3% per annum between 2009 and 2035; overall traffic in Cornwall is forecast to grow at a compound rate of 1.4% per annum, higher than the national forecast (Cornwall Council 2010)7. Figure 2 gives AADT values for traffic entering and leaving Cornwall for 1999 – 2010, a 16.2% growth over 10 years. Data to support Figure 2 is given in Annex 2 Tables 25 and 26 and Figure 15.
6 Cornwall Council 2009. Focus on tackling climate change, www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=22731 7 Cornwall Council 2010. Traffic Statistics 2010, http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=21900 Cornwall Council Action Plan 10 January 2013
Traffic growth in Cornwall. AADT 1999 - 2010 70000 68000 66000 64000 V p 62000 d 60000
58000 56000 54000 52000 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Figure 2. AADT values for traffic entering and leaving Cornwall 1999 - 2010
6.3 Sources of air pollution in Cornwall
6.3.1 Cornwall Industry: Part A and Part B processes
6.3.1.1 Part A (1) installations are activities listed for control, by the EA, under Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control (IPPC) by Schedule 1 to the PPC Regulations. Part A (1) installations are generally perceived to have a greater potential to pollute the environment than Part A (2) installations. Part B installations (which include vehicle re-spraying, furniture manufacture and unloading of petrol) have the least potential to pollute.
6.3.1.2 There are 20 Part A (1) and one Part A (2) installations in Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly. The A (1) installations have set limits on their emissions in their environmental permits. These limits are set at levels that ensure that air quality standards aren’t exceeded. Therefore it is not likely that air quality in Cornwall is significantly impacted by these industrial emissions. A full list of Part A processes is given in Annex 3, Table 28.
6.3.1.3 There are 183 Part B processes in Cornwall, none of which emit significantly to air (Cornwall Council 2011)8.
6.3.1.4 There are therefore no significant emissions from primary industry in Cornwall, and consequently it has been determined that the major source of air pollution in Cornwall is road vehicle emissions. The pollutants of most concern in Cornwall are traffic-related fine airborne particulate matter (PM) below 10 microns in diameter (PM10) and NO2.
6.4 Development in Cornwall
6.4.1 Housing: In August 2011, the Cornwall Council Planning Policy Advisory Panel (PPAP) supported a target housing growth figure of 40,000 homes for Cornwall by 2030 (Item PPAP/20) (Cornwall Council 2012)9. Projected
8 Cornwall Council 2011. Cornwall Council Part B processes. www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=2815 9 Cornwall Council 2012. Planning Future Cornwall: Our Preferred Approach for Core Strategy – Alternative Options http://consult.cornwall.gov.uk/portal/planning/ldf_core_strategy/preferred_approach_core_strategy?pointId=2028814 Cornwall Council Action Plan 11 January 2013
figures for population growth in Cornwall to 2028 show a significant increase in the future population to over 600,00010.
6.4.2 Employment: The Cornwall Council Employment Land Review (ELR) (Cornwall Council 2010)11 has estimated Cornwall’s future employment land requirements up to 2026 total an additional 150 hectare (ha) of land.
6.4.3 At the end of the ELR two-year period (2009-2011) 4.77ha of employment land in Cornwall had been developed. This is equivalent to 2.39ha per annum which compares to 8.81ha per annum anticipated by the ELR. The remaining cumulative supply required to 2026 amounts to 145.23ha. There is currently a remaining supply available of 229.72ha leaving a surplus of 84.49ha (Table 5).
Table 4. Cumulative requirement to 2026 Cumulative Remaining Area by ELR Target completions requirement 2026 (ha) since 2009 (ha) to 2026 (ha) Net land required for offices 75 1.22 73.78 Net land required for industrial 75 3.55 71.45 Net land required (all) 150 4.77 145.23
Table 5. Current Supply Completions 2010- Remaining Surplus 2011 (ha) Supply (ha) /Deficit (ha) TOTAL 2.35 229.72 84.49 6.4.4 Although individual developments may be small and have a minimal impact on traffic values and local air quality, cumulatively this level of development will inevitably increase road congestion and have an associated impact on air quality.
6.4.5 The impacts of development proposals on air quality must be taken into account and Cornwall Council will seek to ensure, through Local Development Documents (LDDs), that new developments do not exacerbate air quality problems in existing and potential AQMAs.
6.4.6 Policies which reduce the need to travel and encourage access by non-car modes should help to reduce air pollution, as well as carbon emissions. Cornwall Council will ensure that air quality is considered when assessing development proposals, particularly in or near AQMAs and where significant doubt arises as to the air quality impact then the precautionary principle should be applied.
6.4.7 All new developments will be expected to take account of the needs of cyclists and pedestrians either by the direct provision or by contribution to new routes or links to existing routes within or adjoining a settlement.
10 ONS Subnational Population Projections 2011-based http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/publications/re-reference- tables.html?edition=tcm%3A77-274527 11 Cornwall Council 2010 Cornwall Employment Land Review: Final Report November 2010. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=26986
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6.4.8 Developments which are likely to have significant transport implications should provide a Travel Plan (TP) demonstrating practical measures for achieving sustainable transport objectives (CC Generic Action 5). 6.4.9 Planning officers routinely seek comments from PH&P on various planning applications. This is particularly the case for any proposed development which might have an impact on existing air quality within an AQMA.
6.4.10 Currently the draft Local Plan is emerging from its consultation phase and is close to formal adoption by the Council. Air quality has been identified as a significant issue in Camborne/Redruth, Bodmin and Tideford. Alongside this policy development arrangements are progressing to formalise the consultation process between Planning and PH&P departments.
6.5 Projected NO2 concentrations
6.5.1 Traffic-related NO2 concentrations are predicted to decrease at a consistent rate due to anticipated improvements in vehicle technologies, however it must be recognised that this assumption is not reflected in nationally monitored values.
6.5.2 The Defra report “Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK” (Carslaw 2011)12 states that “Ambient trends in
the concentrations of NOX and NO2 have not decreased by as much as ... current UK emission factors (UKEF) suggest” and highlights the uncertainty
surrounding the expected NOX and primary NO2 emission factors for Euro 6 (Light Goods Vehicles (LGV) standard) and Euro VI (Heavy Goods Vehicle (HGV) standard).
6.5.3 These emission factors have recently been judged as unreliable and are being replaced by European factors. The Department for Transport (DfT) emission factors detail emission performance of vehicles and assumes that theoretical Euro standard improvements will lead to a reduction in actual emissions. This has not occurred and in some cases there have been increases.
6.5.4 The National Atmospheric Emissions Inventory (NAEI) emission factor revisions show that previous DfT emission factors and fleet composition
data is wrong. Revisions show that trucks contribute dramatically less NOx than previously thought and cars dramatically more – emissions have risen substantially. Contributions from cars has risen massively while contributions from trucks have dropped – the latter by 31%, i.e. trucks
contribute nearly ⅓ less NOx than previously thought. Conversely petrol cars emit 38% more, diesel cars 45% more and diesel vans 24% more (AQB 2012)13.
6.5.5 Although it is anticipated that while there will still be an annual downward
trend in NOx/ NO2 emissions, it will not be as steep as previously estimated. The projected (modelled) reduction in NOx/ NO2 emissions will reduce all current recorded exceedences in Cornwall below the NAQS objective of
12 Carslaw, D., Beevers S., Westmoreland, E., Williams, M., Tate J., Murrells, T., Stedman, J., Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent,
A., and Tsagatakis, I (2011). Trends in NOx and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Version: March 2011. Draft for Comment. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf 13 AQB 2012. Air Quality Bulletin, January 2012 pp 1. Environmental Publishing Ltd
Cornwall Council Action Plan 13 January 2013
40 g m-3 by 2020; however, this modelled prediction is not supported by locally monitored data and the prediction will be revised when new emissions factors are developed.
6.5.6 Whilst locally some monitored sites have shown a consistently downward trend in annual mean values in recent years, this has been associated with a reduction in overall traffic flows at those points. It is not clear whether this trend is the result of improving exhaust technology or simply less traffic; or a combination of both. Certainly, in a few locations where traffic
flows have increased then so have the recorded NO2 values.
Cornwall Council Action Plan 14 January 2013
7.0 Health Effects of Air Pollution
7.1 Health-related aims
7.1.1 In order to protect public health and to meet UK NAQS annual objectives for NO2, a reduction of NO2 concentrations is necessary at sites of concern. The main aim of the Air Quality Management process is to bring about improvements in air quality and to reduce associated health impacts. To this end, the Cornwall-wide AQMA-AP aims to reduce the exposure of people within AQMAs below levels of air pollution that are recognised by government experts to be potentially damaging to human health.
7.1.2 In 2010 The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom: A report by the Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants (COMEAP), concluded:
Removing all anthropogenic particulate matter air pollution (measured as PM2.5) could save the UK population approximately 36.5 million life years over the next 100 years and would be associated with an increase in UK life expectancy from birth, i.e. on average across new births, of six months.
A policy which aimed to reduce the annual average concentration -3 of PM2.5 by 1 g m would result in a saving of approximately 4 million life years or an increase in life expectancy of 20 days in people born in 2008.
The current (2008) burden of anthropogenic particulate matter air pollution is an effect on mortality in 2008 equivalent to nearly 29,000 deaths in the UK at typical ages and an associated loss of total population life of 340,000 life-years. The burden can also be represented as a loss of life expectancy from birth of approximately six months.” (COMEAP 2010)14.
7.1.3 These estimates for the entire national population. COMEAP advise that it is neither appropriate nor meaningful to scale these effects down to the local level. All that can be said is that Cornwall will share this burden.
7.1.4 Recent research (Yim 2012)15, suggests that premature deaths from traffic- related pollution in the UK are valued between £6bn and £62bn per year. The research also indicated that the public health impacts of road transport are likely to be 50% greater than fatal accidents as measured by attributable premature mortalities.
7.1.5 The monitoring data in this report focuses on NO2. The threshold for AQMA declaration in NO2 is derived from health based criteria assessed against concentrations in outdoor air at which acute health effects will be extremely
14 COMEAP 2010. The Mortality Effects of Long-Term Exposure to Particulate Air Pollution in the United Kingdom. www.comeap.org.uk/documents/128-the-mortality-effects-of-long-term-exposure-to-particulate-air-pollution-in-the- uk.html 15 Yim SH, Barrett SR 2012 Public health impacts of combustion emissions in the United Kingdom. Environmental Science and Technology, Apr 2012 17;46(8):4291-6 Cornwall Council Action Plan 15 January 2013
uncommon in susceptible people and below which more subtle effects on the public health will become progressively more difficult to detect.
7.1.6 Whilst current research suggests that the health effects of NO2 are not as significant as those associated with exposure to other traffic-related, NO2 is used as a proxy measure for other traffic-related pollutants. This is consistent with the recommendations of the World Health Organisation (WHO) which states that:
“Nitrogen dioxide concentrations closely follow vehicle emissions in many situations, so nitrogen dioxide levels are generally a reasonable marker of exposure to traffic-related emissions.”16
Therefore, where NO2 exceedences occur, the presence of other, more health damaging traffic-related pollutants is implicit.
7.1.7 It is worth noting however that levels of NO2 cannot be directly related to the amount of PM which is resuspended from road surfaces as well as being emitted by diesel vehicles. As PM concentrations may be influenced by other inputs (i.e. resuspended road dust17, transboundary dusts etc.), measures taken to reduce NO2 concentrations will impact emissions of all pollutants but will not necessarily reduce PM as much as other combustion-related pollutants.
16 WHO 2003. Health Aspects of Air Pollution with Particulate Matter, Ozone and Nitrogen Dioxide http://www.euro.who.int/__data/assets/pdf_file/0005/112199/E79097.pdf 17 Dorsey et.al. 2006 Correlations of asthma mortality with traffic-related factors: use of catalytic converters and radial tires. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17159648 Cornwall Council Action Plan 16 January 2013
8.0 Social Equity
8.1 Social Equity Related to Air Quality
8.1.1 DEFRA’s statutory guidance “Local Air Quality Management: Policy Guidance PG(09)” (4.11) states that the LAs “should consider the wider economic, social and environmental impact” of AQMA-AP actions. Although difficult to quantify, it is considered that the generic actions listed in Appendix 1 have the potential to impact beneficially on air quality in Cornwall as a whole. It is however also important to consider possible adverse effects of actions, e.g. restricting traffic flow in one area may impact the commercial viability or development of adjacent areas.
8.1.2 The 2006 “Air Quality and Social Deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis” report for Defra concluded that “. . . communities characterised by high levels of deprivation often experience higher than average pollution, or pollution levels that are relatively higher than those experienced by less deprived communities.” . . . “In responding to the Government’s agenda on sustainability, this will be an important issue that policy makers developing air quality policy and those authorities implementing measures will need to consider.” (Pye et al, 2006)18.
8.1.3 Further research (Gegisian 200719 and 200820) highlights the opportunities for inter-departmental co-operation offered by the AQMA-AP process, “...opportunities for greater integration of air quality measures with other local strategies, most notably local transport plans, which take greater account of environmental justice issues.”
8.1.4 The above guidance and research is of particular relevance because:
The following wards are within declared AQMAs and are within the 10% most deprived wards in England.
o Camborne South and Camborne West (CPR AQMA) o Camborne West Ward West Central (CPR AQMA) o Illogan Highway South (CPR AQMA) o Redruth North West Central (CPR AQMA)
The following wards are within declared AQMAs and are within the 20% most deprived wards in England.
o Camborne West Ward East Central (CPR AQMA) o Camborne North Ward South East (CPR AQMA) o Camborne North Ward South West (CPR AQMA) o Redruth North Ward south West (CPR AQMA) o Pool West and Tregajorran (CPR AQMA) o Bodmin St Mary’s Ward South East (Bodmin AQMA)
18 Pye S., King K., Sturman J., 2006. Air Quality and Social Deprivation in the UK: an environmental inequalities analysis. Final Report to Defra. www.uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat09/0701110944_AQinequalitiesFNL_AEAT_0506.pdf. 19 Gegisian I., 2007. Assessing the contribution of LAQM to environmental justice in England and Wales. PhD abstract. http://www.uwe.ac.uk/aqm/LAQMenvironmentaljustice.html) 20 Gegisian I., Grey M., Longhurst J.W.S. & Irwin J.G. (2008) Potential contribution of local air quality management to environmental justice in England. In Brebbia, C.A. & Longhurst, J.W.S. (Editors) Air Pollution XVI. WIT Press. Southampton and Boston, pp 597 – 606 Cornwall Council Action Plan 17 January 2013
o Bodmin St Mary’s Ward East (Bodmin AQMA) (Cornwall Council 2011)21.
8.1.5 Cornwall Council is aware of the link between deprivation and poor air quality and has taken account of this when developing AQMA actions. Improvements made to poor air quality which result from AQMA-AP actions will also go towards improving the health of populations in deprived areas as well as also beneficially contributing towards climate change issues.
8.1.6 It is recognised that stakeholders and the wider public will not support proposed options that are perceived as being inequitable and this lack of support will undermine the delivery of air quality improvements.
8.1.7 Although technical interventions to reduce pollution will yield health benefits from reduced pollution, other approaches such as a reduced need to travel will yield further health gains and carbon benefits. These additional health gains may result from increased exercise, from greater equity of access, and from reduced fragmentation of communities. As the consultation proceeds and favoured measures become apparent then issues of social equity can more meaningfully be considered and taken into account when implementing the action plan locally.
21 Cornwall Council 2011. Understanding Cornwall 2011. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=24160
Cornwall Council Action Plan 18 January 2013
9.0 Local policies, programmes and strategies
9.1 Local Policies Overview
9.1.1 The following policies and their specific relationship to air quality are detailed in Annex 4.
LTP3 Connecting Cornwall: 2030 Local Development Framework
o Cornwall Council’s Core Strategy will become the lead document in Cornwall's Local Development Framework (LDF).
o The Core Strategy will establish the context for future growth and development within Cornwall and “. . . set the framework for all subsequent development plan documents”. There is a need to ensure that the current AQMAs within Cornwall are included and properly represented within the Core Strategy (Cornwall Council 2012)22.
