Connect with Institute for Music and Neurologic Function

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Connect with Institute for Music and Neurologic Function CELEBRATING 25 YEARS IMNF VISION2025 IMNF VISION 2025 | 2 LEADING THE WAY IN: • Educating the public on emerging music and neuroscience research as it relates to health and development. • Promoting dialogues across disciplines of neuroscience, medicine, psychology and music therapy. • Advancing best practices in music therapy through education and training. • Consulting with technology companies to extend music-based interventions. • Advocating for access to music therapy services. ABOUT VALUES The Institute for Music and Neurologic Function (IMNF) IMNF believes: is an internationally recognized non-profit agency • Music affects the whole person: body, mind and spirit. engaging in research, education and training and offering groundbreaking music therapy programs to restore, • Music is integral to human development and has the maintain and improve patients’ physical, emotional and power to awaken, stimulate and heal. neurological function through the methodical use of music. • Everyone can benefit from music, and those MISSION with neurologic challenges should have access to music therapy. Through the scientific exploration of music and the brain, IMNF seeks to establish new knowledge and to develop more • Collaboration with scientists, educators, government effective music therapy treatments to awaken, stimulate and policy makers, music therapists, technology companies heal through the extraordinary power of music. and healthcare entities advances our mission. VISION • Technology accelerates the delivery of the therapeutic aspects of music to benefit those who have limited access As an international model, IMNF will integrate emergent to music therapy. neuroscience to advance clinical music therapy practice. • In the highest level of ethical standards and integrity and applying it to all research, education and clinical practice. 3 | IMNF VISION 2025 IMNF VISION 2025 Dear Friend of IMNF: Can music change the brain? music perception has grown tremendously over these years, Promote health? We are at an exciting and now we know that music does have positive effects on so crossroad. IMNF was established many aspects of brain development and health. For this reason – in 1995 to bridge the fields of and with your support – we want to bring our knowledge and neuroscience and music therapy and expertise to impact healthy aging – from brain development in to increase dialogues across these young children to prevention of falls in seniors. disciplines to promote the efficacy of music-based interventions for those with a wide array of We believe that creative, nonverbal expression can help build neurologic challenges. emotional resilience and executive function in young children with language delays and behavioral issues. We know that In the early 1980s, working alongside co-founder and renowned active music engagement can help seniors maintain short-term author Dr. Oliver Sacks, I knew that music was providing memory function and improve balance and general mobility. structure and arousal to allow improved function in our We also know that music therapy can have an enormous impact patients – but why? In our search for answers and through on those with brain injuries by helping restore function and the help of generous donors, IMNF sponsored basic music improve quality of life. We will expand our research partnerships perception studies and international symposia and began to to advance these efforts and share our knowledge through best identify clinical protocols for music therapy applications in practice trainings. Thank you for sharing this journey with us stroke and dementia care. and for helping us help others through the Power of Music. In our first 25 years, we have trained over 250 music therapists, Concetta M. Tomaino, DA, LCAT, MT-BC presented at close to 1,000 conferences and have reached Executive Director, Co-founder millions through media coverage. The field of neuroscience and IMNF VISION 2025 | 4 STRATEGIC INITIATIVES CLINICAL MUSIC THERAPY The IMNF Music Therapy Professionals Practice enables us to provide our renowned music therapy programs in the NY metropolitan area (on campus, in homes and at clinic sites). With advances in technology, we also have the capacity for international consultations. Our goal is to apply our expertise in music therapy to benefit people of all ages, including children with developmental needs. IMNF will also be developing group wellness programs that will be open to members of the community who want to maintain their health and wellness. Intensive Treatment Programs Community Support Programs Neurologic conditions: • Parkinson’s disease • Parkinson’s disease and movement disorders • Veterans with