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Disertasi Pengaruh Pembelajaran Musik Dengan ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK DENGAN INSTRUMEN KEYBOARD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DENGAN VARIABEL MEDIATOR KEMAMPUAN MENGOLAH PENDENGARAN MARY PHILIA ELISABETH NIM: 091071205 PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2016 DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK DENGAN INSTRUMEN KEYBOARD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI ANAK DOWN SYNDROME DENGAN VARIABEL MEDIATOR KEMAMPUAN MENGOLAH PENDENGARAN MARY PHILIA ELISABETH NIM: 091071205 PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2016 i DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK DENGAN INSTRUMEN DOWN KEYBOARD TERHADAP KEMAMPUAN KOMUNIKASI ANAK SYNDROME DENGAN VARIABEL MEDIATOR KEMAMPUAN MENGOLAH PENDENGARAN DISERTASI Untuk memperoleh Gelar Doktor Dalam Program Studi Psikologi Pada Program Pascasarjana Universitas Airlangga Oleh: MARY PHILIA ELISABETH NIM: 091071205 PROGRAM PASCASARJANA UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 1 Agustus 2016 ii DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH Puji syukur kepada Tuhan Yesus Kristus, Allah Yang Maha Pengasih dan Maha Penyayang atas penyertaan-Nya sehingga penelitian dan penulisan disertasi ini dapat terselesaikan. Perlindungan dan kasih setia-Nya yang sempurna menyertai dan melepaskan peneliti dari hambatan-hambatan terselesaikannya penelitian dan penulisan disertasi ini. Penelitian dan penulisan disertasi ini terselesaikan atas partisipasi, kerjasama, bantuan dan dukungan yang luar biasa dari berbagai pihak, baik secara individu maupun kelembagaan. Peneliti menghaturkan rasa hormat, penghargaan, dan terimakasih yang sedalam-dalamnya kepada Prof. Dr. Mareyke Maritje Wagey Tairas, MA., selaku Promotor yang telah dengan sabar bersedia meluangkan waktu untuk membimbing, mengarahkan dan mengoreksi naskah disertasi dari awal hingga akhir, bahkan ketika sedang memiliki agenda aktivitas yang sangat padat. Penghargaan dan terima kasih sedalam-dalamnya kepada Dr. Ahmad Gimmy Prathama Siswadi, M.Si., selaku Ko Promotor yang telah dengan sabar menghadapi ketidakdisiplinan peneliti dalam hal meminta waktu bimbingan di tengah kesibukan beliau, kesediaan untuk meluangkan waktu agar dapat memberikan arahan, pandangan-pandangan kritis, dan memberikan berbagai rujukan jurnal, mengoreksi naskah disertasi ini dari awal hingga akhir penulisan. Saya juga menyampaikan terima kasih yang mendalam kepada Yang Terhormat: 1. Prof. Dr. H. Fasich, Apt. selaku Rektor Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2010-2015, yang telah memberikan kesempatan dan fasilitas kepada saya untuk mengikuti dan menyelesaikan pendidikan doktor psikologi. 2. Prof. Dr. Mohammad Nasih, SE, MT., Ak., CMA., selaku Rektor Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2015-2020, yang telah memberikan kesempatan dan fasilitas kepada saya untuk mengikuti dan menyelesaikan pendidikan doktor psikologi. 3. Dr. Seger Handoyo, selaku Dekan Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2007-2015, dan sekaligus dosen serta penguji disertasi yang telah memberikan kesempatan, fasilitas, bimbingan, dan motivasi kepada saya selama menempuh pendidikan doktor psikologi. 4. Dr. Nurul Hartini, M.Kes., selaku Dekan Fakultas Psikologi Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2015-2020, yang telah memberikan kesempatan dan fasilitas kepada saya untuk mengikuti dan menyelesaikan pendidikan doktor psikologi. 5. Prof.Dr. Fendy Suhariadi, MT., selaku Ketua Program Studi Doktor Psikologi Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2010-2013, sekaligus sebagai dosen, penasehat akademik, dan penguji disertasi yang telah memberikan pengarahan, motivasi,saran-saran yang sangat bermanfaat, dan kemudahan dalam menempuh dan menyelesaikan pendidikan doktor psikologi. 6. Prof. Dr. Suryanto, M.Si., selaku Ketua Program Studi Doktor Psikologi Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2013-2015, sekaligus sebagai dosen vi DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA dan penguji disertasi yang tidak bosan-bosannya selalu berusaha meluangkan waktu di tengah kesibukan beliau untuk mendorong saya agar segera menyelesaikan pendidikan doktor psikologi. 7. Dr. Wiwin Hendriani, selaku Koordinator Program Studi Doktor Psikologi Universitas Airlangga periode tahun 2016-2019, yang telah memberikan semangat dan masukan-masukan bermanfaat untuk kelancaran penyelesaian pendidikan doktor psikologi. 