Cornwall Air Quality Strategy (CAQS) (www.caqf.org.uk)
o The Actions detailed in the CAQS are generic to Cornwall. Many have been completed or are still on-going
9.1.2 Many of the actions detailed in LTP3, the Green Cornwall Programme and the CAQS Implementation Plan are concomitant with those of the Cornwall AQ-AP. The opportunities for synergy are evident and Cornwall Council will work towards ensuring that linkages are maintained between all relevant areas.
22 Cornwall Council 2012. Planning Future Cornwall: Our Preferred Approach for Core Strategy – Alternative Options http://consult.cornwall.gov.uk/portal/planning/ldf_core_strategy/preferred_approach_core_strategy?pointId=2028814 Cornwall Council Action Plan 19 January 2013
10.0 Air Quality Monitoring in Cornwall
10.1 Local Air Quality Monitoring
10.1.1 Source apportionment of pollutants, undertaken for the LA R&A process has previously shown that traffic is the sole source of air pollution in Cornwall.
10.1.2 The monitoring data in this report focuses mainly on NO2 and although the health effects of NO2 are not as significant as those associated with exposure to other traffic-related pollutants, as stated above, NO2 is considered to be a good proxy measure for the monitoring of other traffic- related pollutants (PM10, PM2.5, PAHs etc.). As well as reducing levels of NO2, the actions detailed in this AQMA-AP will also help to reduce airborne PM (which has profound human health impacts) and carbon dioxide emissions (which have a climate forcing function).
-3 23 10.1.3 The average background NO2 value for Cornwall is 6 g m (Defra 2011 ). Background levels of air pollutants within Cornwall are relatively low by comparison to other more urbanised parts of the country.
10.1.4 Over the past 15 years Cornwall Council has undertaken a comprehensive air quality monitoring programme across the whole of Cornwall. The majority of the monitoring programmes have examined traffic-related NO2 pollution along main roads within the major towns in Cornwall.
10.1.5 As the result of the air quality monitoring programmes, a number of sites of concern were identified where the NAQS annual objective for NO2 was exceeded. Current monitoring programmes are focused on these areas of concern. As a result the exceedences of the NAQS objectives, AQMAs have been declared for the CPR area, Bodmin and Tideford.
10.1.6 Figure 3 shows locations in Cornwall where NO2 diffusion tube monitoring has been undertaken (2001 – 2011). Currently NO2 diffusion tube monitoring is undertaken at 99 traffic-related sites across Cornwall, 30 of -3 which are exceeding the NAQS annual objective for NO2 of 40 g m (Table 6). Of the 30 exceeding sites 26 are at sites of relevant exposure. A further 12 sites are “at risk” of exceeding (i.e. > 36 g m-3).
10.1.7 NO2 diffusion tube monitoring programmes are currently undertaken in the following areas:
Bodmin (AQMA) Camborne/Pool/Redruth (AQMA) Camelford Gunnislake (proposed AQMA) St Austell Tideford (AQMA) Truro
23 Defra background maps. http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/maps/maps2010.html#2010BackgroundMaps Cornwall Council Action Plan 20 January 2013
10.1.8 Monitoring using continuous, real time monitors was undertaken at the following sites for the pollutants and periods indicated:
Redruth (NO2) 2006 - 2010 Truro (NO2) 2007 - 2010 Camborne (NO2) 2006 - 2011
Saltash (NO2, PM10 and SO2) 2004 - 2010 Callington (NOx, CO and PM10) 2005 Landrake (NO2 and PM10) 2007 - 2008 Penzance (NO2 and PM10) 2006 - 2009 Dobwalls (NOx and CO) 2003 - 2004
10.1.9 Currently no continuous monitoring sites for NO2 are operational in Cornwall. There are plans to replace the Wesley St monitor and install a further three continuous monitoring sites in Truro (Treliske), St Austell (Holmbush Rd) and Bodmin (Dennison Rd).
Cornwall Council Action Plan 21 January 2013
Figure 3. NO2 diffusion tube sites in Cornwall, displaying “most recent” annual NO2 concentration (2001–2011).
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 22 January 2013
11.0 Emission Reduction
11.1 Nitrogen Oxides/Nitrogen Dioxide (NOx/NO2)
11.1.1 Emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from motor vehicles consist mainly of nitric oxide, which is then converted to nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. The conversion rate of NO to NO2 is limited if other chemicals are not present and also by the ambient temperature. Therefore, in the
summer the chemical reactions are faster so that more than 80% of the NOx might consist of NO2 whereas in winter the chemical reactions are slower so
perhaps only 20% of NOx might consist of NO2. However, research by Boulter et al. states that elevated levels of NO2 may be generated during
wintertime when high levels of NOx are available due to atmospheric boundary layer depths being much smaller than during the summertime (Boulter 2007)24. The above factors make it difficult to predict how the actions taken to address NAQS exceedences will impact level of reduction required to achieve the objective.
11.1.2 As stated in Section 6.2, traffic levels in Cornwall increase substantially during the summer months but, contrary to the expected association between traffic values and pollution, this increase is not reflected by diffusion tube NO2 concentrations. As detailed in Section 6.2, the seasonal increase in traffic values is more pronounced in Bodmin and St Austell than in Truro and Camborne. This is thought to be due to the more recreational nature of amenities accessed via Bodmin and St Austell as opposed to the largely commuter and industrial traffic in Camborne and Truro.
11.1.3 Figure 4 shows monthly average diffusion tube data for Bodmin (2003– 2011) and illustrates the seasonality of the NO2 data with NO2 values falling between May and September.
150%
140%
130%
120%
110%
100% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 90%
80%
70%
60%
50% 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Mean Last 5
Figure 4. Seasonality of NO2 diffusion tubes in Bodmin (2003-2011).
24 Boulter P.G., McCrea I.S. and Green, J. 2007. Primary NOx Emissions from Road Vehicles in the Hatfield and Bell Common Tunnels. Transport Research Laboratories, http://www.transportresearchfoundation.co.uk/Publications
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 23 January 2013
11.1.4 Figure 5 shows monthly average traffic values for Bodmin (2003–2011) and illustrates the increase in traffic values between April and September.
130% Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 120% Class 4 Class 5 Class 6 110%
100% Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
90%
80%
70%
Figure 5. Seasonality of traffic (by class) for Dennison Road, Bodmin (2006- 2011).
11.1.5 For all sites monitored in Bodmin, NO2 concentrations can be seen to be lower during summer months despite elevated summertime traffic values. This situation is consistent to a greater or lesser degree for all sites in Cornwall.
11.1.6 All the above factors make it difficult to predict the impact of proposed actions on the level of reduction of NO2 required to achieve the objective.
11.1.7 The percentage of NO2 reduction required in each of the sites of exceedence based on the maximum measured annual average NO2 level is shown in Table 6.
11.1.8 The percentage reduction required is taken as a percentage of the road contribution of NO2 (excluding background concentrations) as this is the source which will be targeted by the actions.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 24 January 2013
Table 6. Maximum annual average NO2 reduction required (2011)
NO2 Annual 2011 Bkg Difference % Reduction in Mean 2011 NO2 monitored - NO2 emissions g m-3 g m-3 Bkg g m-3 required Bodmin Bod8* 43.2 9.7 33.46 9.6 Bod24* 41.9 9.7 32.16 5.9 Bod26* 52.0 9.7 42.26 28.4 Bod43* 41.2 9.4 31.8 3.8 Camelford CAM7* 43.9 8.1 35.8 10.9 CPR CPR6* 43.0 11.6 31.4 9.6 CPR7* 56.6 11.6 45.0 36.9 CPR25* 40.8 11 29.8 2.7 CPR27* 46.2 11 35.2 17.6 CPR28* 40.5 11 29.5 1.7 CPR74* 41.2 12.7 28.5 4.2 CPR107* 43.5 11 32.5 10.8 Gunnislake Car1* 59.4 6.4 53.0 36.6 Car2* 56.7 6.4 50.3 33.2 Car3* 40.6 6.4 34.2 1.8 St Austell STA31 57.6 22.9 34.7 50.7 STA35* 45.7 22.9 22.8 25.0 STA39* 41.8 22.9 18.9 9.5 STA62* 42.9 11.7 31.2 9.3 STA63* 43.7 11.7 32.0 11.6 Tideford Car15* 60.4 8.6 51.8 39.4 Car16* 75.0 8.6 66.4 52.7 Car18* 61.7 8.6 53.1 40.9 Car19* 54.7 8.6 46.1 31.9 Car20* 63.2 8.6 54.6 42.5 Truro TRU6 40.01 10.7 29.3 0.03 TR13 63.5 10.7 52.8 44.5 TR27 71.8 10.7 61.1 52.0 TR28 57.5 10.7 46.8 37.4 TR29 41.1 10.7 30.4 3.6 * Sites of relevant exposure
11.1.9 Table 7 shows the percentage reduction in NOx required to achieve the -3 NAQS annual mean NO2 objective of 40 g m when considering the worst- case scenario (i.e. reduction from the maximum NO2 concentrations
recorded for sites of exceedence in 2011). The annual mean roadside NOx concentration has been calculated using the spread sheet available on the Air Quality Archive website (AQA 2012)25.
25 AQA (Air Quality Archive) 2012, http://www.airquality.co.uk/archive/laqm/tools/ nox_from_no2_calculatorv2.xls Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 25 January 2013
Table 7. Roadside NOx reduction required to achieve NAQS objective -3 concentrations for sites of exceedence in Cornwall (g m and percentage)
Calculated Road % NO Annual Calculated Roadside x Road Background Increment emissions NO Total NO 2 Increment Annual NO required to x reduction Mean Annual x reduction Annual mean achieve required 3 NO Mean required (g m- ) x NO Mean (g m-3) compliance from local (g m-3) x (g m-3) 2011 (g m-3) (g m-3) roads
Bodmin Bod8* 43.2 90.3 80.1 10.2 71.2 8.9 11.1% Bod24* 41.9 86.6 76.3 10.2 71.2 5.2 6.8% Bod26* 52.0 117.1 107.1 10.2 71.2 35.9 33.5% Bod43* 41.2 85.5 75.2 9.8 71.6 3.7 4.9% Camelford CAM7* 43.9 92.9 83.5 9.87 71.9 11.6 13.9% CPR CPR6* 43.0 87.9 76.2 12.0 67.7 8.5 11.2% CPR7* 56.6 114.2 118.8 12.0 67.7 51.1 43.0% CPR25* 40.8 82.4 71.7 12.0 68.2 3.5 4.9% CPR27* 46.2 97.8 87.3 12.0 68.2 19.1 21.8% CPR28* 40.5 81.6 70.9 12.0 68.2 2.7 3.7% CPR74* 41.2 82.2 69.2 13.7 66.5 2.6 3.8% CPR107 43.5 90.0 67.8 * 79.4 11.1 11.5 14.5% Gunnislake Car1* 59.4 146.4 139.6 7.1 77.3 62.3 44.6% Car2* 56.7 136.9 130.0 7.1 77.3 52.7 40.6% Car3* 40.6 86.1 79.0 7.1 77.3 1.7 2.2% St Austell StA31* 57.6 124.0 89.7 32.0 42.2 47.5 53.0% STA35* 45.7 89.0 54.5 32.0 42.2 12.4 22.7% STA39* 41.8 78.7 44.3 32.0 42.2 2.1 4.7% STA62* 42.9 87.8 75.7 11.8 68.0 7.7 10.2% STA63* 43.7 90.1 78.0 11.8 68.0 10.0 12.8% Tideford Car15* 60.4 146.8 140.3 8.3 73.7 66.5 47.4% Car16* 75.0 202.4 196.3 8.3 73.7 122.6 62.4% Car18* 61.7 151.5 145.0 8.3 73.7 71.3 49.1% Car19* 54.7 127.0 120.3 8.3 73.7 46.6 38.7% Car20 63.2 156.9 150.5 8.3 73.7 76.8 51.0% Truro TRU6* 40.0 85.76 72.0 9.0 71.3 0.7 1.0% TR13 63.5 155.4 146.6 9.2 71.2 75.4 51.4% TR27 71.8 186.8 178.2 9.2 71.2 107.0 60.1% TR28 57.5 134.1 125.1 9.2 71.2 53.9 43.1% TR29 41.1 83.4 73.6 9.2 71.2 2.5 3.3% a -3 This column is calculated using a calculated NOx concentration (g m ) that corresponds to the annual -3 mean NO2 objective of 40 g m for each site. * Sites of relevant exposure
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 26 January 2013
11.1.10 NO2 levels need to be reduced by between 0.03% and 52.7%; the
indications are that this would require NOx emissions to be reduced by approximately the same value across all monitoring sites. The greatest
percentage reduction in roadside NO2 and NOx emissions is required at
CAR16 Tideford, (52.7% NO2 and 62.4 NOx) and TR27 Highertown, (52% NO2 and 60.1% NOx) to comply with the objective. The smallest percentage reduction in roadside NOx emissions is required at CAR3 Gunnislake (1.8% NO2 and 2.2% NOx) and TR6 Truro (0.03% NO2 and 1% NOx).
11.1.11 As with NO2 contributions, the percentage reduction required is taken as a
percentage of the road contribution of NOx (excluding background concentrations) as this is the source which will be targeted by the actions.
11.1.12 It will be a severe challenge to achieve the level of reduction required in order to achieve the NO2 annual mean objective in a number of areas across the county and in particular at Tideford. However, the implementation of the actions outlined in this plan will be a step towards that goal.
11.1.13 It will not be possible to assess the reduction in NOx and NO2 levels associated with all of the actions, either generic or specific however, where it is possible an assessment will be given.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 27 January 2013
12.0 Conclusion
12.1.1 The Cornwall–wide generic actions detailed in this AQMA-AP are not specific to any one area of Cornwall but are designed to impact beneficially on air quality across the whole of Cornwall. For the majority of the Cornwall-wide generic actions, it is not possible to assess the reduction in emissions associated with each action. Rather, this holistic approach to traffic-related air quality issues seeks to reduce air pollution for the whole of Cornwall and its population.
12.1.2 While it is not possible to accurately assess the reduction in carbon emissions associated with the implementation of the Cornwall-wide generic actions, as stated in Cornwall Council’s Green Cornwall Strategy, 27% of Cornwall’s greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) are transport-related (Cornwall Council 2010)26 and any strategies and actions which seek to reduce traffic impacts in Cornwall will be beneficially impact on GHG emissions.
12.1.3 Actions which are specific to declared AQMAs are targeted at each areas unique circumstance and the benefits accrued from the generic actions will be additional to any changes to air quality associated with site specific actions.
12.1.4 The following appendices detail the existing and proposed actions for Cornwall as a whole and for each AQMA.
Appendix 1: Cornwall Council Programmes and Initiatives (generic actions) to Improve Air Quality in Cornwall
Appendix 2: Emission Reduction for actions
Appendix 3: Camborne/Pool/Redruth (CPR) AQMA
Appendix 4: Bodmin AQMA
Appendix 5: New AQMAs in Cornwall
Appendix 6: Tideford AQMA
26 Cornwall Council 2010 Green Cornwall Strategy, http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=29833 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 28 January 2013
Appendix 1: Cornwall Council generic actions
A1.1 Overview
A1.1.1 Cornwall Council is the largest employer in Cornwall with over 22,000 staff. As such, through the monitoring and implementation of its own Corporate travel plan, Cornwall Council is working to reduce emissions resulting from both business travel and travel to work.
A1.1.2 Key measures include promoting the use of video conferencing for meetings, establishing a home working policy, providing electric vehicles for delivery vans and promoting up to date public transport information to staff. A number of site specific TPs have also been developed for some of the Council offices across the County27.
A1.1.3 As detailed in Annex 4, through the LTP3, the Local Development Framework (LDF), the Cornwall Air Quality Strategy (CAQS), and the Cornwall Council Environment and Climate Change Programme, Cornwall Council is also already implementing a range of programmes and initiatives across the whole of Cornwall aimed at reducing emissions to air from industry and road transport.