post-traumatic • Dementia stress disorder (PTSD) • Stroke • Aphasia • Developmental delays ONE OF OUR GOALS IS TO BRING MUSIC THERAPY BEST PRACTICES TO WEB-BASED TECHNOLOGIES TO MEET THE GROWING NEED. HISTORY The Institute developed out of the many years of clinical work and research of renowned author and neurologist Oliver Sacks, MD, and music therapist Concetta M. Tomaino, DA, MT-BC, who demonstrated that people with neurological problems could learn to move better, remember more and even regain speech when music was used in specific ways. In 1995, under the leadership of Edwin H. Stern III, Arnold H. Goldstein and the late Ben Rizzi, the Institute for Music and Neurologic Function was founded to pursue this passion and this mission – to bring together the two worlds of basic neuroscience and clinical music therapy. 5 | IMNF VISION 2025 WE WILL CREATE AN ONLINE ACADEMY TO ADVANCE EVIDENCE-BASED MUSIC THERAPY PRACTICE. EDUCATION IMNF offers a series of workshops to help music therapists, scientists and other healthcare professionals to expand their expertise. In addition, IMNF recognizes the future of music therapy by providing internships to music therapy students, providing clinical training for international music therapy students and accrediting organizations and best practices. IMNF has trained hundreds of medical rehabilitation professionals globally to use clinical protocols developed by IMNF. RESEARCH Clinical protocols include using music to: enhance gait in people with IMNF is committed to collaborations with basic science, cognitive Parkinson’s; improve speech in people with aphasia and memory in neuroscience and social sciences to advance evidence-based clinical people with cognitive impairment. music therapy practice. IMNF assists other organizations on their research projects as needed and seeks funding to support our work. Areas of Current Research • Aphasia • Dementia and cognition “I look forward to following the groundbreaking work of IMNF as it continues the scientific exploration of the power of music therapy to awaken, stimulate and heal the brain” - Renée Fleming 1991 1993 Oliver Sacks and Concetta (Connie) Tomaino, a physician and Beth Abraham Health Services hosts its first a music therapist who work at Beth Abraham in the Bronx, international music therapy conference, “Clinical NY, publish “Music and Neurological Disorder” in International Applications of Music in Neurologic Rehabilitation,” Journal of Arts Medicine, an outgrowth of their work in using and announces plans to create an institute music to help treat patients with a variety of disorders. dedicated to exploring music and the brain. IMNF VISION 2025 | 6 EVENTS MUSIC HAS POWER AWARDS THROUGHOUT THE YEARS The Music Has Power® Awards, founded in 2000, is the signature event presented by IMNF and symbolizes the visionary spirit of the Institute and its pioneering mission to combine science and music to promote healing and wellness. 2013 MHP Awards: Dominic Chianese, Connie Tomaino, Judy Collins and Edwin H. Stern, III. 2010 MHP Awards: Awardees, Shelley and Donald Rubin. 2019 Music Has Power Awards: Honorees Stanley Jordan; Nina Kraus; Jay Stark with Harry Ballan; Connie Tomaino; 2006 MHP Awards: Presenter, Dustin Hoffman. 2003 MHP Awards: Awardee, David J. Gentner, Ed.D., President and CEO of Wartburg. Mickey Hart from Grateful Dead. 1994 1994 1995 Beth Abraham music therapists, in collaboration with the The NY State Department of IMNF IS neuroscience division of the Albert Einstein College of Health (NYSDOH) Dementia Grant Medicine, and with funding from Wallerstein Foundation Program funds Beth Abraham’s INCORPORATED. for Geriatric Life Improvement, begin investigating music music therapy program to and neurophysiology, verbal memory and recovery of research the effects of music on function in the auditory system. memory in persons with dementia. 7 | IMNF VISION 2025 IMNF IN MEDIA LOCAL TO GLOBAL IMNF is recognized internationally for expertise 2018 – Wartburg 2018 – Neuropolis, a popular on music and brain health. awards Renée Fleming program in Chile, featured the work with a proclamation for of IMNF on music and the brain. advocacy in music and 2011 – The Music health. Renée Fleming, Never Stopped film The 2007 David Gentner and based on the work best-selling book Connie Tomaino. by Dr. Sacks of IMNF founders highlights the Oliver Sacks and Farinelli and the King is a 2015 work of IMNF. Connie Tomaino. Broadway play about music and healing. In researching the story, playwright Claire van Kampen became 2011 – “NPR Science interested in recent scientific studies Fridays” with Ira conducted by Dr. Concetta Tomaino. Flatow, Oliver Sacks, 2019 – BBC special Connie Tomaino and 2018 – IMNF’s recounts the Andrew Rossetti. work with collaboration of Drs. Veterans was Sacks and Tomaino. featured on Korean television.
