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Journal of American Science 2015;11(8) Journal of American Science 2015;11(8) http://www.jofamericanscience.org Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of petitgrain essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. "Russian colon" Asmaa E. Sherif, Amani M. Marzouk, Mona G. Zaghloul, Ahmed F. Halim .Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt [email protected] Abstract: The essential oil isolated by hydrodistillation from the fresh leaves of the locally cultivated Citrus aurantium L. "Russian colon" has been analyzed by GC-MS. Twenty three components accounting to 94.38% of the total detected constituents were identified. The major ones were: linalool (49.90%), linalyl acetate (13.09%), α- terpineol (8.81%), geraniol (4.69%) and geranyl acetate (4.49%). Screening of the cytotoxic effect of the oil on two malignant cell lines of hepatic origin (HepG2), and breast tissue origin (MCF-7) was studied. The oil exhibited a moderate activity against HepG-2 cell line only. [Sherif AE, Marzouk AM, Zaghloul MG, Halim AF. Chemical composition and cytotoxic activity of petitgrain essential oil of Citrus aurantium L. "Russian colon". J Am Sci 2015;11(8):64-68]. (ISSN: 1545-1003). http://www.jofamericanscience.org. 10 Keywords: Citrus aurantium; leaf oil; linalool/linalyl acetate chemotype; cytotoxic activity. 1. Introduction Genus Citrus comprises a great number of Citrus aurantium L. (syn. bigarade orange, species; most of them are evergreen aromatic shrubs Seville orange, bitter orange or sour orange) is a to small size trees. They are widely cultivated mainly small tree, about five to six meters tall, with pleasant for their highly appreciated tasty fresh fruits as well odor and white flowers. Unlike most other Citrus as their processed products which have a large species, its fruit juice is seldom used because of the market worldwide. Egypt is ranked among the top ten presence of the bitter tasted flavanone, naringin, in largest citrus producers in the world, with an annual addition to the high levels of citric acid responsible production estimated as 3,461,000 tons (season 2011- for the strong sour taste. However, bitter orange tree 2012) representing approximately 3.0% of that of the gifted us with three distinct oils, viz. bitter orange total world's (FAO, 2012). peel oil expressed from the oil glands filling the outer Citrus essential oils and their versatile major flavedo layer of the peel; neroli oil from the freshly components are considered safe and thus extensively picked flowers and petitgrain oil from the fresh processed as flavoring agent in nutritive materials leaves and twigs of the tree (Rouseffand Perez- like candies, marmalades, sweets, dairy products, Cacho, 2007). beverages……etc. They are much needed in the Globally, bitter orange neroli oil is highly pharmaceutical industry to mask the unpleasant tastes appreciated and is described as one of the top pearls of drugs via their strong flavoring effect. Furthermore of perfumery (Bonaccorsi et al., 2011) beside its use and because of their pleasant and characteristic as a flavoring agent in versatile food and beverage fragrance, they are widely used in the perfumery products. The production of neroli oil is surprisingly industry (Rouseffand Perez-Cacho, 2007). less than the world demand, about 2000 Kg/year at a Every year, or more regularly every other year, market price of more than 4,500 USD/Kg Citrus trees are subjected to the pruning process to (Bonaccorsi, et al., 2011). Consequently and as avoid crowding, allow light penetration through the expected, this pure and high quality, high priced trees, optimize flowering, increase yield, improve product will be subjected to adulteration with oils fruit size and quality and assist pest disease control obtained from flowers of other Citrus species or more (Pittaway, 2002). This process is done from post- commonly, oils from leaves of C. aurantium L. In harvest to the pre-bloom stage and ends with the fact, the latter because of its pleasant and attractive removal of massive amounts of the green foliage fragrance, is extensively used in cosmetics, perfumes parts (leaves and branches) among other wastes. and soaps (Lota et al., 2001). Therefore, one of the objectives of the present Bitter orange leaf oil has been subjected to study was to investigate a possible alternative for the extensive analytical studies over the past several disposal of citrus agricultural wastes in order to decades. The published articles have been maximize benefits from them. So it was found of successively reviewed by Lawrence (1993), interest to analyze the essential oil of the leaves of Mondello et al. (1996), Dugo et al. (2002) and Dugo bitter orange and further, investigate its cytotoxic et al. (2011). During the last few years several effect. articles have also been published including Azadi et 64 Journal of American Science 2015;11(8) http://www.jofamericanscience.org al. (2012), Majnooni et al. (2012), Periyanayagam et Shimadzu Model GC-17A gas chromatograph al. (2013), Darjazi (2013), Sarrou