A1.1.4 These actions are generic across the whole of Cornwall and are not unique to specific areas, they are designed not only to impact beneficially on local air quality but also to compliment the Council’s climate change programme; these programmes and initiatives are referred to hereafter as “generic actions”. The generic actions detailed below (1–26) are implemented and managed by Cornwall Council; the majority are on-going programmes.
A1.1.5 The impacts of many of the generic actions are difficult to measure and quantify, particularly in respect of individual towns and villages but where possible an estimation of annual emission reduction rates, the impact on carbon emissions, health impacts and costs has been given.
27 Cornwall Council. Travel Plans across the County http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=14889 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 29 January 2013
A1.2 Assessment of air quality actions
A1.2.1 The Council, working with partner agencies, is required to assess the costs and effectiveness of proposed actions for reducing air pollution in working towards the air quality objective.
A1.2.2 This has been done in consultation with the representatives of the AQMA-AP Steering group by estimating the likely effect on air quality and estimated cost of the Action.
A1.2.3 The potential positive effect on air quality has been rated using the following key:
√√√√ High √√√ Medium √√ Low √ Negligible
A1.2.4 Costs have been estimated for each action using the following key:
££££ > £50K £££ £10-50K ££ £1-10K £ <£1K
A1.2.5 Timescale criteria
Long >24 months Medium 6 – 24 months Short < less than 6 months
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 30 January 2013
Table 8. Cornwall Council generic actions
No. Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Health Benefit
Green Council
78% of the 30% savings have already been identified through Green measures to reduce emissions from Reduce Cornwall Cornwall 30% Reduce carbon buildings and street lighting. £££ 1. Councils carbon Programme reduction by On-going Low √√√ emissions. The remaining 22% will need to be p.a. footprint. Property and 2016. identified as coming through Service measures to reduce emissions from vehicle fleet etc. Cornwall Council proposes to Climate support the new Climate Local Support the new CC Green change initiative which has succeeded the Signatory of 2. Climate Local Cornwall (adaptation On-going Nottingham Declaration and Medium ££ p.a. √√√ Climate Local. Initiative. Programme and proposes to develop a Climate mitigation). Change (adaptation and mitigation) Action Plan. Assessment of road engineering Monitor pollution at On-going changes and Continuous NO2 monitoring AQU/CC/ sites of concern & monitoring of development equipment is being installed in £££ 3. Private at sites of planned On-going N/a √√√ traffic & air impacts: Truro, St Austell & Bodmin. p.a. Developers development & pollutants. identify changes. related changes to air quality. Encourage mixed use development. TP Advice for Developers document Presumption in CC Planning Ensure sustainable Reduced produced. favour of mixed Department/ travel is built into 4. need to On-going CC has dedicated TP Officer N/a ££ p.a. √√ use Development new developments travel. ensuring new developments include development. Control Lessen the need for sustainable transport measures. people to travel for work or leisure.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 31 January 2013
No. Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Health Benefit
Green Communities
As part of the planning application process Cornwall currently has 200 TPs submitted Requiring TPs CC TPs registered & where appropriate Reduction in road with all to be submitted Sustainable On- will continue to require TPs to be £££ 5. traffic, pollution and relevant N/a √√√ with planning Transport going submitted. A dedicated TP officer p.a. congestion. planning applications. Group supports new developments in applications. developing TPs required as part of the planning process. Alleviate traffic congestion by junction improvements; Reduced traffic improve traffic signal congestion in CC Highways timings, & road problem areas Highways On- 6. Department/ changes on strategic & reduce This is a CC long-term plan. Medium £££ √√ improvements. going Transportation routes (prioritisation associated of sustainable modes traffic-related & public transport) pollution. where congestion occurs. Develop a Parking Reduced traffic Cornwall Council is currently in Management Strategy congestion in discussion with regard to the future CC Highways to help promote problem areas Parking On- ownership/management of Cornwall’s 7. Department/ sustainable transport & reduce ££ √√ Management. going car parks. A Parking Management Transportation usage and to control associated Strategy is unlikely to be developed parking to alleviate traffic-related until these issues have been resolved. congestion problems. pollution. The Mineral Tramways Heritage Increase in Project has added a further 29kms of numbers CC activity trails to the existing 31km. Improvement walking and Sustainable Provide a safe Walking & cycling schemes have been to the walking cycling. On- £££ 8. Transport alternative to road constructed as part of the Safer N/a √√√ & cycling Reduction in going p.a. Group/ transport. Routes to School programme. LTP3 environment. road traffic Transportation implementation has a programme of Improvements walking and cycling schemes to be in health. delivered between 2011 and 2015.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 32 January 2013
No. Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Benefit Health
Promotion of CC Provide information Numbers of The Cornwall Festival of Cycling and walking & Sustainable to the public about On- 9. people walking Cornwall Mobilise initiative promoted N/a ££ p.a. √√√ cycling Transport alternative travel going and cycling. the benefits of cycling. initiatives. Group modes. Promote sustainable travel through Schools in Cornwall take part annually Promote events; e.g. cycle in the Walk to School weeks held in CC LTP3 awareness of road shows and May & October. /Sustainable On- 10. traffic -related walk to school week N/a N/a ££ √√ Transport going air quality and to work with The AQU has carried out a Group issues. businesses and the programme of school seminars to public sector e.g. raise awareness of air quality issues. the NHS. CC provides information on Increase in CC CC is currently developing a Cornwall Improve access public transport numbers of Transportation Journey Planner website that will to transport timetables/ticketing people using On- 11. / Sustainable enable journey planning using N/a ££ p.a. √√ options options /car sharing alternative going Transport methods such as bus, train, cycle & information. & pooling, enabling modes of Group walking. easy access to transport. information. 277 out of 280 (98.93%) schools in Cornwall have a STP. Cornwall Council Support schools in ST Group is working with schools to Cornwall with the help implement the plans. CC also Number of implementation of actively promotes Walking Buses, Park participating CC STPs. and Stride schemes and a “WOW” - Supporting schools. Sustainable On- Walk on Wednesday Programme. 12. School Travel N/a ££ √√√ Transport Liaison with schools going Plans (STP). Reduction in car Schools in Cornwall take part annually Group use on school in the Walk to School week. Reduce use of car runs. for school run – CC employed 2 “Bike It” officers to reduce emissions. work with schools in CPR, Penzance & Truro. CC has introduced the JRSO Sustainable Travel Pack.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 33 January 2013
No. Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Benefit Health
Promote use of Stipulate emissions CC is developing new contracts for Elimination of lower emitting targets for vehicles tender which will set emission targets CC Passenger Euro I & Euro On- 13. vehicles on bus used for Council /limits & will be longer to enable Low ££ p.a. √√ Transport II buses by going & taxi services Services & extend companies to invest in new less 2014. in Cornwall. length of contracts. polluting vehicles.
Provision of express service using new Reduce Provide an less polluting congestion & express bus CC Long- 14. vehicles to provide a emissions This is a CC long-term plan. Low ££££ √√√√√ service between Transportation term competitive across key towns. alternative to the Cornwall. car.
Reduce Provide multi- Provision of stops This is a CC long-term plan that is CC emissions & On- 15. modal bus that link with train & linked to a number of bids which are Low £££ Transportation improve going infrastructure. cycle links. currently being worked on. health.
Reduced % of driver journeys Provide new or delays due to expansion of existing Truro: Langarth Provide park & congestion. CC facilities to reduce On- Truro: East 16. ride facilities in Increased % Low ££££ √√√√√ Transportation congestion & car going St Ives: Lelant key towns. of journeys to journeys on key Falmouth: Ponsharden. work made by routes in towns. public/active transport.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 34 January 2013
.
No Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Benefit Health
MOVA has recently been installed Link LTP3 targets at sites in Redruth and Bodmin, with AQMA- AP Reduced traffic this forms part of a wider general aims. Use emissions where Traffic tend to install MOVA wherever CC pollution and Smart traffic 17. management On-going possible, especially with new Low £££ √√ Transportation traffic monitoring management measures. developments. Future MOVA data to identify technology is schemes are due to be put in impacts and used. place in Penzance, Falmouth, and trends. Truro. Seeking to Inclusion in final strengthen, local plan Comments made on final internal Embedding through the requiring air CC Public consultation prior to consideration AQM within the emerging Local quality impact 18. Health & Dec 2012 by Planning policy advisory N/a √ √ development Plan process the assessments Protection committee. Briefing made to control process significance of particularly Overview & Scrutiny Committee AQMA declaration related to as a policy driver cumulative impact
Number of Number of Work with new workplaces with New Cornwall Council is developing a CC workplaces with and existing TPs. programme TP toolkit which is due to be Sustainable TPs. £££ 19. employers to of work finalised in 2012. N/a √√√ Transport p.a. develop Modal shift from Modal shift from Group workplace TPs. car to sustainable car to sustainable On-going forms of travel. forms of travel.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 35 January 2013
Benefit
.
No Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Health
Green Economy
CC has developed a Sustainable CC will continue to Procurement and Commissioning lobby companies policy and a standard Responsible that operate Procurement questionnaire which significant HGV & applicants need to complete when Minimise PSVs in Cornwall to submitting information to the emissions from CC Transport ensure they are Reduced 20. On-going panel. Medium ££ √√√√ local business Procurement aware of emissions. vehicle fleets. responsibilities with CC Licensing Section is currently regard to emissions developing a single policy for reduction & Cornwall which will contain conforming to information on requirements European standards. intended to drive up engine standards. CC will continue to support the Work with Cornwall Sustainability Awards Green Provide support, businesses in Number of (CSA) for Businesses 2012. Cornwall and advice and 21. Cornwall to businesses On going Medium ££ √√ Environment assistance to help reduce engaged. CC will continue the Clear about Service businesses. CO2 emissions. Carbon programme.
Cornwall Council has produced a To become a Reduction series of supplementary planning market leader Develop renewable CC Green in documents which aim to provide in innovative energies such as 22. Cornwall Cornwall’s On-going guidance to facilitate the Medium ££ p.a. √√ business & low wind, solar & tidal Programme carbon deployment of low carbon and carbon power. footprint. renewable energy infrastructure technologies. throughout Cornwall. This is a long-term aim & some Encourage CC Providing incentives Reduced feasibility work has been done on greater use of Sustainable if necessary & emissions carrying more supermarket freight 23. water & rail Transport On-going Low ££ √√ infrastructure if across in Cornwall on the rail network but based Group/ possible. Cornwall. bridge networks in Cornwall are a transport. Transportation major constraining factor.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 36 January 2013
.
No Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Benefit Health
Through the Encourage provision or Reduced freight CC safeguarding of land emissions 24. consolidation Transportation On-going This is a long-term aim. Low ££ √√ at suitable locations across and/or FQP & providing links to Cornwall. transhipment. maritime & rail links.
Lobbying for A Sustainable Tourism strategy is improvements in currently being developed. CC rail, road & air Reduced wants to encourage & facilitate the Encourage connectivity to CC emissions use of sustainable modes of 25. Sustainable reduce reliance on On-going Low ££ √√√ Transportation across transport by visitors to Cornwall in Tourism. car led tourist trips Cornwall. order to support low carbon growth & promotion of in Cornwall. The strategy should be coach & rail completed by summer 2012. holidays. Reduce Many of Cormac‘s vehicles use a Providing incentives emissions blend of bio-diesel to help reduce CC Green if necessary & across emissions of some pollutants. Cornwall infrastructure if Cornwall. Encourage the Programme possible. Six electric cars acquired for use (1 use of CC 26. Increased On-going corporate pool car) and 5 for use by Low ££ p.a. √√ alternative Sustainable Purchase of electric number of the Planning and Regeneration fuels. Transport cars and installation electric cars service. Group/ of charging points registered Transportation across Cornwall in Cornwall. Charging points have been installed Council offices at CC major office locations.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 37 January 2013
Appendix 2. Emission reduction for actions
A2:1 Action 1 Reduce Cornwall’s carbon footprint
A2:1.1 As part of the Green Cornwall programme a Carbon Management Plan has been developed to reduce Cornwall Council’s own emissions and has set a 30% reduction target from a 2009/10 baseline from its own operations by 2016.
A2:1.2 As and when Cornwall Council fleet vehicles require replacement Cornwall Council will comply with EU emission standards legislation.
Table 9. EU emission standards for heavy duty vehicles in g/kWh Tier Date CO HC NOx PM Euro I 1992 4.5 1.1 8 0.36 Euro II 1996 4 1.1 7 0.25 Euro III Oct-00 2.1 0.66 5 0.1 Euro IV Oct-05 1.5 0.46 3.5 0.02 Euro V Oct-08 1.5 0.25 2 0.02 Euro VI 2013/2014 1.5 0.13 0.4 0.01 http://www.ceraclean.com/fr/download/HeavyDuty_EU.pdf
A2:1.3 With regard to Council HGVs, the change to Euro IV will produce an 80% HC reduction and a 92% NOx reduction based on Euro III values (Table 9). However, the likely reduction in air pollution is impossible to accurately predict.
A2:2 Action 2 Support the new Climate Local Initiative
A2:2.1 Cornwall Council proposes to support the new Climate Local initiative which has succeeded the Nottingham Declaration and proposes to develop a Climate Change (adaptation and mitigation) action plan.
A2:2.2 Cornwall Council became a signatory of the Nottingham Declaration28 on climate change in September 2010. As such, Cornwall Council made a series of commitments which can be viewed on the Cornwall Council website.29
A2:3 Action 3 On-going monitoring of traffic & air pollutants
A2:3.1 To evaluate the effectiveness of the action plan the Council will continue to monitor NO2 in each of the AQMAs with the use of diffusion tubes and where appropriate, continuous analysers. This will show whether the expected and required reduction in NO2 concentrations is occurring and whether the objective level is likely to be achieved.
A2:3.2 Cornwall Council will produce annual reports and publicly report on monitoring results. Historic data and air quality Progress Reports are
28 The Nottingham Declaration on Climate Change. www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/nottingham 29 Cornwall Council 2011 Cornwall Council Nottingham Declaration. www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=23432 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 38 January 2013
available at http://www.caqf.org.uk/airqual.html. The Council will regularly review the suitability of monitoring programmes
A2:3.3 The target is to understand its practical relationship with traffic flow by correlation and analysis of traffic and pollution data. This on-going process is unlikely to directly reduce air pollution, but will help to deal with it more effectively.
A2:4 Action 4 Presumption in favour of mixed use development
A2:4.1 Due to the proximity to facilities, mixed-use development in town centres offers the potential to achieve lower rates of car ownership and usage.
A2:4.2 Through the LDF, CC will work to ensure that development is concentrated in areas close to facilities and public transport, encourage mixed use developments, and encourage the provision of public transport, walking and cycling infrastructure.
A2:4.3 It is impossible to accurately predict any likely reduction in traffic volumes resulting from an increase in mixed use development, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated.
A2:5 Action 5 Requiring TPs to be submitted with planning applications
A2:5.1 Cornwall Council requires TPs as a part of the planning process. This policy not only reduces traffic-related pollution but also contributes towards reducing Cornwall’s carbon footprint.
A2:5.2 It is impossible to accurately predict any likely reduction air pollution which will occur as the result of the implementation of TPs.
A2:6 Action 6 Highways improvements
A2:6.1 The aim is to alleviate traffic congestion in Cornwall by making strategic junction improvements such as improvement of traffic signal timings, and road changes on strategic routes (with prioritisation of sustainable modes and public transport) where there are congestion problems.
A2:6.2 The likely reduction in pollution values associated with highways improvement is impossible to accurately predict, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated.
A2:7 Action 7 Parking management
A2:7.1 The aim is to develop a Parking Management Strategy to help promote sustainable transport usage and to control parking to alleviate congestion problems, reduce traffic congestion in problem areas and reduce associated traffic-related pollution.
A2:7.2 Cornwall Council is currently in discussion with regard to the future ownership/management of Cornwall’s car parks and a Parking Management Strategy is unlikely to be developed until these issues have been resolved.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 39 January 2013
A2:7.3 The likely reduction in pollution values associated with the implementation of a Parking Management Strategy is impossible to accurately predict, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated.