Recommended publications
  • Australian Music & Psychology Society Newsletter
    Australian Music & Psychology Society March, 2016 Edition 2 Australian Music & Psychology Society Newsletter Welcome to our second edition After a slight delay, we are delighted to be able to bring this second edition of the AMPS newsletter to you. This newsletter is a student led publication, to facilitate discussion within the AMPS membership, and to provide a forum for researchers to write about any Inside this issue topics which may take their fancy. Music an antidote for aging? ...... 2 This issue contains some exciting submissions, including summaries of music and neuro- In Memory of Oliver Sacks .......... 3 science, the protective effect of music against cognitive aging, and a book review. We also have an obituary to Oliver Sacks, a prominent neurologist and advocate for music New AMPS Committee ................ 3 psychology. Many of the articles feature hyperlinks and web addresses, so you can access Book Review ............................... 4 additional material, or delve more deeply into this research by exploring web content if Rhythm Tracker .......................... 4 you wish. Music and Neuroscience ............. 5 This is also the last issue that Joanne Ruksenas has worked on as editor-in-chief. All of us on the AMPS Newsletter team would like to thank her for her hard work in putting Music Trust Research Award ....... 6 together this publication, and wish her all the best on her next project! Upcoming Conferences ............... 6 For future editions, please send original articles of scholarly research, book and perfor- AMPS2016 review ....................... 7 mance reviews, discussions of current research, and other items relating to music psy- About AMPS ................................ 8 chology. All are warmly welcomed.
    [Show full text]
  • Speaking in Tones Music and Language Are Partners in the Brain
    Speaking in Tones Music and language are partners in the brain. Our sense of song helps us learn to talk, read and even make friends By Diana Deutsch 36 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN MIND July/August 2010 © 2010 Scientific American ne afternoon in the summer of opera resembling sung ordinary speech), the cries 1995, a curious incident occurred. of street vendors and some rap music. I was fi ne-tuning my spoken com- And yet for decades the experience of musicians mentary on a CD I was preparing and the casual observer has clashed with scientifi c ) about music and the brain. To de- opinion, which has held that separate areas of the music tect glitches in the recording, I was looping phrases brain govern speech and music. Psychologists, lin- O so that I could hear them over and over. At one point, guists and neuroscientists have recently changed their sheet ( when I was alone in the room, I put one of the phras- tune, however, as sophisticated neuroimaging tech- es, “sometimes behave so strangely,” on a loop, be- niques have helped amass evidence that the brain ar- gan working on something else and forgot about it. eas governing music and language overlap. The latest iStockphoto Suddenly it seemed to me that a strange woman was data show that the two are in fact so intertwined that singing! After glancing around and fi nding nobody an awareness of music is critical to a baby’s language there, I realized that I was hearing my own voice re- development and even helps to cement the bond be- petitively producing this phrase—but now, instead tween infant and mother.
    [Show full text]
  • SMPC 2011 Attendees
    Society for Music Perception and Cognition August 11­14, 2011 Eastman School of Music of the University of Rochester Rochester, NY Welcome Dear SMPC 2011 attendees, It is my great pleasure to welcome you to the 2011 meeting of the Society for Music Perception and Cognition. It is a great honor for Eastman to host this important gathering of researchers and students, from all over North America and beyond. At Eastman, we take great pride in the importance that we accord to the research aspects of a musical education. We recognize that music perception/cognition is an increasingly important part of musical scholarship‐‐and it has become a priority for us, both at Eastman and at the University of Rochester as a whole. This is reflected, for example, in our stewardship of the ESM/UR/Cornell Music Cognition Symposium, in the development of several new courses devoted to aspects of music perception/cognition, in the allocation of space and resources for a music cognition lab, and in the research activities of numerous faculty and students. We are thrilled, also, that the new Eastman East Wing of the school was completed in time to serve as the SMPC 2011 conference site. We trust you will enjoy these exceptional facilities, and will take pleasure in the superb musical entertainment provided by Eastman students during your stay. Welcome to Rochester, welcome to Eastman, welcome to SMPC 2011‐‐we're delighted to have you here! Sincerely, Douglas Lowry Dean Eastman School of Music SMPC 2011 Program and abstracts, Page: 2 Acknowledgements Monetary
    [Show full text]
  • Prior Experience Biases Subcortical Sensitivity to Sound Patterns
