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Chemical Characterization of the Essential Oils from Leaves of Mandarins Sunki, Cleopatra and Their Hybrids

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Chemical Characterization of the Essential Oils from Leaves of Mandarins Sunki, Cleopatra and Their Hybrids Journal of Essential Oil Research ISSN: 1041-2905 (Print) 2163-8152 (Online) Journal homepage: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/tjeo20 Chemical characterization of the essential oils from leaves of mandarins Sunki, Cleopatra and their hybrids Josiana Z. Santos, Lucas A.H. Almeida, Walter S. Soares Filho, Humberto R. Bizzo, Marcelly Cristina da Silva Santos, Jean K.A. Mattos, Joseane P. Silva & Roberto F. Vieira To cite this article: Josiana Z. Santos, Lucas A.H. Almeida, Walter S. Soares Filho, Humberto R. Bizzo, Marcelly Cristina da Silva Santos, Jean K.A. Mattos, Joseane P. Silva & Roberto F. Vieira (2015) Chemical characterization of the essential oils from leaves of mandarins Sunki, Cleopatra and their hybrids, Journal of Essential Oil Research, 27:1, 1-8, DOI: 10.1080/10412905.2014.973067 To link to this article: https://doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.973067 Published online: 07 Nov 2014. Submit your article to this journal Article views: 216 View Crossmark data Full Terms & Conditions of access and use can be found at http://www.tandfonline.com/action/journalInformation?journalCode=tjeo20 Journal of Essential Oil Research, 2015 Vol. 27, No. 1, 1–8, http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10412905.2014.973067 RESEARCH ARTICLE Chemical characterization of the essential oils from leaves of mandarins Sunki, Cleopatra and their hybrids Josiana Z. Santosa, Lucas A.H. Almeidab, Walter S. Soares Filhoc, Humberto R. Bizzod, Marcelly Cristina da Silva Santosd, Jean K.A. Mattosa, Joseane P. Silvae and Roberto F. Vieirae* aUniversidade de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil; bUniversidade Federal do Recôncavo da Bahia, Cruz das Almas, Brazil; cEmbrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Cruz das Almas, Brazil; dEmbrapa Agroindustria de Alimentos, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; eEmbrapa Recursos Genéticos e Biotecnologia, Brasília, Brazil (Received 23 July 2013; accepted 30 September 2014) Sunki Mandarin [Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka] is a type of micromandarin from South China largely used as a rootstock in Brazil. Cleopatra mandarin (Citrus reshni hort. ex. Tanaka) is a well-formed tree, ornamental, with red-orange fruits. The main objective of this work was to analyze the chemical composition of the essential oil in leaves of accessions of Sunki and Cleopatra mandarins and hybrids. The essential oils were obtained from the leaves by hydrodistillation in a Clevenger-type apparatus and analyzed by gas chromatography/flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and GC/mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The oil yields ranged from 1.27% (BCG562 – Hybrid of ‘Sunki’ C12080) to 0.33% (BCG564 – Sunki from Florida) (dry weight basis), and fifty-five constituents were detected. The major constituents were β-pinene (2.5–49.9%), limonene (0–49.0%), sabinene (0.5–35.2%), linalool (0.7–27.3%), thy- mol methyl ether (0–22.3%), p-cymene (0.2–21.2%), γ-terpinene (0–15.1%), 1.8-cineole (0–11.0%), terpinen-4-ol (0.5–9.4%), (E)-β-ocimene (0.6–6.4%), α-pinene (1.1–4.4%), (E)-nerolidol (1.0–3.2%), α-terpineol (0.4–3.0%) and myrcene (0.7–2.4%). Keywords: Citrus sunki; Citrus reshni; genetic resources Introduction diversifying rootstocks in the formation of new The term micromandarin refers to the plants with small orchards (8). leaves, flowers and specially fruits, being apparently a The Cleopatra mandarin is an attractive tree, sym- homogenous group (1, 2). The Cleopatra (Citrus reshni metrical and well formed, without spines, and with hort. ex Tanaka) and Sunki [C. sunki (Hayata) hort. ex small dark green leaves. The fruit is orange-red, small, Tanaka] mandarins are well known in Brazil, both oblate and highly depressed at the apex, with thin and being indicated as rootstocks for oranges, tangerines rough skin. The texture of the flesh is soft and juicy, and grapefruits, on light or heavy soils (3). and the flavor is slightly acidic but of great quality. It Sunki mandarin is a type of micromandarin from is considered native to India, and it is supposed to have South China used as a rootstock in Brazil. It induces been introduced in Florida just before 1888. It is an vigorous plants, and has precocious production when attractive ornamental species and fruits all year round compared with the Cleopatra mandarin. Plants on this (9). The Cleopatra mandarin has also been used as a rootstock produce high-quality fruits similar to those rootstock in the state of São Paulo, Brazil, for almost obtained with Cleopatra mandarin, ripening by May 30 years. Varieties grafted on this plant develop rapidly, and June. The Sunki mandarin is ornamental, resistant and are large and uniform. The initial production is to scab, and tolerant to decline, saline and dry soils. It slow and it takes two years to reach similar levels of is also indicated as a female parental in citrus breeding Rangpur lime (C. limonia Osbeck) and other root- programs via