A2:8 Action 8 Improvement to the walking & cycling environment A2:9 Action 9 Promotion of walking & cycling initiatives
A2:9.1 In order to achieve the required reductions in traffic growth, a behavioural change will be needed to achieve the modal shift to alternative forms of transport.
A2:9.2 Recent research (Rabl et.al 2012)30 concludes that with regard to switching from driving to cycling “by far the most important item is the health benefit due to the physical activity.” . . .” the benefits of bicycling completely overwhelm any concern over pollution exposure of bicyclists.” This is particularly so if the cyclist can travel on cycle paths with lower pollution.
A2:9.3 Improvements to the walking and cycling environment and the promotion of walking and cycling initiatives can therefore be seen to be of great importance, not only with regard to lowering traffic-related air quality inputs but also for general health benefits.
A2:9.4 Cornwall is a largely rural area with approximately 200 miles of inter-linking cycling and walking trails, these trails are used for both leisure activities and for commuting to schools and work.
A2:9.5 Through its partnership with Sustrans, and support for events such as Bike Week Cornwall Council’s Sustainable Transport Group is pro-active in promoting safe cycling and encouraging people to make use of the cycling and walking routes and trails both in rural (leisure) areas and in town centres31.
A2:9.6 Policy 20 of LTP3 Connecting Cornwall states that it will “. . . give greater priority to walking and cycling in out transport strategies and schemes”. This policy also supports objectives 1, 7, 11, 12, 13, 14 and 17 of LTP3.
A2:9.7 It is impossible to accurately predict any likely reduction in traffic volumes by encouraging travellers to transfer from cars to walking or cycling, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated. The target is to take all opportunities that arise in the life of the Action Plan to achieve the objective.
A2:10 Action 10 Promote awareness of traffic-related air quality issues
A2:10.1 To raise public awareness and encourage a modal shift away from car use, Cornwall Council will continue to monitor air quality and publicly report on monitoring results.
30 Rabl A., de Nazelle A. Benefits of shift from car to active transport. Transport Policy, Vol. 19, Issue1 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tranpol.2011.09.008. 31 Cornwall Council: cycling. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=14866 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 40 January 2013
A2:10.2 Cornwall Council has raised awareness of air quality issues through events such as cycle road shows and walk to school week and work with businesses and the public sector.
A2:10.3 Cornwall Council also supports Junior Road Safety Officers (JRSO) in ~150 primary schools and has introduced the JRSO Sustainable Travel Pack. Cornwall Council has a dedicated JRSO website available to download from www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=26547. As detailed in Action 5, it is anticipated that educating Cornwall’s younger generation about the benefits of sustainable travel will help bring about a modal shift in future travel choices.
A2:10.4 Historic data, air quality reports, links for schools and information on air pollution, its health effects and impacts are available at www.cornwall- airquality.org.uk. This service not only aims to raise awareness and inform the general public about air quality issues but also to provide data for developers in order to assist the planning process.
A2:11 Action 11 Improve access to transport options information
A2:11.1 Cornwall Council is currently developing a Cornwall Journey Planner website that will enable journey planning using methods such as bus, train, cycling & walking.
A2:11.2 The likely reduction in traffic volumes by encouraging travellers to change their mode of travel is impossible to accurately predict, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated.
A2:12 Action 12 Supporting School Travel Plans (STP)
A2:12.1 Cornwall Council is working with schools to encourage sustainable travel, initially, through the Safer Routes to School programme and more recently through the development of STPs32.
A2:12.2 Out of 280 schools in Cornwall 277 (98.93%) have developed a STP and Cornwall Council works with schools to help implement their plans. Cornwall Council also:
Employs 2 ‘Bike It’ Officers who work with schools across Cornwall Supports the Walk to School Week which takes place each May and October Has a curriculum resource ‘Feet Wheels & Wings’ which is a Key Stage 2 unit exploring the theme of travel lined to health and the environment Promotes the Walking Buses, Park and Stride schemes and the ‘WOW’ Walk on Wednesdays programme.
A2:12.3 It is anticipated that pupils will relay the information learned in the above initiatives to their parents/guardians with the aim of encouraging modal shift away from the car. It is also hoped that the decisions they will make as adults will be influenced through educating Cornwall’s younger generation about poor air quality.
32 Cornwall Council; School Travel Plans. www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=14861 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 41 January 2013
A2:12.4 It is impossible to accurately predict any likely reduction in traffic volumes resulting from encouraging a transfer from cars to other forms of transport, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated. The target is to publish the support and maintain a number of initiatives.
A2:13 Action 13 Promote use of lower emitting vehicles on bus & taxi services in Cornwall
A2:13.1 Cornwall Council is developing new contracts for tender which will set emission targets. The contracts will be for longer periods than at present and will enable companies to invest in new less polluting vehicles
A2:13.2 The likely reduction in air pollution from potential changes to local bus and taxi stock is impossible to accurately predict however, as nitrogen oxides
(NOx) emissions from Euro IV vehicles are half of those from Euro II vehicles and PM Euro IV emissions are 80% lower than Euro II (AQC 2009)33 the replacement of old stock will have a significantly large beneficial effect of local air quality. The target is to maintain a number of initiatives.
A2:14 Action 14 Provide an express bus service between key towns
A2:14.1 Cornwall Council is planning the introduction of an express bus service using new less polluting vehicles to provide a competitive alternative to the car.
A2:14.2 It is impossible to accurately predict the reduction in car travel which would accrue from encouraging people to use the bus as an alternative to commuting by car. Any associated reduction in emissions is also impossible to predict.
A2:15 Action 15 Provide multi-modal bus infrastructure
A2:15.1 Cornwall Council is investigating the provision of bus stops that link with train & cycle links.
A2:15.2 This is a Cornwall Council long-term plan which is linked to a number of bids which are currently in progress.
A2:16 Action 16 Provide park & ride facilities in key towns
A2:16.1 Truro Park & Ride, at Langarth opened in mid-2008, and works on a Monday to Saturday basis throughout the year. The service has grown in popularity year on year with just over half a million vehicle journeys into Truro being abated during 2011 (Figure 6). This has not significantly reduced the amount of traffic recorded at the Highertown ATC, which remains just below 10 million vehicles per year, but has certainly been instrumental in preventing an increase in traffic entering the City whilst promoting sustainable transport alternatives.
A2:16.2 The Truro Eastern District Centre to the east of Truro will provide a second Park & Ride facility for Truro, thus reducing traffic volumes within the city centre. The scheme is expected to be operational in early 2014.
33 AQC 2009. Air Quality Consultants: Review of Bus Fleet Compositions and Implications for Emissions Reduction Strategies. http://uk-air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/0906110919_Bus_Emissions_Report_Final_220409.pdf Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 42 January 2013
530,566 507,556
424,897
111,242 Vehicle Journeys Abated Journeys Vehicle
2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Figure 6. Vehicle journeys (per year) abated by Truro Park & Ride.
A2:16.3 It is estimated that the new Park & Ride will cut traffic entering Truro from the East and North by 15%, significantly reducing journey times. It will combine with the Langarth Park & Ride to provide a continuous cross city service, with a new stop at Quay Street providing access to Lemon Quay.
A2:16.4 The development of the West Cornwall Hub at St Erth will provide a rail- based park and ride service to Penzance, St Ives and Truro. This new transport interchange will “improve the connectivity between different transport modes and enable car free days out for visitors whilst enabling commuters and businesses to use car free travel for part of their journeys. This will help reduce congestion on the A30.” (Cornwall Council 2012)34.
A2:16.5 Cornwall Council supports the Park & Float/Ride scheme in Falmouth which since opening in 2003 has taken over 300,000 passengers from Ponsharden into Falmouth.
A2:16.6 Whilst it is anticipated that the above initiatives will impact beneficially on air quality within the region, the likely reduction in traffic volumes by encouraging travellers to reduce local cars usage is impossible to accurately predict, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated.
A2:17 Action 17 Traffic management measures
A2:17.1 Cornwall Council will use pollution and traffic monitoring data to identify traffic areas of concern with regard to congestion and air quality impacts and trends. It is anticipated that traffic emissions will be reduced where Smart traffic management technology is used.
A2:17.2 Cornwall Council has recently installed MOVA (Microprocessor Optimised Vehicle Actuation) at sites in Redruth and Bodmin, this forms part of a wider initiative to install MOVA wherever possible, especially in areas with new developments. Future MOVA schemes are due to be put in place in Penzance, Falmouth, and Truro.
34 Cornwall Council 2012). Plans for a west Cornwall transport ‘hub’ given the go ahead. www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=30840 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 43 January 2013
A2:17.3 The likely reduction in air pollution from the application of smart traffic management technology is impossible to accurately predict. However, correlation of continuous monitor and traffic data will allow an understanding of the relationship between traffic and pollution and allow the impact of traffic management changes to be identified.
A2:18 Action 18 Strengthen AQMA related policies in Local Plan
A2:18.1 Initial drafts of local plans recognise that air quality is a material planning issue, especially in and around declared (or potential) AQMAs. However they have so far lacked details of how strengthening this relationship could be expressed. Comments have been made seeking explicit requirements for assessments which take account of cumulative impacts not merely in the immediate vicinity of the proposed development but also at some distance.
A2:18.2 This approach seeks to reinforce good air quality as a strategic goal of the Council. As such it aims to prevent a deterioration in quality rather than a reduction in ambient pollution levels.
A2:19 Action 19 Work with new and existing employers to develop workplace Travel Plans
A2:19.1 Cornwall Council has a dedicated TP officer responsible for supporting companies/ institutions in developing TPs. Cornwall Council will encourage employers to develop and implement staff TPs including promoting initiatives such as pool cars and bikes for staff, dedicated spaces for car sharers, and flexible working practices.
A2:19.2 It is impossible to accurately predict any likely reduction in air pollution which may result from the travel arrangements of local employers. The target is to maintain a number of initiatives and promote the development of workplace TPs
A2:20 Action 20 Minimise emissions from local business vehicle fleets
A2:20.1 Cornwall Council has agreed a Sustainable Procurement and Commissioning policy; this is backed up with e-learning training for staff carrying out procurement and purchases valued at over £50,000 have to be passed by a panel which includes a sustainability representative. A standard Responsible Procurement questionnaire has been developed that buyers need to
complete when submitting information to the panel. CO2 emissions are one of the factors taken into account when Cornwall Council purchases its own vehicles and when commissioning service delivery by private contractors, for example the waste collection contract. A comprehensive approach in appraising the sustainability impacts of all bidders, including route planning, vehicle emissions, driver training, etc. is undertaken, the results of these assessments are scored and taken into account in selecting the preferred supplier.
A2:20.2 The contract for school bus services will be re-procured in 2014 when the Sustainable Procurement and Commissioning policy will be in place.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 44 January 2013
A2:20.3 The likely reduction in air pollution by reducing air pollution from buses is impossible to accurately predict.
A2:21 Action 21 Work with businesses in Cornwall to help reduce CO2 emissions
A2:21.1 Business emissions can often be substantially reduced through energy efficiency measures such as improve boiler controls, variable speed drive belts, improvements to lighting, etc. and many measures can repay the initial cost in a matter of months or a few years.
A2:21.2 Cornwall Sustainability Awards for Businesses has been set up to recognise, celebrate and share best practice in reducing environmental impacts and most if not all winners have been active in sharing best practice and encouraging others. The target should be to encourage as many companies to enter in order to encourage them to better understand the issues and learn from others.
A2:21.3 The Clear about Carbon project helps organisations reduce the carbon emissions associated with their supply chains; this has a beneficial effect of incentivising suppliers and potential suppliers to reduce emissions in order to win contracts.
A2:21.4 The target is to increase the number of companies engaged with the Clear about Carbon project.
A2:22 Action 22 To become a market leader in innovative business & low carbon technologies.
A2:22.1 The Government has set a binding target to achieve an 80% overall
reduction, below 1990 levels, in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions by 2050. In 1990, the UK transport sector emitted 140.8 million tonnes of CO2. By 2006 this had increased to 157.2 million tonnes of CO2. This equates to approximately 24% of the UK’s national CO2 emissions (IME, 2009).
A2:22.2 “Cornwall will take advantage of its unique geography and climate, utilising these natural resources for sustainable community and economic gain. It will become an industry leader in environmental technologies, internationally renowned for its world class research and resilient to rising energy costs. It will be a place that will encourage sustainable economic growth that benefits all, producing the majority of its energy needs from renewable sources while reducing waste and demand through the collective efforts of our communities. Cornwall will provide a quality of life that is as good as anywhere in the UK”35.
A2:22.3 The aims of Cornwall Council’s GCP will support Cornwall Council’s legal duties with regard to the Government’s CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme to reduce their carbon footprint. A reduction of Cornwall’s carbon footprint will have a commensurate effect on air quality in general across the whole of the county.
35 Cornwall Council 2011. Green Cornwall Strategy. www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=29833 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 45 January 2013
A2:23 Action 23 Encourage greater use of water & rail based transport
A2:23.1 The British Government’s Ten Year Plan for Transport set a target of 80% growth in rail freight (2000 -2010). This is a long-term aim for Cornwall and some feasibility work has been done on carrying more supermarket freight in Cornwall on the rail network but bridge networks in Cornwall are a major constraining factor.
A2:23.2 LTP3, Connecting Cornwall, Policy 1 pledges to “. . . work with freight operators to maximise the efficiency of freight movement” by encouraging “. . . the greater use of water and rail-based transport for the movement of freight to maximise the use of the excellent maritime and rail infrastructure that Cornwall possesses.”
A2:23.3 Cornwall Council provides online information on rail services and ticketing in Cornwall to inform and encourage rail use. Rail patronage in Cornwall has increased on average 7.9% each year over the last decade, compared to a national increase of between 3-4%36.
A2:23.4 The likely reduction in air pollution from any increase in water and rail- based transport is impossible to accurately predict. The target is to maintain a number of initiatives as detailed in LTP3.
A2:24 Action 24 Encourage freight consolidation and/or transhipment
A2:24.1 LTP3, Connecting Cornwall, Policy 1 states that Cornwall Council will “. . . take the necessary steps at a local level to reduce emissions from road-
based transport and contribute towards the 80% reduction in national CO2 emissions by 2050 as required by the 2008 Climate Change Act.”
A2:24.2 Cornwall Council has developed a series of proposals which will work toward this aim one of which is to “Work with freight operators to maximise the efficiency of freight movement – by encouraging the greater consolidations of loads, implementations of new technologies, support the greater use of rail and water based transport, support the uptake of low emission vehicles and safe guard land for freight consolidation or transhipment facilities” (LTP337).
A2:24.3 One initiative has been to work with Plymouth City Council to jointly commission a study examining the opportunities to move supermarket freight by rail. The study found that it was not financially viable to move rail freight through Cornwall due to lack of demand. A recommendation for a ‘hub’ at Plymouth was made which is being taken forward. Cornwall Council will continue to look for future opportunities.
A2:24.4 The likely reduction in air pollution from freight consolidation and transhipment is impossible to accurately predict. The target is to work with the Freight Quality Partnership (FQP) to maintain a number of initiatives
36 Cornwall Council. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=30977 37 Cornwall Council. Connecting Cornwall LTP3. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=24537 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 46 January 2013
A2:25 Action 25 Encourage sustainable tourism
A2:25.1 The target is to develop the links between Actions 12 (Improve access to transport options information, 16 (Provide a multi-modal bus infrastructure) and 17 (Provide park & ride facilities in key towns).
A2:25.2 Cornwall Council is currently developing a Cornwall Journey Planner website that will enable multi modal journey planning using bus, train, cycling and walking which is expected to be online in 2013.
A2:25.3 Through Policy 9 of LTP3 Connecting Cornwall, Cornwall Council will “. . . seek to work in co-operation with the tourism boards and local tourism industry to promote sustainable tourism”. Policy 9 also supports objectives 6, 7, 9, 10, 11, 14, 15, 16 of LTP3.
A2:25.4 The likely reduction in air pollution from the encouragement of sustainable tourism is impossible to accurately predict.