et al. (2013), interfaced with a Shimadzu model QP-5000 mass Trabelsi et al. (2014), Abderrezak et al. (2014), spectrometric detector and a Shimadzu AOC-20i Ellouze and Abderrabba (2014) and Ouedrhiri et al. auto-injector module (Japan) was used. The injection (2015). volume was 1 µL. The instrument was controlled by In general, the chemical composition of the leaf the Shimadzu Class-5000 version 2.2 software oil revealed distinct variation among the reported containing a NIST62 (National Institute of Standards articles. Nevertheless, the linalool/linalyl acetate and Technology) MS library. The components were chemotype (12-66% / 13-62%) is the most prominent separated on a DB5 column (30 m length, 0.25 mm (Lota et al, 2001). inner diameter and 0.25 µm film (J&W Scientific, Essential oils extracted from different parts of Santa Clara, Calif. U.S.A.). Injections were made in bitter orange were found therapeutically effective in the split mode for 30 s and the gas chromatograph treatment of various diseases. They aid in digestion, was operated under the following conditions: injector cardiovascular diseases, anti-cancer, treatment of 220ºC, column oven 40ºC for 3 min then stroke, antianxiety, antiviral and obesity programmed at a rate of 12ºC/min to 180ºC, kept at (Suryawanshi, 2011). Majnooni et al. (2012) studied 180ºC for 5 min and finally ramped at a rate of 40 the cytotoxic activity of the essential oil of the leaves ºC/min to 220ºC and kept for 2 min, He carrier gas at of C. aurantium L. on six tumor cell lines (human 1 mL/min. The transfer line and ion-source promyelocytic leukemia HL60, human chronic temperatures were adjusted at 230 and 180ºC, myelogenous leukemia K562, Jurkat adult T cell respectively. The HP quadrupole mass spectrometer leukemia, prostate adenocarcinoma PC3, human was operated in the electron ionization mode at 70 colon adenocarcinoma HT29 and human cervix ev. The scan range was set at 40-500 m/z. Volatile carcinoma Hela) and on a normal cell line human components were identified using the procedure umbilical vein endothelial cell (HUVEC) using LDH described in Farag & Wessjohann (2012) and peaks assay. They found that the oil had the highest activity were first deconvoluted using AMDIS software against Jurkat and HL60. Furthermore, lower effects (www.amdis.net) and identified by their retention were noticed on PC3 and HUVEC. They attributed indices (RI) relative to n-alkanes (C8-C20) (Adams, the cytotoxic activity of the oil to limonene and 2007) as well as mass spectrum matching to NIST, linalool. WILEY library database. In Egypt, hepatocellular carcinoma keeps on 2.4. Cell lines and cell culture being one of the most noteworthy reasons for tumor Two human tumor cell lines namely; occurrence and mortality in men (Lehman, 2008), hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) and breast cancer while breast cancer disease is the most well-known carcinoma (MCF-7) were obtained from ATCC via a dangerous tumor among ladies (Zawilla, 2011).So, Holding company for biological products and we decided to carry out a cytotoxicity screening of vaccines (VACSERA, Cairo, Egypt). They were the oil on two malignancy cell lines, of hepatic origin cultured in RPMI-1640 medium with 10% fetal (HepG2), and breast tissue origin (MCF-7). bovine serum. Antibiotics added were 100 units/ml 2. Experimental penicillin and 100 µg/ml streptomycin at 37ºC in a 2.1. Plant material 5% CO2 incubator. The fresh healthy leaves of Citrus aurantium 2.5. Chemicals used in MTT assay L. cultivar "Russian colon" were collected early in MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2yl)-2,5-diphenyl the morning in February 2014 from trees growing in tetrazolium bromide], Doxorubicin, and the Fruit Experimental Station, Mansoura University. Dimethylsulfoxide (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, The plant identity was kindly authenticated by Dr. USA). Mohsen Fahmy Prof. of Pomology, Faculty of 2.6 Cytotoxic activity by MTT assay: Agriculture, Mansoura University, Egypt. The assay was carried out according to the 2.2. Isolation of the essential oil methods described earlier by Mosmann, 1983, The fresh leaves (700 g) were subjected, Mauceri et al., 1998 and Lee et al., 2008. immediately after collection, to hydrodistillation for 3 2.7. Statistical analysis: h. using a Clevenger-type apparatus. The oil was The results are expressed as the mean values ± dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate then stored at +4 standard deviation SD from three separate ºC in the dark until tested. experiments. Significant difference from the control 2.3. GC-MS analysis value and each compound was determined by GC/MS analysis of the essential oil was carried student's t-test. The differences were considered out at the Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University. A statistically significant from the control at p < 0.05. 65 Journal of American Science 2015;11(8) http://www.jofamericanscience.org acetate as compared to those prepared by hydrodistillation (Table 1; columns 1 to 6).
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