hybridization, due to the high fruit set, stocks. However, the Cleopatra mandarin is suitable for low polyembryony and high frequency of hybrids. clay soils and is highly resistant to cold. It shows late Since the beginning of the last century, it has been used ripening of fruits, and the fruits tend to be smaller than as a rootstock in the state of São Paulo, the largest Bra- those obtained with other rootstocks, with a nice flavor zilian citrus state producer (4–7) mainly due to its com- and taste. The root system is deeper (7). patibility with the major cultivated sweet orange, ‘Pera’ Essential oils of Citrus species represent the major- [C. sinensis (L.) Osbeck]. Currently, there is an ity of the natural flavors and fragrances industry, due to increase in demand for Sunki mandarin aiming for the high genetic diversity of this group of plants. *Corresponding author. Email: [email protected] © 2014 Taylor & Francis 2 J.Z. Santos et al. Among the types of citrus essential oils marketed, those chemical composition of the leaf essential oils of acces- of the sweet orange (C. sinensis), mandarin (several sions of Sunki and Cleopatra mandarins and hybrids. species), true lemon [C. limon (L.) Burm. f.], sweet limes (C. limettioides Tanaka, C. limetta Risso) and Experimental acidic lime [C. aurantiifolia (Christm.) Swingle], wil- low leaf mandarin (C. deliciosa Ten.) and pummelo [C. Plant material maxima (Burm.) Merr.] can be highlighted. Accessions of Sunki and Cleopatra mandarins and These Citrus essential oils have been the most pop- hybrids (Table 1) were grown and harvested in the ular sources of perfume and fragrance essences, due to Active Germplasm Bank of Citrus (Citrus-AGB) their pleasant and refreshing aroma, and the capacity to located at Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura in the town grow in extensive areas of the world. Besides the diver- of Cruz das Almas, Bahia state, at 12° 40’ 19” S and sity among species, there is a variety of compounds 39° 06’ 22” W.Gr., between September and November and uses of citrus essential oil. They have numerous 2011. Plants were multiplied by grafting resulting in compounds and odor properties, as well as deodorizing, clones, grown under the same climatic conditions and antimicrobial and antihypertensive activities. They are similar agricultural practices. The average annual tem- also antioxidants, helping in the prevention of diseases perature is 24.1°C (12). associated with oxidative damage (10). Among the compounds usually present in citrus essential oils, limo- Extraction of essential oil nene, sabinene and β-pinene should be specifically mentioned. Citrus essential oils can be extracted from Mature and healthy leaves were collected from all quar- the peel of the fruits by cold pressing (cold-pressed ters of the crown of two plants per accession. The sam- oils) or by distillation (distilled lime oils), flowers (ner- ples were placed in paper bags, taken to a circulating oli), leaves and fruitlets (petitgrain) (11). air oven for four days at 38°C and dried to a constant There is very little information on the chemical weight. Dried leaves (70 g) of each sample were composition of essential oils in citrus leaves, since the extracted by hydrodistillation in a 2-L flask for 2 hours. vast majority of recent studies refers to essential oils The essential oil was dried with anhydrous sodium sul- from the fruit peel. Furthermore, plant material from fate, stored in amber glass sealed containers and kept many Citrus species is of industrial interest in the fields refrigerated at +5°C. of pharmaceuticals, agricultural, cosmetics and food The yield of essential oils was expressed as a per- industries. The aim of this study was to analyze the centage (g EO/100 g of dried plant material), calculated Table 1. Accessions of mandarine, denomination, origin and essential oil percentage in leaves harvested at the Citros Germplasm Bank from Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Brazil. % (w/w) Scientific Essential namea Accessions Denominationb Origin oil Citrus sunki (Hayata) hort. ex Tanaka BGC562 Hybrid of ‘Sunki’ C12080 University of California, Riverside, USA 1.27 BGC563 ‘Sunki’ common Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, SP, Brazil 0.37 BGC564 ‘Sunki of Flórida’ Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias, 0.33 Jaboticabal, Brazil BGC565 ‘Sunki Maravilha’ Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Brazil 0.48 BGC566 ‘Sunki Maravilha Clone 02’ Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Brazil 0.79 BGC567 ‘Sunki Tropical’ Embrapa Mandioca e Fruticultura, Brazil 0.39 Citrus sunki × Citrus macrophylla Wester BGC568 ‘Sunki’ × ‘Alemow’ Texas, EUA 0.43 Citrus reshni hort. ex Tanaka BGC ‘Cleópatra’c 0.86 188/189 Citrus reshni × Citrus reticulata Blanco BGC192 Hybrid ‘Cleópatra’ × ‘Cravo’ United States Department of Agriculture, 0.35 (C. limonia Osbeck) California, USA Notes: aScientific name based on GRIN (20). bDenomination as cited by Passos et al. (21). cOrigin not available. Journal of Essential Oil Research 3 using the formula: YEO (%) = WEO (g) × 100/WDL Results and discussion (g), where WEO is the weight of oil extracted and The accessions showed that the essential oil yield ran- WDL the weight of dry leaves used in the extraction.
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