A2:26 Action 26 Encourage the use of alternative fuels
A2:26.1 As the precise mix of biofuel composition and consumption in the UK cannot be predicted, hence the likely changes in air pollution from its use are impossible to predict. Outcomes from a range of modelled scenarios suggest that not all biofuel mixes are environmentally beneficial (AQEG 2011)38 values are as follows:
A2:26.2 Table 10 gives the percentage change in projected emissions of NOx, PM, non-methane VOCs (NMVOCs) and CO from UK road transport for different biofuel uptake scenarios. A negative number indicates a decrease in emissions (AQEG 2011).
Table 10. Percentage change in projected emissions
Pollutant Range over scenarios NOx -2% to +2%
PM -19% to +9% NMVOCs -10% to +6%
CO -23% to +3%
A2:26.3 Cornwall Council has acquired six electric cars for staff use; 1 corporate pool car and 5 for use by the Planning and Regeneration service. Charging points have been installed at CC major office locations.
A2:26.4 The Council will continue to promote sustainable transport to its own staff and the wider public, including the management of the CarShare Cornwall
38 AQEG 2011. Air Quality Expert Group: Road Transport Biofuels: Impact on Air Quality, http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/documents/110322_AQEG_Biofuels_advice_note.pdf
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 47 January 2013
website, and the Council will continue to work with public transport providers such as bus and rail to ensure their use is maximised.
A2:26.5 The likely reduction in traffic-related pollution by encouraging travellers to move to alternative fuels is impossible to accurately predict, so the reduction in air pollution also cannot be calculated.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 48 January 2013
Appendix 3. Camborne/Pool/Redruth (CPR) AQMA
A3.1 The CPR area is located in the west of Cornwall and has a population of 39 ~39,937 (ONS 2011) . NO2 concentrations have been monitored at sites in CPR since 2001. Exceedences of the NAQS objectives for NO2 have continuously been recorded by NO2 diffusion tube monitoring at several sites in the CPR area throughout this period and, as there are no significant industrial sources of NO2 in the area, vehicular traffic is attributed as being the sole source of local ambient air NO2 pollution levels.
A3.2 Kerrier District Council declared an AQMA for the CPR area with regards to traffic related pollutants (specifically NO2) in December 2005. Due to the scale of the proposed redevelopment within the area, the boundary was chosen to mirror that of the CPR Urban Regeneration Company (Figure 7). The AQMA Action Plan was published July 2008.
© Crown copyright. All rights reserved. (100049047) 2010
Figure 7. AQMA Camborne, Pool Redruth
A3.3 The CPR AQMA-AP 2009 Progress Report40 detailed the progress made in implementing the actions of the 2008 AQMA-AP. The report concluded that although a trend for an improvement in air quality (diffusion tubes and continuous monitor data) had been identified, there was insufficient data or evidence to revoke or amend the AQMA.
A3:4 Many of the actions detailed in the CPR AQMA AP are Cornwall-wide generic actions which are detailed in Appendix 1, Table 8.
A3.5 Completed Actions and progress of current CPR-specific AQMA actions are detailed in A2: Table 11 below.
39 ONS 2011 Office of National Statistics Online. Mid 2009 population estimates. www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 40 Cornwall Council. CPR AQMA Progress Report. www.caqf.org.uk/PDF/CPR-AQMA-Action-plan-progress-report- 9Dec09.pdf Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 49 January 2013
Table 11. CPR AQMA – Action Progress: Current Actions
No. Action Lead Agency Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Health Benefit
Planning consent has been obtained for the E/W Link from Dolcoath to Barncoose to relieve the A3047. However following This will consist of the Gov.’s 2010 Comprehensive Spending a 3.6km single Review the extent of the proposals were carriageway link reviewed & phased for delivery. between Camborne Diversion Construct and Redruth. It will of traffic The DFT have approved their funding for CC 1. East –West provide access away from 2014 Stage 1 of the scheme subject to N/a ££££ √√√ Transport link Road. within the new the urban obtaining all statutory consents. A decision development areas corridor. regarding ERDF Convergence funding is at Pool, and awaited. Compulsory Purchase Orders and provide alternative Side Road Orders were made in route to the A3047. September 2011 with a Public Inquiry anticipated in June 2012. This will enable works to start early 2013 for completion by late 2014. Effective linking of Average The Highways Electrical Department West traffic signals using queue installed MOVA at these locations to End/Penryn CC 2. MOVA to ensure length and March 2012 control traffic more efficiently with the aim N/a ££ √√ Street, Transport smooth flow of N0 of improving air quality & reducing Redruth. 2 traffic. values. congestion. On-going Identify To monitor Monitoring of traffic –related pollutants is traffic and air changes in 3. CC/AQU progress and use On-going on-going. N/a £££ N/a quality NO2 for publicity. monitoring. values.
Monitor the impact Identify of new changes in The new continuous and diffusion tube Wesley St 4. CC/AQU development & NO2 and On-going monitoring in Wesley St is expected to N/a £££ N/a programme. changes to the PM10 commence in September 2012. road layout. values.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 50 January 2013
Appendix 4. Bodmin AQMA
A4.1 The town of Bodmin (pop: 14,500) is located in North Cornwall. The A30, Cornwall’s primary trunk road, bypasses Bodmin to the south; however the A389, including Dennison Road, Higher Bore Street and St Leonards, is a major route for traffic accessing North Cornwall and runs east-to-west through Bodmin.
A4.2 In response to continual exceedences of NAQS objectives for NO2, in 2008 Cornwall Council (ex-North Cornwall District Council) declared the Bodmin AQMA, it was determined that road traffic was the sole source of the pollutant. The Further Assessment 2008 concluded that the Cornwall Council were correct to declare the AQMA and the Bodmin AQMA-AP was approved by Defra in 2009. Extensive monitoring carried out within the AQMA identified two consistent areas of exceedence.
Figure 8. Bodmin AQMA area
A4.3 The Bodmin AQMA boundary encompassed the whole of area surrounding Dennison Rd/Higher Bore St (Figure 8). This is an area which is earmarked for major redevelopment including new housing, business and transport infrastructure. All proposed developments in Bodmin, whether within or outside of the AQMA boundary, will have to consider their potential impact on air quality within the AQMA. This will reduce the risk of making existing pollution hotspots worse and increase the scope of the LA to work with the Bodmin Town Centre Framework Plan (BTCFP) redevelopment team to improve air quality.
A4.4 Currently of the 24 sites that are being monitored in Bodmin, four sites are experiencing an exceedence of the NAQS objectives, with a further four sites “at risk” of exceeding with annual NO2 concentrations greater than 36 μgm-3. There are no sites in Bodmin recording annual means in excess of -3 60 μgm , suggesting that the hourly mean for NO2 has not been exceeded.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 51 January 2013
A4:5 Full details of air quality monitoring and traffic data can be accessed in the Bodmin AQMA-AP41.
A4:6 Many of the actions detailed in the Bodmin AQMA-AP are Cornwall-wide generic actions which are detailed in Appendix 1, Table 8.
A4:7 The 2011 Air Quality Progress Report42 gives details of Bodmin AQMA action progress. Table 12 below details the Bodmin-specific AQMA actions and progress. Plates A4:1 and A4:2 illustrate 2 of the actions which have been implemented with regard to improving the walking environment in Bodmin.
A4:8 The Cornwall LDF: Core Strategy Place-Based Issues Paper: Bodmin Community Network Area43 has identified the need “to address the unacceptable levels of pollution as a result of traffic congestion in Dennison Road” and has one of its 9 key emerging issues, as” the need to address the air quality issues in the town centre”.
Plate A4:1 The new footpath provided in Berry Lane (right of the picture) to provide a safe walking environment. Action 1: Improvement of walking environment
Plate A4:2 The footpath in Higher Bore St has been widened to encourage safe walking.
41 Cornwall Council. Bodmin AQMA-AP 2009. www.caqf.org.uk/PDF/Bodmin-AQMA-April-2010-2.pdf 42 Cornwall Council. 2011 Air Quality Progress Report. www.caqf.org.uk/airqual.html 43 Cornwall LDF Core Strategy Place-based Issue Paper: Bodmin. http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=fb4ceafe-ff48-49f5-a878-a31bd53d3735&version=-1 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 52 January 2013
Table 12. Bodmin AQMA – Current Actions
No. Action Agency Lead Focus Indicator Estimated Completion Date to Progress date on Impact carbon emissions Cost Health Benefit
A new shared use cycle/footway link, plus a speed limit reduction to 30 mph will encourage the use of more sustainable travel in Bodmin and to CC will continue to Bodmin College. CC Travel take steps to improve Improvement A new Berry Lane footpath and Awareness the pedestrian 5% increase in 1 of walking: On-going widening of the footpath in Higher Bore N/a ££££ √√ Team environment in walkers. Environment. St will encourage walking. CC PT&E Bodmin with St Guron’s Way cycle/ footpath, linking improved priorities. the south-east and south-west areas of Bodmin has been opened. A pedestrian refuge in Lostwithiel Rd has improved students’ safety. On-going monitoring of Monitoring of traffic –related pollutants Monitor progress and Identify changes 2 traffic values CC/AQU On-going is on-going. A new NO2 monitor is N/a £££ N/a use for publicity. in NO2 levels. & air being installed in Dennison Rd. pollutants. Schools in Bodmin have developed the CC Travel “Brighter Bodmin” campaign to Awareness encourage parents and children to walk Promotion of Team. CC will participate in to school. Children will keep walking Reduction in car 3 walking CC PT&E initiatives to promote On-going diaries and schools will appoint Junior N/a ££ √√√ travel. initiatives. CC walking in Bodmin. Road Safety Officers. The Bodmin Connecting Walk to Work project has expanded Cornwall the Multi Use Trails Network for North Cornwall. CC will support Promotion of Connecting Increased The Bodmin Walk to Work project has cycling safety 4 cycling Cornwall number of On-going expanded the Multi Use Trails Network N/a ££ √√√ initiatives within the initiatives. CC cyclists. for North Cornwall. Bodmin area.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 53 January 2013
Appendix 5. New AQMAs in Cornwall
A5.1 Overview A5:1.1 As the result on on-going air quality monitoring in Cornwall (Section 10), further exceedences of the NAQS objectives have been identified at several sites, namely Tideford, Gunnislake, Truro and St Austell.
A5:1.2 An AQMA was declared on NO2 for Tideford in May 2011 following the Detailed/Further Assessment report published in December 2009.
A5:1.3 Appendix 6 provides an AQMA-AP for Tideford and gives details of actions specific to Tideford.
A5:1.4 The following Tideford AQMA-AP and proposed site-specific actions for Tideford will be submitted to Defra to a timescale in accordance with AQMA regulations. The site-specific actions for Tideford will work towards addressing the causes of air quality exceedences within Tideford.
A5:1.5 Following the 2011 Progress Report44 a further AQMA will be declared for Gunnislake.
44 Cornwall Council 2011. Air Quality Progress Report 2011. http://www.caqf.org.uk/airqual.html Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 54 January 2013
Appendix 6. Tideford AQMA-AP
A6:1 Tideford Background A6:1.1 Tideford is a small village located in east Cornwall with a population of approximately 325 (ONS 2011)45.
A6:1.2 The village is bisected by the A38, one of the main routes into Cornwall which has a 2010 AADT of 24,493 (DfT 2010)46.
A6:1.3 The A38 is the most direct route for traffic moving between Plymouth and Cornwall and as such the road has a relatively high and consistent volume of traffic throughout most of the day. Plate A5:1 A38 Tideford, view westward showing the east-west incline.
A6:1.4 There are several businesses and residential properties adjacent to the road but there are no industrial processes operating within Tideford and consequently traffic-related pollution has been identified as the sole source of NO2.
A6:1.5 The speed limit of 50 mph reduces to 40 mph through Tideford and the road has steady incline (east to west) on the Mill Road section of the road through the village. There are two off-road bus stops either side of the road at the eastern side of Tideford. At peak periods traffic queues develop along the west-bound stretch of road through the village, due to the speed restrictions, the gradient and tailbacks from Trerulefoot roundabout approximately 1km to the west of Tideford. All the NO2 exceedences in Tideford occur along the westbound carriageway. Figure 9 illustrates the vehicle speed for all roads in Tideford for the periods 16:00 – 18:00 (excluding school holidays). The congestion map shows that for the A38, vehicle speeds reduce below 30 mph in the village centre and increase as vehicles accelerate out of the village.
A6:1.6 Research from the Transport Research Laboratory (TRL) has shown that emissions of NO2 from HGVs increase substantially when ascending a gradient (Latham et al., 2005).
A6:1.7 Other research has found that the marked increases in estimated pollution levels obtained when vehicles are travelling uphill are not offset by the reduced emissions generated by the same vehicles travelling down the
45 ONS 2011. Office of National Statistics Online. Mid 2009 population estimates. www.statistics.gov.uk/statbase/Product.asp?vlnk=15106 46 DfT Transport Statistics. www.dft.gov.uk/traffic-counts/cp.php?la=Cornwall+excluding+Isles+of+Scilly Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 55 January 2013
same gradients and that the predicted NO2 level was increased by between 6 – 16%, depending of the gradient of the road in question (Harris 2005). The findings of this research may have implications for the location of the exceedences in Tideford.
A6:1.8 The A38 through Tideford is a main route between Cornwall and Devon and as such the road is heavily trafficked throughout the day. There are few suitable alternative routes
A6:1.9 With regard to social deprivation, the C4G report “Planning for the Role and Future of Smaller Settlements in Cornwall”47 (Cornwall Council 2009)48, produced to inform the forthcoming Core Strategy and LDF states that “Tideford is within the St Germans area and as such is an area classed by the Government’s Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD) as being in the most deprived quintile for the housing and services and living environment domains; pointing to high prices and difficulties in accessing services. However the area is in the middle quintile (41- 60%) for the employment, income and overall domains . . . this points toward the likelihood that some households in the area have far lower standards of living” (C4G 2009).
A6:1.10 It is important that the AQMA Actions detailed in this Action Plan take note of the IMD classification for the area and that the agreed actions do not impact adversely on the population.
47 C4G 2009. Planning for the Role and Future of Smaller Settlements in Cornwall. St Germans Testing Area. www.cornwall.gov.uk/idoc.ashx?docid=1266a08b-1dd8-4f21-ab58-36c9da0371a0&version=-1 48 Cornwall Council 2009 (2) Planning for the Role and Future of Smaller Settlements in Cornwall, http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=22894
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 56 January 2013
Figure 9. Tideford Congestion Map (Cornwall Council Transportation Department 2012)
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 57 January 2013
A6:2 Tideford Detailed/Further Assessment (DA/FA49) 2009
A6:2.1 The Detailed/Further Assessment Report for Tideford published in December 2009 confirmed a breach of the annual NO2 air quality objective at sites in Tideford, identified the contributory sources of pollution to the local air quality and determined how much of an improvement will be required to meet the objective. Following the 2009 DA/FA and the subsequent Tideford AQMA declaration in May 2011, Cornwall Council is required to produce an AQMA-AP.
A6:2.2 This AQMA-AP is the next step in the process of improving the air quality within the designated Tideford AQMA. The Tideford DA/FA can be accessed online at www.cornwall-airquality.org.uk/airqual_cara.html. The Cornwall Council 2011 Air Quality Progress Report concluded that the declaration of an AQMA for Tideford was justified (Cornwall Council 2011)50.
A6:3 Tideford Source apportionment
A6:3.1 Source apportionment undertaken for the Tideford DA/FA identified HGVs as
the primary source of NOx emissions in Tideford. HGVs were predicted to contribute 76% of NOx emissions in 2008, dropping to 74% in 2010 due to some reductions in HGV emissions attributed to improvements in exhaust technology. The DA/FA predicted that LGVs would contribute around 20% of
NOx concentrations in Tideford with background NOx providing the smallest contribution of only 6%.
A6:3.2 Traffic passing through Tideford has an average speed of 34.8 mph with a traffic mix of 79.6% cars, 14% LGVs, 4.6% HGVs, 1.1% motorbikes and 0.7% buses (DfT 2011)51.