    Prior Experience Biases Subcortical Sensitivity to Sound Patterns Erika Skoe*, Jennifer Krizman, Emily Spitzer, and Nina Kraus Downloaded from http://mitprc.silverchair.com/jocn/article-pdf/27/1/124/1781947/jocn_a_00691.pdf by MIT Libraries user on 17 May 2021 Abstract ■ To make sense of our ever-changing world, our brains sequences, the eight tones were presented such that the search out patterns. This drive can be so strong that the brain transitional probability (TP) between neighboring tones was imposes patterns when there are none. The opposite can also either 33% (low predictability) or 100% (high predictability). occur: The brain can overlook patterns because they do not Although both sequences werenoveltothehealthyyoung conform to expectations. In this study, we examined this neural adult listener and had similar TP distributions, one was per- sensitivity to patterns within the auditory brainstem, an evo- ceived to be more musical than the other. For the more musical lutionarily ancient part of the brain that can be fine-tuned by sequence, participants performed above chance when tested experience and is integral to an array of cognitive functions. on their recognition of the most predictable two-tone com- We have recently shown that this auditory hub is sensitive to binations within the sequence (TP of 100%); in this case, the patterns embedded within a novel sound stream, and we cABR differed from a baseline condition where the sound established a link between neural sensitivity and behavioral sequence had no predictable structure. In contrast, for the less indices of learning [Skoe, E., Krizman, J., Spitzer, E., & Kraus, musical sequence, learning was at chance, suggesting that N.
    [Show full text]
  • Musical Sophistication Explains a Good Deal of Cognitive Performance. a Cross-Sectional Study of Musicians and Non-Musicians
    Resonancias vol. 24, n°47, julio-noviembre 2020, pp. 147-167/ Artículos Musical sophistication explains a good deal of cognitive performance. A cross-sectional study of musicians and non-musicians Felipe Porflitt Facultad de Educación, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile [email protected] Ricardo Rosas Facultad de Ciencias Sociales, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile [email protected] Abstract Musical sophistication is a psychometric construct that can be measured both in people with musical training and without training. Through backgrounds related to musical activities in their lifetime, and other indicators referring to their current events, the person’s musical sophistication can be estimated with a relatively high level of reliability (Cronbach’s =.78). In turn, few studies have covered the relationships between variables of this type and cognitive performance, leaving an area of research with little evidence. This study explores the relationship between musical sophistication and cognition, taking a sample of 35 musicians and 35 non-musicians (N=70). The objective was to determine to what extent musical sophistication explains cognitive performance. The Ollen Musical Sophistication Index (Ollen 2006) was used to measure this variable, and a battery of tests enabled the measurement of cognitive performance, which considered verbal and visual-spatial working memory, inhibition, flexibility, a go/no-go test, processing speed, fluid intelligence, and divided attention. Exploratory factor analysis was run, showing two factors for cognition variables. Then regression analyses were run for factors 1 and 2, and both collapsed. The results show that 6 out of 8 cognitive variables correlate positively with musical sophistication, explaining 30% of cognitive performance, after controlling for demographic variables.
    [Show full text]
  • Music of the Hemispheres
    (((( a mind for music )))) Music of the heMispheres won’t make you smarter, a growing body of evidence suggests that playing his music will. Musical training doesn’t Music of the just make you a better musician — the acquired skills seem to transfer to other areas, various studies have found. And research focused on the brain’s particu- hemispheres lar relationship with music and language suggests that engaging the mind with Playing instruments gives brains a boost musical training could remedy language By Rachel Ehrenberg s Photograph by Cary Wolinsky impairments such as dyslexia. “There really is now so much evidence ot so long ago, Mozart mania music and smarts. In the original study, showing that musical experience has a swept the nation. A small the “Mozart effect” was minor and lasted pervasive effect on how the nervous sys- study found that students only minutes. Follow-up studies found tem gets molded and shaped throughout who listened to 10 minutes of the effect specific neither to the com- our lifetimes,” says Nina Kraus, head of Na Mozart sonata performed better on poser nor to music. Students listening to the Auditory Neuroscience Laboratory a paper-folding task than their peers, Mozart were just more stimulated than at Northwestern University in Evanston, and suddenly a flourishing industry those listening to a relaxation tape or Ill. “This kind of transformation comes sprouted. Mozart’s music sang from CDs silence. And while arousal can improve about only with active engagement with and videos marketed for children, babies learning, research suggests, the effects sound. My daddy always said, ‘You never and moms-to-be.