8. Para dosen penguji, Prof. Dr. Fendy Suhariadi, Prof. Dr. Mareyke Maritje Wagey Tairas, MA., Prof. Dr. Mohammad Zainudin, Prof. Dr. Suryanto, M.Si., Prof. Dr. Frieda Mangunsong, M.Ed., Prof. Moersintowati B. Narendra-Moerhadi dr., M.Sc., Sp.A(K)., Prof. Dr. Jatie K. Poedjibudojo, S.U., Dr. Ahmad Gimmy Prathama Siswadi, M.Si., Oedojo Soedirham, dr., MPH., MA., Ph.D., Dr. Seger Handoyo, Dr. Dewi Retno Suminar, M.Si., Dr. Hari Basuki Notobroto, dr., M.Kes., dan Dr. Hamidah, M.Si., yang telah memberikan masukan-masukan bermanfaat bagi studi saya. 9. Para dosen pengampu mata kuliah Program Studi Doktor Psikologi Universitas Airlangga yang telah senantiasa dengan tulus dan ikhlas mencurahkan ilmu, wawasan, dan pengalaman yang tiada terhingga dan bermanfaat bagi studi saya. 10. Para pengelola dan pendidik di sekolah luar biasa yang menjadi lokasi penelitian. Ibu kepala sekolah dan ibu-ibu guru yang bersedia meluangkan waktu ekstra di tengah kesibukannya untuk terlibat aktif dalam proses pelaksanaan hingga akhir penelitian ini, menularkan semangat belajar, dan memotivasi saya untuk terus berusaha mengembangkan program pembelajaran maupun pengukuran untuk anak-anak berkebutuhan khusus. 11. Para orangtua, keluarga, dan siswa Down syndrome yang menjadi Subjek dalam penelitian ini. An, Na, Ha, Ay, dan Nul yang telah berusaha mengikuti program belajar musik yang diberikan, bahkan ketika dalam keadaan kurang sehat. Orangtua dan keluarga yang berusaha mendukung proses pelaksanaan penelitian ini dari awal hingga akhir. 12. Para orangtua hebat dari POTADS yang telah mau membuka diri dan mempercayai saya untuk terlibat dalam kegiatan yang diadakan oleh POTADS secara langsung maupun tidak langsung. 13. Seluruh pelaksana administrasi Program Pascasarjana Universitas Airlangga yang telah membantu sejak awal perkuliahan hingga selesai. 14. Almarhum Ayahanda yang semasa hidupnya telah mengajarkan tentang kesabaran dan keyakinan pada penyertaan Tuhan dalam menghadapi rmasalah apapun. Ibunda terkasih, Dr. Irene Risakotta, M.Pd., yang telah bekerja keras tanpa lelah menyekolahkan dan mendukung saya sampai akhir tahap ini. Ibu yang selalu menjadi inspirasi dan sumber semangat bagi saya untuk selalu berusaha melakukan yang terbaik, dan segera menyelesaikan penelitian dan penulisan disertasi ini. 15. Kakak-kakak, kakak ipar, dan keponakan-keponakan saya yang telah memberikan semangat dengan caranya masing-masing untuk segera menyelesaikan penelitian dan penulisan disertasi ini. Terutama untuk kakak vii DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA kedua yang telah dengan sabar membantu pelaksanaan penelitian, dan menjadi teman diskusi yang kritis selama proses pelaksanaan penelitian hingga akhir. 16. Teman-teman seperjuangan S3 Program Pendidikan Doktor Psikologi Universitas Airlangga angkatan tahun 2010 yang senantiasa kompak dan saling memberi semangat dalam menempuh studi dan penyelesaian disertasi. Terutama untuk teman-teman yang juga berprofesi sebagai dosen di Universitas Airlangga, yang selalu berbagi informasi dan membantu kelancaran studi hingga akhir. 17. Semua pihak yang tidak dapat disebutkan satu persatu, yang telah memberikan dukungan moril dan materiil dari awal masa studi hingga terselesaikannya pendidikan S3. Semoga hasil penelitian disertasi ini memberikan manfaat bagi perkembangan program belajar anak berkebutuhan khusus, terutama anak dengan Down syndrome, dan Tuhan Yesus selalu memberikan bimbingan, perlindungan dan kesehatan. Surabaya, Juli 2016 Mary Philia Elisabeth viii DISERTASI PENGARUH PEMBELAJARAN MUSIK …. MARY PHILIA ELISABETH ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA RINGKASAN Down syndrome adalah salah satu jenis retardasi mental (sekarang disebut Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities) yang penyebabnya adalah kelainan genetik dikarenakan pemecahan tidak normal pada kromosom nomor 21. Keadaan ini secara medis disebut Trisomi 21. Kesalahan penggandaan tersebut menyebabkan munculnya keterlambatan mental yang merupakan ciri utama anak dengan Down syndrome. Biasanya anak dengan Down syndrome mengalami keterlambatan dalam hal perkembangan bahasa ataupun motorik. Wawancara singkat, yang dilakukan di Surabaya antara bulan September- November 2010, pada delapan orangtua anak dengan Down syndrome, tujuh di antaranya mengeluhkan anaknya yang tampak kesulitan dalam menyampaikan ide ataupun perasaannya, kurang patuh, dan satu orang mengeluhkan anaknya yang sangat moody (suasana hati berubah-ubah, misalnya tiba-tiba meludahi lawan bicara). Wawancara dengan 17 guru di beberapa SLB-C di Surabaya, yang
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