A6:3.3 For the Tideford DA/FA, source apportionment the traffic data was taken from a one-week survey in Tideford in June 2009 which gave an AADT of 23,853. In order to examine annual variations, DfT traffic data for Stoketon Cross (approximately 3 miles east of Tideford) for 2010 (Feb – Dec) has been used with data from January 2009 to give estimated monthly average daily traffic (ADT) values for 2010, the AADT for 2010 is 25,890. ADT values for winter months (October – March) are significantly lower than those for summer months (April – September) being 22831 ADT and 28,948 ADT respectively, this shows an additional ~6,000 ADT for the summer months and illustrates the amount of seasonal traffic through Tideford (Figure 10).
A6:3.4 January 2009 data has been used to fill in for January 2010 (missing). 2009 data is representative of 2010 data.
49 Cornwall Council Tideford DA/FA 2009. http://www.caqf.org.uk/airqual_cara.html 50Cornwall Council 2011. 2011 Air Quality Progress Report Cornwall Council. http://www.cornwall- airquality.org.uk/PDF/2011_Air_Quality_Progress_Report_Cornwall_Council.pdf 51 DfT 2011 Traffic Matrix www.dft.gov.uk/matrix/Map.aspx# Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 58 January 2013
Tideford ADT monthy traffic values - 2010 35000
30000
25000
20000
VPD 15000
10000
5000
0 Jan 09 Feb 10 Mar 10 Apr 10 May 10 Jun 10 Jul 10 Aug 10 Sep 10 Oct 10 Nov 10 Dec 10
Figure 10. Tideford ADT monthly traffic values 2010
A6:3.5 Postcode data of vehicle occupants crossing the Tamar Bridge into Devon (February 2007) shows that while some of the journeys originate from the far west of Cornwall (Figure 11), the majority of journeys originate in the east of Cornwall (Figure 12). Of the 5584 occupants surveyed, 2461 originated in the immediate area (Saltash). Figure 12 shows the location of Tideford and illustrates its strategic position on one of the main routes to Plymouth.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 59 January 2013
Figure 11. Tamar Bridge – 1/02/07 origin postcode data. Cornwall
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 60 January 2013
Tideford
Postcode data
Figure 12. Tamar Bridge – 1/02/07 origin postcode data. East Cornwall
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A6:4 Tideford AQMA-Action Plan
A6:4.1 While the generic County-wide actions detailed in Appendix 1 above will have a beneficial impact on air quality across the whole of Cornwall, Tideford has its own unique road-traffic issues which have given rise to the NAQS exceedences and which require specific, tailored actions in order to meet the NAQS objectives.
A6:4.2 This AQMA-AP for Tideford will:
• Identify and assesses potential air quality options specific to Tideford for improving local air quality within the designated AQMA • Propose implementation of those options that are relevant to LAQM and are capable of bringing about improvements in air quality within the AQMA.
A6:5 Tideford AQMA Consultation Process
A6:5.1 A leaflet explaining the reasons for declaring an AQMA for Tideford and showing the three AQMA boundary options was delivered to every residential property and business in Tideford along with a response form asking for comments and views on the boundary options. An open day was held in Tideford on the 19th November 2010 in order to allow members of the public to discuss the proposed AQMA boundary options with Cornwall Council officers and to express their views. The open day was well attended and the views and opinions of the attendees were added to those expressed online and via the post (www.cornwall.gov.uk/tidefordairquality).
A6:5.2 Consideration was given to the views and choices expressed to determine the AQMA boundary and boundary Option 2, which includes the whole of Tideford village, was chosen. This option was the most popular as it was felt that the air quality issues affect the village as a whole rather than only the areas of exceedence.
A6:6 Consultation Response
A6:6.1 Respondents to the Tideford consultation agreed that traffic volume through Tideford is very heavy at peak times. This gave cause for concerns about safe passage across the road and the difficulty in exiting from side roads. It was felt that the introduction of traffic lights to control traffic would cause congestion and disrupt traffic flow.
A6:6.2 It was also felt that the pollution values recorded in Tideford were a cause for concern in particular at the western end of the village and that this was having an adverse impact on residents’ health.
A6:6.3 It was pointed out that a large number of houses in Tideford use coal fired heating which, it was suggested may also impact on local air quality, particularly in the winter months.
A6:6.4 Concerns were expressed that a by-pass route would affect the economics of Tideford and that proposed development schemes for Liskeard would further increase the traffic passing through Tideford. It was also noted that there is no Park & Ride facility on the western side of Plymouth. Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 62 January 2013
A6:6.5 Respondents were generally supportive of the proposed options and encouraged Cornwall Council in its implementation of the AQMA-AP.
A6:7 Highways Agency – A38
A6:7.1 The A38 through Tideford is the responsibility of the HA. The HA is therefore a statutory consultee in LAQM process (including the production of the Action Plan) and as such, Cornwall Council is encouraged to work with the HA in the formulation and pursuit of AQMA-AP measures to reduce pollutant concentrations in the Tideford AQMA (HA 2007).
A6:7.2 A representative of the HA sits on the AQMA steering group and, during consultations has been appraised of the nature and extent of the air quality problem in Tideford. Through this process, Cornwall Council will, with the HA, identify actions which it is considered will work towards the reduction of traffic-related pollutants at relevant sites within Tideford.
A6:7.3 Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:8 Tideford air quality monitoring
A6:8.1 NO2 diffusion tube monitoring has been undertaken in Tideford since 2008. The diffusion tubes deployed by Cornwall Council are supplied and analysed by Gradko laboratories utilising the 50% triethanolamine (TEA) in acetone preparation method (Figure 13).
A6:8.2 The Defra bias adjustment factor for Gradko 50% Triethylamine (TEA) in acetone diffusion tubes for 2010 was changed in June 2011 from 0.95 to 1.03. This change resulted in an overall increase in bias adjusted values at all sites for 2010 values (Table 13).
Table 13. Defra national bias adjustment factors for 2008 - 2011 (50% TEA in acetone) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Gradko 50% TEA in 0.94 0.97 1.03 0.93 Acetone
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 63 January 2013
Figure 13 Tideford AQMA: Diffusion tube annual averages for 2010.
A6:9 NO2 Background Concentrations
A6:9.1 Defra provides estimated (not monitored) UK background (ambient) values 52 for NOx, NO2, PM10 and PM2.5 (Defra 2011 (1)) . Numerical data can be downloaded for each 1 km x 1 km of the UK in the form of comma separated (CSV) files. Co-ordinates are given for the centre of each 1 km x 1 km grid square and a separate CSV file is available for each LA area for each pollutant and for each year from 2006 to 2020 (Defra 2011).
A6:9.2 Background values represent the general level of NOx and NO2 in an area, disregarding any local factors, e.g. polluting industries or highly trafficked roads. The difference between the background value and the monitored value indicates the levels of pollution from local sources.
A6:9.3 For the Tideford area, the background NOx and NO2 concentrations were taken from the 1 x 1km grid square: X=234500, Y=059500 and are given in
Table 14. The difference between the estimated NOx and NO2 values for 2010 and 2015 illustrate the estimated reduction in background values which are anticipated to occur over and above any reductions due to AQMA actions.
Table 14. Defra estimated background NOx and NO2 concentrations for Tideford 2010 and 2015 (g m-3)
NO2 NOx NO2 NOx Grid Reference 2010 2010 2015 2015 X: 243500 Y: 59500 8.8 11.0 7.3 9.0
52 Defra 2011 Background concentration database. www.laqm.defra.gov.uk/review-and-assessment/tools/background- maps.html Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 64 January 2013
A6:10 Tideford Diffusion Tube Monitoring Results 2008 - 2011
A6:10.1 For 2010 diffusion tube monitoring at sites CAR15, CAR16, CAR18, CAR19 and CAR20 show consistent exceedences of the NAQS annual average objective of 40 g m‐3 (Table 15).
A6:10.2 Figure 14 illustrates that the monthly increase in traffic flow during the summer is not reflected by the diffusion tube monthly averages which decrease through the summer months. This same pattern is found at other sites in Cornwall and is detailed in Section 11.
A6:10.3 The continued exceedences of the NAQS NO2 annual objective at five sites of relevant exposure in Tideford led to the AQMA declaration. Sites CAR15, CAR16, CAR18 and CAR20 recorded annual average concentrations for 2010 which were greater than 60 g m-3.
A6:10.4 Research (Laxen 2003)53 states that if an annual mean concentration exceeds 60 g m‐3 then it is likely that the NAQS 1‐hour mean objective would have been exceeded. The bias adjusted values for sites CAR15, CAR16, CAR18 and CAR20 in 2010 were > 60.0 g m‐3 indicating that values at these sites may well have exceeded the hourly objective during the year.
A6:10.5 Recent further analysis of data (2003‐2007) has identified that exceedences of the NO2 1‐hour mean objective may also occur where the annual mean concentration is below 60 g m‐3 (Cook 2008)54. The majority of these exceedences were recorded at kerbside and roadside sites within south‐east England, in particular within Greater London. It is not thought that this situation is likely to occur within Tideford.
A6:10.6 When the Defra background NO2 value is deducted from the values for CAR15, CAR16, CAR18, CAR19 and CAR20, concentrations remain above the NAQS objective, indicating that monitored NO2 concentrations are directly attributable to local sources i.e. traffic.
A6:10.7 Table 16 shows the 2010 bias adjusted annual average NO2 values for sites CAR15, CAR16, CAR18, CAR19 and CAR20 show the proportion of which is traffic-related. The required NO2 reduction value is inclusive of the background value. Table 16 also shows the required reductions in NO2 concentrations at all sites in order for them to be below NAQS objective values.
53 Laxen D. and Marner B. (2003) Analysis of the Relationship Between 1Hour and Annual Mean Nitrogen Dioxide at UK Roadside and Kerbside Monitoring Sites. http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat06/1hr_NO2_rpt_Final_b.pdf 54 Cook A. (2008) Analysis of the relationship between annual mean nitrogen dioxide concentration and exceedences of the 1hourmean AQS Objective, http://laqm.defra.gov.uk/documents/NO2relationship_report.pdf.
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Table 15. Tideford diffusion tube results table 2008 –2011 (g m-3) 2008 2009 2010 2011 Site Location non- bias data bias adj bias adj bias adj min max Std dev change bias adj capture g m-3 g m-3 g m-3 g m-3 g m-3 g m-3 g m-3 % % CAR15 Jinglebells Cott 57.6 64.3 60.4 21.8 72.0 100% 8.1 3.7%
CAR16 1 Quay Road 52.4 70 69.2 79.8 74.2 58.7 89.6 100% 7.2 7.1%
CAR17 Corner Cott 23 22 24.3 27.3 25.4 19.1 30.4 92% 2.6 4.5%
CAR18 Trevathan 69.6 59.0 65.7 61.1 33.7 77.6 69% 8.2 3.5%
CAR19 9 Mill Road 50.3 58.2 54.1 41.1 72.3 86% 7.6 7.5%
CAR20 1 Mill Road 59.3 67.3 62.6 46.8 77.1 67% 8.5 5.5%
CAR21 Moor Gnidaer 16.2 16.4 15.3 11.2 21.6 100% 3.2 -5.8%
CAR22 Bear Tree View 34.9 41.2 38.4 30.6 45.8 100% 3.5 9.8%
CAR23 River View Cott 21.4 25.4 23.6 4.8 27.2 100% 3.5 10.5%
CAR24 British Legion 12.2 11.4 6.0 32.2 92% 6.9 n/a
Diffusion tube average for all Tideford tubes and monthly traffic average for 2010/2011
2010 2011 70 35000 2011 traffic 2010 Traffic 60 30000
50 25000
3 -
40 20000
g m
AADT 2 30 15000
NO 20 10000
10 5000
0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Figure 14. Diffusion tube average for all Tideford tubes and monthly traffic average for 2010/11 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 66 January 2013
3 Table 16. Required NO2 reduction g m‐ and % - 2011
2011 NO2 Bkg Traffic Required NO2 Required NO2 Location Bias adj. NO2 related NO2 reduction reduction g m‐3 g m‐3 g m‐3 g m‐3 CAR15 59.8 8.62 51.2 19.8 38.7 CAR16 74.2 8.62 65.6 34.2 52.2 CAR18 61.1 8.62 52.5 21.1 40.2 CAR19 54.1 8.62 45.5 14.1 31.0 CAR20 62.6 8.62 53.9 22.6 41.9
A6:11 Improvements required to achieve the objective
A6:11.1 The level of improvement required in order to achieve the annual mean objective for NO2 (based on the traffic component only) is a maximum of 52.2%. Actions to reduce background concentrations will have a negligible effect; therefore, the majority of actions in the air quality action plan should be directed towards mitigating the road traffic component.
A6:11.2 The percentage reduction required is taken as a percentage of the road contribution of NO2 (excluding background concentrations) as this is the source which will be targeted by the actions.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 67 January 2013
Appendix 6:12: Action Plan Options - Tideford
Table 17. Suggested options for Tideford, feasibility assessment, likely impact on air quality and costs
Impact on Lead Health No. Action Focus Indicator Progress to date carbon Cost Agency Benefit emissions
Improved traffic Not realistic to implement
1 HGV Ban. CC/HA Remove HGVs. flow – reduction Dependant on other routes for HGV Low ££££ √√√√ in HGV traffic. traffic and co-operation of hauliers.
Reduce HGV access Reduce HGVs access Reduce air Not realistic to implement
2 hours. Prohibit HGVs in CC/HA during peak pollution pollution from Dependant on other routes for HGV Low £ √√√√√ peak hours. periods. HGVs. traffic and cooperation of businesses.
Update A38 Route Identify issues specific RMS highlights excessive speed and 3 Management Strategy HA N/a N/a ££ √√√ to Tideford. community severance issues in Tideford. (RMS) measures.
Introduce traffic signals Not realistic to implement. outside Tideford to Reduce traffic hold-ups Smoother traffic 4 CC/HA N/a ££ √√√ improve peak time traffic in Tideford. flow. May increase congestion on A38 outside flow. of Tideford.
Smooth-flowing traffic Reduce A38 speeds will reduce congestion Smoother traffic 5 through Tideford to CC/HA Further assessment. N/a ££ Low & associated pollution flow. reduce queuing traffic. levels.
Initiate a continuous Identify periods of 6 CC/HA N/a Further assessment. N/a ££ Low monitoring programme. pollution exceedences.
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Impact on Health No. Action Lead Agency Focus Indicator Progress to date carbon Cost Benefit emissions
Identify times of congestion & link data 7 Instigate traffic study. CC/HA N/a Further assessment. N/a ££ N/a with pollution monitoring. Assess fleet mgt. with Freight Quality Partnership Identify Freight issues 8 CC/HA N/a Further assessment. N/a £ N/a (FQP); delivery times & on the A38. parking strategies.
Remove traffic from Reduced Funding issues, public acceptance, 9 Redesign the road layout. CC/HA immediate vicinity of NO2 need to ensure AQ problem is not N/a ££££ √√√√ residential properties. values. moved.
Not realistic to implement. Build a by-pass around Remove through traffic Reduced 10 CC/HA N/a ££££ √√√√ Tideford. from Tideford. traffic. Lack of available routes, destruction of green space. Replace buses by cleaner Private bus Reduction in pollution Euro Reliant on bus companies Cost with the 11 vehicles; replace fleet by Low ££ √√ companies concentrations. standards. bus operators. 2020. Smooth-flowing traffic Experimental traffic order will reduce congestion & Smoother 12 HA/CC Further assessment. N/a £££ √√√√ to redesign traffic flows. associated pollution traffic flow. levels. No Not realistic to implement. Purchase roadside Remove relevant 13 CC relevant N/a ££££ √√√√√ residential properties. exposure. Objections from residents, limited exposure. funding available. Smooth-flowing traffic Changes to speed limit will reduce congestion & Smoother 14 CC/HA Further assessment. N/a ££ √√√ signage. associated pollution flow. levels.
Investigate need for an Reduced New bus pull-in at west of 15 CC/HA off-road bus stop facility queuing Further assessment. N/a ££ √ village. at west of Tideford. traffic.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 69 January 2013
A6:12 Suggested Options for Tideford
A6:12.1 A series of suggested actions for Tideford were examined against cost, feasibility, effectiveness and potential air quality impacts (both direct and indirect) (Table 17).