    [Show full text]
  • Music and the Brain Course Guidebook
    Topic Subtopic Science Neuroscience & Psychology Music and the Brain Course Guidebook Professor Aniruddh D. Patel Tufts University PUBLISHED BY: THE GREAT COURSES Corporate Headquarters 4840 Westfields Boulevard, Suite 500 Chantilly, Virginia 20151-2299 Phone: 1-800-832-2412 Fax: 703-378-3819 www.thegreatcourses.com Copyright © The Teaching Company, 2015 Printed in the United States of America This book is in copyright. All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise), without the prior written permission of The Teaching Company. Aniruddh D. Patel, Ph.D. Professor of Psychology Tufts University rofessor Aniruddh D. Patel is a Professor of Psychology at Tufts University. After Pattending the University of Virginia as a Jefferson Scholar, he received his Ph.D. in Organismic and Evolutionary Biology from Harvard University, where he studied with Edward O. Wilson and Evan Balaban. His research focuses on the cognitive neuroscience of music. Prior to arriving at Tufts, Professor Patel was the Esther J. Burnham Senior )HOORZ DW 7KH 1HXURVFLHQFHV ,QVWLWXWH D VFLHQWL¿F UHVHDUFK RUJDQL]DWLRQ founded by the late Nobel laureate Gerald M. Edelman. Professor Patel’s major contributions have included research on music-language relations, the processing of musical rhythm, cross-species comparisons, and relations between musical training and neural plasticity. Professor Patel is the author of Music, Language, and the Brain, which won a Deems Taylor Award from the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers in 2008.
    [Show full text]
  • Scientific Research Into the Effects of Music
    Scientific Research into the Effects of Music Geetanjali Vaidya says one great problem that arises in trying to study music's emotional power is that the emotional content of music is very subjective. A piece of music may be emotionally powerful but is experienced in very different ways by each person who hears it. The emotion created by a piece of music may be affected by: – 1. The memories associated with the piece 2. The environment it is being played in 3. The mood of the person listening and their personality 4. The culture they were brought up in 5. Any number of factors both impossible to control and impossible to quantify. Under such circumstances, it is extremely difficult to deduce what intrinsic quality of the music, if any created a specific emotional response in the listener. Even when such seemingly intrinsic qualities are found, they are often found to be at least partially culturally dependent. (Geetanjali Vaidya (2002) - Music, Emotion and the Brain) Musical Tempo According to studies published in the ‘The Economist’ and ‘The Scientific American’ major keys and rapid tempos cause happiness, whereas minor keys and slow tempos cause sadness, and rapid tempos together with dissonance cause fear. ("Exploring the Musical Brain” - Kristin Leutwyler, January 22, 2001 Scientific American) ("The Biology of Music", February 12th - 18th 2000, The Economist) Dissonance Most people find dissonant music unpleasant. Dissonance is to a certain degree culture-dependent, but also appears to be partly intrinsic to the music. Studies have shown that infants as young as 4 months old show negative reactions to dissonance.