A6:12.2 With regard to Table 17, the following actions were not considered viable for the reasons detailed in Table 17:
Action 1 (HGV Ban) Action 2 (Reduce HGV access hours) Action 4 (Introduce traffic signals outside Tideford to improve peak time traffic flow) Action 10 (Build a bypass around Tideford) and Action 13 (Purchase roadside residential properties).
A6:12.3 Proposed Actions for Tideford which are considered to be viable are given in Table 18 below.
A6:13 Proposed Options for Tideford (Table 18)
A6:13.1 Action 1. Initiate a continuous monitoring programme of traffic flows, real- time air quality and visual monitoring. In order to identify the linkages between traffic flow and pollution levels it is considered vital that a continuous monitoring programme is initiated to provide data on both traffic
flow and NO2/PM levels. Identification of peak traffic flow, vehicle type and pollution data will inform future actions and enable an assessment to be made of the effect of any action which have been implemented.
A6:13.2 Cornwall Council will continue to investigate funding opportunities and will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.3 Action 1 will not result in any reduction of pollution values, but will inform a range of future actions to address the air quality exceedences in Tideford.
A6:13.4 Action 2. Redesign the road layout. It is considered that if the distance between the traffic flow and residential properties could be increased then traffic-related pollution at relevant sites could be reduced. This scenario may be possible at sites to the west of Tideford but may not be able to be considered at sites in the centre of Tideford.
A6:13.5 The viability of the implementation of this action is will be assessed using information gained from the continuous pollution and traffic monitoring programme.
A6:13.6 The likely reduction in air pollution at sites of relevant exposure which result from the redesigning the road layout is impossible to accurately predict. Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.7 Action 3. Buses replaced by cleaner stock, fleet to be replaced by 2020. This action is reliant on the bus companies replacing aging stock.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 70 January 2013
A6:13.8 The likely reduction in air pollution from potential changes to local bus and taxi stock is impossible to accurately predict however, as stated previously,
NOx emissions from Euro IV vehicles are half of those Euro II vehicles and PM Euro IV emissions are 80% lower than Euro II vehicles (AQC 2009)55, the replacement of old stock will have a significantly large beneficial effect of local air quality. Cornwall Council will continue to lobby and work with bus companies.
A6:13.9 Action 4. Update A38 Route Management Strategy. The HA - Route Management Strategy (RMS) notes:
Section 3S4 (HA 2010)56 “Perceived problems with excessive speed in Tideford.”
Section 9.2.32 details the “8% increase in traffic flows in the 5-year period to 2001 and predicts that traffic on the section of the A38 may “grow by up to 20% in the next ten years and that where existing congestion occurs, this will be exacerbated”.
3NUM5 – “a High priority for a Study to locate a signal controlled crossing point for pedestrians and equestrian use.”
3A2 (and other sections (e.g. 3NMU5)) “the extensive community severance issues caused by the A38 through Tideford”
A6:13.10 The RMS safety scheme to “extend the 40mph speed restrictions in the two villages of Tideford and Landrake and restrict the A38 either side of the villages to 50mph.” has been implemented despite the proviso that the proposal was likely to result in more disruption to the traffic flow of this section of the A38.
A6:13.11 The two options considered by the HA for improving the future operation of the A38 at this location, are not being implemented by the HA (pers. comm. HA 31/08/2011).
1) Constraining traffic growth in the area by restricting development proposals and providing alternative transport facilities such as the Trerulefoot rail based Park and Ride and
2) A programme of major highway capacity improvements
A6:13.12 The HA were unable to comment on any of the Actions proposed for Tideford or say whether the RMS would be revised to take account of the Tideford AQMA.
A6:13.13 Action 5. Experimental traffic order to redesign traffic flows.
A6:13.14 The viability of the implementation of this action is will be assessed using information gained from the continuous pollution and traffic monitoring programme.
55 AQC 2009. Review of Bus Fleet Compositions and Implications for Emissions Reduction Strategies. http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/0906110919_Bus_Emissions_Report_Final_220409.pdf 56 HA 2010. Highways Agency Route Management Strategy www.highways.gov.uk/roads/projects/11018.htm. Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 71 January 2013
A6:13.15 It is anticipated that changes to traffic flow could reduce traffic related pollution. The likely reduction in air pollution from potential changes to traffic flow is impossible to accurately predict, however Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.16 Action 6. Changes to speed limit signage. It is thought that as the A38 through Tideford is subject to congestion at peak times that by changes to the speed limit signage may regulate the traffic flow through the village.
A6:13.17 The viability of the implementation of this action is will be assessed using information gained from the continuous pollution and traffic monitoring programme. Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.18 Action 7. Investigate need for an off-road bus stop facility at west of Tideford. By investigating and identifying any causes of traffic hold-up within the village it may be possible to improve traffic flow.
A6:13.19 The viability of the implementation of this action is will be assessed using information gained from the continuous pollution and traffic monitoring programme. Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.20 Action 8. Investigate the viability of introducing traffic signals outside Tideford to improve peak time traffic flow. It is thought that this action may increase congestion on the A38 outside of Tideford, however without adequate information this cannot be confirmed.
A6:13.21 The viability of the implementation of this action is will be assessed using information gained from the continuous pollution and traffic monitoring programme. Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.22 Action 9. Reduce the current speed limit of 40 mph along the A38 through Tideford to reduce queuing traffic. As with Action 7, the viability of this action cannot be assessed without further traffic-flow information.
A6:13.23 The viability of the implementation of this action is will be assessed using information gained from the continuous pollution and traffic monitoring programme. Cornwall Council will encourage and support the HA in any means it identifies and in taking actions that will result in a reduction in pollution levels from traffic in Tideford.
A6:13.24 Action 10. Assess fleet management with Freight Quality Partnership (FQP) to optimise delivery times and parking strategies. This action aims to improve traffic flow through Tideford.
A6:13.25 The likely reduction in air pollution from the above action is impossible to predict.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 72 January 2013
Appendix 6:13 : Tideford Action Plan Options Table 18. Shortlisted options to be taken forward
Estimated Impact on Lead Health No. Action Focus Indicator Completion Progress to date carbon Cost Agency Benefit Date emissions
Develop a monitoring strategy to initiate a continuous Identify periods of CC and the HA are 1 programme of traffic CC/HA pollution N/a On-going investigating funding N/a ££ N/a flow real-time air exceedences. sources. quality and visual monitoring Investigate Reduced Dependant on possibility of Redesign the road pollution levels information gained from 2 CC/HA moving traffic away On-going N/a ££££ √√√√ layout. at relevant the continuous from residential sites. monitoring programme. properties. A potential 28% <80% HC Buses replaced by Reduction in Reliant on bus reduction in CO <92% NOx 3 cleaner stock, fleet CC pollution On-going companies (cost with the (Euro III – Euro ££££ √√ (Euro III – Euro replaced by 2020. concentrations. bus operators). IV (2013)) IV (2013)).
Update A38 Route RMS highlights excessive Management Identify issues speed and community 4 CC/HA N/a On-going N/a ££ √√√ Strategy (RMS) specific to Tideford. severance issues in measures. Tideford. Smooth-flowing Dependant on Experimental traffic traffic will reduce Reduced information gained from 5 order to redesign CC/HA congestion & On-going N/a £££ √√√√ queuing traffic. the continuous traffic flows. associated pollution monitoring programme. levels. Smooth-flowing Dependant on traffic will reduce Changes to speed Reduced information gained from 6 CC/HA congestion & On-going N/a ££ √√√ limit signage. queuing traffic. the continuous associated pollution monitoring programme. levels.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 73 January 2013
Estimated Impact on Lead Health No. Action Focus Indicator Completion Progress to date carbon Cost Agency Benefit Date emissions
Investigate the need Investigate need Dependant on for a new bus pull-in for an off-road bus Reduced information gained from 7 CC/HA On-going N/a ££ √√ at the west of the stop facility at west queuing traffic. the continuous village. of Tideford monitoring programme. Investigate the Smooth-flowing viability of traffic will reduce May increase congestion introducing traffic Reduced 8 CC/HA congestion & On-going on A38 outside of N/a ££ √ signals outside queuing traffic. associated pollution Tideford. Tideford to improve levels. peak time traffic flow. Reduce the current Smooth-flowing speed limit of 40 mph Dependant on traffic will reduce along the A38 Reduced information gained from N/a 9 CC/HA congestion & On-going ££ √√√ through Tideford to queuing traffic. the continuous associated pollution reduce queuing monitoring programme. levels traffic. Assess fleet mgt. with Freight Quality Identify Freight 10 Partnership (FQP); CC/HA N/a On-going Further assessment N/a £ N/a issues on the A38. delivery times & parking strategies.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 74 January 2013
Annex 1. Cornwall Review and Assessment Timetables
Table 19. Cornwall Council Area East 1 Review and Assessment of Air Quality Timetable (Formerly NCDC) Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion assessed report
Exceedences of the annual NO2 objective Round 2 USA at sites in Bodmin. Recommendation for 2003 Feb 2004 further monitoring. AQ Progress Consider declaring an AQMA in Bodmin. 2004 Apr 2005 DA Decision to declare an AQMA for Bodmin. 2005 Dec 2005
Continuing monitoring and development of USA & Progress 2008 Apr 2007 AQMA AP.
FA Decision to declare was correct. 2007 Jun 2008 Monitoring identified two consistent areas Round 3 USA of exceedence in Bodmin AQMA. Dec 2009 No exceedences outside of AQMA.
Table 20. Cornwall Council Area East 2 Review and Assessment of Air Quality Timetable (Formerly Caradon) Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion assessed report Recommended DA at Dobwalls (Defra Round 2 USA 2002 Apr 2003 advised that it was not required). AQ Progress Conclusion: no exceedences identified. 2003 Apr 2004 AQ Progress Conclusion: no exceedences identified. 2004 Apr 2005 USA Conclusion: no exceedences identified. 2005 Apr 2006 Conclusion: marginal exceedence at Tideford. AQ Progress Report 2006 May 2007 Recommend move monitoring sites to relevant exposure. Outcome: Tideford exceedences identified, AQ Progress 2007 Nov 2008 move to DA. Outcome: the objective for NO2 is close to being exceeded at Gunnislake. Move to Round 3 USA DA/FA assessment; Move forward with 2008 Dec 2009 AQMA declaration at Tideford; Move to DA of PM10 at Horizon Poultry Farm, Liskeard. Tideford DA/FA of AQ Move forward with AQMA for Tideford. 2008 Dec 2009
Gunnislake DA/FA Exceedences of NO2. Move to AQMA. 2010 Apr 2011
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 75 January 2013
Table 21. Cornwall Council Area Central 1 R&A Timetable (Formerly Carrick) Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion assessed report
Recommended DA of NO2 at 3 streets in Round 2 USA 2002 2003 Falmouth.
Conclusion: no exceedences identified. AQ Progress Report Identified the need for NO2 monitoring in 2004 2005 Truro.
It is necessary to carry out a DA for NO2 for the Tregolls Road and Tresawls Road sites in Round 3 USA 2006 2007 Truro. The Highertown area of Truro will be kept under review.
The annual NO2 objective is likely to be exceeded at locations. The requirement for AQ Progress Report an AQMA declaration at Tregolls Road in 2007 Apr 2008 Truro will be decided after the Unitary Authority is formed in April 2009.
The annual NO2 objective was exceeded at locations in Truro. However it is not AQ Progress Report 2008 Dec 2009 considered that there is a justification for declaring an AQMA.
Table 22. Cornwall Council Area Central 2 R&A (Formerly Restormel) Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion assessed report
The review concluded that an exceedence Round 2 USA of the standard was unlikely for any 2003 2004 pollutant.
The NO2 survey did not reveal any AQ Progress Report 2004 2005 exceedences of NAQS objectives.
Exceedences of the annual NO2 objective AQ Progress Report were recorded at 7 sites in Holmbush Road 2007 Nov 2008 and South Street. Further monitoring to be undertaken.
Further investigation of elevated levels of Round 3 USA NO2 at one road junction is required. The 2008 Oct 2009 assessment has not identified other sites needing further consideration.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 76 January 2013
Table 23. Cornwall Council Area West 1 R&A Timetable (Formerly Penwith) Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion assessed report
NO2 exceedences at locations in Penzance. Round 2 USA Further monitoring to be undertaken. No 2002 Apr 2003 requirement to move to AQMA.
Two sites in Penzance recorded NO2 exceedences. No AQMA declared due to DA 2003 Oct 2004 traffic flow changes which reduced pollution concentrations. AQ objectives will be met at sites of relevant USA/Progress Report exposure. Further monitoring to be 2005/2006 2006-2007 undertaken.
Monthly exceedences of the NO2 NAQS AQ Progress Report objective but unlikely to exceed annual 2007 Feb 2008 objective. DA NAQS objective met at all sites. 2008 Nov 2009 No need to proceed to DA. Monitoring Round 3 USA 2008 Dec 2009 concluded.
Table 24. Cornwall Council Area West 2 R&A Timetable (Formerly Kerrier) Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion assessed report
Further monitoring and progression to a DA Round 2 USA 2002 Apr 2003 required for NO2. Decision to declare AQMA for the CPR area DA 2004 Oct 2005 based on NO2 exceedences.
USA No DA required for NO2 outside AQMA. 2005 Apr 2006 Concluded that the Council was right to FA declare an AQMA and that its boundary size 2006 May 2007 continues to be relevant.
No DA required for other pollutants outside AQ Progress Report the CPR AQMA. NO2 still exceeding the 2006 Dec 2007 objective at roadside locations.
No DA required for other pollutants outside AQ Progress Report the CPR AQMA. Monitoring confirmed 2007 Nov 2008 pollution to be traffic related.
No need to proceed to a Detailed Round 3 USA 2008 Dec 2009 Assessment outside the AQMA.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 77 January 2013
Table 25. Cornwall Council 2011 Air Quality Progress Report
Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion Defra comment assessed report Identified continued exceedences of NO2 objective in Bodmin-
Continue to monitor.
Identified continued
exceedences of NO2
objective in in Gunnislake - DA submitted Proceed to DA. separately. Part 1 (Area Dec 2009 East) Identified continued 2010 Continue to monitor and exceedences of NO2 proceed to DA if objective in Camelford – relevant exposure Continue to monitor. exists.
Identified continued
exceedences of NO2
objective in Tideford – AQMA declaration.