    [Show full text]
  • Periodicity Pitch Detection in Complex Harmonies on EEG Timeline Data
    Periodicity Pitch Detection in Complex Harmonies on EEG Timeline Data Maria Heinze1,2, Lars Hausfeld2, Rainer Goebel2, and Frieder Stolzenburg1 1Department of Automation and Computer Sciences, Harz University of Applied Sciences, Friedrichstr. 57-59, 38855 Wernigerode, Germany 2Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Minderbroedersberg 4-6, 6211 LK Maastricht, Netherlands An acoustic stimulus, e.g., a musical harmony, is transformed in a highly non- linear way during the hearing process in ear and brain. We study this by comparing the frequency spectrum of an input stimulus and its response spectrum in the auditory processing stream using the frequency following response (FFR). Using electroencephalography (EEG), we investigate whether the periodicity pitches of complex harmonies (which are related to their missing fundamentals) are added in the auditory brainstem by analyzing the FFR. While other experi- ments focus on common musical harmonies like the major and the minor triad and dyads, we also consider the suspended chord. The suspended chord causes tension foreign to the common triads and therefore holds a special role among the triads. While watching a muted nature documentary, the participants hear synthesized classic piano triads and single tones with a duration of 300 ms for the stimulus and 100 ms interstimulus interval. We acquired EEG data of 64 electrodes with a sampling rate of 5 kHz to get a detailed enough resolution of the perception process in the human brain. Applying a fast Fourier transformation (FFT) on the EEG response, starting arXiv:2002.04990v2 [cs.SD] 18 Dec 2020 50ms after stimulus onset, the evaluation of the frequency spectra shows that the periodicity pitch frequencies calculated beforehand ±3 Hz occur with some ac- curacy.
    [Show full text]
  • Final Report. NSF Workshop on Art, Creativity and Learning
    Christopher W Tyler 0824762 Final Workshop Report ________________________________________________________ Art, Creativity and Learning June 11-13, 2008 National Science Foundation ________________________________________________________ Organizers Christopher Tyler1 (lead organizer), Daniel Levitin2, Lora Likova1 1. The Smith-Kettlewell Eye Research Institute, San Francisco 2. Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal ________________________________________________________ 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS ___________________________________________________________________________ EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 3 Organization of the Workshop 3 Main Outcomes from the Workshop 4 Evaluation of the Current Status 4 Recommendations for Future Research 5 Consensus for a New Field of Learning Enhancement through Art 7 PARTICIPANTS 9 NSF Program Officers 9 Organizers 9 Speakers 9 Students 9 Group photograph 9 WORKSHOP SCHEDULE 10 OVERVIEW 14 Evaluation of the Current Status 14 Introduction 15 Prior Studies on Art, Creativity and Learning 15 Prior Studies of Intersensory Connections and the Arts 17 Recommendations 19 Research Strategy for a New Field of Learning Enhancement through Art 19 Methodological Recommendations 21 SPECIFIC BREAKOUT GROUP RECOMMENDATIONS 23 Visual Break-Out Group: Group leader: Christopher Tyler 23 Auditory Break-Out Group: Group leader: Daniel Levitin 25 Educational Break-Out Group: Group leader: Ellen Winner 27 DISSEMINATION OF THE RESULTS OF THE WORKSHOP 29 REFERENCES 29 APPENDIX I: Abstracts of the talks 33 APPENDIX II: Participant
    [Show full text]
  • Program Book for Music and Health
    NIH Music and Health AssessingAssessing andand MeasuringMeasuring TargetTarget Engagement:Engagement: Mechanistic and Clinical Outcome Measures for Brain Disorders of Aging SOUND HEALTH Friday June 18, 2021 U.S. Department of Health & Human Services 1:00-4:00 p.m. ET National Institutes of Health Table of Contents Foreword From Dr. Francis Collins ...........................................................................3 Foreword From Renée Fleming ................................................................................4 Agenda .......................................................................................................................5 Guiding Principles for the Choice of Outcome Measures .......................................7 Abstract for Dr. Bill Riley’s Presentation ..................................................................9 Facilitator and Panelist Biographies .......................................................................10 Group Abstracts ......................................................................................................25 Panelists’ Questions ................................................................................................35 NIH Planning Committee .........................................................................................36 Suggested Reading List ..........................................................................................37 Suggested Resources .............................................................................................38
    [Show full text]
  • Table of Contents Welcome Messages
    Table of Contents Welcome Messages..................................................................................................................................2 ICMPC11 Conference Team ..................................................................................................................5 ICMPC11 Committees .............................................................................................................................6 Awards .....................................................................................................................................................10 Information for delegates..................................................................................................................12 ICMPC Area Map .......................................................................................................................12 Registration/Help Desk.........................................................................................................13 Lunch............................................................................................................................................13 Getting Around Seattle...........................................................................................................14 Internet Access .........................................................................................................................15 Venue Map..................................................................................................................................15
    [Show full text]