Identified exceedences of Defra welcomes NO2 objective in Truro – proposed continuous proposed installation of monitoring. continuous monitor. Part 1 (Area Dec 2009 Central) Requirement to proceed 2010 Identified exceedences of to DA for Holmbush Rd NO2 objective at St Austell – and Edgcumbe Rd if recommend continued exceedences continue. monitoring. Part 1 (Area No exceedences outside of No requirement to Dec 2009 West) the CPR AQMA. proceed to DA. 2010 Cornwall Council Gunnislake DA/FA Year Date of Report Outcome/Conclusion Defra comment assessed report Cornwall Council should proceed with declaring the Alma Terrace/Fore Exceedences of NO2. Move Street AQMA and Gunnislake DA 2010 Apr 2011 to declaration of AQMA should submit a Further Assessment report within 12 months of declaration.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 78 January 2013
Annex 2. Traffic - Seasonal Variation and Growth
Table 26. Index of seasonal variation Ratio of the average daily flow per month to the annual average daily traffic (AADT) flow for the year. Month 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 January 0.77 0.78 0.78 0.78 0.79 0.80 0.80 0.81 0.79 0.82 0.79 0.72 February 0.85 0.87 0.84 0.85 0.86 0.86 0.88 0.87 0.85 0.91 0.84 0.87 March 0.91 0.92 0.85 0.92 0.90 0.91 0.94 0.88 0.91 0.93 0.92 0.94 April 0.99 1.01 0.97 0.97 1.01 1.03 0.98 1.01 0.99 1.00 1.02 1.04 May 1.05 1.05 1.06 1.04 1.05 1.04 1.04 1.03 1.03 1.07 1.07 1.04 June 1.10 1.11 1.10 1.09 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.08 1.11 1.14 July 1.21 1.20 1.18 1.19 1.18 1.18 1.16 1.18 1.17 1.16 1.18 1.18
August 1.35 1.33 1.31 1.30 1.30 1.25 1.28 1.28 1.29 1.24 1.25 1.25
September 1.10 1.05 1.12 1.13 1.11 1.10 1.10 1.11 1.11 1.10 1.12 1.13
October 0.97 0.97 1.01 0.99 1.00 0.98 0.99 1.00 1.02 0.99 1.00 1.02
November 0.87 0.87 0.90 0.89 0.87 0.90 0.88 0.90 0.90 0.87 0.87 0.88
December 0.82 0.83 0.84 0.83 0.84 0.85 0.84 0.83 0.82 0.84 0.83 0.78
Table 27. Traffic growth in Cornwall. AADT values for traffic entering and leaving Cornwall for 1999 – 2010 Location 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
A39 Shorestone Moor 3361 3458 3521 3753 3900 3884 3947 4023 4006 3769 3868 3716 A3072 Redposts 3853 3850 3823 4103 4361 4358 4404 4579 4660 4645 4803 4823 A30 Launceston 16933 17138 18590 19561 20339 20631 20842 20841 21593 21170 21763 21143 Bypass A390 Gunnislake 6318 6381 6473 6574 6640 6583 6574 6456 6454 6300 6380 6235 A38 Stoketon Cross 21315 20815 21568 22669 23572 24123 24323 24208 24262 23571 23987 23451 A374 Antony 6035 5974 6222 6168 6320 6374 6417 6280 6631 6467 6449 6382 Total 57815 57616 60197 62828 65132 65953 66507 66387 67606 65922 67250 65750
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 79 January 2013
Figure 15. Monitoring points for traffic entering and leaving Cornwall
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 80 January 2013
Annex 3. Part A processes in Cornwall
Table 28. Part A Processes in Cornwall. Environment Agency 2012 Operator Name Site Name Location Part A (1) SITA UK Limited United Mines Landfill St Day, Redruth Dairycrest Davidstowe Creamery Davidstowe Peake (GB) Ltd Peake (GB) Ltd Stoneybridge Park Liskeard Cleaning Service Group Ltd Sealant Treatment Plant Saltash Defence Logistics Organisation Thanckes Oil Fuel Depot Torpoint CLP Envirogas Ltd Connon Bridge GUP Liskeard Falmouth Petroleum Ltd Falmouth Oil Falmouth Irons Brothers Limited Iron Brothers Lead Casting Wadebridge L I Winn and Son Ltd Herniss Farm Penryn
SITA UK Limited Connon Bridge Landfill Liskeard
Viridor Waste Management Ltd Lean Quarry Landfill Liskeard
Jaspers (Treburley) Ltd Treburley Abattoir Launceston
R & R Ice Cream (UK) Ltd Kellys Of Cornwall Ice Cream Bodmin
Samworth Brothers Ltd Ginsters Callington Callington
St Merryn Meat Ltd Vion Foods St Merryn
Tulip Ltd Tulip Bodmin Bodmin
Tulip Ltd Tulip Bugle Bugle
West Country Waste Mgt Environmental Recycling Centre Ltd Buckfast Spinning Co Ltd Buckfast Carpet Yarn Spinners Buckfast H R Jasper & Son Ltd H R Jasper Abattoir - South Petherwin Launceston Part A (2) Council of the Isles of Scilly Incinerator
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 81 January 2013
Annex 4. Local policies, programmes and strategies
Anx4:1 LTP3 Connecting Cornwall: 2030
Ax4:1.1 LTP3 - Aims and objectives
Ax4:1.1.1 The aims and objectives of CC 2030 LTP3 are closely linked to LAQM goals and are important with respect the implementation of generic, county-wide policies which will beneficially impact on local air quality. If the above goals are implemented, the outcomes will be:
Improved road safety Increased public confidence in a safer transport network Reduced air quality and noise impacts from roads and transport.
Ax4:1.1.2 The Cornwall Council LTP3 “Connecting Cornwall: 2030 Strategy” contains a range of initiatives which will have a positive effect on air quality in Cornwall and which will also support the aims and actions of AQMA-APs.
Ax4:1.1.3 LTP Guidance (2009) replaced the shared priorities of LTP2 guidance with five national goals and challenges. The original priorities – accessibility planning, congestion, air quality and road safety remain essential elements of LTP 2009 Guidance and are included in LTP3 (DfT 2009)57.
Ax4:1.2 LTP3 - Air Quality
Ax4:1.2.1 With regard to air quality, CC: 2030 LTP3 (Policy 28) will seek to:
Reduce air quality impacts by working in close partnership with AQMA groups to identify potential air quality problems Mitigate the impacts of road transport emissions within urban environments Reduce traffic-related pollution by using “more efficient use of road space and appropriate traffic management solutions” to ease traffic congestion in town centres Reduce air quality impacts from roads and transport by continuing to “carry out study and investigation work at locations within known transport related air quality problems.”
Ax4:1.3 LTP3 - Sustainable Development
Ax4:1.3.1 In accordance with sustainable development guidelines, including the use of TPs, CC: 2030 LTP3 will seek to:
Minimise air quality problems associated with road traffic in new developments “in accordance with sustainable development guidelines, including the use of travel plans” Allocate a greater proportion of their capital budget to sustainable travel modes Work with developers and planners to ensure sustainable transport is built into new developments
57 DfT 2009. Guidance on Local Transport Plans. www2.dft.gov.uk/adobepdf/165237/ltp-guidance.pdf Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 82 January 2013
Ax4:1.4 LTP3 - Cycling and walking initiatives
Ax4:1.4.1 With regard to the support of cycling and walking initiatives in Cornwall, Section 3.6, Policy 20 and 21 of the CC: 2030 LTP3 Strategy will:
Give greater priority to walking and cycling in their transport strategies and schemes Ensure that all development proposals include “safe and efficient walking and cycling infrastructure” which include direct links between communities, services and transport facilities.”
Ax4:1.4.2 As well as delivering health benefits from cycling and walking, these policies will help to reduce the volume of vehicular traffic and associated traffic- related pollution Cornwall-wide.
Ax4:1.5 LTP3 - Climate change
Ax4:1.5.1 CC 2030 LTP3 climate change priorities include:
Introducing low carbon technologies Reducing road-based transport emissions Encouraging sustainable travel choices Supporting the use of alternative fuels for transport and Reducing the need to travel
Ax4:1.5.2 Within the UK, transport contributes over 21% of domestic greenhouse gas emissions to the UK total, with car emissions being responsible for over 58% of the total. The population of Cornwall is particularly reliant on car use and the average age of cars in Cornwall is among the highest in the country (with 34% over 9.3 years old compared with only 23% nationally) (DfT 2010). This taken in conjunction with the high seasonal increases in traffic, demonstrates that traffic-related pollution within Cornwall is an important contributor to climate change gasses.
Ax4:1.5.3 The Cornwall Council Focus on Tackling Climate Change report acknowledges that the impact of road transport emissions on climate change is significant and the common ground within the LAQM processes and climate change programmes will offer opportunities to exploit operational synergies.
Ax4:1.5.4 The Climate Change Act 2008 contains a legally binding target for the UK to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by 80% by 2050 against the 1990 baseline. LAs have climate change responsibilities to help local residents, businesses and other organisations reduce their energy costs, reduce congestion and help improve the local environment. These responsibilities, along with three new National Indicators (NIs) (2008) which are directly linked to climate change can also be seen to feed directly into LAQM generic actions.
Ax4:1.5.5 Priority performance indicators (NIs): All local areas must report annually on their performance against a wide range of national indicators
(NIs). These include two indicators of CO2 emissions:
NI 185: CO2 reduction from local authority operations
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 83 January 2013
NI 186: Per capita reduction in CO2 emissions in the local authority area.
Ax4:1.5.6 Cornwall Council has agreed to report annually against NI 186: Per capita
reduction in CO2 emissions in the LA area. This is the percentage reduction of the per capita CO2 emissions in the local authority area against an agreed baseline year. The actions detailed in the Cornwall AQMA-AP will impact significantly on climate change targets and feed into Cornwall Council’s climate change agenda.
Ax4:1.5.7 The Nottingham Declaration58 Cornwall Council is a signatory to the Nottingham Declaration on Climate Change (Cornwall Council 2011)59 and as such is committed to “systematically address the causes of climate change and to prepare their [Cornwall Council] community for its impacts.”
Ax4:1.5.8 The benefits accrued from Cornwall Council’s PH&P and Climate Change Department working together will support the aims of Cornwall Council’s climate change targets and the generic county-wide aims of the LAQM processes. Cornwall Council’s commitment to the Nottingham Declaration can be viewed at: http://www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=23432
Ax4:1.5.9 The Green Cornwall Programme The Green Cornwall Programme is intended to make radical cuts in emissions by improving energy efficiency, developing and promoting renewable energy and reducing emissions associated with vehicles. The aims of the Green Cornwall Programme will feed into and support the LAQM process and also the Climate Change programme.
Ax4:1.5.10The programme has three main themes:
Development of a low carbon economy in Cornwall Development of renewable energies such as wind, solar and tidal power Greater partnership working with both public sector and private sector organisations
Ax4:1.6 LTP3 - Traffic management
Ax4:1.6.1 Cornwall Council recognises that HGVs will be the main mode of transporting freight for the foreseeable future. Through the use of the Lorry Management Strategy, CC 2030 LTP3 will look to increase the movement of freight by other modes and will do this by:
Continuing to develop a joined up strategic and local freight network Providing operators with consistent uniform information across the region to help them plan their journeys Encouraging HGV drivers to use the strategic freight network (SFN) and minimise their impact when not using it
58 NDCC (The Nottingham Declaration on Climate Change). www.energysavingtrust.org.uk/nottingham 59 Cornwall Council 2011 (5) Cornwall Council Nottingham Declaration, www.cornwall.gov.uk/default.aspx?page=20120 Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 84 January 2013
Seeking to minimise the impact of HGVs through traffic engineering measures to control or eliminate the movement of lorries in residential areas or by enhancing pedestrian routes. Working with developers and planners to ensure that lorry movement generators are located on or as near as possible to the SFN.” (Cornwall Council 2011 LTP3 2011)
Ax4:1.6.2 The impact of all the above actions will be monitored through continuing studies and investigative work at locations with known transport related air quality problems.
Ax4:1.6.3 The Defra report “Trends in NOX and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK” (Carslaw 2011)60 highlights the important issue of selective catalytic reduction (SCR) used on HGVs being shown to be ineffective “under urban-type (slow speed, low engine temperature) conditions” The report states that, due to lack of data concerning the proportion of HGVs with SCR in urban areas, it is difficult to quantify the importance of this issue, however Euro VI legislation address this issue. Carslaw, 2011 – This research is of particular significance in Cornwall where slow HGV speeds are particularly relevant when considering the topography of towns in Cornwall.
Ax4:2 Local Development Framework
Ax4:2.1 Cornwall Council is in the process of developing its Core Strategy which will become the lead document in Cornwall's Local Development Framework (LDF). The Core Strategy will contain . . . “core policies that convey the Council's favoured approach to development within the county ... and outline the broad scale and distribution for strategic development such as housing and employment. The Core Strategy will determine a long term growth and distribution strategy for Cornwall up to 2030, as well as provide key policies for the determination of planning applications” (Cornwall Council 2012)61.
Ax4:2.2 Although the 2012 Cornwall Council Core Strategy – Alternative Options consultation paper does not specifically mention air quality policies or the impact of traffic-related congestion and pollution, it does acknowledge that amongst other issues, pollution can lead to problems in both urban and rural communities. One of the key principles detailed in the document is to “safeguard vital environmental assets such as water and air quality”.
Ax4:2.3 Under the heading of Natural and Historic Environment and with respect to sustainability, climate change, adaptation, mitigation and pollution, the paper also states Cornwall Council’s aim to avoid or mitigate against (amongst others) “harmful impacts on air” as the result of development.
60 Carslaw, D., Beevers S., Westmoreland, E., Williams, M., Tate J., Murrells, T., Stedman, J., Li, Y., Grice, S., Kent,
A., and Tsagatakis, I (2011). Trends in NOx and NO2 emissions and ambient measurements in the UK. Version: 3rd March 2011. Draft for Comment. http://uk- air.defra.gov.uk/reports/cat05/1108251149_110718_AQ0724_Final_report.pdf 61 Cornwall Council 2012 (1). Planning Future Cornwall: Our Preferred Approach for Core Strategy – Alternative Options http://consult.cornwall.gov.uk/portal/planning/ldf_core_strategy/preferred_approach_core_strategy?pointId=2028814
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 85 January 2013
Ax4:2.4 The consultation paper puts great emphasis on finding viable solutions to service provision and transport, especially public transport and management of the network as well as other infrastructure. To this end the Core Strategy Options reflects the actions detailed in the AQMA-AP with regard to alternative modes of transport, cycle and walking initiatives, TPs and sustainability and climate change issues.
Ax4:2.5 Cornwall Council’s Core Strategy will establish the context for future growth and development within Cornwall and “. . . set the framework for all subsequent development plan documents”. There is a need to ensure that the current AQMAs within Cornwall are included and properly represented within the Core Strategy.
Ax4:3 Cornwall Air Quality Strategy (CAQS)
Ax4:3.1 The Cornwall Air Quality Strategy (CAQS) was produced in 2004 with the aim of achieving “. . . excellent air quality across Cornwall, to protect public health and the environment”. The CAQS considered actions to address problems highlighted by air quality monitoring, and proposed a realistic framework for policy decisions to maintain good air quality across the County. The full strategy document along with detailed monitoring information can be found on the CAQF website www.cornwall-
airquality.org.uk.
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 86 January 2013
Glossary
AADT Annual Average Daily Traffic AQ Air Quality AQMA Air Quality Management Area AQU Air Quality Unit BTCFP Bodmin Town Centre Framework Plan CAQS Cornwall Air Quality Strategy CC Cornwall Council CO Carbon monoxide COMEAP Committee on the Medical Effects of Air Pollutants CPR Camborne/Pool/Redruth CRC CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme DA Detailed Assessment DC District Council Defra Department for Environment Food and Rural Affairs DfT Department for Transport EA Environment Agency ERDF European Regional Development Fund FA Further Assessment FQP Freight Quality Partnership FR&A Further Review and Assessment GCP Green Cornwall Plan GHG Greenhouse gas HA Highways Agency HC Hydrocarbon HGV Heavy Goods Vehicle: vehicles > 3,500kg gross weight buses > 8 passengers IMD Index of Multiple Deprivation IPPC Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control LA Local Authority LAQM Local Air Quality Management LDD Local Development Document LDF Local Development Framework LGV Light Goods Vehicle: vehicles < 3,500kg gross weight LTP3 Local Transport Plan 3 - 2011 and 2016
MGV Medium Goods Vehicle: vehicles between 3.5 and 7.5 tonnes µg m-3 Micrograms of a pollutant per cubic metre of air MOVA Microprocessor Optimised Vehicle Actuation NAQS National Air Quality Strategy NHS National Health Service NI National Indicators NOx Nitrogen oxide NO2 Nitrogen dioxide
ONS Office for National Statistics PPAP Planning Policy Advisory Panel PM Particulate matter
PM10 Particles with diameter less than 10 microns (μm)
PM2.5 Particles with diameter less than 2.5 microns (μm) R&A Review and Assessment SCR Selective Catalytic Reduction SFN Strategic Freight Network SMoTS Sustainable Modes of Transport
SO2 Sulphur dioxide STP School Transport Plan TEA Triethanolamine TP Travel Plan TRL Transport Research Laboratory UKEF UK Emission Factors
USA Updating and Screening Assessment
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 87 January 2013
Prepared by: Barbara Parsons Cornwall Air Quality Unit (CAQU) Cornwall College January 2013
If you would like this information in another format please contact:
Cornwall Council County Hall Treyew Road Truro TR1 3AY
Telephone: 0300 1234 100
Email: [email protected] www.cornwall.gov.uk
Cornwall Council AQMA Action Plan 88 January 2013